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american imperialism and foreign policy late 19 th – early 20 th c

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AMERICAN IMPERIALISM AND FOREIGN POLICY Late 19 th – Early 20 th c.

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AMERICAN IMPERIALISM AND FOREIGN POLICY Late 19 th Early 20 th c. Slide 2 DEFINITIONS! Imperialism (a.k.a. COLONIALISM) = quest to build territorial empire Control by powerful nation(s) over a less advanced or less civilized area Powerful Nation = Advanced (industrial) economy Strong Government Considerable military strength Less Advanced Nation/Area = Primitive (pre-Industrial) economy Underdeveloped natural resources Weak government Limited military power Slide 3 BACKGROUND! Why U.S. Imperialism? Response to European Imperialism Why? INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Industrialized Nations = Colonies. Why? Cheap raw materials Market Large profits w/ minimum risk on investment of surplus capital. Slide 4 BACKGROUND! NATIONALIST arguments for Imperialism (aka Empire Buildingi) Gain Glory Secure essential military bases & war materials Provide outlet for surplus pop. Provide safety (Christian missionaries) Bring blessings of civilized culture (aka the West [Europe & USA]) to the backward areas* Slide 5 THE WHITE MANS BURDEN Title comes from poem by Rudyard Kipling Take up the White Mans burden Send forth the best ye breed Go send your sons to exile To serve your captives' need To wait in heavy harness On fluttered folk and wild Your new-caught, sullen peoples, Half devil and half child Take up the White Mans burden In patience to abide To veil the threat of terror And check the show of pride; By open speech and simple An hundred times made plain To seek anothers profit And work anothers gain Take up the White Mans burden And reap his old reward: The blame of those ye better The hate of those ye guard The cry of hosts ye humour (Ah slowly) to the light: "Why brought ye us from bondage, Our loved Egyptian night? Take up the White Mans burden- Have done with childish days- The lightly proffered laurel, The easy, ungrudged praise. Comes now, to search your manhood Through all the thankless years, Cold-edged with dear-bought wisdom, The judgment of your peers! Slide 6 Slide 7 REASONS FOR U.S. IMPERIALISM Industrial Revolution Closing of the Frontier Imperialist Examples American Nationalism Slide 8 BRITISH IMPERIALISM Slide 9 BRITISH ACHIEVEMENTS Slide 10 SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR (1898) Builds American Nationalism Causes 1. Despotic Spanish rule of Cuba Spain denied civil liberties & political rights Levied heavy taxes & restricted foreign trade Ruthlessly suppressed rebellions Finally abolished slavery in 1886 Economic depression brings another Cuban revolt for Independence Slide 11 SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR (1898) 2. American Humanitarianism & sympathy Sympathy 200,000+ Cubans died in concentration camps Slide 12 SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR (1898) 3. Economic Interests American trade w/ Cuba = +$100 mil/year Investors place $50 mil in sugar & tobacco plantations Slide 13 SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR (1898) 4. Yellow Journalism William Randolph Hearst (NY Journal) & Joseph Pulitzer (New York World) Sensationalized new stories Hearsts Journal printed the Delome Letter (the Spanish Ambassador called President McKinley weak America outraged) Slide 14 Slide 15 SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR (1898) 5. Sinking of the Maine (Feb 1898) 260 Americans killed Cause: (most likely) fire in a coal bin American public blames SPAIN Battle Cry Remember the Maine, to HELL with Spain! Slide 16 SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR (1898) POTUS McKinley demands Spain end camps & negotiate w/ rebels April 11, 1898: McKinley > Congress > Cuba Congress approves 4-20, recognizes Cubas independence from Spain Congress adopts the Teller Amendment (1898) Made before the Span-Am War! U.S. could not annex Cuba U.S. must leave control of island to its People Slide 17 SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR (1898) (John Hay Open Door Policy) a splendid little war. Several Months long #1 killer of U.S. Troops = Disease, Bad Food End Result = U.S. has global empire Slide 18 SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR (1898) Major Military Events Commodore George Dewey destroys one Spanish fleet in Manila Bay (Philippines) on June 1 st, 1898 Manila (capital) captured 2 days later (Despite losing thousands to malaria & other diseases) American & Cuban forces wear down Spanish San Jan Hill (most famous land battle) made popular by charge of Rough Riders on Spanish forces, led by Theodore Roosevelt Fighting ends on July 3 w/ destruction of Spanish fleet @ Santiago Bay Slide 19 Slide 20 Slide 21 SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR (1898) U.S. annexes Hawaii Treaty of Paris 1898 ends Span-Am War. Terms: Cuba Independent Puerto Rico & Guam given to U.S. Philippines sold to U.S. for $20 mil. Slide 22 SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR (1898) Platt Amendment (supersedes the Teller Amendment) Post War Cuba must accept P.A. for the U.S. to withdraw Cuba could not allow foreign powers to control it U.S. could lease land for naval base, Guantanamo Bay Slide 23 SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR (1898) Cuba = protectorate of the US Slide 24 PHILIPPINES PRO-AnnexationANTI-Annexation Educate Filipinos Uplift Filipinos Civilize Filipinos Violated the D.o.I Denied Self-Government to new territories Introduced more racial tension Slide 25 Slide 26 PHILIPPINES Filipinos - guerilla war for independence The Bolo War The Filipino Rebellion Philippine-American War Lasts 3 years. Led by Emilio Aguinaldo. Philippines independence not recognized by U.S. until Treaty of Manila in 1946. Slide 27 PANAMA Isthmus Originally part of Colombia, U.S. naval help Canal Permission Original canal site: Nicaragua French attempt (bankruptcy) Slide 28 PANAMA Why build canal? Reduced NYSan Francisco trip by over 50% 13,000 mi to 5,200 mi Slide 29 PANAMA Canal Stats.: 51 mi. long Avg. width 492 ft 6 locks Canal Zone: 10 mi 27,500 workers died (mostly from disease) Slide 30 ROOSEVELT COROLLARY Attempted to put some teeth in the Monroe Doctrine U.S. will use military to enforce the Monroe Doctrine To police the W. Hemisphere Slide 31 Slide 32 TWO TYPES OF DIPLOMACY Gunboat Diplomacy Dollar Diplomacy AKA Big Stick Diplomacy Pursuit of nations interests with implied use of force Using nations economic power to influence other countries Associated with Taft & subsequent presidents Slide 33 U.S. INTERVENTIONS IN LATIN AMERICA Cuba occupied from 1898-1902, intervened again militarily in 1906, 1909, 1917, and 1961 Dominican Republic occupied from 1916-1924, U.S. protectorate from 1905-1940. U.S. later sent troops to D.R. in 1965. Nicaragua military & political interventions in 1909, 1912-1925, 1927-1933, and in the 1970s & 1980s Mexico military interventions during the Mexican Civil War (1916) Colombia 1903, est. secessionist movement in N.W. Colombia (Panama), which came under U.S. control (later: site of Panama Canal) Slide 34 WILSONS FOREIGN POLICIES Panama Canals Tolls Act of 1912: U.S. ships use Panama Canal toll-free. Wilson convinced Congress to repeal Act Nationalists (like Roosevelt) angered British approved Jones Act of 1916: Provided for eventual Filipino independence Philippines a full-fledged U.S. territory Universal male suffrage Jones Act of 1917: Citizenship rights to all Puerto Ricans Democratic improvement to P.R. legislative system


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