Anatomyand

Physiology

by: MARNIE G. SARONO

(a)

OBJECTIVES:

General Objective:

Within 3 successive periods, the second year students will be able to gain knowledge about human anatomy and physiology as well as identify the body parts and its functions at 70% level of accuracy.

Specific Objectives: Cognitive: The second year students will be

able to:

a. Differentiate anatomy and physiology of the human body

b. List the different systems in the human body

c. Describe the functions of the different systems of the body

d. Illustrate the anatomy of each body system

Affective:

The second year students will be able to:

a. Share the importance of human anatomy and physiology

b. Synthesize the connection of one body system to another

Psychomotor:

The second year students will be able to:

a. Identify the specific body parts and its functions

b. Make a diagram of each body system

c. Locate the different organ systems using a model

HUMAN ANATOMY

study of structure of body: the branch of science that studies the physical structure of a human body

PHYSIOLOGY

study of functioning of living things: the branch of biology that deals with the

internal workings of living things, including functions such as metabolism, respiration,

and reproduction.

A. Integumentary System

Structures Skin Epidermis Dermis Apocrine gland Subcutaneous tissue Arrector pili muscle Eccrine sweat gland Melanocytes Hair Nails

(Continued)

Functions

Protect

Fluid balance Absorption Synthesis of Vitamin D Sensation/communication

with external environment

Thermoregulation Immunity Excretion

What are the major functions of the integumentary system?

B. Respiratory System

Functions Nasal cavity: warms, humidifies, and filters air Pharynx: passageway between nose and

larynx, and mouth and esophagus Larynx: passageway; contains voice box

(Continued)

Functions

Trachea: airway between larynx and bronchi Bronchi: airways with primary, secondary, and

tertiary branches Bronchioles: transitional airways; some gas

exchange occurs here

(Continued)

FunctionsAlveolar ducts and sacs: functional units for gas

exchange Pleura: serous protective lining of the lungs;

reduces friction and helps maintain negative pressure

C. Cardiovascular System

Functions

Heart: four chambers (right and left atria and ventricles), double pump

Atria (right and left): pump blood to the ventricles

(Continued)

Functions

Arteries: carry blood away from the heart Veins: carry blood toward the heart Ventricles: right pumps blood to pulmonary

circulation; left pumps blood to systemic circulation

Valves: AV valves (the tricuspid and mitral), Semilunar valves (the pulmonic and aortic)

(Continued)

D. Gastrointestinal System

Function

What are the functions of… Stomach: churns food, intrinsic factor for B12,

hydrochloric acid begins digestion Small intestines: primary site for digestion Large intestines: absorbs sodium and water

(Continued)

Function

What are the functions of… Liver: metabolism; produces bile, clotting

factors; detoxifies drugs & alcohol; converts glucose to glycogen; stores vitamins

Pancreas: produces insulin and glucagon, pancreatic enzymes

(Continued)

Function

What are the functions of… Gall bladder: stores and concentrates bile Spleen: stores RBCs, produces RBCs and

macrophages

(Continued)

Function

What are the functions of… Bladder: stores urine Kidneys: remove wastes, help control B/P,

produces erythropoietin

E. FEMALE GENITOURINARY SYSTEM

Functions

What are the functions of… Mons pubis: subcutaneous pad over symphysis

pubis for protection Labia majora/minora: folds of adipose and

connective tissue that protect and lubricate external genitalia

(Continued)

Functions

What are the functions of… Clitoris: erectile tissue for sexual stimulation Urinary meatus: opening to urethra Skene’s glands: lubricate and protect

(Continued)

Functions

What are the functions of… Vaginal introitus: opening of the vagina Vagina: muscular tube for copulation, birth

canal, and menses Bartholin’s glands: secretes alkaline mucus

that improves viability & motility of sperm

Functions

What are the functions of… Cervix: end of the uterus into vagina Uterus: hollow, muscular organ; site for fertilized

egg implantation; protects fetus

(Continued)

Functions

What are the functions of… Tubes: passage for ovum to uterus, site of

fertilization Ovaries: produce ova, estrogen, and

progesterone Kidneys: filter and excrete wastes

(Continued)

Functions

What are the functions of… Ureter: connects kidneys to bladder Bladder: hollow muscular structure; holds urine Urethra: connects bladder to urinary meatus

opening

F. MALE GENITOURINARY SYSTEM

Functions

What are the functions of… Scrotum: sac that contains testes Testes: produces sperm and testosterone Vas deferens: duct from epididymis to

ejaculatory duct

(Continued)

Functions

What are the functions of… Spermatic cord: protective sheath around the

vas deferens Seminal vesicles: produce 70% of semen Bulbourethral gland: secretes alkaline

substance to neutralize vaginal secretions

(Continued)

Functions

What are the functions of… Prostate: produces 20% of semen Epididymis: stores sperm until it is mature Kidney: filters blood and removes wastes

(Continued)

Functions

What are the functions of… Ureter: tube connecting kidney to bladder Bladder: hollow, muscular structure, holds urine Urethra: passageway for urine

(Continued)

Functions

What are the functions of… Penis: male sex organ and urine elimination Glans penis: important for sexual arousal

(Continued)

Functions

What are the functions of… Inguinal area: canal for vas deferens from

scrotum through the abdominal muscles, inguinal lymph nodes

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

URINARY SYSTEM

G. MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

Functions

What are the functions of… Bones (206): structure; protection; act as levers;

produce blood cells; store calcium Muscles (650): allow for movement and

position; produce heat

(Continued)

Functions

What are the functions of… Joints: point of articulation of two bones;

provide ROM Tendons: connect muscle to bone Ligament: connects bone to bone

(Continued)

Functions

What are the functions of… Cartilage: supports and shapes; acts as a shock

absorber Bursae: sacs filled with synovial fluid; cushion

and reduce friction between joints

Types of Joints

Pivot Condyloid Ball and socket

Hinge Plane/gliding Saddle

G. NERVOUS SYSTEM

Structures

Cerebrum Frontal lobe Limbic system Occipital lobe Thalamus Cerebellum Midbrain Meninges

Cortex Temporal lobe Parietal lobe RAS Hypothalamus Brainstem Medulla Ventricles

Functions

What are the functions of… Cerebrum: largest part of brain Cortex: outer layer of cerebrum; controls most

conscious processes Frontal lobe: emotional expression, Broca’s

area (expressive language)

(Continued)

Functions

What are the functions of… Temporal lobe: hearing, taste, smell, memory,

Wernicke’s (language comprehension) Limbic system: emotions, sexual arousal,

behavioral expression, recent memory

(Continued)

Functions

What are the functions of… Parietal: sensory input Occipital lobe: vision and spatial relationships RAS: wakefulness

(Continued)

Functions

What are the functions of… Thalamus: clusters multiple sensory stimuli Hypothalamus: controls autonomic nervous

system and pituitary gland Cerebellum: coordination, equilibrium

(Continued)

Functions

What are the functions of… Brainstem: involuntary survival behaviors;

includes midbrain, medulla and pons Midbrain: visual, auditory, pupils, and eye

movements

(Continued)

Functions

What are the functions of… Medulla: regulates heart, respiratory rates, B/P,

and protective reflexes Pons: helps with respiratory function, facial

sensation and movement

(Continued)

Functions

What are the functions of… Meninges: three layers (pia, arachnoid, dura);

protect brain and spinal cord Ventricles: four cavities; capillaries produce and

reabsorb CSF

(Continued)

END….