1 introduction to anatomy and physiology

7/26/2019 1 Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

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Chapter 1Cha

pter 1

Language of AnatomyLan

guage of Anatomy

Biology study of life

Anatomy Greek word for a cutting open Study of structure (morphology) of body parts

their forms and how they are organi!ed "hysiology

Study of the functions of body parts what theydo how they do it and why these functions

occur Structure of our body make the functions possible.

Hands grasp, mouth opens for food, heart pumps blood


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Leels of !rgani"ationLeels of

!rgani"ation

Atoms

#olecules

#acromolecules $ells

%issues

&rgans &rgan Systems

&rganism


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Atoms microscopicparticles that 'oin to

form molecules thesmallest unit ofmeasure

#olecules morethan one atom

#acromolecules ery large molecules Carbohydrates, lipids,

proteins, nucleic acids


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$ells the basic unit ofstructure and function

#icroscopic $ary in shape, si"e andspecial functions

Contain organelles

Carry out specific actiities

Composed of proteins, carbs,lipids and nucleic acids

%issues organi!ed

cells the hae commonfunctions


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&rgans groups of

tissues that performspeciali!edfunctions

Stomach, heart, lungs

&rgan systems organs functionclosely together

cardioascular system,digestie system,respiratory system%.


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!erie&!erie&


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'raits of all liing organisms'raits of all liing organisms (esponsieness

)roperty of *rritability+ the body al&ays responds to anychanges &ithin the body )roperty of Adaptability+ the body can make long term

changes ro&th+ from the moment of fertili"ation, all cells gro& and

become speciali"ed (eproduction -igestion+ breakdo&n of food by the body into nutrients (espiration+ echange of !/and C!/ Circulation+ of nutrients and !/to body parts

#etabolism all chemical processes in the body Absorption+ of nutrients and !/ Assimilation+ changing nutrients into chemicals the body

can use

0cretion+ remoal of harmful &aste produced by the body


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(euirements to maintain life(euirements to maintain life


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omeostasis

%he maintenance of a relatiely constant

internal enironment in an organism

All body functions operate &ithin ery narro& limits

Human body has control systems+ (eceptors+ proide info about certain conditions in the

internal enironment

Set )oint+ &hat the particular alue should be 2body

temperature3

0ffectors+ cause responses that change conditions in

the internal enironment


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Ho& it &orksHo& it &orks

*egatie +eedback (corrects deiations)

,eceptors sense a deiation from set point and

effectors work to return body to set point

-./ %oo hot body sweats to lower body temp %oo cold we shier

"ositie +eedback (intensifies response)

,eceptors sense that the body needs more powerand the effectors respond by increasing or

strengthening what is happening

-./ $hild birth increases strength of uterine contractions


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4ody Caities4ody Caities 0orsal Body $aity (filled with fluid)

1ncludes cranial and ertebral caity

$entral 4ody Caity 2filled &ith air3

*ncludes thoracic and abdominopelic

caities

%horacic $aity

Contains pericardial caity

0iided into 2 compartments by the

mediastinum 2contains heart, aorta,

esophagus, trachea 5 thymus3

Separates , and 3 pleural caities

Abdominal Caity 26 diaphragm3

4iscera5 stomach lier spleengallbadder kidneys most of sm6lg

intestines

)elic Caity

$iscera+ end of lg intestine, urinary

bladder, internal reproductie organs


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Smaller CaitiesSmaller Caities

!ral Caity

7asal Caity

!rbital

#iddle 0ar


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#embrane Linings#embrane Linings

)arietal Linings membranesthat are attached to the &all of

a caity

e. )arietal pleural 2thoracic

caity3

4isceral 3inings

membranes coering an

internal organ

e./ 4isceral peritoneum

(abdominal iscera) %hese linings are separated by

a thin film of watery fluid called

serous fluid


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)otential Space)otential Space

)leural Caity filled &ith lungs

)ericardial Caity filled &ith the heart

)eritoneal Caity filled &ith abdominal iscera


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*ntegumentary System*ntegumentary System

Body $oering

air finger 7 toenails

Skin

)rotects underlyingtissues

Helps to regulate bodytemp

Contains manyreceptors

#echanical defense


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Support and #oementSupport and #oement

Skeletal System Bones ligaments

cartilage "roides framework

for the body

"rotects soft tissue

Stores minerals

"roduces blood cells

#uscular System #uscles "roide

forces that moebody parts

#ain source of body

heat Support internal

organs


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*ntegration 5 Coordination*ntegration 5 Coordination 7erous System

4rain, spinal cord, neres,sensory organs

Communicate &ith each other+

Send out and receie nere

impulses

Act as receptors Stimulate other systems of the

body to react

-irects immediate response

0ndocrine system

Hypothalamus 2brain3,pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid,

adrenal glands, pancreas,

oaries, testes, pineal gland,

thymus

Secrete chemical messengerscalled hormones

Long term changes

% t% t


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%ransport%ransportresponsible for transporting substances thru the internal

enironment

$ardioascularSystem eart arteries eins

capillaries blood

%ransports5 *utrients wastes

blood cells and &2

3ymphatic System 3ymph essels lymph

fluid lymph nodesthymus spleen

0efends5 Against infections

and proides

immunity to the body


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Absorption 5 0cretionAbsorption 5 0cretion -igestie System

#outh, tongue, teeth, saliaryglands, pharyn, esophagus,stomach, lier, gallbladder,pancreas, sm8lg intestines

(eceie food, breakdo&n thefood forabsorption,eliminates &aste

(espiratory System 7asal caity, pharyn, laryn,

trachea, bronchi, lungs #oes air in and out, gas

echange bet&een bloodand air

9rinary System :idneys, ureters, urinary

bladder, urethra (emoes &aste from blood,

helps maintain electrolytebalance

0liminates ecess H/;, saltsand &astes


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(eproduction(eproduction

(eproductie System reproduces a &hole ne&organism


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Anatomical 'erminologyAnatomical 'erminology

Anatomical position

8pright

+acing forward

Arms at sides "alms facing forward6anatomical position is used &hen

describing the relatie positions of

the body parts

Supine lay do&n, face up

)rone lay do&n, face do&n


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)ositions)ositionsrelate to imaginary planes &here cuts might be made

Superior aboe or to&ard the head

*nferior belo& or to&ard the feet Anterior6entral toward the front

)osterior8dorsal to&ard the back

#edial to&ard imaginary midline2diides body into eual ( and L hales3

3ateral away from imaginarymidline toward the side 4ilateral, ipsilateral, contralateral

)roimal closer to the point ofattachment to the trunk

0istal opposite to pro.imal point

further away from attachment tothe trunk than another body part

Superficial near the surface

-eep more internal than superficialparts


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)lanes)lanes

Sagittal length&iseplane that diides thebody into (8L portions

#idsagittal Sagittal

plane that diides thebody into e9ual 36,hales

'ranserse plane thatdiides the body intosuperior 5 inferior parts

Coronal 2frontal3 planethat diides the body intoanterior 5 posterior parts


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4ody (egions4ody (egions

0pigastric upper middle

L8( hypochondriac L 5 (

of epigastric

9mbilical belly button area

L8( Lumbar L 5 ( of

umbilical region

Hypogastric lo&er middle L8( *liac L 5 ( of

hypogastric


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= Abdominal >uadrants= Abdominal >uadrants

9sed to describe

&here abdominal pain

is located

(ight 9pper 2(9>3 Left 9pper 2L9>3

(ight Lo&er 2(L>3

Left Lo&er 2LL>3

1 introduction to anatomy and physiology

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