introduction to anatomy and physiology

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Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

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Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology. anatomy = “a cutting open”. Study of internal and external structures of the body and the physical relationship between body parts Ex – a particular bone attached to a muscle. physiology. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Page 2: Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

anatomy = “a cutting open”o Study of internal and

external structures of the body and the physical relationship between body parts

o Ex – a particular bone attached to a muscle

Page 3: Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

physiology o Study of the function of

anatomical structures; considers both physical and chemical processes

o Ex. how a muscle contracts to move the bone

Page 4: Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

cell: basic unit of lifeo Cytologyo Histology

Page 5: Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Levels of Organization

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Homeostasis

Objectives:1. Significance of homeostasis

2. Positive and negative feedback

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Page 11: Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Start here

Page 12: Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Lots of examples of negative feedback loops, few positive loops

For test be able to analyze:o Calcium homeostasis (page 132)o Body temperature (page 7)o Water regulation (refer to notes)o Control center for sympathetic and

parasympathetic divisions of PNSo Effectors and response after

sympathetic disruption of homeostasis occurs

Page 13: Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Two ways to maintain homeostasis

o Negative feedbacko Positive feedback

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Negative Feedback: example body temperature

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Q1: compare response to original stimulus

o Answer:o The response by the effectors

is antagonistic (opposite) of the stimulus

Stimulus = body temp ↑Response = body temp ↓

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Q2: homeostasis restored? How do you know?

o Answero Yes, because the response

counteracts the stimuluso Brings back balance

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Positive Feedback: example labor contractions

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Q3: compare response and stimulus in

positive feedback o Answer

o The response acts to heighten or increase the stimulus

Stimulus = ↑ distortion of uterus

Response= ↑ distortion and contraction of

uterus

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Q4: Is homeostasis restored in this example? How do you

know?o Answer:

o No, homeostasis is continually disrupted o This is a good thing in this case b/c

returning to homeostasis would cause the birthing process to stop.

o The positive feedback loop will continue until birth is complete.

Page 20: Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Positive feedback exampleso Childbirtho Blood clottingo Sexual orgasmo Milk production from

mammary glands

Page 21: Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Cellular homeostasis

Every level of organization within the body must maintain homeostasis

Phospholipid Bilayer

Page 22: Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Diffusion

o Diffusion is the movement of molecules from a higher concentration to a lower concentration.

o The difference in concentration of two solutions is called the concentration gradient

o Demonstration: food coloring in water

ttp://www.biosci.ohiou.edu/introbioslab/Bios170/diffusion/Diffusion.html

Page 23: Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Diffusion: Anatomy exampleo Oxygen gas enter body and

blood streamo Carbon dioxide leave blood

and body

Page 24: Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Diffusion across membranes

o Molecules that dissolve in lipids can cross the lipid bilayer through diffusion. Example: O2

CO2 H2O

Page 25: Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Osmosis

o Think back to solutions: solutes and solvents

o Osmosis is the process by which water molecules diffuse across a cell membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.

o Direction of movement depends on relative concentrations of solutions.

Page 26: Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Osmosis: anatomy connectiono Excess water versus

dehydrationo Kidneys help to rid excess

water as urine = osmosis of water out of blood (high) into kidneys (low)

Page 27: Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Direction of movement into cells

o Hypotonic to the cytosolo solution outside the cell is less concentrated than

inside the cell

o water moves into the cell

o Hypertonic to the cytosolo solution outside the cell is more concentrated than

inside the cello water moves out of the cell

o Isotonico concentrations are equal

ohttp://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbi3a1/Cells/Osmosis.htm

Page 28: Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

What about the molecules that can’t pass through the membrane freely?

o Glucose, Na+, Ca+, K+ and lots of other molecules need to get into and out of the cell but can’t get through the lipid bilayer

o They must use the proteins embedded in the lipid bilayer

Page 29: Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Facilitated transporto Protein channels embedded

in the cell membrane allow ions and other molecules to diffuse into and out of a cell

o Where have we seen facilitate diffusion in action?o Neuron’s gated Na+ and K+

channelso Ca+ channels in nerve and

muscle cells

Page 30: Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Active transporto Requires energy to

transport molecules across a cell’s membrane

Ex. 1 Membrane proteins may serve as pumps to push ions across the cell against the concentration gradiento Examples of pumps?o Na+/K+ pump in neurons

Page 31: Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Active Transport (con’t)Ex. 2 Exocyotosis – the cell

excretes wastes, chemicals or other products by releasing them from vesicleso Where have we seen this?o Release of neurotransmitters

Ex 3 Endocytosis – the cell takes in molecules or food by engulfing ito We will see this with immune

system and WBCs