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Forum M: Top 10 Cost Reduction Strategies for Science Facility Operations and Maintenance


JustificationStrategies

Recommendations – The “Tradeline Three”

Presentation Outline

Strategies

Fume Hoods• Install Only What is Needed• Consider a restricted sash opening – 18”

• This can save 25% of annual energy cost

Strategies

Minimum Flow Rates for Fume Hoods• NFPA 45 Minimum airflow rate for fume hoods removed from 2011 standard. New language

requires minimum to meet ANSI Z9.5 (A8.4.7)• ANSI Z9.5‐2012 Does not specify a minimum fume hood flow rate but requires careful

analysis to determine the appropriate minimum. (3.3.2)

Sash Open Sash Closed

Strategies

Ductless Fume Hoods• Typically a combination of HEPA and carbon filtration• NFPA 45 8.4.1: “Air exhausted from chemical fume hoods and other

special local exhaust systems shall not be recirculated.”• NFPA 45 A8.4.1: “Ductless chemical fume hoods that pass air from

the hood interior through an adsorption filter and then discharge the air into the laboratory are only applicable for use with nuisance vapors and dusts that do not present a fire or toxicity hazard.”

• The term “ductless fume hoods” may be an oxymoron• Use only for tightly controlled, repetitive applications and procedures

involving a limited number of chemicals

Strategies

Biological Safety Cabinets• Use the correct cabinet for the application

• Class II Cabinets• Type A2 – No external exhaust,

lowest energy consumption• Type A2 Canopy Connected – 30%

exhausted, moderate energy consumption

• Type B2 – 100% exhausted, high energy consumption

• Class III Cabinets• Totally enclosed leak tight

ventilated cabinet held at ‐0.5” wg

Strategies

Laboratory Air Change Rates

• NFPA 45 – Fire Protection for Laboratories Using Chemicals• 2011 version eliminated ACH recommendations

• ANSI Z9.5 – Laboratory Ventilation • Does not specify a minimum rate

• 2012 NIH Design Requirements Manual• Minimum 6 AC/Hour at all times

• ASHRAE Applications Manual• 6‐12 AC/Hour used in the past• Research shows 8 may be sweet spot in many situations• Diminshing returns at 12

• Labs 21• Recommends 1 CFM/SF or 6 AC/Hour minimum

Choose Minimum Air Change Rate Thoughtfully!

Strategies

Occupancy Sensors and Setbacks• Reduce room air change rates• Reduce fume hood face velocity

Strategies

Trends: Variable Volume Exhaust Fans• Variable Discharge Nozzle

Courtesy of Greenheck FansCourtesy of Michigan Air Products

Strategies

Trends: Chilled Beams• High Internal Load Density Only

Lighting Systems:• Quality versus quantity

Notes:1. 1 FC = 10.76 Lux2. NIH DRM states that “Care shall be exercised in modeling

laboratories for illumination calculations as shelving shallbe assumed as fully loaded…Task lighting shall not beconsidered in lighting calculations.”

Illumination Level Guidelines

Space Type:NIH DRM Section 10-8

Lighting Levels Chart in lux (FC)

Laboratory/Laboratory Support 800-1075 (75-100)

Notes Category <25 25 - 65 >65 Gauge Category <25 25 - 65 >65 Gauge

Eh @ 3'; Ev @4'6" AFF R 250 (25) 500 (50) 1000 (100) Avg P 150 (15) 300 (30) 600 (60) Avg

Eh @ 3'; Ev @4'6" AFF T 500 (50) 1000 (100) 2000 (200) Avg R 250 (25) 500 (50) 1000 (100) Avg

Vertical (Ev) Targets

Visual Ages of Observers (years) where at least half are

Applications and TasksScience Lab

Bench

Demonstration Area

Table 24.2: Educational Facilities Illuminance Recommendations

Visual Ages of Observers (years) where at least half are

Recommended Maintained Illuminance Targets in lux (FC)

Horizontal (Eh) Targets

Notes:1. Table 4.1; Visual Performance Description for Categories P and R:

• Common, relatively small‐scale, more cognitive or fast‐performance visual tasks.2. Table 4.1; Visual Performance Description for Category T:

• Small‐scale, cognitive tasks

Strategies


Direct Illumination• Good for low floor to floor heights• Good for extreme environments• Good source of horizontal illumination• Relatively efficient (illumination versus energy)• Causes shadowing• Causes direct glare• Causes indirect glare• Causes veiling reflections• Psychological impact on perceived

illumination levels

Strategies

Direct/Indirect Illumination• Good source of horizontal and vertical

illumination• Reduces shadowing• Reduces issues associated with direct glare• Reduces issues associated with indirect glare• Reduces issues associated with veiling reflections• Typically more efficient than indirect systems• Requires increased ceiling heights/floor to

floor heights versus direct systems• Not good for extreme environments• Positive psychological impact on occupants due to

illumination of all room surfaces


Strategies


Impact on operations and maintenance costs

Typical 3‐Module LaboratoryArea per Module: 363 sq. ft.

Total Laboratory Area: 1,089 sq. ft.

Strategies

Typical 3‐Module LaboratoryArea per Module: 363 sq. ft. (11’ x 33’)

Total Laboratory Area: 1,089 sq. ft. (3 modules)



Lighting Option 12 lamp cross section pendant mounted direct/indirect

fixtures with T5HO lamps and electronic ballasts

Strategies

• 2 lamp cross section pendant mounted direct/indirect fixtures with T5HO lamps and electronic ballasts

• Six – 12’‐0” long fixtures; 36 lamps• Total first cost: $4,797 ($4.41/SF)

• Fixtures: $4,597• Lamps: $200

• Total Watts = 2,160• Lighting power density (LPD) = 1.98W/SF (exceeds

allowable LPD of 0.99 or 1.28W/SF)• Maintained Horizontal Illumination Level at

Benchtop = 96.17 FC (meets NIH criteria; exceeds IES criteria)

• First year energy cost: $648.00• Assumes 12 hours per day (time of day scheduling); 5 days

per week; 50 weeks per year; $0.10/kWH

• 30 year life cycle cost: $40,395.38$ 4,597.00 (light fixtures) $ 30,828.87 (energy)$ 2,279.48 (lamps)$ 2,690.03 (ballasts)

Lighting Option 1



Assumes group relamping every 5 yearsAssumes new electronic ballasts every 15 yearsAssumes 3% escalation per year

Strategies





Lighting Option 22 lamp high efficiency recessed fluorescent fixtures

with T8 lamps and electronic ballasts

Strategies

• 2 lamp high efficiency recessed fluorescent fixtures with T8 lamps and electronic ballasts

• Thirty – 4’‐0” long fixtures; 60 lamps• Total first cost: $6,491 ($3.81/SF)




Benchtop = 75.13 FC (meets lower end of NIH criteria; exceeds IES criteria)




Lighting Option 2




Strategies





Lighting Option 345W LED recessed fixtures

Strategies

• 45W LED recessed fixtures• Thirty – 4’‐0” long fixtures• Total first cost: $9,750 ($3.81/SF)

• Fixtures: $9,750• Lamps: provided with fixture


allowable LPD of 0.99; meets allowable LPD of 1.28W/SF)

• Maintained Horizontal Illumination Level at Benchtop = 88.45 FC (meets NIH criteria; meets IES criteria)



• 30 year life cycle cost: $35,743.12$ 9,750.00 (light fixtures) $ 19,268.04 (energy)$ n/a$ $6,725.08 (LED drivers)

Lighting Option 3



Assumes new LED drivers every 15 yearsAssumes 3% escalation per year

Strategies





Lighting Option 42 lamp cross section pendant mounted direct/indirect

fixtures with T8 lamps and electronic ballasts

Strategies

• 2 lamp cross section pendant mounted direct/indirect fixtures with T5HO lamps and electronic ballasts

• Six – 12’‐0” long fixtures; 36 lamps• Total first cost: $4,797 ($4.41/SF)




Benchtop = 96.17 FC (meets NIH criteria; exceeds IES criteria)

• First year energy cost: $432.00• Assumes 8 hours per day (occupancy sensor control); 5 days



Lighting Option 1

Lighting Systems:• Occupancy sensor control



Strategies

• 2 lamp high efficiency recessed fluorescent fixtures with T8 lamps and electronic ballasts

• Thirty – 4’‐0” long fixtures; 60 lamps• Total first cost: $6,491 ($3.81/SF)




Benchtop = 75.13 FC (meets lower end of NIH criteria; exceeds IES criteria)




Lighting Option 2




Strategies

• 45W LED recessed fixtures• Thirty – 4’‐0” long fixtures• Total first cost: $9,750 ($3.81/SF)

• Fixtures: $9,750• Lamps: provided with fixture



Benchtop = 88.45 FC (meets NIH criteria; meets IES criteria)



• 30 year life cycle cost: $29,320.44$ 9,750.00 (light fixtures) $ 12,845.36 (energy)$ n/a$ $6,725.08 (LED drivers)

Lighting Option 3


Assumes new LED drivers every 15 yearsAssumes 3% escalation per year


Strategies

Lighting Systems:• Time of day scheduling


1 Pendant Mounted T5HO 96.17 FC $29,311.79 $26.922 Recessed T8 75.13 FC $26,233.67 $24.093 Recessed LED 88.45 FC $29,320.44 $26.924 Pendant Mounted T8 51.67 FC $17,365.38 $15.95

Summary of Laboratory Lighting Options

Option # Description of Option

Maintained Horizontal Illumination

Level

30 Year Life Cycle Cost for Three Module Lab (1,089 SF)

30 Year Life Cycle Cost per

NSF of Laboratory

Area

Strategies

1 Pendant Mounted T5HO 96.17 FC $40,395.38 $37.092 Recessed T8 75.13 FC $34,998.32 $32.143 Recessed LED 88.45 FC $35,743.12 $32.824 Pendant Mounted T8 51.67 FC $23,309.24 $21.40

Summary of Laboratory Lighting Options

Option # Description of Option

Maintained Horizontal Illumination

Level

30 Year Life Cycle Cost for Three Module Lab (1,089 SF)

30 Year Life Cycle Cost per

NSF of Laboratory

Area

The “Tradeline Three”1. Understand how much you are spending on facility

operations and maintenance and target reasonable reductions

2. Implement the strategies that work best for you, not simply the strategies that your consultants

want to use3. Make sure that maintenance personnel understand the systems and equipment they are

maintaining


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