AMA 177 - Anatomy & AMA 177 - Anatomy & Physiology/Medical Physiology/Medical

Terminology/Pathology 8 Terminology/Pathology 8 Musculoskeletal SystemMusculoskeletal System

Function:Function: Made up of bones, muscles and joints.Made up of bones, muscles and joints.

Bones are the framework that protect and Bones are the framework that protect and support internal organs. support internal organs.

Bones manufacture red blood cells in the marrow Bones manufacture red blood cells in the marrow and store minerals necessary for growth.and store minerals necessary for growth.

Muscles are responsible for the movement of the Muscles are responsible for the movement of the body. body.

Joints are the places where bones come together; Joints are the places where bones come together; the type of joint depends on the need for more or the type of joint depends on the need for more or less movement. less movement.

Structure of the Structure of the Musculoskeletal System: Musculoskeletal System:

BonesBonesBones:Bones: composed of connective tissue composed of connective tissue

(osseous tissue) as well as blood vessels and (osseous tissue) as well as blood vessels and nerves.nerves.

Bones need calcium and phosphorus to grow.Bones need calcium and phosphorus to grow.

Bone cells called Bone cells called osteoblastsosteoblasts and and osteoclastsosteoclasts work together to build bones work together to build bones and breakdown excess bone tissue; bones and breakdown excess bone tissue; bones are living tissues that constantly rebuild and are living tissues that constantly rebuild and renew as a response to the mechanical renew as a response to the mechanical stress of movement.stress of movement.

Bones:Bones: There are 206 bones in the body. There are 206 bones in the body.

Long bonesLong bones, such as the femur, are every strong and have , such as the femur, are every strong and have large surface areas for muscles to attach. large surface areas for muscles to attach.

Short bonesShort bones, such as the carpals in the hand, are grouped , such as the carpals in the hand, are grouped together to help provide movement. together to help provide movement.

Flat bonesFlat bones, such as the ribs, cover and protect soft body , such as the ribs, cover and protect soft body parts. parts.

Sesamoid bonesSesamoid bones, such as the kneecap, are small and , such as the kneecap, are small and rounded; they are found near joints to increase the rounded; they are found near joints to increase the efficiency of the muscles near that joint. efficiency of the muscles near that joint.

Study all the different types of bones and their locations Study all the different types of bones and their locations and function in the body. and function in the body.

Parts of the bone:Parts of the bone: Diaphysis: Diaphysis: middle region of long bonesmiddle region of long bones

Epiphysis: Epiphysis: each end of the long boneseach end of the long bones

Epiphyseal plate: Epiphyseal plate: cartilage tissue that is cartilage tissue that is constantly replaced as bone grows; disappears constantly replaced as bone grows; disappears when bone is fully grown, very obvious in childrenwhen bone is fully grown, very obvious in children

Metaphysis: Metaphysis: flared portion of bone between flared portion of bone between diaphysis and epiphysisdiaphysis and epiphysis

Periosteum: Periosteum: strong, fibrous, vascular covering of strong, fibrous, vascular covering of long bones; has extensive nerve supplylong bones; has extensive nerve supply

Parts of the bone Parts of the bone continued:continued: Articular cartilage: Articular cartilage: ends of long bones and surface of any ends of long bones and surface of any

bone that meets another to form a joint; cushions the joint, bone that meets another to form a joint; cushions the joint, allowing fluid movementallowing fluid movement

Compact bone: Compact bone: layer of hard dense bone under the layer of hard dense bone under the periosteum; contains canals of blood vessels that nourish periosteum; contains canals of blood vessels that nourish the bone and remove waste productsthe bone and remove waste products

Haversian canals: Haversian canals: channels in compact bone that contain channels in compact bone that contain blood vesselsblood vessels

Medullary cavity: Medullary cavity: central shaft of long bones that central shaft of long bones that contains yellow bone marrow that is made up of mostly fat contains yellow bone marrow that is made up of mostly fat cellscells

Cancellous bone: Cancellous bone: spongy, porous bone tissue in the spongy, porous bone tissue in the center of bones that contain spaces that contain red bone center of bones that contain spaces that contain red bone marrow; this is where red blood cells are made.marrow; this is where red blood cells are made.

Bone processes:Bone processes: Enlarged areas that extend out from bones that Enlarged areas that extend out from bones that

function as attachments for muscles and tendonsfunction as attachments for muscles and tendons

Bones also contain openings and hollow areas Bones also contain openings and hollow areas that help join bones together and serve as that help join bones together and serve as passages for blood vessels and nerves:passages for blood vessels and nerves:

Fossa:Fossa: shallow cavity in a bone shallow cavity in a bone Foramen:Foramen: opening in a bone for blood vessels opening in a bone for blood vessels

and nerves and nerves Fissure:Fissure: deep, narrow slit in a bone deep, narrow slit in a bone Sinus:Sinus: hollow cavity in a bone hollow cavity in a bone

Structure of the Musculoskeletal System: Structure of the Musculoskeletal System: MusclesMuscles

Three types of muscles:Three types of muscles: Striated: Striated: made up of voluntary or skeletal muscles that made up of voluntary or skeletal muscles that

move all bones, facial expressions and eye movement; we move all bones, facial expressions and eye movement; we control these muscles. Muscle fibers are arranged in control these muscles. Muscle fibers are arranged in bundles. There are more than 600 muscles in the body. bundles. There are more than 600 muscles in the body. Muscles attached to bones contract and relax in groups to Muscles attached to bones contract and relax in groups to cause movement; tendons connect the muscles to the cause movement; tendons connect the muscles to the bonesbones

Smooth: Smooth: involuntary or visceral muscles that move involuntary or visceral muscles that move internal organs, such as the digestive tract; we do not internal organs, such as the digestive tract; we do not control these. Muscle fibers are arranged in sheets that control these. Muscle fibers are arranged in sheets that wrap around vesselswrap around vessels

Cardiac: Cardiac: heart muscles; we do not control these. Arranged heart muscles; we do not control these. Arranged in branching fibersin branching fibers

Study all the different types of muscles and their locations Study all the different types of muscles and their locations and function in the body as well as the types of movements and function in the body as well as the types of movements they create.they create.