human anatomy and physiology introduction

8/3/2019 Human Anatomy and Physiology Introduction

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This course introduces students in pursuing

careers in the allied health fields to the

structures and function of the human body.

Human Anatomy and Physiology explores thesystems comprising the human body.

It emphasizes on the physiological

mechanisms and a thorough understanding of

human anatomy.


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An emphasis is placed on the

interrelatedness of such systems like

skeletal, muscular, nervous, and circulatory.

This course is recommended for thosepursuing a career in the health science field

like nutrition and dietetics course.

This course has a substantial laboratory

component, including cat dissection incomparison to human.


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The course is offered to any BS health

science field like Nutrition and Dietetics

majors.

It orients students to the new world oflearning in which they will soon become

immersed in anatomic and physiological

terminologies and lessons.

It introduces the basic principles of thehuman body as well as the physiological

functioning and other ethical issues.


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The course serves as a foundation for otherhigher courses in Nutrition and Dietetics orother biologically-related fields.

Most students will find the subject matterfascinating and fun but also challenging anddemanding because of the materialscomplexity, diversity, a number of new andunfamiliar topics, and terms as these things

will help students develop good study habits,excellent time management and enhanceknowledge of nature and respect to thecreation of God.


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YAMATONANATOMY


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YPHGOYSLOI

PHYSIOLOGY


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YPHGOYSLOI

PHYSIOLOGY


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CMIAPCORCSOYAMNOTA

MACROSCOPIC

ANATOMY


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LGAENGOIYAMNOTA

REGIONAL

ANATOMY


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CSIYSMTEYAMNOTA

SYSTEMIC

ANATOMY


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ANATOMY studies the structure of

body parts and their relationship to

one another

Physiology concerns the function of

the bodys structural machinery

(how body parts work and sustain

life-activities)


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Macroscopic anatomy ( Gross) is the study

of large body structures visible to the naked

eye, such as the heart, lungs and kidneys.

Regional anatomy all structure in oneparticular region of the body such as the

abdomen or leg at the same time

Systemic anatomy the gross anatomy of the

body is studied system by system Surface anatomy study of internal body

structures as they relate to the overlaying

skin surface


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Microscopic anatomy concerns structures toosmall to be seen with the naked eye ( slices ofbody tissues)

Subdivision:

cytology cells of the bodyhistology study of tissues

Developmental anatomy traces structuralchanges that occur in the body throughout the

life spanSubdivision: Embryology- developmentalanatomy, concerns developmental changes thatoccur before birth and helps to explain birthdefects


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Anatomic pathology ( Pathological anatomy)

studies structural changes caused by disease

Radiographic anatomy studies internal

structure as visualized by X-ray images orspecialized scanning procedures

Molecular biology structure of biological

molecules is investigated ( chemical

substances)


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Renal Physiology concerns kidney function

and urine production

Neuron Physiology explains the workings of

the nervous systemCardiovascular Physiology- examines the

operation of the heart and blood vessels


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It focuses on events at the cellular level or

molecular level

An understanding of physiology also rests on

principles of physics, which help to explainelectrical currents, blood pressure and the

way muscles use bones to cause body

movements among other things.


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Chemical Level simplest structuralorganization Atoms tiny building blocks

Molecules like water, sugar and protein

Organelle

Cells smallest units of living thing

Cellular level Organsystemshave specific functions;

composed of organs Organsprovide specific functions for the

organism

Tissuesmade of groups of similar cells


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1. Maintaining boundaries

2. Movement

Contractility muscles cells ability to

move by shortening more precisely3. Responsiveness or irritability ability to

sense changes ( stimuli) in the environment

and then respond to them ( e.g nerve cells)

4. Digestion is the process of breaking downingested foodstuffs to simple molecules that

can be absorbed into the food


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5. Excretion process of removing wastes from

the body

E.g.

Digestive system- rids the body ofindigestible food residues in feces and the

Urinary system - disposes of nitrogen-

containing metabolic wastes, such as urea,

in urineRespiratory System removes carbon

dioxide


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6. Reproduction can occur at the cellular

level; responsible for producing offspring

but its function is exquisitely regulated by

hormones of the endocrine system

7. Growth an increase in size of a body part of

the organisms; involves increasing number of

cells

8. Survival Needs ( Nutrients taken in diet;

Oxygen; Water, Normal Body Temperature;

Atmospheric Pressure)


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9. Homeostasis ability to maintain relatively

stable internal condition even though the

outside world changes continuously

a) Blood Levelb) Heart Activity

c) Blood Pressure

d) Wastes in the body

e) Chemical, Thermal and Neural factors


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Variable- factor or event being regulated

Receptor first component

Stimuli sensor that monitors the

environment and respond to changesControl Center second component;

determines set point ( level of range)

Effector provides the means for the control

centers response ( output) to the stimulus


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1. STIMULUS: Produces change in variable

2. Change detected by receptor

RECEPTORS ( SENSOR )

3. INPUT: Information sent along afferentpathway to

CONTROL CENTER

4. OUTPUT: Information sent along efferentpathway to

EFFECTOR5. Response of effector feeds back to influence

maganitude of stimulus and returns variable tohomeostasis


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The output of the system shuts off the

original stimulus or reduces its intensity

It cause the variable to change in a direction

opposite to that of the initial change,returning it to its ideal value; thus the

name negative feedback mechanisms

E.g

1. Thermostat/Body Thermostat located inyour brain called hypothalamus

2. Neural Control Mechanism withdrawal

reflex ( Hand jerk)


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3. Mechanism in the blood glucose levels by

pancreatic hormones


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The result or response enhances or

exaggerates the original stimulus so that the

activity ( output) is accelerated

Usually control infrequent events that do notrequire continuous adjustments

Often referred to as cascades ( to fall)

Example : Blood clotting and enhancement

of labor contraction during birth


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Blood clotting

Once vessel damage has occurred:

1. blood elements called platelets

immediately begin to cling to the injuredsite;

2. release chemicals that attract more

platelets;

3. rapidly growing pileup of plateletsinitiates the sequence of events; and

4. forms a clot.

human anatomy and physiology introduction

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