anatomy & physiology introduction and terminology
TRANSCRIPT
Anatomy & PhysiologyIntroduction and Terminology
Anatomy of Terms
• Prefix– ___________ of word– Usually indicates #, ________,
time, or status
• Root– Essential _________ of word
• Combining Vowel– Single vowel added to end of
word, usually to make the word ________ to pronounce
• Combining form– Root and combining _______
• Suffix– ________ of word– Usually indicates procedure,
condition, disease, or disorder
Prefix
• Added to root of a word to modify the meaning– Pre-
• _____________• Ex. Preoperative (before an operation)
– Peri-• _____________• Ex. Perioperative (pertains to the period surrounding an operation;
either before, during or after)
– Post-• _____________• Ex. Postoperative (after operation)
Combining Vowel
• Added to make a medical term easier to pronounce– Used when suffix begins with a ___________
• i.e. –scope (arthroscope=examines the joint)• “O” is most common, but “I, E” is also used
– Not used when _________ begins with vowel• i.e. –itis (gastritis=inflammation of stomach)
– __________ used when 2+ root words are joined• Gastr/o (stomach) joined with enter/o (small intestine)• =gastroenteritis
– NOT used between prefix and root words
Combining Forms
• Root word + combining vowel
• Usually used to describe a part of the _______
• Creates new words when ________ to prefixes, other combining forms, and suffixes
• Ex. Panleukopenia– Pan-
• prefix meaning all– Leuk/o
• Combining form meaning white
– -penia• A suffix meaning deficiency
or reduction in number– Panleukopenia then means a
deficiency in all white blood cells
Suffixes
• Attached to the end of a word part to modify its meaning– Ex. Combining form gastr/o means stomach– Modifications:• -tomy – cutting into or incision (gastronomy=incision
into the stomach)• -stomy – surgically created opening
(gastrostomy=surgically created opening between stomach and body surface)• -ectomy – surgical removal or excision
(gastrectomy=surgical removal of the stomach)
Analyzing Medical Terminology
• Dissect– Look at the word
structure and _______ it into basic components
• Begin at the END– After dividing the word:
• Define the ________ • Define the ________• Define the ________
– If two, divide and read left to right
• Examples:– Gastroenteritis
• gastr/o – • enter – • itis-
– Overiohysterectomy• ovario/o-• hyster• -ectomy
Positional Terms
• Cranial – Towards the ________
• Caudal– Towards the tail
• Ventral– Belly or _________ of a
body or body part
• Dorsal– _____________– Front of leg
• Rostral– Nose end of head
• Proximal– Nearest the __________
or nearest the beginning of a structure
• Distal– ______________ from
mid-line or farthest from the beginning of a structure
More Positional Terms• Anterior (in _______ of)– Front of the body– Used more in description
of organs or body parts because front and rear are confusing terms in quadrupeds as their bellies are down not in front like in humans
• Posterior (in ______ of)– Rear of the body
• Medial– Towards the midline
• Lateral– Away from the _________– Towards the side of animal
• Superior– Any area _______ the head
• Inferior– Any area towards the feet
One More Positional…
• Superficial– Near the surface– Also called external
• ___________– Away from the surface– Also called internal
Palmar Back of the ___________
Plantar Back of hind limb
Anatomical Planes
Anatomical Planes• Median Plane
– Divides the body into ________ left and right halves
• Sagittal Plane– Parallel to median plane but
__________ divide the body into equal parts
• Dorsal Plane– Divides the body symmetrically
dorsally and ventrally
• Transverse Plane– Transects any body part
__________________ to its own long axis. • Ex. Cinch on a saddle
• Horizontal Plane– At right angles to both
median and transverse planes
– Divides body into dorsal and ventral segments (not equal parts)• Ex. Cow walks into
water up to chest…the water surface is a horizontal plane in relation to the cow
Movement Terms• Adduction
– Movement _______ the midline
• Abduction– Movement ________ from the
midline
• Flexion– Closure of a joint angle,
______________ of the angle between two bones• Ex. Contracting bicep involves flexing your elbow
• Extension– Straightening of a joint or an
_____________ in the angle between two bones• Ex. You extend your hand to shake
hands
• Hyperflexion/hyperextension– Occurs when a joint is flexed
or extended ___________ far.
• Supination– Act of rotating the limb or
body part so that the _________ surface is turned upward
• Pronation– Act of rotating the limb so
that the palmer surface is turned _____________
• Equine (horses, ponies, donkeys, and mules)– Stallion
• Intact male > ____ yrs old
– Mare• Intact ________ > 4 yrs old
– Filly• Intact female <4 yrs old
– Gelding• ____________________
– Ridgeling• Cryptorchid
– Foal• _______ equine (either sex)
– Weanling• Young equine ______ 1 yr old
– Foaling• Giving birth
– Herd• _________ of equine
– Band• Group of horses consisting of
one mature stallion, mares, and female offspring of his mares
– Brood Mare• Breeding __________
– Maiden mare• Female equine ________ bred
– Barren mare (open mare)• Intact female not bred or didn’t
_____________ previous season
– Wet mare• Intact female that has foaled
during the current season
Classification of AnimalsDomestic Animals
Animal Species Name
Horse (equine) Equus caballus
• Genus – (upper case)
• Species – (lowercase)
More Definitions….
• Anatomy– Science that deals with
the __________ and _____________ of all organisms
• Physiology– Study of integrated
___________ of the body and the functions of all its parts• Systems, organs, tissues,
cells, cell components
• Gross Anatomy– Study of ______,
________, and __________ that are visible with the unaided eye
Nomenclature for Systematic AnatomySystem Name of Study Chief Structures
Skeletal Oseology Bones
Articular Arthrology Joints
Muscular Myology Muscles
Digestive Gastroenterology Stomach and Intestines
Respiratory Otorhinolaryngology Lungs and airways
Urinary Urology Kidneys and bladder
Reproductive Female: GynecologyMale: Andrology
Ovaries and testes
Endocrine Endocrinolgy Ductless Glands
Nervous Neurology Brain, spinal cord, nerves
Circulatory Cardiology Heart and vessels
System Name of Study Chief Structures
Skeletal Oseology Bones
Articular Arthrology _____________
Muscular Myology Muscles
Digestive Gastroenterology Stomach and Intestines
Respiratory Otorhinolaryngology Lungs and airways
Urinary _______________ Kidneys and bladder
Reproductive Female: GynecologyMale: Andrology
Ovaries and testes
Endocrine Endocrinolgy ___________ glands
Nervous Neurology Brain, spinal cord, nerves
Circulatory _________________ Heart and vessels