Intelligent Compaction:Fifty years of Development

Victor (Lee) Gallivan, PEFHWA-HQ - Office of Pavement Technology

October 28, 2010

50th Annual Idaho Asphalt Conference

Moscow, Idaho

IS IC READY FOR PRIME TIME?

IC FOR SOILS– YES

IC FOR GRANULAR BASES– YES

IC FOR HOT MIX ASPHALT– YES

----Definition----What is “Intelligence?”

– Oxford Dictionary: “…able to vary behavior in response to varying situations and requirements”

– Ability to:Collect informationAnalyze informationMake an appropriate decisionExecute the decision

3000-4000 TIMES A MINUTE

Shortcomings Density Acceptance…

Limited Number of Locations

Benefits of Intelligent CompactionWe have found-----

Improve density….better performanceImprove efficiency….cost savingsIncrease information…better QC/QA

Soil/Bases Rollers

Bomag America

Caterpillar

Ammann/Case Dynapac

Sakai America

Bomag America

Caterpillar

Ammann/Case Dynapac

Sakai America

HMA Rollers What IC rollers need to have to be ICVibratory Roller;

Real time Kinematics (RTK) GPS system for rollerpositioning measurement computer systems;Integrated measurement computer systems tocollect & analyze roller and pavement response information;

Accelerometers mounted in or about the drum tomonitor applied compaction efforts;Temperature instrumentation (HMA)GPS – based documentation system

GPS Base Station GPS Radio & Receiver GPS Rover

Real Time Kinematic (RTK) GPS Precision

(Courtesy of Sakai America, Inc.)

(Courtesy of Bomag America, Inc.)

1-13

Mapping of Roller Passes

Longitudinal Joint

Shoulder (Supported)Paving Direction

Courtesy Sakai America

Correlation w/ In-Situ Testing

Impact ForceFrom  Rollers 300 mm  

LWD/FWD200 mm  

LWDNuclear 

Density Gauge

DynamicCone Penetrometer

2.1 m

2.1 m

0.3 m 0.2 m 0.3 m

1.0 m

X X X X X X X X2.1 m

Distance = Roller travel in 0.5 sec.

In‐situ spot  test measurements

Influence depths are assumed ~ 1 x B (width)

Area over witch the roller MV’s are averaged

Courtesy of Dr. David White

NG

PSPA

NNG

LWD-a

MD

MN

KS

TXMS

IN

NY

PA

VA

ND

GA

TX

WI

Objectives: Based on data obtained from field studies:– Accelerated development of QC/QA

specifications for granular and cohesive subgrade soils, aggregate base and Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) pavement materials…

– Short, Long and Future Term Goals– 3-year IC study for all the above materials– 12 participating States– 12+ field demonstration

US 52, West Lafayette, INMapping milled HMA surfaceNew HMA overlay

MN

KS

TXMS

IN

NY

PA

VA

MD

ND

GA

WIMN

KS

TXMS

IN

NY

PA

VA

MD

ND

GA

WI

Sakai

BomagSakaiDouble-drumIC roller

TB 04

US 340EB, Frederick, MDSMA overlayMapping milled HMA surface

MN

KS

TXMS

IN

NY

PA

VA

MD

ND

GA

WIMN

KS

TXMS

IN

NY

PA

VA

MD

ND

GA

WI

Sakai double-drumIC roller

Bomag double-drumIC roller

Mapping Milled HMA

Bomag Sakai

US 340 EB

Mapping Milled HMA

Sakai double-drumIC roller

Lane 1

Shoulder

Bridge

TB 03B SMA overlay (distance 0 to 684 m)

140

160

180

200

220

240

260

280

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

30

32

34

36

38

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450Lag Distance

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Vario

gram

Direction: 0.0 Tolerance: 90.0Column L: CCV

Nugget=16.5

Sill=28.5

Range=40

SAKAI CCV Surface Temperature

Semi-variogram - exponential model

PSPA vs

FWD

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900Back-calculated modulus of existing HMA pavement (ksi)

PSPA

sei

smic

mod

ulus

of e

xist

ing

HM

A

pave

men

t (ks

i)

y = 1.011x + 477.16R2 = 0.1289

300

350

400

450

500

550

600

650

0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00

SAKAI CCV on Existing HMA Pavement

PSP

A Se

ism

ic m

odul

us o

f exi

stin

g H

MA

laye

r (k

si)

Modulus of Existing HMA Layer vs SMA Overlay CCVLinear (Modulus of Existing HMA Layer vs SMA Overlay CCV)

PSPAvsIC

Existing pavements

New SMA construction

IC RMV vs NG

y = 0.2858x + 149.28R2 = 0.2031

140

145

150

155

160

165

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

SAKAI CCV

Dens

ity

Density vs CCVLinear (Density vs CCV)

SakaiDouble-drumIC roller

NG

Peter’s Road, Springville, NYMapping existing subbaseNew HMA construction

MN

KS

TXMS

IN

NY

PA

VA

MD

ND

GA

WIMN

KS

TXMS

IN

NY

PA

VA

MD

ND

GA

WI

Sakai double-drumIC roller

NG vs NNG 1st lift base

y = 0.0978x + 108.26R2 = 0.1473

120

121

122

123

124

125

125

127

129

131

133

135

137

139

141

143

145

NG density (pcf)

NN

G d

ensi

ty (p

cf)

NG vs NNGLinear (NG vs NNG)

Binder base

y = 0.118x + 107.54R2 = 0.1552

120

121

122

123

124

125

126

127

128

129

130

120

125

130

135

140

145

NG density (pcf)

NN

G d

ensi

ty (p

cf)

NG vs NNGLinear (NG vs NNG)

NG

NNG (PQI)

Future Initiatives:– Regional Conferences – that target practitioners– Establishment of Optimum Measurement Values– Guidance Manual/Best Practices for both Soils

and Hot Mix Asphalt Materials– Mini-IC Demo’s: Limited support for field trials

with Non-TPF States– Web-Page Continuation– Specification development– National and International Conferences

www.intelligentcompaction.com

Implementation of IC for Contractors and Agencies– Validating RTK-GPS on each IC roller– Target IC RMV with the optimum number of roller

passes on a test strip to density– Mapping underlying materials prior to paving– Utilize IC roller-integrated temperature measurements

to facilitate compaction at the optimum temperature ranges

– Utilize IC roller location capabilities to facilitate complete coverage of the HMA and to assist the roller operations, particularly at night

– Report and monitor RMV in segments to identify weak areas and facilitate agency acceptance

– Utilize IC Roller data as part of the QC/QA operations

Thank you