Imperialism in the late C.19th & early C.20th

Imperialism in the late C.19th & early C.20th• ‘Imperialism’ is empire building

Imperialism in the late C.19th & early C.20th• ‘Imperialism’ is empire building• Global European Imperialism started in the

C15th under the Portuguese, Dutch and Spanish

Imperialism in the late C.19th & early C.20th• ‘Imperialism’ is empire building• Global European Imperialism started in the

C15th under the Portuguese, Dutch and SpanishThese were: • Centralised Nation-States• Technologically & Militarily advanced• Able to avoid major conflict with strong nations

around them• Sea faring nations with ease of access to trade

routes

Imperialism in the late C.19th & early C.20th• By the C.19th Industrialisation was the main

advantage of the Europeans over their rivalsIndustrialisation lets you:• Make massive profits• Make cheap goods quickly• Create new technologies• Educate the masses• Employ your population

productively• Massively grow your

population• Outpace your rivals

Imperialism in the late C.19th & early C.20th• By the C.19th Industrialisation was the main

advantage of the Europeans over their rivals• The British (who were the most industrialised)

became the greatest colonial power.

Queen Victoria (r.1837-1901)-whom our own colony was named after..

No sunset

for me..

Imperialism in the late C.19th & early C.20th• A close second were the French• Both were worried about the Russians and other rivals

One is not amused by Ruskies..

Imperialism in the late C.19th & early C.20th• Notable Imperial conflicts:• ‘The Great Game’ (1813-1907): British & Russian

rivalry over control of Central Asia

Russian encroachment onto Afghan territory makes the British concerned that Russia will launch an attack on India, the ‘Jewel in the British crown’..

Imperialism in the late C.19th & early C.20th• Notable Imperial conflicts:• ‘The Great Game’ (1813-1907): British & Russian

rivalry over control of Central Asia

1838: British attempt to secure region in First Anglo-Afghan War was a disaster as local mobs in Kabul riot and kill Europeans in the streets. The British were soon forced to retreat and were massacred by tribesmen as they fled to India.

Imperialism in the late C.19th & early C.20th• Notable Imperial conflicts:• ‘The Great Game’ (1813-1907): British & Russian

rivalry over control of Central Asia

Subsequently Russia was able to seize provinces of Northern Afghanistan and increase its hold on the region. The British, after winning the Second Anglo-Afghan war in 1880, agreed to recognise Russian control of these areas in exchange for running Afghanistan’s foreign policy. They remained suspicious of each other however..

Imperialism in the late C.19th & early C.20th• Notable Imperial conflicts:• ‘The Great Game’ (1813-1907): British & Russian

rivalry over control of Central Asia

The caption of the cartoon reads: "If we hadn't a thorough understanding, I (British lion) might almost be tempted to ask what you (Russian bear) are doing there with our little playfellow (Persian cat).“

By 1880s The ‘Great Game’ had shifted focus towards Tibet, China and Korea

Imperialism in the late C.19th & early C.20th• Notable Imperial conflicts:• Crimean (1853-1856): British, French & Ottomans

vs Russians (Stalemate)

Imperialism in the late C.19th & early C.20th• Notable Imperial conflicts:• Crimean (1853-1856): British, French & Ottomans

vs Russians (Stalemate)

Key Outcomes:

Technology (machine gun & artillery) dominant over cavalry and force of numbers.

First European experience of trench-warfare.

Everyone took notes on how a modern war might be run.

Imperialism in the late C.19th & early C.20th• Notable Imperial conflicts:• Franco-Prussian War 1870-1871Decisive Prussian victory (France shamed, gave up Alsace-Lorraine)

Imperialism in the late C.19th & early C.20th• Notable Imperial conflicts:• Franco-Prussian War 1870-1871Decisive Prussian victory (France shamed, gave up Alsace-Lorraine)

Key Outcomes:

More modern weapons (pin-loading rifles) and smaller more professional army decisive advantages for Germans.

Led to an increase in militarism and mistrust on the European continent.

Imperialism in the late C.19th & early C.20th• Notable Imperial conflicts:• Franco-Prussian War 1870-1871Decisive Prussian victory (France shamed, gave up Alsace-Lorraine)

Key Outcomes:

More modern weapons and smaller more professional army decisive advantages for Germans.

Led to an increase in militarism.

Imperialism in the late C.19th & early C.20th• Notable Imperial conflicts:• Italo-Ethopian Wars (1895-1896) Italy vs Ethiopians & Russians (Ethiopian victory)

Imperialism in the late C.19th & early C.20th• Notable Imperial conflicts:• Italo-Ethopian Wars (1895-1896) Italy vs Ethiopians & Russians (Ethiopian victory)

Key Outcomes:

Complicated supply lines and harsh climate crippled Italian forces.

First defeat of a white colonial Empire by free African people.

Imperialism in the late C.19th & early C.20th• Notable Imperial conflicts:• Boer War (1899-1902) Britain & Colonies vs Africaaner Dutch & German (British victory)

Imperialism in the late C.19th & early C.20th• Notable Imperial conflicts:• Boer War (1899-1902) Britain & Colonies vs Africaaner Dutch & German (British victory)

Key Outcomes:

Well armed, guerilla tactics and knowledge of terrain caused great loss of life to attacking British.

British secured victory through use of colonial troops used to climate conditions (Australians, Canadians, Indians and Nepalese).

First use of concentration camps.

Imperialism in the late C.19th & early C.20th• Notable Imperial conflicts:• Boer War (1899-1902) Britain & Colonies vs Africaaner (British victory)

Key Outcomes:

British secured victory through use of colonial troops used to climate conditions (Australians, Canadians, Indians and Nepalese).

First use of concentration camps.

Imperialism in the late C.19th & early C.20th• Notable Imperial conflicts:• Russo-Japanese War (1904-1906) Russia vs Japan (with British ships) (Jap. victory)

Imperialism in the late C.19th & early C.20th• Notable Imperial conflicts:• Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) Russia vs Japan (with British ships) (Jap. victory)

Key Outcomes:

Superior range and calibre of heavy guns decisive in Japanese victories on sea. Contributes to Naval Arms race.

First defeat of a European power by an Oriental nation.

Following victory, dominance of region by Japan- Emergence of Japan as an expansive Imperialist nation.

‘Yellow Peril’ fear in Australia

Uprisings and discontent weaken Tsarist Russia

Imperialism in the late C.19th & early C.20th• Notable Imperial conflicts:• Russo-Japanese War (1906) Russia vs Japan (with British ships) (Jap. victory)

Imperialism in the late C.19th & early C.20th• Notable Imperial conflicts:• Russo-Japanese War (1906) Russia vs Japan (with British ships) (Jap. victory)

Imperialism in the late C.19th & early C.20th• Notable Imperial conflicts:• Russo-Japanese War (1906) Russia vs Japan (with British ships) (Jap. victory)

Imperialism C.19th-C.20thAsia, 1900CE

BritainFrance

Japan

GermanyOttoman

Russia

USA

China

Imperialism in the late C.19th & early C.20th• In the 1860s Germany and Italy became

independent, unified nations and quickly started to create industrial empires and acquire colonies

Imperialism in the late C.19th & early C.20th• While the British initially saw the Germans under

Bismarck as a buffer against the French and Russians, by 1900 the Prussian-led Germans had overtaken the majority of their rivals.

Imperialism C.19th-C.20thEurope, 1900CE

Austria-Hungary

BritainFrance

GermanyOttomans

Russia

Italy

Belgium

Imperialism C.19th-C.20thAfrica, 1900CE

Imperialism C.19th-C.20thAsia, 1900CE

BritainFrance

Japan

GermanyOttoman

Russia

USA

China