Good Afternoon!

JAMUNA BRIDGE &

A SUCCESSFUL EIA

Md. Mahmudor RahmanNSU-ESM-1421713076

mahmudor.rahman@gmail.com

A brief understanding of the Web link: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/1993/08/698917/Bangladesh-jamuna-bridge-environmental-assessment-summary

Cons

truc

tions

Economy

Impa

cts

Social

Aesthetics

Jamuna Multi-purpose Bridge  (Bangabandhu Bridge) Open in 1998 and stood the 6th longest bridge in South Asia And 11th in the world then.

• The bridge links between the eastern and western parts of Bangladesh.

• The International gateway- South Asian highway and trans Asian railway.

• Multipurpose and economical sight:

Road transportationRailway transportationTransmission of electricityNatural gasIntegration of telecommunication link

Overview in a glance..

• The main bridge is 4.8m and overall 5.63 km long.• Number of main spans  47 of approximately 100 meters

and two end spans of approximately 65 meters.• Connected to the bridge are east and

west approach viaducts each with 12 spans of 10 meters length and transition spans of 8 meters.

• The total width of the bridge deck is 18.5 meters.• Designed of a dual two-lane carriageway, • Constructed by Hyundai Engineering and

Construction (Korea).• Total cost Amount of $696 million, • The cost was shared by IDA, ADB, OECD(JBIC, Japan),

supplied $200 million each through a loan with 1% nominal interest, and the remaining $96 million was borne by Bangladesh.

Overview in a glance..

EIA in Bangladesh

First EIA process initiated with Chittagong Urea Fertilizer Ltd in 1984-85.

EIA conducted for big Bridge Construction Project (Jamuna Multi-purpose Bridge) during 1987-89.

Subsequently it followed to KAFCO (Karnafully Fertilizer Co. Ltd) in 1993-94

And than many more..

Jamuna Bridge Environmental Assessment

Two Parts were broadly assessed by the

incorporation of World Bank

• Environment Analysis• Initial environmental work. • The fisheries plan.• The wildlife plan. • The land use master plan.• The Bridge End Integration Study.• The Dhaleswari Mitigation Plan.• Resettlement• The resettlement action plan .

PHYSICO-CHEMICAL

ECOLOGY

HUMANINTEREST

Impact of the Project Can be Classified by following Zone:

Ecological Impact• (a) Fisheries:

– (-) The closure of northern intake of the Dhaleswary River apart from putting up embankment and bridge-end facilities have definite negative impact to north fisher to produce fishes and catching.

• (b) Wildlife:– (-) Roads running wildlife, wetland local birds, migratory

bird, reptiles, duck, and common pet animals through project area would disrupted during work of JMB project.

• (c) Plantation:– (+) The roadsides, Landscape on both part of bridge

Approach road, the parks plantation of trees which is favorable impact of road construction.

• (d) Wetland and Wetland Habitant: – (-) dredging of the dhaleshwry river intake may cause

destruction of the Wetlands and wetland habitat.

Physico-chemical Impact• (a) Erosion and Siltation

– (-) causes erosion during flood and siltation in the downstream.• (b) Drainage Congestion /Water logging

– (-) roads interfere with cross drainage and can cause flooding or drainage congestion in adjacent areas during periods of high precipitation.

– (-) May cause crop damage, water pollution and breeding of mosquitoes.

• c) Regional Hydrology/Flooding– (-) Approach Roads construction during the period across flood

plains perpendicular to the direction of water flow cause back water effect and increase duration, frequency and extent of flooding in the up stream.

• (d) Air, Soil and Water Pollution– (-) During the construction work dredging spoil, the toxic

chemical, lubricant of dredging vehicles might spilled with water and pollute the soil. The smoke of the construction vehicle would contaminated the air also.

• (e) Dust /Noise Pollution– (-) Dust raised from unpaved rural roads and blown by the

vehicles can pose a health hazard and damage vegetation along the sides of the road.

Road erosion

Dust

Impact on Human Interest• (a) Loss of Agricultural Lands

– (-) Construction of any road is associated with the loss of agricultural lands.

• (b) Generation of Employment Opportunities – (+) Construction of the bridge, road, river training work generate temporary

employment during project implementation and permanent employment during maintenance phase.

• (c) Navigation and Boat Communication – (-) Roads interference with navigation and boat communication at least for

certain period of the year.

• (d) Commercial and Service Facilities– (+) Provides benefit of fast communication, transport facilities to

commercial, passenger.

• (e) Industrial Activities – (+) Road communication promotes industrial activities.

• (f) Irrigation Facilities – (+) Borrow-pits by the side of the roads provide facility for small scale

irrigation.

Agricultural land

Road construction

communication

Jamuna Bridge Environmental Assessment: Initial environmental work

Feasibility study(FS): • In 1986, phase-I feasibility study recommended the site between Sirajgonj and Bhuapur

(Tangail). • Between 1987 and 1989, the phase-II feasibility study recommended a road-cum-rail-

cum-power bridge for economically and technically viable.• possible side effects of the bridge project. • Recommended to build closure of the Dhaleswari intake channels.

The Initial Environmental Study(IES) explored the determination:1. whether the project has significant environmental impacts or not;2. whether such significant impacts are acceptable from a socioeconomic, cultural

and technical point of view;3. and if not, what further actions are required to determine the most feasible

measures to conserve and protect the environment

Project Consisted with following work

scopes:

construction of 4.8 km long, with a design life of 100

years;

construction of two

end viaducts

to connect

the bridge to

the approach

roads;

construction of two guide

bunds, of about 2.2 km each and a

flood protection

bund on the east bank to regulate the river at the

chosen site;

construction of

east and west

approach roads;

measures to mitigate the

project's effects on the environment,

including resettlement, compensation

of project affected persons,

fisheries and wild life, and environmental monitoring;

and

technical

assistance and trainin

g.

Impact areas were distinguished:1. land that would be occupied by permanent structures;2. land that would be acquired for temporary use or occupation during

construction;3. Land in the vicinity of project works, where changes land use were expected as

a result of the road construction (settlements, industries, etc.);4. Land where water management, agricultural and fishing practices would change

as a direct result of the bridge project (e.g. backwater effect, disrupted drainage, navigation etc.);

5. land where ecological changes( flora, fauna, soil, water, air) would occur as a result of the infrastructural works;

6. The North West zone, where wood fuel consumption and deforestation would be reduced as a result of the gas pipeline which may cross the Jamuna on the bridge.

Jamuna Bridge Environmental Assessment: Initial environmental work

Jamuna Bridge Environmental Assessment: Impact Area

Loss fish & Spawn.• Action:

– Loss of fish spawn in flood plain area due to bridge construction.

• Impact:– Reduction in Fish Amount.– Unemployment of fisherman. – yield reductions of the dry season crops as a consequence of flood reduction and

reduced availability of water,– disturbance of navigation, reductions of spawn fry fish collection and loss of fish

grounds and– The loss of land to other users.

• Mitigation Measures:– Construction of carp hatcheries to replace the loss of spawn Collection areas

(investment costs estimated at Tk3.0 million).– Resettlement and compensation

Fish swamp

Migration of firming families

• Action: –Land acquired for the project from the firming

families• Impact:–Social impact due to homeless on poverty

• Mitigation Measures:–Provide adequate skill of in roads and

embankments along routes of fish migration.

Spreading Nuisance plants• Action: – Spreading of nuisance plants from borrow pit.

• Impact:– Damage crops during flood.

• Mitigation Measures:– Incorporate destruction of such plants in

maintenance program.

– Convert the plants into a compost for application as a soil conditioner/manure.

Nuisance plants

Water pollution

• Action:

– Reaching vehicle lubricant, dredging spoil in surface water and agricultural lands.

• Impact:

– Cause water pollution.

– Contaminates irrigated water supply.

– Toxic chemical spread.

• Mitigation Measures:

– Making borrow pit to through dredge spill.

Dredging Spoil contamination on water

Erosion and Siltation

• Action: – Erosion of road and embankment surfaces and sides,

road openings, bed and banks of rivers/canals subsequent siltation in down stream.

• Impact:– Cause damage to road and embankment.

– Affect stability of road/embankment and their structures.

– Increases turbidity of water.

– Siltation of canal bed and agricultural lands.

• Mitigation Measures:– Use the up stream guide bunds of flood level.

Erosion of embankment

Drainage congestions andwater logging

• Action:

– Drainage congestion and water logging• Impact:

– Crop damage and loss of agricultural lands.

– Cause water pollution.

– Provide ground fro mosquito breeding.• Mitigation Measures:

– Provide adequate opening for drainage.

– Provide facilities for pumping of congested water.

Pumping of drained water

Drainage canal

Disruption of Regional Hydrology• Action:

– Disruption of regional hydrology through obstruction of flood flow.

– Back water effect due to constructions across flood plains.

• Impact:

– Increase duration, severity and frequency of flood.

– Changes flooding pattern and ground water recharge.

• Mitigation Measures:

– Avoid road construction across the flood plain in the direction perpendicular to flood flow.

– Provide adequate opening for flood flow.

Road across flow direction

Dust blowing from construction• Action: – Dust blowing from unpaved

roads during construction and movement of vehicles.

• Impact:–Health hazards due to dust

pollution. – Damage to vegetation and trees

along the road.• Mitigation Measures:

– Control moisture content during construction by watering.

– Stabilize road surface with a suitable stabilizer.

– Increase vegetation cover on road surface and slopes.

Dust blowing

Compaction

Loss of agricultural land• Action:

– Loss of agricultural land. Land where water management, agricultural and fishing practices would change as a direct result of the bridge project (e.g.);

• Impact:– Deprives a group of farmers of their means of living. – Increases landlessness in the area.– Backwater effect, disrupted drainage, navigation

etc.– Reduces employment in agriculture.– Affects agricultural production.

• Mitigation Measures:– Plan the project to avoid fertile agricultural

land.– Rehabilitate the affected people.– Generate employment opportunities in other

activities.– Drainage facilities for agricultural land;

Agricultural land

Loss of land due to road

Obstruction to navigation• Action: – During Constructions the main river

and approach road traffic would to navigate in other far distance.

• Impact:– Disruption of cheap mode of

transportation.– Adverse effects on communication.– Increase the transport cost.

• Mitigation Measures:– Provide openings at major routes

and construct road structures leaving adequate clearance above high flood level for plying of boats.

Construction for Dhaleshwary Closure

Change of Land ownership pattern Action: 1. land that would be occupied by permanent structures;2. land that would be acquired for temporary use or occupation during

construction;3. Land in the vicinity of project works, where changes land use were

expected as a result of the road construction (settlements, industries, etc.);

4. Impact:– Inadequately distribution of project benefits.– ecological changes( flora, fauna, soil, water, air) would occur

as a result of the infrastructural works; Mitigation Measures:–Regulation of land ownership transfer in the project

area.

Summary of Benefits and Costs The most significant benefit was the improvement to

agricultural yields during the monsoon period in areas affected by the closure of the Dhaleswari River.

Additional embankment protection was provided by the river training works also make a contribution to protecting the environment.

The net value of agricultural production foregone because of changes in land use is estimated at Tk8.3 million a year which represented some 15 percent of the net gain in the value of agricultural production.

The effects of the railway approaches has valued for agricultural production by the additional protection from flooding offered by the rail embankments.

 

Jamuna Bridge Environmental Assessment: Environmental Assessment

Compensation for the resettlement•No money will provide by JMBA/GOB instead of assets but acquisition and soft loan service like 25% to 50% for all land loosing of PAPs. They identified 6156 directly affected HHs.

•Socio-economic identified 504 HHs has intensity to lose their agricultural land more than 66%, for a fixed deposit 32 million could be stock for that vulnerable PAPs.

•2745 PAP HHs who want to relocate willingly, JMBA-RU assisted them purchase homestead land and a soft loan up to 50% of loan of their compensation rate for house construction. A preliminary cost estimate of Tk 1.00 million has been kept.

Compensation for the resettlement•Two resettlement sites on each bank of river located at: village Saratia. Jamtaildas, Jamtailkhidirpur and Dukhiabari Sirajgani thana (21 6 acres) and •village Palsia & Nikrail in Kalihati thana (316 acre) •Plots of 300 and 600 sq. meters will be allotted of homestead at a price of Tk 4,000/- and Tk 8,000/- respectively payable in the years. Identified 3014 nos. of land losing PAP HHs who had willingness to move to RS site.

•Compensation for the resettlement• Due to closure of northern intake of Dhaleswari and Hurasagar rivers more than 3000 acres of khas land would be leased out to land losing PA permanently in blocks up to 2 acres per family. Annual lease money only 100/- and allottees will both husband and wife.

•Weavers, industrial workers, Shopkeepers and artisans will be given compensation to move business and establish their enterprises.

•Plantation about 300 acres to be planted by PAPs about 1 lac trees, 300/- per tree to the planter.

Thank you !