Exploring the Scope of Cost-Effective Aflatoxin Risk Reduction Strategies in Maize and Groundnut Value Chains to

Improve Market Access and Health of the Poor in Africa

Clare Narrod, IFPRI

International Food Policy Research Institute International Center for the Improvement of Maize

and Wheat International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics University of Pittsburgh

Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences ACDI/VOCA/Kenya Maize Development Program Kenya Agricultural Research Institute Institut d’Economie Rurale The Eastern Africa Grain Council

Economic losses estimated to be large - dearth

of systematic studies that empirically estimate

economic losses (health, income) for all stakeholders along the value chain

economic impact of interventions

socio-economic factors affecting adoption

Number of biological studies on control options;

hasn’t been large scale adoption.

Agricultural (preharvest, postharvest)

Conventional breeding

Transgenic breeding

Irrigation

Biocontrol

“Good agronomic practices”

Improved drying, storage, transportation

Ammoniation

Dietary

Enterosorption (clays, chlorophyllin)

Chemoprevention (Oltipraz, triterpenoids, isothiocyanates)

Anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDS, green tea polyphenols, allicin)

Clinical

HBV vaccination

What is the cost-effectiveness of control options (singularly and in combination) as products move

for poor producers/processors in developing countries?

ACDI/Voca has observed that in Kenya poor producers are the least likely to adopt aflatoxin risk

reduction technologies since they lack the necessary resources, and, thus, they are the group

most susceptible to aflatoxin exposure.

To identify pro-poor cost-effective aflatoxin risk-reduction strategies in order to assess the uptake of these strategies and to suggest interventions that ensure high rates of adoptability along value chains.

Economic Impact

-Health -Household level analysis (Income, Gender) -Trade

Risk Analysis

•Risk maps

•Risk assessment

•Cost effectiveness analysis

Disease Prevalence -Collection of prevelance data along value chains in different ecological zones

Communication and Advocacy

Perceptions of aflatoxin and WTP

• KAP (Knowledge Attitudes Perception Actions)

• Valuation of demand risk reduction measues

• Auctions (demand)

Endpoints of interest: exposure 1) Market

access/ income/ poverty reduction

2) Health

Multi-disciplinary research team

Mali: Kita, Kayes, and Koulikoro Districts

▪ 70 % of groundnuts produced in Western Mali

▪ Comprise all groundnut-producing agro-ecological zones

Kenya:

Nyanza Province (South West) ▪ Transect from Kisii to Homabay (high - low elevations)

Upper East ▪ Transect from Embu to Mbeere (high - low lands)

Lower East ▪ Transect that includes Machakos and

Makueni Districts

Livelihoods impact Qualitative focus group survey Quantitative household surveys at four levels

Pilot survey - June- July 2010 Household surveys – October 2010 –January 2011 Community level surveys – October 2010 –January 2011 Socio-economic data collection - March 2011 of hh where prevalence collected

Prevalence data collected from different AEZ from 2009-2011 (Kenya) and 2009-2010 (Mali) at pre-harvest and in storage (15 to 30 days interval), and in the markets (every month).

MOA NAAICP KEPHIS KARI KEBS

ENABLING

ENVIRONMENT Etc.

AGRI-INPUT

/ DEALERS

GOVERNMENT

EXTENSION

OFFICERS NGO’S TRADERS MEDIA

POSHO

MILLS

BUSINESS

&

EXTENSION

SERVICES

COMMUNITY GROUPS,

CHURCHES, MOSQUES

FARMERS LOCAL TRADERS

NCPB

LOCAL RETAILERS

VALUE

CHAIN

ACTORS

COMMERCIAL MILLERS

CONSUMERS

LARGE SCALE TRADERS

POSHO MILLERS

SUPERMARKETS

Etc

Partners: Donor: Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation Center/ Universities IFPRI: C. Narrod (Project lead), P. Trench(Project manager), M. Tiongco, D. Roy, A. Saak, R. Scott, W. Collier, M. Elias, G. Gajate-Garrido, C. Alva . CIMMYT: J. Hellin, H. DeGroote, G. Mahuku, S. Kimenju, B. Munyua, Z. Gitonga ICRISAT: F. Waliyar, J. Ndjeunga, A. Diallo, M. Diallo, V. Reddy, C. Mutegi University of Pittsburgh: F. Wu, Y. Liu US Uniformed Health Services: P. Masuoka, J. Grieco Country Partners ACDI/VOCA: S. Collins, S. Guantai, S. Walker Kenya Agricultural Research Institute: S. Nzioki, C. Bett Institut d’Economie Rurale: B. Diarra, O. Kodio, L. Diakite

Laying the groundwork for coordinated policy action for aflatoxin control so as to improve market access and health of the poor in Africa.

Maize! They call you mahindi in Kiswahili, bembe in Kikamba How nice to mention.

Oh Aflatoxin! Where did you come from?

When the rain falls we harvest maize in plenty. When it doesn’t it dries out.

Oh Aflatoxin! Where did you come from?

Maize, we love to roast and like to boil. Even ugali, our staple food.

Aflatoxin! Where did you come from?

We enjoy maize very much. However, the devil, not the weevil, has stolen you

Aflatoxin! Where did you come from?

Aflatoxin they call you. You have stolen so many innocent lives

Aflatoxin! Where did you come from?