an introduction to anatomy & physiology an introduction to anatomy & physiology 1 1
TRANSCRIPT
An Introduction
to Anatomy & Physiology
An Introduction
to Anatomy & Physiology11
Warm-UP
What is the difference between Anatomy and Physiology?
Anatomy & Physiology Sciences
Anatomy:• Branch of science that deals
with structure of body parts
Physiology:• Branch of science that deals
with functions of body parts
Levels of Organization
Life is built on successive levels of increasing complexity:
• Atom• Molecule• Organelle• Cell• Tissue• Organ• Organ System• Organism
Levels of Organization
Moleculara. Atoms- particles -( ex. proton, neutron, electrons)
b. Molecules- bonded elements(Two or more atoms joined together by either covalent or ionic bonds)
c. Macromolecules- large bonded molecules
in human body
1. proteins
2.carbohydrates
3. nucleic acids
(DNA and RNA)
4. lipids
Levels of OrganizationOrganelle-
specific structures which carry on cell activities
Cellbasic unit of life
Levels of OrganizationTissuegroup of cells that work
together to perform a particular function
(ex. Blood, muscle)
OrganGroup of two or more tissues
working together to provide for specific functions, usually a particular shape
(ex. Lungs, heart, skin)
Levels of Organization
Organ Systemconsist of one or more organs
that provide a common function
Organism
OrganismLevel
Integumentary
SkeletalMuscular
NervousEndocrine
CardiovascularLymphatic
RespiratoryDigestive
Urinary
Reproductive
OrganLevel
Theheart
Cardiacmuscletissue
Tissue Level(Chapter 4)
Cellular Level(Chapter 3)
Heartmuscle
cell
Protein filaments
Complex proteinmolecule
Atoms incombination
Chemical orMolecular Level
(Chapter 2)
OrganSystem Level
(Chapters 5–20)
Checkpoint
Can you name all 11 organ systems??????
Try it.
Overview of Organ Systems
The human body is arranged in 11 organ systems:
• Integumentary•Skeletal•Muscular•Nervous•Endocrine
•Cardiovascular•Lymphatic•Respiratory•Digestive•Urinary•Reproductive
Introduction to Organ Systems
Key Note
The body can be divided into 11 organ systems, but all work together and the boundaries between them aren’t absolute.
EndocrineSystem
Skeletal System
Muscular System
Nervous System
Integumentary System
Cardiovascular System
Lymphatic System
Respiratory System
Digestive System
Urinary System
Male Reproductive System
Female Reproductive System
Warm-UP
1. What is homeostasis?2. List ways the human body maintains homeostasis.3. How do you think this happens?
Homeostatic RegulationHomeostasis
• Maintains stable internal conditions
•Ex. Temperature, heart rate, breathing, Ionic concentrations, Blood sugar levels, etc.
•Response to change
•Utilizes feedback mechanisms
•Largely controlled by Nervous
and Endocrine Systems
Homeostatic Regulation
Regulation depends on:• Receptor sensitive to a
particular stimulus• Control Center processes
information• Effector that affects(responds
to) the same stimulus
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
RECEPTOR
Thermometer
STIMULUS:Room temperature
rises
Normalconditiondisturbed
HOMEOSTASISNormalroom
temperature
RESPONSE:Room temperature
dropsNormalconditionrestored
EFFECTOR
Air conditionerturns on
Sendscommands
to
Informationaffects
CONTROL CENTER(Thermostat)
20o 30o 40o
Figure 1-3
1 of 6
Homeostatic Regulation
Negative Feedback:•Variation outside normal limits
triggers automatic corrective/reverse response
•Response negates/opposes disturbance
•Ex. Temperature regulation
Anatomical Terminology
set of terms to describe positions of body parts and anatomy
• Anatomical position
• relative positions
• body sections
• body cavities
Standard Anatomical Position• Body erect • facing forward• Upper limbs at side• Palms forward
•Supine: Face up/forward
•Prone: Face down/back
Relative Positions
Terms that compare two body parts and the location with respect to each other•Anterior ( ventral) – front•Posterior ( dorsal) – back
•Superior - above•Inferior – below
•Lateral – away from midline (side to side)•Medial – towards midline
Relative Positions
•Proximal – close to point of attachment
•Distal – further from point of attachment
•Superficial- near the surface•Deep-away from the surface
Body Sections: Planes and Sections
•Transverse plane• Separates top/bottom
•Frontal(aka coronal) plane• Separates front/back
•Sagittal plane• Separates left/right
The Language of Anatomy
Figure 1-9
Summary of Relative Positions:
The Language of Anatomy
Anatomical Regions•Two methods to map abdominal
and pelvic regions
• Four abdominopelvic quadrants
• Nine abdominopelvic regions
Body Cavities
Ventral body cavity
•Protects delicate organs
•Permits organ growth and movement
•Surrounds:
• Respiratory
• Cardiovascular
• Digestive
• Urinary
• Reproductive organs
The Language of Anatomy
Diaphragm subdivides ventral cavity:
•Thoracic cavity
• Pleural cavities (R and L)• Pericardial cavity
•Abdominopelvic cavity
• Abdominal cavity
• Pelvic cavity
• Peritoneal membrane
The Language of Anatomy
Microscopes!!!