LATE 19LATE 19THTH CENTURY U.S. CENTURY U.S. FOREIGN POLICY & FOREIGN POLICY &

IMPERIALISMIMPERIALISM

Unit VIIBUnit VIIB

AP United States HistoryAP United States History

Fundamental QuestionFundamental Question

To what extent was the American To what extent was the American public supportive of increased foreign public supportive of increased foreign involvement?involvement?

U.S. Foreign Policy (1789-1850)U.S. Foreign Policy (1789-1850) Washington’s Farewell AddressWashington’s Farewell Address

Avoid permanent alliances, but defend American interestsAvoid permanent alliances, but defend American interests Jefferson’s Empire of LibertyJefferson’s Empire of Liberty

Model of republicanism and democracyModel of republicanism and democracy Louisiana Purchase (1803)Louisiana Purchase (1803)

Monroe DoctrineMonroe Doctrine Prevention of European intervention in Western HemispherePrevention of European intervention in Western Hemisphere

Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny Adams-Onis TreatyAdams-Onis Treaty Webster-Ashburton TreatyWebster-Ashburton Treaty Oregon TerritoryOregon Territory TexasTexas Mexican-American War – Mexican CessionMexican-American War – Mexican Cession

Limited InvolvementLimited Involvement Domestic economic expansionDomestic economic expansion

Protective tariffsProtective tariffs Economic dependency on European powersEconomic dependency on European powers

ImmigrationImmigration Mass wave during 1830s-1840sMass wave during 1830s-1840s

Major U.S. Foreign Policy During Major U.S. Foreign Policy During Sectionalism (1850-1860)Sectionalism (1850-1860)

Zachary Taylor (W)Zachary Taylor (W) Clayton-Bulwer Treaty Clayton-Bulwer Treaty

(1850)(1850) Neutrality of possible Neutrality of possible

Nicaragua canalNicaragua canal

Franklin Pierce (D)Franklin Pierce (D) Gadsden Purchase Gadsden Purchase

(1853)(1853) Perry Expedition Perry Expedition

(1853-1854)(1853-1854) Encourage trade and Encourage trade and

diplomatic relations diplomatic relations with Japanwith Japan

Convention of Convention of Kanagawa (1854)Kanagawa (1854)

William SewardWilliam Seward Secretary of State (1861-1869)Secretary of State (1861-1869)

Under Lincoln and JohnsonUnder Lincoln and Johnson

Trent Affair (1861)Trent Affair (1861) France and MexicoFrance and Mexico Alaska Purchase (1867)Alaska Purchase (1867)

$7.2 million (2 cents per acre) to $7.2 million (2 cents per acre) to Russia for 586,412 sq. mi.Russia for 586,412 sq. mi.

““Seward’s Folly” or “Seward’s Seward’s Folly” or “Seward’s Icebox”Icebox”

Eventual discovery of gold and Eventual discovery of gold and oil reservesoil reserves

Burlingame Treaty (1868)Burlingame Treaty (1868) Most favored nation status with Most favored nation status with

ChinaChina

James G. Blaine Secretary of State (1881,

1889-1892) Under Garfield and

Harrison

Expansionist Latin America

Pan-American Conference (1889)

Assert American influence and free trade

Limit or prevent European intervention

HawaiiHawaii White IntrusionWhite Intrusion

Sugar Plantation OwnersSugar Plantation Owners Queen LiliuokalaniQueen Liliuokalani

Attempted to reassert Attempted to reassert native authority and drive native authority and drive out foreignersout foreigners

Overthrow of Hawaii Overthrow of Hawaii (1893)(1893) Sanford DoleSanford Dole Republic of Hawaii (1894-Republic of Hawaii (1894-

1898)1898) Annexation by U.S. Annexation by U.S.

(1898)(1898) Strategic commercial and Strategic commercial and

military locationmilitary location

Why Hawaii?Why Hawaii?

Spanish-American War (1898) Origins and Causes

Cuba Jose Marti Reconcentrado

DeLome Letter Spanish diplomat ridicules

McKinley

U.S.S. Maine (Feb. 15) 266 deaths “Remember the Maine! To

hell with Spain!”

Yellow Journalism Joseph Pulitzer William Randolph Hearst

Declaration of War (Apr. 21) Teller Amendment

U.S. promise Cuban independence, not annexation

Spanish-American War (1898)Caribbean Theater

Cuba Battle of San Juan Hill

Significant American victory

Battle of Santiago de Cuba Destruction of Spanish fleet

Puerto Rico Rough Riders

Volunteers led by Theodore Roosevelt

Earned fame from Battle of San Juan Hill

Yellow Fever 75% of American forces affected Walter Reed proves mosquito

transmission

Spanish-American War (1898)

Pacific Theater

Philippines Battle of Manila Bay

Destruction of Spanish fleet

Emilio Aguinaldo Led rebellion forces against Spanish

rule Declared independence

Spanish-American War (1898) “A splendid little war.” Treaty of Paris

American Acquisitions

Puerto Rico Guam Philippines

Cuba American military

occupation (1898-1902)

Platt Amendment (1901)

Treaties required American approval

Guantanamo Bay

Imperialists and Anti-ImperialistsImperialists and Anti-Imperialists ProponentsProponents

Most from GOPMost from GOP Theodore Roosevelt (R)Theodore Roosevelt (R) John Hay (R)John Hay (R) James G. Blaine (R)James G. Blaine (R)

ReasonsReasons Economic expansion Economic expansion Political securityPolitical security International prestigeInternational prestige Humanitarian effortsHumanitarian efforts

Capt. Alfred Thayer MahanCapt. Alfred Thayer Mahan The Influence of Sea Power upon The Influence of Sea Power upon

HistoryHistory (1890) (1890) Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism

JingoismJingoism ““White Man’s Burden”White Man’s Burden”

Insular CasesInsular Cases (1901-1903) (1901-1903) Supreme Court ruled constitutional Supreme Court ruled constitutional

guarantees granted only by Congress to guarantees granted only by Congress to U.S. territoriesU.S. territories

““Constitution does not necessarily follow Constitution does not necessarily follow the flag”the flag”

OpponentsOpponents Mostly from Democratic PartyMostly from Democratic Party Anti-Imperialist LeagueAnti-Imperialist League Grover Cleveland (D)Grover Cleveland (D) William Jennings Bryan (D)William Jennings Bryan (D) Senator Ben Tillman (D-SC)Senator Ben Tillman (D-SC) Samuel Gompers (AFL)Samuel Gompers (AFL) Mark TwainMark Twain Andrew CarnegieAndrew Carnegie Jane AddamsJane Addams

ReasonsReasons UndemocraticUndemocratic Violated republicanismViolated republicanism

““consent of the governed”consent of the governed” Prevent influx of “inferior races”Prevent influx of “inferior races”

The Philippines Philippine-American War

(1899-1902) Atrocities

Torture by both sides Concentration camps

Casualties 12,000-20,000 Filipinos 4,165 Americans 200,000-1,000,000 Filipino

civilians Americanization

Freedom of religion English as official language

China

Open Door Policy Secretary of State John

Hay Spheres of influence Mutual economic policies

among foreign powers

Boxer Rebellion (1899-1901) Eight-Nation Alliance

against Chinese nationalists

Severely weakened Qing Dynasty

Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909)Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909)Big Stick PolicyBig Stick Policy

The AmericasThe Americas Roosevelt CorollaryRoosevelt Corollary

Unstable economies in Unstable economies in Venezuela and Dominican Venezuela and Dominican Republican enticed direct Republican enticed direct European influenceEuropean influence

U.S. right to intervene if:U.S. right to intervene if: Incapable of protecting Incapable of protecting

American interestsAmerican interests Stabilize economies to Stabilize economies to

prevent European influenceprevent European influence

Panama CanalPanama Canal Panamanian Revolution Panamanian Revolution

(1903)(1903) Panama Canal opened 1914Panama Canal opened 1914

Asian PolicyAsian Policy Treaty of Portsmouth (1904)Treaty of Portsmouth (1904) ““Gentleman’s Agreement” (1907)Gentleman’s Agreement” (1907)

Great White Fleet (1907-1909)Great White Fleet (1907-1909)

William Howard Taft (1909-1913)William Howard Taft (1909-1913)Dollar DiplomacyDollar Diplomacy

Encourage economic Encourage economic development infrastructure in development infrastructure in Latin America and abroadLatin America and abroad Administration of loans and Administration of loans and

financingfinancing Railroad investments in ChinaRailroad investments in China

Lodge Corollary (1912)Lodge Corollary (1912) Henry Cabot LodgeHenry Cabot Lodge Forbade ANY foreign acquisition in Forbade ANY foreign acquisition in

Western HemisphereWestern Hemisphere

Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921)Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921)Moral DiplomacyMoral Diplomacy

Pursuit of non-expansionist policies Pursuit of non-expansionist policies and promote democratic and promote democratic governmentsgovernments Despite military intervention in Haiti, Despite military intervention in Haiti,

Nicaragua, Dominican Republic, and Nicaragua, Dominican Republic, and MexicoMexico

Mexico RevolutionMexico Revolution Tampico Affair (1914)Tampico Affair (1914) Pancho Villa Expedition (1916-1917)Pancho Villa Expedition (1916-1917)

General John J. PershingGeneral John J. Pershing

Jones ActsJones Acts Democratic policies for Philippines Democratic policies for Philippines

(1916)(1916) U.S. citizenship to Puerto Rico (1917)U.S. citizenship to Puerto Rico (1917)

World War IWorld War I Fourteen PointsFourteen Points