IntroductionJan Smolders (史默德）Independent Consultant Soil & Groundwater Remediation

Jan Smolders, Client Advisor Soil & Groundwater Remediation 1

Who is Jan Smolders (史默德）

• From the Netherlands• Chemistry (Bsc) and Biology / Environment (MSc)• Has 30 years experience• Since end of 2005 living and working in China (江门 )• In China worked for ERM, Aecom, now free lancer

Jan Smolders, Client Advisor Soil & Groundwater Remediation 2

Experience• Toxicological research (Chlorinated solvents) Amsterdam University• Researcher and Manager Env Analytical Laboratory; GC/MS• Soil & Groundwater investigation & remediation• Environmental capacity building• Waste management• Climate change; Renewable energy, sustainability

Jan Smolders, Client Advisor Soil & Groundwater Remediation 3

S&G remediation in NL• Since ~1980• Target & Intervention values & volume criteria -> Remediation necessity• Intervention values are human and ecology risk based

Jan Smolders, Client Advisor Soil & Groundwater Remediation 4

S&G remediation in NL

Remediation Practices / Approaches Soil• Excavation + soil washing• Excavation and biopiling• Encapsulation / Living layer• Steam injection• Bio-attenuation• Thermal treatment

Jan Smolders, Client Advisor Soil & Groundwater Remediation 5

S&G remediation in NL

Remediation Practices / Approaches Groundwater• Pump & Treat• Air Sparging / Soil Vapor Extraction• In situ treatment with chemicals; ISCO/ISCR (permanganate, O3, Fenton’s, etc)• Thermal• Bio-attenuation• Monitored Natural Attenuation • Combinations

Jan Smolders, Client Advisor Soil & Groundwater Remediation 6

Remediation in China 2013 / 2014• Many contaminated sites• Many plans for clean up• Many remediation proposals submitted• Many projects on hold• Some remediation works done: result not satisfying or was not (cost-) effective

What could have been done better (based on Western experience)?

Jan Smolders, Client Advisor Soil & Groundwater Remediation

Two essential steps to pay attention to

1)Completion of Conceptual Site Model (CSM)2)Remediation feasibility study

Jan Smolders, Client Advisor Soil & Groundwater Remediation

Conceptual Site Model

“Presentation of an environmental systemand the biological, physical and chemicalprocesses that determine the transportand fate of contaminants throughenvironmental media to environmental receptors and their most likely exposure modes.”

Jan Smolders, Client Advisor Soil & Groundwater Remediation

Conceptual Site Model

Jan Smolders, Client Advisor Soil & Groundwater Remediation

Conceptual Site Model

Jan Smolders, Client Advisor Soil & Groundwater Remediation

Conceptual Site Model

Jan Smolders, Client Advisor Soil & Groundwater Remediation

Conceptual Site Model

Why?•Decision making•Information•Data gaps

Conceptual Site Model (EPA)

• General site info (also history)• Site characteristics (details in next sheet)• Sources (historical and ongoing, on and off site)• Contaminants [soil, groundwater, free phase (DNAPL, LNAPL), breakdown products)• Receptors, exposure pathways (human / ecological; direct / indirect)]• Surroundings (receptors, sources, contaminants)• Future use (site and surroundings)

Site characteristics

• Hydrogeology• Soil characteristics (clay, sand, silt etc)• Water content, particle size distribution• Anthropogenic factors (construction waste, waste, ashes, asbestos, chemicals, odor, USTs , dumped barrels, sand piles, underground infrastructure etc)•Groundwater table, flow direction, aquifer parameters, water bearing layers, non-permeable layers, infiltration or seeping•Surface waters (on and off site; surface water level vs groundwater table; connected or not?

ContaminantsWe need to know much more than:“36 soil samples were taken and analyzed and Lead, Copper and Nickel were elevated with high averages, so remediation is necessary”

Sample location, depth of samples, soil geology, relation with anthropogenic matters, groundwater conc.,distribution, DNAPL/LNAPL, bio-attenuation,

Site is 200 x 30 m, boreholes were 3 m deep -> 18,000 m3 = 36,000 tonnes soil to clean up

And then:

We need to know:

• Site lay out with sampling and analysis data• Borehole logs• Cross sections with contaminant profiles, geology, sources, etc• Analysis results

Necessary parts to draw the Conceptual Site Model:

Remediation Feasibility study

Currently: Not clear which decision making process for remedial strategy

Remediation Feasibility study

Is about:

• Technical• Practical / Logistical• Legal• Financial• Social• Sustainability• Health and Safety

Technical Many potential technologies

Some remarks:Stabilization / ImmobilizationPhyto remediationSoil washing

No one solution fits all sites

CSM and Remediation Feasibility Study

Why not yet embedded in Chinese practice?• No experience• No tradition• No demand• No incentive• No budgets

Message of this presentation

I hope that it becomes routine soon in China for contaminated sites that there will be carried out the complete required investigation for CSM Preparation. And that with the CSM a factual decision can be made, whether or not remediation is necessary for a site.If so, that based on a complete and objective feasibility study, the most efficient and cost-effective remedial approach can be selected and site clean up made successful.

Because, only then, the huge Chinese remediation operation will be feasible and more cost effective.

24 Jan Smolders, Client Advisor Soil & Groundwater Remediation

And I hope I can help with that.Jan SmoldersJan_nl_2005@yahoo.comWechat: 13826224880

Thank you!!Any Questions??