Liquids & Solids

Dr. Ron Rusay

Fall 2001

States of Matter

Changes of State

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Energy of Phase Changes

Heating Curve for H2O

Calculate the heat necessary to completely boil 1.0 kg of ice that is at -5oC.

Cpice=0.50 cal/g xoC

Cpliq=1.00 cal/g xoC

Cpvap=0.48 cal/g xoC

Hfusion= +80.0 cal/g

Hvapor= +540 cal/g

+722.5 kcal = +3,023 kJ

Vapor Pressure vs. Temperature

Vapor Pressures of Liquids

Periodicity: Boiling Point

Boiling Point: Temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the atmospheric pressure. Higher vapor pressure : Lower boiling point.

Does water boil at the same temperature in Concord and Tahoe?

Boiling Points of Simple Hydrogen Compounds

What can explain the trends?

Intermolecular Hydrogen Bonds in H2O

Besides oxygen, both nitrogen and fluorine form intermolecular hydrogen bonds. Other atoms DO NOT.

Views of Water

104.5o Angle Dipole Moment

Dissolution of NaCl in Water

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Intermolecular Forces

Ionic & Polar Interactions: + and - ; + ---- -

Ion-Dipole Forces

Dipole-Dipole Forces

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Surface Forces of a Liquid

Viscosity & Surface Tension of liquids are directly related to the strength of the intermolecular forces:

Eg. Water versus gasoline. 1.00 vs 0.20 centipoise and 70 vs. 15 dynes/cm 2 respectively.

Close Packing

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Close Packed Spheres

Three Types of Crystalline Solids

Ionic Molecular Metallic

Diamond and Graphite

Cross Section of a Metal

Crystal Lattice

Cubic Lattices

Space-Filling Cubic Cells

Crystal Lattice of NaCl

Unit Cell of NaCl

Unit Cells

X-Ray Crystallography

Table 11.6