AMA 170 - Anatomy & AMA 170 - Anatomy & Physiology/Medical Physiology/Medical

Terminology/Pathology 1Terminology/Pathology 1 Introduction Introduction

3 objectives to keep in mind as 3 objectives to keep in mind as you study:you study:

Analyze words by dividing into component Analyze words by dividing into component parts: root, suffix, combining formparts: root, suffix, combining form

Relate medical terms to structure and Relate medical terms to structure and function of human bodyfunction of human body

Be aware of spelling and pronunciation Be aware of spelling and pronunciation problems (see the handouts on the problems (see the handouts on the website)website)

Analyze words by dividing into Analyze words by dividing into component parts: root, suffix, component parts: root, suffix,

combining formcombining form

Root: foundation of the wordRoot: foundation of the wordSuffix: word endingSuffix: word endingCombining vowel: usually “o” links the twoCombining vowel: usually “o” links the two

Example: cardi/o/logyExample: cardi/o/logy root/combining vowel/suffixroot/combining vowel/suffix heart/combining vowel/study ofheart/combining vowel/study of meaning: study of the heartmeaning: study of the heart

Structural organization of Structural organization of the bodythe body

Cells: smallest living fundamental unit Cells: smallest living fundamental unit

Examples of some cells in the body:Examples of some cells in the body:

Muscle cells: contractMuscle cells: contract Nerve: conduct electrical impulsesNerve: conduct electrical impulses Epithelial: skin and liningEpithelial: skin and lining Fat cell: contain empty spaces to Fat cell: contain empty spaces to

store fatstore fat

Cells: smallest living Cells: smallest living fundamental unitfundamental unit

cell membranecell membrane: surrounds, protects and : surrounds, protects and regulates what goes in and outregulates what goes in and out

nucleusnucleus: controls the operations of the cells : controls the operations of the cells and determines functionand determines function

chromosomes:chromosomes: 23 pairs in all human body 23 pairs in all human body cells except sperm and egg which contain cells except sperm and egg which contain half so that when reproduction occurs they half so that when reproduction occurs they combine; contain genes that contain DNA combine; contain genes that contain DNA that regulate activity by their sequence that regulate activity by their sequence which is like a code that tells the cell what to which is like a code that tells the cell what to dodo

Cells: smallest living Cells: smallest living fundamental unitfundamental unit

Cytoplasm:Cytoplasm: between nucleus and cell between nucleus and cell membrane does the work of the cell membrane does the work of the cell

Mitochondria:Mitochondria: found inside the found inside the cytoplasm are the power plants; they cytoplasm are the power plants; they create oxygen by burning foodcreate oxygen by burning food

Endoplasmic reticulum:Endoplasmic reticulum: also found also found inside the cytoplasm are like cellular inside the cytoplasm are like cellular tunnels in which proteins are tunnels in which proteins are manufacturedmanufactured

Cell Chemical ReactionsCell Chemical Reactions

Catabolism:Catabolism: chemical reaction that chemical reaction that breaks down complex foods to release breaks down complex foods to release energyenergy

Anabolism:Anabolism: process of building up process of building up complex materials (amino acids) to make complex materials (amino acids) to make larger proteinslarger proteins

Metabolism:Metabolism: both processes together; both processes together; the total chemical process going onthe total chemical process going on

Tissues:Tissues: groups of similar groups of similar cells working together to do a cells working together to do a

specific jobspecific job

For example:For example:Muscle tissue contractsMuscle tissue contractsEpithelial tissue forms linings and Epithelial tissue forms linings and

covers i.e. skincovers i.e. skinConnective tissue do just that: fat, Connective tissue do just that: fat,

cartilage, bone and bloodcartilage, bone and bloodNerve tissues conduct impulses all Nerve tissues conduct impulses all

over the bodyover the body

Organs:Organs: structures composed structures composed of several types of tissueof several types of tissue

o An An organorgan (Latin: (Latin: organumorganum, "instrument, , "instrument, tool") is a group of tissues that perform a tool") is a group of tissues that perform a specific function or group of functions. specific function or group of functions.

o Usually there is a Usually there is a mainmain tissue and tissue and sporadicsporadic tissues. The main tissue is the one that is tissues. The main tissue is the one that is unique for the specific organ. unique for the specific organ.

o For example, main tissue in the heart is For example, main tissue in the heart is the myocardium, while sporadic are the the myocardium, while sporadic are the nervous, blood, connective etc.nervous, blood, connective etc.

Systems:Systems: groups of organs groups of organs working together to perform working together to perform

complex functionscomplex functions

There are 9 body systems:There are 9 body systems: Digestive, Urinary, Digestive, Urinary, Respiratory, Reproductive, Endocrine, Nervous, Respiratory, Reproductive, Endocrine, Nervous,

Circulatory, Musculoskeletal, Skin & Sense Circulatory, Musculoskeletal, Skin & Sense organsorgans

A group of related organs is an A group of related organs is an organ systemorgan system. . Organs within a system may be related in any Organs within a system may be related in any number of ways, but relationships of function are number of ways, but relationships of function are most commonly used. For example the urinary most commonly used. For example the urinary system comprises organs that work together to system comprises organs that work together to produce, store, and carry urine.produce, store, and carry urine.

Body Cavity:Body Cavity: space within the space within the body that contains internal body that contains internal

organsorgans The human body consists of the following cavities:The human body consists of the following cavities: dorsal body cavity dorsal body cavity

cranial cavity, enclosed by the Skull and contains the cranial cavity, enclosed by the Skull and contains the brain, eyes, and ears. brain, eyes, and ears.

spinal canal, enclosed by the spine and contains the spinal canal, enclosed by the spine and contains the spinal cord. spinal cord.

ventral body cavity ventral body cavity thoracic cavity, enclosed by the ribcage and contains thoracic cavity, enclosed by the ribcage and contains

the lungs and heart. the lungs and heart. abdominopelvic cavity abdominopelvic cavity

abdominal cavity, enclosed by the ribcage and abdominal cavity, enclosed by the ribcage and pelvis and contains the kidneys, ureters, stomach, pelvis and contains the kidneys, ureters, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas./pelvic intestines, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas./pelvic cavity, enclosed by the pelvis and contains cavity, enclosed by the pelvis and contains bladder, anus and reproductive system. bladder, anus and reproductive system.

Things to study further…..Things to study further…..

Study the regions, quadrants, planes, Study the regions, quadrants, planes, divisions of the spinal column and divisions of the spinal column and positional and directional termspositional and directional terms

Study the prefixes and suffixes in Study the prefixes and suffixes in chapters 3 and 4…practice, use chapters 3 and 4…practice, use cards, CD, and repetition… this will cards, CD, and repetition… this will carry you throughout the entire text.carry you throughout the entire text.