knossos: palace, city, state || knossos and evans: buying kephala

Knossos and Evans: buying KephalaAuthor(s): Marina PanagiotakiSource: British School at Athens Studies, Vol. 12, KNOSSOS: PALACE, CITY, STATE (2004), pp.513-530Published by: British School at AthensStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40960811 .

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4« Knossos and Evans: buying Kephala

Marina Panagiotaki

Four days after he arrived at Cândia (Herakleion) on 15 March 1894, Arthur Evans went out to Knossos for the first time.1 His first day he had met "Kyrios Ittar the Italian Vice-Consul and a local apothecary, partner of Kyrios Hadjidakis [Joseph Hazzidakis] the President of the Syllogos and a doctor" and, on 16 March, "'Jean G. Mitsotakis, Vice Consul de Russie à Candie'. He has a whole collection of things from the Cave of the Idaean Zeus... Secured 21 gems and Mycenaean ring from Knossos... In afternoon had a general view of things belonging to Syllogos. . .

"M. Minos Kalokairinos the brother of our Vice Consul has a small collection of pottery from Knossos, with very good Mycenaean designs. . . he has views as to his remote ancestor!" (J. Evans 1943, 310-11; for ac- counts of Evans's time in and around Cândia, including Knossos, up to his starting excavations on 23 March 1900, see especially: Evans 1898; J. Evans 1943, 308- 29; Brown 1986, 44, 1993, 2001).

Knossos was known as Knossos or Ellenika (Hazzidakis 1881, 15), tou Tselevi i Kef ala (Hood and Taylor 1981, 1) or, as Evans wrote in his diary for 19 March: "Here at a place called xa TriGÓQia are the re- mains of Mykenaean walls and passages (where the great pots, Pithoi, were found) noted by Stillman and oth- ers.2

"The site of Knossos is most extensive and occupies several hills. The Mykenaean acropolis however seems not to be the highest but that to the south west, nearest to the gorge, which on this side divides the rich undu- lating site of the chief Cretan city from the limestone steeps beyond". He also "copied the marks on the stones, some of which recall my 'hieroglyphics'", and concluded: "The site of Knossos brilliant with purple white and pinkish anemones and blue iris" (J. Evans 1943, 312). From his diaries and letters his half-sister, Joan Evans, understood that, even before he saw Crete, he "had determined on the archaeological conquest of the island", and to excavate Knossos (J. Evans 1943, 310).

Evans went back to Knossos two days later. "March 21. In afternoon with Halbherr to Knossos, Minos Kalokairinos joining us ... In evening talked with Hadjidakis about possibility of securing the site for excavation", he wrote in his diary (J. Evans 1943, 312- 13). It seems that Hazzidakis and Evans decided that it would be easier for Evans to excavate there if he owned the land.3 He continues: "It belongs to two proprietors in common. One has a quarter and would sell; the divi-

sion of the property could then be demanded and the whole bought up. Hadjidakis thinks for 60,000 piastres. It may be worth 20-40,000 and could be sold again, what was not wanted, for say 20,000. The ground is very favourable for digging as the earth slopes away in every direction. Halbherr estimates the cost at 8,000 p. The whole scheme could be carried out for about £1,500" (J. Evans 1943, 313).

1 I should like to thank the people whose help made it possible for me to complete the research for this article: Ann Brown was my link with the Evans Archive at the Ashmolean Mu- seum in Oxford; Vasso Fotou for the use of the transcriptions she has made from Mackenzie's Daybooks; A. Savakis, in charge of the Turkish Archive at the Vikelaia Library (MeTdcpQciGTixo TQcicpeio) and his assistants, D. Savas and M. Georgiadis; the Director and Assistant Director of the Herakleion Land Registry (Y7ro9nxocpi)>.axeio), G. Athousaki- Poulopoulou and K.Grammatikaki-Kounenidaki; A. Gounari- Alexopoulou, in charge of the Archanes Land Registry; the Property Service (KxTincmxri YnriQeoia) in Herakleion, especially N. Chatzopoulos; G. Smirnakis, notary, who used to keep the records of Emmanuel Xanthoudidis and Apostólos Vavourakis (the notaries whom Evans used for most of his purchases), and his assistant A. Chourdaki, who located all Evans's contracts in the archives (on the basis of the numbers in contract 14666 for the transfer of Evans's property to the British School) and, most importantly, the two plans: FIGS. 48.6-48.7; A. Siganou, who kept the records of Charalambos Kaminopetros, the notary who prepared and executed the auction of Kephala; f S. Mavrakis, lawyer, who had in his care part of the records of Hazzidakis-Nivas; E. Drakakis, in charge of the Herakleion branch of the Public Archives, who allowed me to see some of the Turkish Archive of the Archanes Land Registry, and his assistant A. Kaloutsakis; V. Dimitriadis; A. Vlachopoulou and E. Renieri, specialists in Ottoman Turkish; friends who shared their memories with me: S. and G. Mavrakis, D. Vlasopoulos, P. Mirgialakis, E. Kastrinogianni, A. Lambraki, G. Vasilakis, M. J. and E. J. Akoumianakis, A. G. Kambourakis and A. Mathioudakis; and G. Cadogan for helpful and patient editing.

2 "Avaoxacpr)" was another term used while Evans was exca- vating, as is clear from Herakleion Land Registry contract 2305, registered under 21553, signed by Behaidin Bey Rahmizade or Hamitagadakis and Ali Bey Hamitagadakis or Baritakis.

3 Minos Kalokairinos wrote that Arthur Evans 4e7u0u|na>v va TTQOTijLir|6r| t©v Xoinév outoüvtcöv' bought the one quarter share of the hill of Kephala in 1894 (Aposkitou 1979, 91).



514 MARINA PANAGIOTAKI

that I would raise the money for the entire purchase in England . . . The possession of a part can legally compel sale" (J. Evans 1943, 313).

It was a time when the Greek scholars of Cândia were in favour of Europeans digging in Crete as only then would the antiquities remain on the island instead of their being sent to Constantinople by the Turks.6 Hazzidakis, who was formerly of the opinion that "'Aqiotoç ÓQa 08|xaxocpóXa^ xcov aQxaicöv rr|ç KQr'xr'q etoív 01 xóXnoi xr'q ynç, éooç ou éitìei to nXr'Q(ù'ia roi) xqÓvoo", probably felt, in the presence of Evans, that the time had come for Knossos to be excavated (Hazzidakis 1881, 16).7 Thus he helped and advised him to this end, as is clear from letters to Evans from Hazzidakis and also Xanthoudides (Brown 2001); and he may have been the person who introduced Evans to Candia's most eminent lawyer, Antonios Hazzidakis- Nivas, who, from then on, acted as his legal representative.

Contract 160 (in Ottoman Turkish) proves the purchase of a one quarter share of Kephala in 1894, with the help of this lawyer and Hazzidakis (FIG. 48. 1 ). Evans thus bought part of the Knossos land on his first visit

4 Zehra-Ülfet Hanim was a wealthy lady who lived in Herakleion, married Husein Bey Xirasanaki and later moved to Constantinople (her property is registered at the Herakleion Land Registry under number 808 in Books 6-7, 10, 18, 20, 30, 32). Apart from the one quarter share she sold to Evans, she owned three more pieces of land in the area of Makritikhos, one at Bokhandiri, one at Ellenika and one at Vlykhia (of about 20 muzouria each). The piece at Ellenika is next to land of the heirs of Sami Bey Liatif-zade. On 12 September 1894 she re- tained Nikolaos Stavrakis of Chania to develop or sell this land: Herakleion Land Registry contracts 11849, registered under 9495 (Book 30), and 5864, registered under 1039 1 (Book 32): the second contract renews the agreement and records that development of this land would be "imo aQxaioA.oyixr|v S7roi|nv".

5 A muzouri is a container (of 1 5 okades of wheat, or 1 2 of barley), which was also used to estimate land. One muzouri of land was the area that could be sown with the seed in a muzouri container and was from 500 to 1,000 m2, and sometimes over 1,000 m2, depending on the geomorphology of the ground: Stavrinidis 1975, 397, n. 2).

6 As T. Backhouse Sandwith (former British Consul) wrote to Myres, there was a Turkish law "relating to the digging for antiquities, which only allows duplicates of the objects found to be kept by the finder, all originals, except in the case of small pieces of jewelry, being claimed for the Museum of Con- stantinople" (Brown 1986, 38).

7 It was only a year earlier (December 1893) tnat Hazzidakis had advised Myres not to excavate at Knossos: "As things are today I think it impossible for an excavation permit to be granted in Crete. One should not apply for a permit from Con- stantinople because apart from the fact that it would be granted only with great difficulty, it could be used only with greater difficulty, because the Turkish government would want to take any finds. But this would upset us greatly, and we would try by all means to prevent it" (Brown 1986, 43).

The two proprietors were Turks: Zehra-Ülfet Hanim,4 daughter of Na'lband Hasanaki Hadjii Mehmet Aga, owned one quarter and the heirs of Sami Bey Liatif-zade (three sons and a daughter) the other three quarters of a piece of land of about 50 muzouria (about 25,000 to 50,000 m2).5 The first was willing to sell and had already negotiated her quarter share (through her brother Hasan Bey, who was acting as her representative) with Heinrich Schliemann and André Joubin, as Evans noted on 22 March: "Long conversa- tion with Hadjidakis about the excavations of Knossos. Schliemann proposed to dig here. Hadjidakis tried to bargain with the two proprietors and finally got an offer for 60,000 p. Schliemann had offered to go up to 50,000. Hadjidakis wrote what was demanded. Schliemann telegraphed refusal to take the land at any price, as he then apparently had other plans. Later Schliemann came here with Dörpfeld, saw the Turk who owns the quarter, who told him that the whole site belonged to him. Schliemann thought Hadjidakis had deceived him, and came to agreement with Turk by which he (the Turk) was to have one third of the finds etc. Then Schliemann discovered that without the con- sent of the other proprietor, who owned two thirds he could not dig, and the whole thing fell through. Then some three years since came Joubin. He executed a contract with the Turk who is brother of proprietress by which he was to be allowed to dig on such and such terms, this contract to be valid for two years. He did not come to terms with the other proprietor, however, and two years have passed some time since, without his renewing the agreement.

"The field is apparently clear, though the contract between Joubin and the Turk was somewhat obscurely worded. The lawyers here however are of opinion that as it was not renewed at the expiration of the term agreed on it is now no longer a bar to the sale of the land by the proprietress with all rights" (J. Evans 1943, 313)-

Evans and, earlier, John Myres thought that the papers connected with the sale of the land at Knossos to Joubin were "ambiguous", to use Ann Brown's word, and Hazzidakis was of the same opinion (Brown 1986, 42-3 and n. 27). Joubin's contract, which must have been with the brother of Zehra Ülfet, was "'poopoohed'. . . Joubin had put himself beyond the pale, as far as the Cretans were concerned, by co-oper- ating with the Turks and cataloguing the sculpture in the Imperial Museums in Constantinople for their director, Hamdi Bey" (Brown 1993, 40). In Evans's words, "Hadjidakis and all the Greeks here are much averse to Joubin having any finger in the pie now that he has be- come a Turkish employé and an underling of Handi Bey" (J. Evans 1943, 314).

Evans wrote further on 22 March: "Hadjidakis thinks he can get it (the quarter share) for 5000 p. There would then be a lever for eventually getting the whole. I took the responsibility of saying he might buy it for me and



KNOSSOS AND EVANS: BUYING KEPHALA 5 1 5

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5 1 6 MARINA PANAGIOTAKI

to Crete. It was, however, an unspecified piece. The actual contract was not signed until 5 September 1894, by Hazzidakis-Nivas as Evans's representative and was subsequently registered at the Land Registry. The contract, kindly translated by V. Dimitriadis, states that: on 5 September 1894, Zehra-Ülfet Hanim, daughter of Na'lband Hasanaki Hadjii Mehmet Aga, sold a piece of land through her representative Hasan Bey, son of Na'lband Hasanaki Hadjii Mehmet Aga [and therefore her brother], to the English from Oxford Arthur Djule Evans represented by his lawyer Antonios Hazzidakis, one quarter of a piece of land at the Kephala of the village Makry Teichos of Kaza Temenous and is of the land of the vakoufia of the teke of Naksbendin Dervishids founded by Sheyh Ezra Efendi in the neighbourhood of the mosque of Köprülü-zade Ahmet Fazil Pasha at Herakleion; it is of about fifty muzouria and borders on one side a public road, on the other fields of Baritaki Rahmi Efendi, on another fields of Benbe Hatum, daughter of Baritaki Halil Aga and wife of Yusuf Baba-zade Ibrahim Efendi and on the fourth side road, ditch and garden of the children of Ali Sami Bey, for 30,000 grosia and one oka (1.282 kg) of olive oil to the vakoufi (teke) annually (30,000 grosia = £235, according to Evans - see below).8

A long battle then began between Evans and the other proprietors, which did not end until February 1900 when at last Evans bought the remaining three quarters of the Kephala land. To understand this battle and Evans's tenacity in what he had set his heart on, let me give a glimpse of the other proprietors of Kephala, the people who owned the three quarters.

Ali Sami Bey Liatif-zade or Liatifaki or Agazade Ali Bey efendi or Hatjii Fazlizade Avdullatif (the last name is recorded by Stavrinidis 1986 - Vikelaia Library KA [= Kcoôixóç AqiGjioç] 6, file Ai 8; but VL document 730 refers to him as Ali Sami Bey Hatjii Fazlizade son of Suleiman Avdulliatif) was a very wealthy man,9 who lived in Hunkiar (Hunkiar Tzami was originally Ayios Frangiskos), the most aristocratic Turkish neighbourhood in the town to the west of the present Herakleion Museum. He owned the largest soap factory in Cândia at a time when Cândia soap was much appreciated abroad for its scent. The Bey's property included many houses in Herakleion, with five of them in Hunkiar. (One, according to Stavrinidis, citing Vikelaia Library 204, 306, 1274 and 1857 and KA 6 file A18, lay just opposite the Museum site to the west.10) Three more houses were at Vezir (the area east of 25th August Street): one next to the teke of Tsikritsi-mbamba (by the present Tsikritsi Street), one next to the army hos- pital, and one at Foundik Pasha, just before the Vituri Vigla. He also owned the Great Kafeneion11 in Hunkiar, opposite the Ayios Yeoryios army headquarters - the present Law Court. He had fields immediately beyond the town walls (outside the New Gate, outside the Chania Gate and near the Baritakis Metochi - the present Bedevi Kamara), as well as a villa at Archanes12

and other houses and olive oil factories, but mostly fields, in the villages around Herakleion (Makritikhos, Fortetsa, Archanes, Anopolis, Gournes, Kato Vathia, Moni and Kamari). At Makritikhos he had a lot of land, including the three quarters of Kephala, a house (where Evans lived) and olive oil factory just below the Palace by the Kairatos and Vlykhia streams, and gardens and olive groves around these buildings and north of them. He also had a piece of land of about 35 muzouria with three threshing floors at Ellenika at Knossos.13 He had bought most of his property at Makritikhos and around Knossos, estimated at more than 500 muzouria, in 1884 from the teke of Naksbendin Dervishids (see above); this land was bequeathed to the teke ("|ii£ ouyx6XQi|X8vouç óqouç") by Ahmet Zekiri Bey Chatzimvraimefendakis in 185 1 (Archanes Land Reg- istry, vol. 1, contract 87, translated by E. Renieri)14 -

8 An invoice in Oxford for the 30,000 is dated 6 May 1 896 (Brown 2001, 211 and n. 196).

9 The soap factory of Sami Bey Liatif-zade in Hunkiar was ex- porting 8,000 kandaria of soap annually when all the other factories of Cândia produced 25,000-40,000 kandaria in total (Hazzidakis 1881, 11-12). According to Vikelaia Library 730, registered under 2725 Book Z6, dated 1886 (Ôiaveur|Tr|Qiov), issued at the request of Said Bey Tsalik-zade and translated into Greek on 28 February 1901, where all Sami Bey's property is listed (see also SAH 351 (Book 2), where his business transactions are listed), the total property for his children to inherit was estimated at 405,981 33/40 grosia. The document also lists the chattels in his houses.

10 According to Stavrinidis, the Turkish house still standing on Idomeneos Sreet (Tzombanaki 2000, 142-3, figs.) was later taken by his son Midhat, and the house opposite the Museum by his daughter Mevended (Vikelaia Library: Stavrinidis KA6 File A 1 8). However, the owner of the house on Idomeneos was Sami Bey Veizade who lived in Crete until 1922, according to Freri (1979, 194-5). E. Kastrinoyianni remembers a large house opposite the Museum that may have been that of the Liatif-zade family (or the one Tsalikakis bought from Kalotzoulakis: see n. 23). It was a large mansion surrounded by gardens with vines and fruit trees, and was still standing and occupied by at least two families in the early 1920s.

1 1 Vikelaia Library 1 77 of 2 March 1 899 (Book Z 1 ) refers to hir- ing the great Kafeneion.

1 2 Archanes Land Registry 223, registered under 477, of 1 5 June 1886, mentions the villa.

13 Vikelaia Library 4330 (Book Z6) mentions this land as bought in 1892 for the children of Liatif-zade by Mehmet Said Tsalik- zade acting as their guardian. Documents 1841/11450, registered under 428, and 1842/11426, registered under 429, of October 1892, record the purchase of many pieces of land, parts of which had already been bought by Sami Bey.

14 A book in the Public Archives, Herakleion, has translations of many Turkish documents, 87 included. I could not, however, have access to it as, according to E. Drakakis, it was too worn to be used. Transaction 87 (20 November 1884) is also recorded under the name of Ahmet Zekiri Bey Chatzimvraimefendakis (Tóuoç 1, ciqiGuóç ueqíÔoç 125) although the contract was signed by the representative of the Teke Elhac Ahmet (ÔiaxeiQiGTixóç ercÍTQOTroç ßaxoucpixric TTSQiouaíaç).




the person with whom Minos Kalokairinos had collabo- rated in 1878 when he excavated at Kephala and recorded as ZexuQT| Bex] Ißgarijn Ecpevxáxri (Kalokairinos 1906, 21).

Sami Bey Liatif-zade was married to Fatume Tsalikopoula, the daughter of another wealthy family, that of Tsalik-zade or Tsalikaki who also owned much land.15 "Tsalikaki metochi", an area immediately west of Herakleion, still bears their name; and they had seven metochia, as Fatume recalled later with nostalgia, when she was no longer a resident of Cândia.16 Sami Bey Liatif-zade and Fatume Tsalikopoula had three sons Esat, Fazil and Midhat and a daughter Mevended, later married to Fazil Toutountzi-zade (Stavrinidis cites Vikelaia Library 379 and 543 and KA 6 File A18, and Archanes Land Registry 11450 [428] and 1842 [429]). A lovely, happy family one might think, until 5 Zelhitze 1302 or 26 August 1885, when Sami Bey died (Stavrinidis cites VL 379 and 730). According to Nikolaidis's account, "the notorious Sami Bey commit- ted suicide in his house because of his monomania" (Parlamas 1949, 239).

Mehmet Said Bey Tsalik-zade or Tsalikakis, uncle of the children on their mother's side, became their guardian, as they were not of age (Ierodikeion [Court] decision of 14 Filhitze of 1302 [= 1885], signed by Judge Ahmet Neset effendi). Other documents to mention the guardianship are Vikelaia Library 177 [Book Zi], 949 [Book Z3], 4330 [Book Z6], 4364 [Book Z8] and 941 1- 4 [Book Z23]).17 He was a very wealthy landowner with whom Evans would negotiate for the three quarters of Kephala. Negotiations started in 1894. On 14 January 1895 Evans submitted an application to the Civil Court of Herakleion asking for either the division of the land or its forced sale (in the hope that he would acquire the whole by outbidding everybody else). In fact, he urged the Court to force a sale since the land could not be divided because, first, young children were involved, which was against the law (Turkish Law 11,183, according to document 341/130 in the records of the notary Charalambos Kaminopetros)18 and, second, the land contained half hidden antiquities which was again against the law (Ottoman Codes page 3108, Article 3 of 1874, again according to 341/130). To circumvent Evans, Fatume Tsalikopoula, the children's mother, bought the land from her children for 40,000 grosia on 24 January 1895, through their grandfather Husein Tsalik-zade and their uncle and representative Said Bey Tsalik-zade (son of Husein) and Fatume's representative Ibrahim Kalotzoulakis (FIG. 48.2, kindly translated by A.Vlachopoulou). Fatume then applied to the Civil Court on 30 January 1895 and tried to persuade the Court that the land could now be divided since her children were not involved any more and that no antiquities existed at Kephala.

Tsalikopoula lost the case and was asked to pay the Court costs, which came to 100 grosia (80 for the Court expenses and 20 for the stamps: Court decision 130 of

27 February 1895, signed by Judges Mihail Giannakakis, Ioannis G. Voyiatzidakis and Ismail Hiadi Jahirefendaki [Kaminopetros records]). She immediately applied on 17 March to the High Court of Appeal at Chania, asking that Court to reject Evans's application and to make him pay the Court expenses, and implying at the same time that there were no antiquities at Kephala.

Evans returned to Crete in spring 1895 (J. Evans 1943, 319; also Brown 2001). He wrote:

"Cândia. Monday April 15th. "Left with J. Myres and Alevisos for Goulas via

Lyttos etc., Dr. Joseph Hadjidakis accompanying us as far as Knossos. Here I saw my quarter of Kephala and we picked up fragments of Mycenaean pottery and painted stucco red and blue." Joan Evans continues: "The quarter share gave Evans all the anticipatory pleas- ures of proprietorship. They lunched in the open field overlooking the site; suddenly Evans told Myres, "This is where I shall live when I come to dig Knossos.

"As yet, however, nothing could be done there, and they went on to Psychrò, where objects from the cave poured in during the whole of their stay" (J. Evans 1943, 318-19).

On 31 August 1895 the High Court of Appeal rejected Fatume Tsalikopoula's appeal but did reduce the costs she had to pay (High Court decision 320 [signed 19 September 1895], *n the Kaminopetros records). The Civil Court of Herakleion had already appointed Kaminopetros to divide the land if its division was possible or to force its sale (decision 341/130 of 27 Febru- ary 1895). Three citizens of Herakleion were also appointed by the Court to act as arbitrators and decide whether the land could be divided.19 After what they described as a detailed examination of the Kephala land, they decided that it could not. Why? Because, first, the shares of the proprietors were not equal and, second, because of the existence of ruined ancient buildings throughout the land, the value of which could not be estimated in order to form shares (document signed by all three on 14 June 1895, submitted on 15 June 1895,

15 As Herakleion Land Registry 4477 (Books 16, 22, *i, 21) lists. 16 Information from the late S. Mavrakis, a well known lawyer of

Herakleion, who had visited the Tsalikakis family in Ionia. 17 It is a bitter irony that, when he too died, he left three children

under age who had to have a guardian (Herakleion Land Reg- istry 5097, registered under 18886 (Book 08), of 1004).

1 8 The file in the Kaminopetros records has all the papers on the forced sale of Kephala: case 487 and Civil Court of Herakleion decision 341/130 of 27 February 1895, stamped and issued on 6 May 1896; High Court of Appeal decision at Chania 320/ 58/1311 of 19 September 1895; the signed documents of the assessors of Kephala, announcement of the forced sale and the document (FIG. 48.2) signed by Evans.

19 Minos Orologas (engineer), Retzep Tevekelakis (clerk at the Court) and Stilianos Yeoryios (teacher of mathematics).



5 1 8 MARINA PANAGIOTAKI

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two signing in Greek and one in Turkish). The Kephala therefore had to be auctioned.

Nothing, however, happened until the spring of 1 896 when Evans returned to Crete and started fresh negotiations with the proprietors of Kephala with the help of Hazzidakis and Hazzidakis-Nivas. J. Evans (1943, 319) wrote: 'The April of 1895 [meaning 1896 - she seems to have confused part of the 1896 diary with 1895 - see Brown 2001, 211] found Evans once more in Cândia, hard at work negotiating for the rest of the Knossos site. "Proposed arrangement with said Bey Tsalikaki (acting for his nephews, the heirs of Sami Bey Latifzadé) for the remaining three quarters of Kephala (Knôsos). Hadzidakis thinks they would raise price beyond the proportion of 30,000 piastres (£235) paid for my quarter. I therefore propose to allow Bey half of any treasure20 of gold or silver, but to pay a lower price for the three quarters than for the quarter - say £500. My 'avocat' interviews Said Bey who seems disposed to consider the terms, but family council must be held and Kadi consulted as matter relates to orphans."

Later: "May 10. Called with our Vice-Consul Lysimachos Kalokairinos, and Avocat on the Bey Tsalikakis who is uncle of the wards of Kephala. He is a well-to-do soap boiler." Evans tried to rouse Said Bey's feelings for science and Cândia saying that "my object was to benefit his own town, and science. He said he did not care for eniöTr'[ir' but wanted to get profit out of transaction... My ultimatum had been previously rejected but it had the effect of making them more rea- sonable. Now they want to sell the land with all rights at the same rate. . . as the quarter I already have, i.e. for 90,000 piastres, £672 16. o...

"Tuesday. L. Kalokairinos offers £600 on my behalf. The Bey refuses and denies that he said he would take £660!...

"May 14. More negotiations about Kephala. Said Bey asked to confer at Vice-Consul's. Sends word that the young men refuse to sell at any price! Happily as co- proprietor I can compel sale of the whole.

"May 15. Signor Ittar tells me that Said Bey really thwarted Joubin with his extravagant demands. Joubin offered indemnity, filling up of holes etc., a share of treasure, but Said & Co. said: 'What about objects of value?' Joubin said, 'I will get an estimate of value and you shall have half 'No, we must reserve the right of getting fresh estimates from London, Berlin, etc. if we are not satisfied with what the expert allows! etc., etc. Impossible people to deal with. . .

"May 16. Gave orders to demand forced sale of Kephala. Twenty-five days' interval necessary between formal notice and seal. (125,000 piastres maximum for the whole.) Sealed authorization to this effect with Cre- tan seal."

Disappointed with Said Bey's demands and attitude, Evans saw forced sale as his only hope to acquire all the land. Thus the Civil Court decision 130 was due to be executed (document 3 of 6 May 1896 signed by the

President of the Civil Court Mihail Giannakakis). Kaminopetros asked the three citizens who had acted as arbitrators to sign a fresh formal statement in which they repeated the results of their investigation at Knossos. At the same time they estimated the value of the land at 50,000 grosia (50,000 is written in a different hand in the document signed 16 May 1896), "because of the existence of the ancient buildings in it." Kaminopetros now made all the preparations for the auction (number 487). He applied on 17 May to the Land Registry to find out if the land at Kephala was free, and received a positive answer on 24 May, written on the back of the application, and signed and stamped by the two head registrars, a Greek and a Turk. The announcement of the forced sale of Kephala, with all the details (9 June 1896 at 5 p.m. at Kaminopetros's office at Touloumbana Street at Balda Tzamisi), was delivered by the bailiff M.E. Zahariadis to the Land Registry and to Hazzidakis-Nivas and Fatume Tsalikopoula on 23 May 1896. The same day the bailiff (accompanied by a witness) pinned up the announcement at prominent places in town.21 A printed announcement in a local paper of 17 May 1896 was sent to Evans in England (now in the Evans Archive in Ox- ford: Brown 2001, 212).

A deed signed by Evans on 1 May 1896 gave Hazzidakis-Nivas the power to offer up to 125,000 piastres for Kephala at the auction. (The date is written in black ink while the rest of the document is in blue, suggesting that Evans had signed the document before he left for England and the date was added by the lawyer later: FIG. 48.3). Kephala was auctioned on 9 June 1896.

According to Kaminopetros's diary, Kemal Bey Kalotzoulakis secured it for 125,100 piastres - Evans was thus outbid for just 100 piastres. He was a figure close to the Tsalik-zade - Liatif-zade families since he was the manager of the soap factory of Liatif-zade (Vikelaia Library 943-4 [Book Z3]) and owned another soap factory together with his brother Said Bey and their sister in law Hanife Hanoumi Liatif-zade, widow of Zihni Kalotzoulakis, (and probably sister of Sami Bey Liatif-zade: Herakleion Land Registry 2150 [19935 Book 108]). Furthermore, as is clear from the State archives, he was a very wealthy and well known money

20 Kalokairinos had allocated one third of the treasure from his excavations at Knossos to the proprietor, as he wrote in his newspaper (Kalokairinos 1906).

21 The auction announcement was pinned on the doors of the Town Hall and Law Court, at the chemist's S. L. Papadakis by the market, and K. Papadakis's shop outside the Meindani market.




¿^ ¿?' ¿J. /Su ¿/ ST fr ¿~f?!«~ ¿^~

]T/<x<rrf<x fc*T0 ri/Cfi<r7rtfrT-t J//At<x/rs /-Är/^y .

fjt J J ¿ CrZryí^

Fig. 48. j. Statement signed by Evans authorising his lawyer to offer up to 125,000 piastres at the auction ofKephala.



KNOSSOS AND EVANS: BUYING KEPHALA 52 1

lender.22 He was acting for Fatume Tsalikopoula, as is stated in the contract about the three quarters (Appen- dix: 745), and does not seem to have ever actually ac- quired Kephala, most probably because Evans did not accept the outcome of the auction.

In the meantime, the political situation on the island was warming up dangerously. "Once more he [Evans] was involved in the familiar politics of a country striv- ing to throw off the Turkish yoke; once more he breathed the heady air of revolt. The trouble was only simmering when he was in the island, but by the late summer Hazzidakis' letters were no longer about the acquisition of Knossos but about a Constitution for a free Crete, with a Christian Governor-general.

"By the autumn of 1896 the Cretan insurrection, that had flared up with the heat, was officially over, and Arthur Evans in England and Hazzidakis in Crete were more immediately occupied in collecting funds for its victims. The sessions of the law courts were still sus- pended, and there was no chance of getting farther with the acquisition of the rest of the Knossos site" (J. Evans 1943, 321).

However, Hazzidakis and Xanthoudides kept Evans informed by letters about the demands of the proprietors and expressed their willingness to help him (Brown 2001, 212). On 27 June 1896 Xanthoudides wrote: "However we hope that you will do the excavations even against their will and without paying any money". Hazzidakis also wrote in July to say that, according to the law stating that land containing antiquities could not be divided, the proprietors would have to pay Evans back his 30,000 grosia. "Indeed in September the co- proprietors were making trouble, and trying to force Evans to re-sell his quarter share. Hadjidakis patiently negotiated on Evans's behalf, and on December 29, 1896, was able to write that they were now willing to sell their share for some £675" (J. Evans 1943, 321). However the price was still too high and in any event Evans had by now learned to wait patiently for the right moment, which had not yet come.

While Crete was fighting for its autonomy, Evans decided to stay away until March 1898 when he returned, "accompanied by Myres and by D. G. Hogarth of the British School at Athens. The towns were occupied by troops of the Great Powers. The revolt was officially over, but the whole island was suffering from its consequences. Once more Evans was back in the familiar mixture of archaeology, journalism and relief work. . .

"On the morning of their arrival they rode out to Knossos, accompanying H. N. Brailsford, the Manches- ter Guardian correspondent, who was on his way to dis- tribute sacks of barley in a distressed village. The site had not been harmed by the revolt; most of it was under corn" (J. Evans 1943, 323).

In December 1898 Prince George of Greece came to Crete as High Commissioner for the Great Powers. The Turkish army had already left the island and many Turkish families had gone to Turkey. Soon the first

Constitution of the Cretan State was formed. Evans arrived at Chania on 22 March 1899. He wrote: "Saw Bourchier23 who is much with Prince George and wrote letter to him to show Prince, describing our claims. 'I am here on behalf of the Hellenic Society and the Lon- don Committee of the British School of Athens to en- deavour to secure certain sites in Crete for British archaeological exploration. You know that for the last five years I have been constantly engaged in preliminary work with this object and have indeed partially secured possession of an ancient mound called Kephala on the site of Knosos where I wish to dig. The British School at Athens is also anxious to co-operate in Cretan excavation'.

"Mar. 23. Saw Stephanos Xanthoudides, Secretary of Syllogos of Cândia and a deputy. He and Hadjidaki had drawn up projet de loi for Cretan antiquities. Clause about acquiring sites very favourable to explorers. Gov- ernment to decree excavations; excavation simply to compensate proprietor for losses sustained. The As- sembly simply sent on the projet de loi to Prince who will promulgate it with any necessary modifications. Xanthoudides thought that not-wanted specimens might be exported.

"Prince George himself very favourable. Promised all we want and even said we might have Goulas" (J. Evans 1943, 326-7).

The ̂ projet de lof soon became the Antiquities Law of the Cretan State signed on 18 June by Prince George and published in the Official Gazette of the State on 21 June 1899. Article 3 states that ancient buildings on private land belong to the Cretan State and the proprietors are to be compensated only for the piece of land that contains the antiquities not for the antiquities them- selves. Article 5 is even worse for proprietors since any "action" involving ancient buildings or ruins, even if not damaging, is forbidden. Article 10 gives the right to Schools and Academies to excavate as long as they are approved by the Government and the Ephor or the Archaeological Council.

22 Kemal Bey Kalotzoulakis or Kalotzoul-zade was a land owner, olive oil broker and money lender (Herakleion Land Registry 5656 [Books 15, 19-20, 33, 35-6]; Vikelaia Library 154, 160, 352, 394 944, 1733, 3769 [Books Z3 and Z32]) working as the manager of the Liatif-zade soap factory (Vikelaia Library documents 943-4 [Book Z3]) who, however, became bankrupt. By 1900, he had moved to Constantinople, as is clear from Herakleion Land Registry 13401 (Book 43), 2150 [(Book 108) and 1929 (Book 105), which record the forced sale of his land as well as of land that belonged to his brother Said Bey and Hanife Liatif-zade widow of the late Zihni Bey Kalotzoulakis. One of his houses and gardens next to what is today Constitu- tion Square was bought by Said Bey Tsalikaki and in 1904 by Kalliroi Andreadaki-Konstandinidou (Herakleion Land Reg- istry 18872 [Book 98]). Tsalikakis also bought land from Kalotzoulakis in 1800 (Vikelaia Librarv 2475 iBook Z '2k~W.

23 J. D. Bourchier was correspondent of The Times (Brown 1986, 39)-




. ', - i«aj»í^ - <r'..-

gqj ^i.a^^^^^^^a^^^^^za^g.i^^^^^^^'' á^^JK^/^^, _£¿%&¿¿&ai .^j^^x^-g.. s

Z1^. 48.4 (above and opposite). Document in the Ar chañes Land Registry declaring Evans' s purchase of the three quarter share from Fatume Tsalikopoula.

It meant that the legal statement of 1896 estimating the price of the three quarters of Kephala at 50,000 grosia (the equivalent of about £400) was no longer valid, because there were ancient buildings there. This may be one of the reasons why the Liatif-zade family and Said Bey Tsalik-zade accepted £200 for the three quarters of Kephala on 18 February 1900;24 the price was £35 less than what Evans had paid for the one quarter share six years previously. The contract for the three quarters was signed at the house of the Liatif-zade family in Hunkiar (Appendix and FIG. 48.4: 745), "read over in French to us & in Greek to Beys & the Hanum

(behind a door)," as D. G. Hogarth wrote in his diary (Brown 2001, 304).

Evans started his excavations five days later, in his capacity as Vice-President of the Hellenic Society in London (FIGS. 48.5~48.6).25 He used as his headquart-

24 The other reason was that they would be forced to refund Evans's £235 (paid for the one quarter share) by the regula- tion that land with antiquities could not be divided.

25 The letter (in Greek) seems to have been written by Evans himself as is FIG 55.3 (in this volume) and are both housed in the Archive of Herakleion Museum.



KNOSSOS AND EVANS: BUYING KEPHALA 523

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t

/

•

' *

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Z7^. ̂5.5 (above). Letter from Evans asking the Ephor of the Herakleion Museum to forward his application to the Cretan State and support it.

Fig. 48.6 (right). Letter from the Cretan State to the Ephor s to say that Evans had been granted permission to excavate at Kephala and asking them at the same time to be responsible for the excavation.




KPHTIKH nOAITElA

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KAI TDN 8PHZKEYNIATQN

I s

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0 i ^ Oír/ Y¿ff 4?4*j*<c¿7srao ^¿¿¿¿¿K&étyu&j-é^ > * '/! ' ' S




ers the large country house of Sami Bey26 with a garden and orchard just below the Kephala hill at Knossos (Evans 1900, 3, pl. 12 = FIG. 48.9). However, Evans did not stay in the house for long but used it as a storeplace, as his father John Evans wrote in March 1901: "Arthur has a roomy house at Knossos and the tablets and many of the minor antiquities are kept there. He has also a headquarters in Cândia" (J. Evans 1943, 336). The Turkish house in Cândia belonged to the heirs of George Stamatakis and was in the neighbourhood of Sevri Tsesime (or Mikro Tsarsaki or Balta Tsamisi), known originally as Ayia Anastasia in the present Kamaraki part (see Appendix: 1937), and most probably in Yiamalaki Street, then a small paved alley.

At the end of 1906 or beginning of 1907 Evans moved to the house he built at Knossos, the Villa Ariadne. "He was tired of riding out of Cândia to Knossos and back, and the Turkish house by the stream had not proved healthy. He therefore instructed Christian Doll, now architect to the British School at Athens, to build him a house above the palace site, just where he had told John Myres he would build one ten years before. He planned it himself, with basement rooms for coolness and a flat roof for air, and a steel and cement framework for strength. By October 1906 the roof was on" (J. Evans 1943, 353).

Evans obtained a large tract of land at Knossos,27 including what is now the archaeological site of the Pal- ace and houses around it, as well as the Royal Villa and the land with the Little Palace, Unexplored Mansion, Stratigraphical Museum, Villa Dionysos and around the Villa Ariadne and the Taverna.28 His notaries (oo|ißo>moYQacpoi) were Hasan Hulki Efendaki for the one quarter share, George N. Volanakis for the three quarters, Emmanuel A. Xanthoudidis for the six contracts between 1901 and 1903, and Apostólos N. Vavourakis from 1905 onwards.

All of the property was legally purchased in Evans's name,29 and the contracts survive in the Herakleion and Archanes Land Registries (see Appendix). The contracts were signed at the offices of the lawyers except for a few signed in the owners' houses or where Evans lived: contract 745 was signed at the house of the Liatif- zade family, 1895 at the house of Ismail Katsoulakis (husband of one of the owners), 1937 at Evans's house in Herakleion, and 91 1 1 and 13295 at the Villa Ariadne.

In 1926 Evans transferred the Villa Ariadne, Taverna and all his other property at Knossos to the British School at Athens (Appendix: 14666 written by Vavourakis on 6 June 1926; all the legal documents for the transfer are among the Vavourakis records). Two documents that were issued by the Herakleion and Archanes Land Registries, at the request of Vavourakis, give details of Evans's transactions at Knossos. How- ever, the contract for the three quarters purchase was passed over, probably because it was recorded in a book at the Archanes Land Registry with a very few entries from late 1899 and early 1900 which had escaped no-

tice. This book was among documents that have reached the Herakleion branch of the Public Archives (revixot ÂQxeía too Kqótouç).30

A plan of Evans's property at Knossos accompanies the contract for its transfer to the School (among the Apostólos Vavourakis records). It shows Evans's land inside a red line (FIG. 48.7), except for the area around the House of the Frescoes which is enclosed in a red broken line, and a small area, hatched in the plan, which relates to an exchange of land with EA on the west boundary of Evans's property. Evans wrote at the bottom right corner of the plan: "A. Evans Aug. 3 1923, April 17 1926 The boundaries marked: [in red] refers to a plot of land for which I Arthur Evans have

26 Evans 1900, pl. 12 has the name Said Bey, (which is the first name of Tsalik-zade) probably by mistake since the report states that the "country house" of the owner of "too TosA.eßr| r' KecpaXct ... stands by the stream below" (Evans 1900, 3). Hogarth also made a mistake in the name: "Also stipulated for use of Kiamil Bey's chiflik for several years" (Brown 2001, 304). Moreover, a record book at the Property Service's Office for Exchanged Land at Herakleion states that the owner before 1923 of both the house and the olive oil factory was Fazil Toutountzi-zade the husband of Mevended, daughter of Sami Bey Liatif-zade, who was also given land next to the Royal Villa, as contract 1900 shows, where she is mentioned as Liatifzadopoula. Part of the house and garden still survive and belong to the family of N. Doxas (Property Service document 3322 of 2 November 1927). A cistern, part of the aqueduct described by Evans and a few walls can be seen, but most of the house was demolished and its stones used in houses at Makritikhos. The olive oil factory, now ruined, and the bee garden belong to E. Xanthakis (Property Service document 3323 of 2 November 1927).

27 Buying the land of Knossos so easily caused indignation in some people. See a caustic article in Aácpvr] (a local newspaper) of 31 July 1907 against the Government and the Ephors of Antiquities for allowing Evans to expand his property around a tall tower on top of which the British flag was waving.

28 The area around the Villa Ariadne is referred to in the contracts as Bougada Metochi (Bougada was the nickname of D. Vlakhakis), Ellenika and Mezarlikia; Ellenika is a name used for land at Bougada Metochi as well as in the area of the Palace by Makritikhos. Ellenika Charakia and Ellenika or Trochalous are also toponyms that belong to Makritikhos and may be close to the Palace site (Archanes Land Registry 11075, registered under 15, of 1900). See also Vasilakis in this volume.

29 Unlike Evans, Hogarth, who excavated on Gypsades hill in 1900, did not purchase the land (Hogarth 1900), but the Brit- ish School at Athens bought it for the Cretan State, the money being sent over with Mackenzie (Herakleion Land Registry 16656 [Book 44] of 6 August 1900).

30 I thank E. Drakakis for letting me see part of the Archanes archive and locate the three quarters purchase record. The actual contract has not been found as most of notary N. Volanakis's records have been lost, and access to the part in the general archives is not yet possible. I am also grateful for permission to photocopy FIG. 48.7 in colour (I had it photocopied in black and white when it was in the care of G. Smirnakis).




Fig. 48.7. Plan of Evans' s property at Knossos.




paid purchase money £100' with court, black - red shows exchange with Emmanuel Akoumianakis". "The boundaries marked: " is the piece of land around the House of the Frescoes (for which Evans paid £100 but the purchase had not been registered in his name) which was excavated in 1923 and, as Mackenzie records in his daybook, had not been expropriated, despite its proximity to the Palace. "A special reason made in the region apart from its intrinsic importance as belonging to the immediate environment of the Palace was the fact that while the areas to North and South had been already purchased in connection with the excavations in the Palace this area had up till now remained unexpropriated although its East borders were only some metres from the West Façade of the Royal Build- ings. It thus cut inconveniently into the Palace Prop- erty on either side making the expropriation of the whole area advisable quite apart from the intrinsic value of the discoveries, which might be made. But in accord- ance with the Law of Antiquities it had to be demon- strated that the region was of archaeological importance before the expropriation could be legally carried out" (DM/ DB 1923, 3. opp. p. 1: transcription by V. Fotou).

Piet de Jong gave an account of how Evans excavated and expropriated this piece of land in a letter to Myres of 5 September 1941: "On one occasion Sir Arthur became very enraged on hearing that a man had decided to build a taverna quite near the entrance to the excavation near David's house.31 He had unfortunately for himself deposited several tons of tiles and bricks on the south side of the little path, whereas his site was to be on the north, on land which Sir Arthur had not been able to buy. He immediately called all the workmen off the dig and made them carry the material to the taverna for 'safety' he said. He then locked it up, and over it hoisted a Union Jack. At the same time he started excavations on the man's land on the wager system. He found the frescoes and site now known as the house of the Frescoes.

"He could then of course confiscate the land or buy it at a very low price" (Momigliano 1999, 210).

I have tried to define the original area of land at Kephala from the information in the contracts and on the plan (FIG. 48.7). It is quite likely that the four quarters were bounded by the main road to Herakleion to the west (see below), while the south, southwest and southeast areas must run down to the Vlykhia stream (Appendix: 13293) and the garden and olive grove of the Liatif-zade family (at the southeast), as is clear in Mackenzie's diary (DM/ DB 1900, 23 March 1900): "Excavation was began on the E, SE, slope of this Akropolis which in this direction descends to a mod- ern terrace-dyke beyond which E-SE at a lower level is a garden ending NW in a small olive grove". The north border follows roughly the line of the East-West Cor- ridor (or a little further north) which extended west to the line of the path, shown in the 1900 publication plan (and in FIG. 48.7) and often mentioned in the excava-

tion notebooks and diaries: "the path marking the N boundary of Evans's property which was 30-50 m S of the Royal Road" (DM I DB 1 901, 28 February, 3-4: transcription by V. Fotou ).

Evans's purchases after 1900 were mainly north and west of this original core.32 For instance, contract 18340 states that a piece of land Evans bought bordered with the original land he had bought and the public road, meaning the main road to Herakleion (FIG. 48.6). An- other piece (Appendix: 18341) also bordered the original land but also an unspecified road, which could be the public road or one of the so-called paths in FIG. 48.6. Similarly, contracts 21466-9 bordered the land of Evans and an unspecified road. In 1905 Evans bought on one day (17 April) the first three pieces of land of what is today the Villa Ariadne area (Appendix: 1893- 5); the land with 45 olive trees of 1895 bordered the public road and the road village street of Bougada Metochi and so may be the southeast corner of the area of the Little Palace. Two days later Evans bought more land and houses here, while 1900 records buying land at Kephala, which must be the Royal Villa site. On 5 May 1905 Evans bought a house (Appendix: 1929) and a piece of land (Appendix: 1931) at Bougada Metochi, the land bordering the public road and some of the land already bought, which suggests that it was also part of the area of the Little Palace but north of the previous piece. On 6 May he also bought a house and land that contained a threshing floor and bordered the aqueduct (off the SW corner of the Villa Ariadne property) and road of Bougada Metochi, suggesting that it was the whole southwest part of the later estate (FIG. 48.7: in the plan (Evans 1900, pl. 12) the house is shown and also a threshing floor (but at a different spot from that shown in FIG. 48.7). In 1907 he bought land with olive trees in the area of the Villa Ariadne from Minos Kalokairinos (Appendix: 5309), Andreas L. Kalokairinos acting as Evans's representative, bordering the public road. In 1909 he bought a vineyard, olive grove, garden and ruined houses that bordered his property on two sides (the Villa Ariadne area), the public road and the roads for Bougada Metochi and Fortetsa as well as the aqueduct: this land must be that around the Villa Dionysos, extending west and south from the main road and including the well that still exists. In 1 9 10 he bought a piece of land extending southwest

31 The land belonged to Emmanuel Mathioudakis who had in- tended to build a house and not a taverna according to his

daughter in law Anna Mathioudaki; David Kanakis was the

guard at Knossos.

32 The contracts show that Evans bought much in the Palace area from Ali Bey Baritakis or Chamitagadakis and his family. The

family also had a metochi at Bedevi Kamara, but in 1922 Ali decided to stay on in Crete, lost his property and worked as a foreman for Evans. Mackenzie wrote in 1927: "Ali's actual so-

journ at Knossos begun when he was deprived of his chiflik in favour of the refugees" (Momigliano 1999, 205).




Fig. 48.8. Plan showing the Taverna at Knossos.

towards the cemetery of Fortetsa, which was originally nearer the Villa Ariadne,33 and in 1913 he bought a house (Appendix: 13295) from Emmanuel Akoumianakis bordering the road of Bougada Metochi and Evans's property on all sides: this is the house southeast of the Stratigraphical Museum known today as the "earth- quake house".34 As this house was the dowry of Mrs Akoumianaki, Evans sold the family a piece of land (with a threshing floor) west of the Palace between the main road and the hatched area in FIG. 48.7 to be her dowry instead (Appendix: 13293).

Two contracts are about buying the Taverna: 3491 of 12 May 1906, and 6460 of 30 March 1908 (Panagiotaki forthcoming). The Taverna seems to have been built in 1900-01, as it does not appear in Evans's photographs of 1900. It was a single storey building (of two magazia, as the contract states) at first; later, a second storey was added with a pitched roof. Evans bought the land (the present garden) and upper floor in 1906, and the lower floor in 1908. The 1906 contract was accompanied by a plan (FIG. 48.8 [among the Vavourakis records], also showing a triangular piece of land mainly south and west of it [now walled in]). The plan was made by Chris- tian Doll, who put his initials at the bottom right corner, and Evans signed at the top right. It is evident from the contracts and plan that Evans had already bought the land south and west of the building.

The impetus for this research came from Ann Brown 10 years ago, when she asked me if I could identify a number of Turkish names recorded in Evans's diaries and letters. In this way, and thanks to her, I was introduced to the wealth of the Turkish Archive housed in the Vikelaia Library, and the Land Registries at Herakleion and Archanes, which provided answers to her questions. Long research extended to the Cretan State Archives, notaries' and lawyers' records, the notebooks and diaries of Evans and Mackenzie, and the letters and memories of many Cretans who had met Evans and of the former proprietors of Knossos who later moved to Turkey but kept contacts with some of their Greek friends. Captivated, I have found myself delving into Evans's life and deeds in Crete as well as the lives of all those involved one way or another with him and the Palace of Knossos. I thank them all for silently allowing me to wander into their magical world.

33 Evans did not hesitate to transfer even the village cemetery from its original position southwest of the Villa Dionysos to its present location.

34 It seems that the Akoumianakis family was still associated with this house in the 1940s as the abduction of General Kreipe was planned there: information from Maria Akoumianaki, wife of John Akoumianakis, Evans's gardener and brother of "Manolaki" as well as A. Lambraki.




Fig. 48. 9. The country house and olive oil factory of Santi Bey se of the Palace.

REFERENCES

Aposkitou, M., 1979. 'Mívcdç KaÀoxctiQivóç. Exaro XQÓvia ano TT|v 7tq(dtt| avaaxacpTJ ttjç Kvcdoou' KQiyuoXoyia 8: 81-94.

Brown, A., 1986. "I propose to begin at Gnossos" Annual of the British School at Athens 81: 37-44.

Brown, A., 1993. Before Knossos. . . Arthur Evans's Travels in the Balkans and Crete. Oxford: University of Oxford, Ashmolean Museum.

Brown, A., 2001. Arthur Evans1 s Travels in Crete i8ç4-i8çç (British Archaeological Reports International Series 1000). Oxford: Archaeopress.

Evans, A. J., 1898. Letters from Crete. Oxford: privately printed.

Evans, A. J., 1900. 'Knossos. I. The Palace' Annual of the British School at Athens 6 (1899-1900): 3-70.

Evans, J., 1943. Time and Chance: the Story of Arthur Evans and his Forebears. London: Longmans, Green.

rren, Jvl., 1979. To Kaargo juaç. Athens: KaaxaviooTTic. Hazzidakis, I., 1881. IIsQifiyr)oiç etc KgrJTqv. Hermopolis:

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Hood, S. and W. Taylor, 1981. The Bronze Age Palace at Knossos (British School at Athens Supplementary Vol- ume 13). London.

Kalokairinos, M. L., 1906. 'EiGTiYTJaeic avaaxacpcov' Kgr]Tixr¡ AqxaioXoyixri Ecpryuecic (15.10. 1906): 1, 19- 24.

Momigliano, N., 1999. Duncan Mackenzie: a Cautious Canny Highlander and the Palace of Minos at Knossos (Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies Supplement 72). London.

Panagiotaki, M., forthcoming. 'The "Taverna" at Knossos'. Pariamas, M., 1949. 'Iotoqixó xai ßioyQCKpixa ar||xei(u|¿aTa

roi) Ixecpóivou NixoXaíôoi)' Kç^Tixá Xçovixá 3: 293- 350.

Stavrinidis, N., 1975. MsracpQáoeiç touqxixcÍv iotoqixcív syyQáqxov acpOQœvrœv eiç rt]v loroçíav rqç KqtJttiç i. Herakleion: BixeXaía ArmoTixii BißXioOiixri HQaxXeíou - YTOUQyeío IIoA,mo|ioó.

Stavrinidis, N.,1986. Meraççaaiç Tooçxixœv iotoqixcov eyygacpcûv 1. Herakleion: àtjuoç HQctxXeíoo.

Tzombanaki, C, 2000. To HçaxXeio evroç rœv reixœv. Herakleion: Texvixó Ettiu£Xt|tt|qio tt|ç EÀÀáôoç.

