INDUSTRIAL DISASTER MANAGEMENTawareness

PREPAREDENESS

DISASTER

RESCUEREHABILITATION

MITIGATION

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• Know the roots of fire safety- enjoy the fruits of duty.

• Accident brings tears, fire safety brings cheers.• Fires that are small, soon will be tall!• Get out quick, before the smoke gets thick!• Never hide, stay outside!• Crawl down low, when it’s time to go!• Never hide, stay outside!• Fire defence is a self defence.• Fire defence is a self defence.

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• A fire hazard is a situation in which there is a greater than normal risk of harm to people or property .

• Fire hazards are caused due to materials which catch fire easily and produce toxic fumes when heated or objects which block fire exits, such as blocked cooling vents, or overloaded electric systems and threat hazard to people.

• Fire due to equipment, LPG, oxy acetylene, oxygen, hydrogen and other inflammable cylinders’ explosions.

• Burst of boilers or containers filled with molten metal.• Fire can spread rapidly in insufficiently protected fuel

stores or areas with high oxygen concentrations.pnrao 5

FIRE HAZARD

CURRENT STATUS AND TRENDS OF FIRE INCIDENTS:

• Irregularities in building codes and structures.• Extent of damage as per intensity of disaster

and in over crowded localities and slums of low lying areas.

• The current trend of the metro cities show an increasing number of fire incidents in residential buildings, markets, educational institutions, theaters, railway stations, bus stands, function halls, hotels, hospitals, circus, industries and slums closer to rivers and sea coasts.

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Nuclear power plant Japan

11 Mar 2011

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CLASSIFICATION OF FIRES

Fire incidents can be classified according to the material that causes fire and Intensity of fire.

1. Class 'A' Fires:• Fires involving solid materials like wood, rags, paper,

plastic, coal etc, normally with carbon compounds in which combustion generally occurs with the formation of glowing embers. These types of fires are most common.

2. Class 'B' Fires:• Fires involving flammable liquids or liquefiable solids.

i.e. fires occurring in vapor-air mixture over the surface of flammable liquids, such as gasoline, oils, paints, thinners, ghee, fats, petroleum products etc.

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.3. Class 'C' Fires:• Fires involving liquefiable gases like Propane,

Butane, Methyl isocyanides, LPG, H2, Acetylene etc.

4. Class 'D' Fires :• Fires that occur in combustible metals such as

magnesium, titanium, sodium etc.• These burning metals react with water and

water containing agent to produce heat and fire.

Electric fires are classified as per type of fire.

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Safety measures • Sand is suitable for inflammable liquids and

combustible metal fires. (Class B and Class D type fires)• Water suitable only for general fires ( Class A fires)• Hydrants at suitable locations along with water jets

can ideally be used for.• Powder filled Fire extinguishers can be used for

electric fires. Fire Extinguishers types:• Foam filled for fires other than electric and liquids.• Powder filled for inflammable liquids and combustible

metal fires.• Carbon di oxide (CO2) filled for electric fires.• Special type cylinders for fats and oils.(newly introduced)

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Colour code band

Dry powder fire extinguisher

For Electric and liquid flowers

Solids such as paper, wood, plastic,

In flammable liquids such as paraffin, petrol, oil etc.

FLAMMABLE GASES such as propane, butane, methane etc.

Special powders for alluminium, magnesium, titanium etc.

when used indoors, powder can obscure vision

Colour code band

Classes A & B fires. Foam spray extinguishers are not recommended for fires involving electricity For paper, wood, plastic, liquids as paraffin, petrol, oil etc.

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Colour code band Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Fire Extinguishers Suitable for the following types of fires:

Flammable liquids Electrically energised equipments.

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INDUSTRIAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT

FIRE HAZARDS

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Types of Industrial Disasters

Energy industry disasters Manufacturing industry disasters

Mining industry disasters

Food industry disasters

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Present scenario

Most of the industries are facing with various problems as :• Primarily industries have been located beyond city

dwelling but during course of time human migration surrounded industries with hutments and even permanent structured dwellings creating rows of colonies posing threats to human population and live stock. Relocation steps are in progress.

• Some industries have no environmental and other safety clearances but they are still functioning.

• Multiple industry location concept should ensure segregation of hazard prone and vulnerable industries and be located aloof from human habitation.

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Disaster Preparedness• Hazard, risk & vulnerability assessment• Response mechanisms• Preparedness plans• Coordination• Information management• Training & rehearsals• Planning

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Prevention and Preparedness• Provision of personal identification system, bio matric etc. at

main gate.• Road clearance for Ambulance, fire brigade and other relief. • Adequate working space in the industrial units.• Strong store rooms for storing inflammable solids or liquids.• Equipment control room and safety alarming system.• PA system connecting all locations.• Fire extinguishers, water jets, water hydrants and hose at suitable

places.• CCTV/GPS for surveillance. Inter communication system with

all rooms. Efficient communication system be developed.• Dump yards with separate type of waste dumped.(Waste

management)• Up dated Disaster management plan with maps.pnrao 19

• The Incident Command System (ICS) is a part of Disaster management system used to organize emergency response and was designed to offer a scalable response to incidents of any magnitude.

• The system is designed to grow and shrink along with the incident, allowing more resources to be smoothly added into the system when required, and also the smooth release of resources when no longer needed

• ICS is interdisciplinary and organizationally flexible to meet the following management challenges:

• Meet the needs of incidents of any kind or size. • Allow personnel from a variety of agencies to mold rapidly into

a common management structure. • Provide logistical and administrative support to operational staff. • cost effective by avoiding duplication of efforts.

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Incident Action Plan ( IAP)• The consolidated Incident Action Plan ( IAP) is a very

important component of the Incident Command System which reduces freelancing and ensures a coordinated response.

• Location of hospitals with telephone numbers and number of beds available , X-Ray facilities and operation facilities, Position and capacities of heavy cranes , Helicopter availabilities, Suitable schools/colleges/community centers to rehabilitee affected persons on immediate basis , duties and responsibilities should clearly be incorporated through Disaster Management plans.

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Rescue strategy• Protect your customers, infra structure, management records and

systems against potential threats. Electronic date vaulting, monitoring and interfacing data.

• Organise a system to indicate levels of alert to alert customers and staff in time and it will also help expiate positive help as per requirement from all agencies .

• Minimize disruption and operational losses.• Manage the recovery operation in an organized and effective

manner with cooperation of government, non government agencies and other stake holders. System integration with all agencies specially essential service agencies.

• Restore and build back confidence of customers, investors, and stakeholders to maintain brand image and reputation of the organisation.

• Fully observe survival procedures.pnrao 22

Rescue

Event management. Functioning :• Control room coordinating external and internal agencies.• Round the clock assistance system in well identified booth. • PA system to alert people of the event.• Display of help line numbers and essential services

numbers at suitable places for quick requisition of help.• Help from NGOs, NSS, NCC, Scouts, guides, NYC can be

requisitioned• Communication with STD facility for contacting relatives

of victims• Identification of exit doors , emergency doors.• Road clearance for emergency services.• .

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• Special attention to ladies, children and elders. • Adequate water and food arrangements by keeping stock

lasting for more than three days.• Collecting addresses and phone numbers of victims.• First aid to injured. • Hospitalization of seriously injured. • Hospital wise list of injured and information to media.• Detailed casuality list display at suitable place and in media. • Securing dead.• Media management: authentic information should be given

to media by responsible and nominated official only.

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Constraints in rescue operations

As per various findings of enquiry reports/recomondations and research aftermath disaster all over the world it was found that there are many constraints in rescue operations:• Delay in reaching rescue material by the agencies is due to

procedural lapses like approval by higher management, delay in inspection, account constraints etc.

• Non procurement of items well in advance.• Lack of independence in sending the material to site of disaster,

even though material is ready but awaiting for orders.• Delay due to ‘who to do first?’ tendency by Non government

agencies.• Multiple agencies acting separately.• Unwanted and non user-friendly rescue material reaching the

site of disaster. pnrao 25

MITIGATION• Hazard mapping• Hazard risk and vulnerability analysis• Land use planning. Relocation of damaged unit to safer

location.• Community participation programs.• Community preparedness with training.• Internal and external functioning surveillance.• Holistic approach through technical up gradation.• Waste water management and rain water harvesting for

storing water in sumps for emergency usage.• GIS,GPS• Procurement of failsafe equipments only.

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• Power supply and communication normally fails during fire.

Standby power supply as generators, invertors, solar panels

can be used.• Water sump with hose and hydrants for instant use on fire.• Wireless or microwave communication can be used• Sufficient number of walkie talkies. • Mobile phone accessibility through advanced technology.• Use Safety slogans, posters, banners, stickers, glow signs

boards, seminars etc. freely to develop awareness in staff.• HRD: resourceful utilisation of human element

through knowledge sharing and welfare programs.• Display of Disaster management plans, readily available to

employees, management and rescue teams.pnrao 27

OTHER MITIGATION MEASURES• Implementation of committees reports with financial

implications of reports.• Strengthening surveillance by upgrading technology.• Judicious enquiry system for disasters with recommendations.• Implementation of learning from past strategies.• Safety awareness programs for employees and officers.• Replacement of old electric wiring with standard concealed

wiring.• Auto response to faults with technically upgraded systems.• Adequate fire safety equipments as all types of fire

extinguishers, smoke detectors and fire detectors with alarms. • Oxygen masks to safeguard from smoke.• Wet cloth or wet tissue paper can absorb smoke to some extent

if put on nose. pnrao 28

Geospatial Information System

a tool for Disaster Management• GIS can be used as an important methodological tool for

Disaster management planning and.• Natural disasters can not all together be eliminated but

impact can be reduced by implementing disaster management plans to reduce risk.

• It provides resilence to natural disasters and help in post disaster reduction

• It is an effective forecasting assessing ,monitoring and communication system .

• Spatial information available can be disseminated to all concerned Disaster management officials making rescue operations easily and quickly operative.pnrao 29

• It can be used as a training tool for disaster management cycle .

• It is a reliable data provider for analyzing and studying vulnerable locations and as a pre warning system.

• GIS data can effectively be used for monitoring, assessing and mitigation.

• Its high resolution data can easily analyse natural hazards speedily with cost effectiveness.

• Pattern and forthcoming impact of disasters can be easily visualized as pre warning system.

• It can clearly identify vulnerable locations and help in mitigation and preparedness well in advance.

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Union Carbide gas leak Industrial Disaster Bhopal 1984

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R. Tyagarajan expert scientist report:• There were cracks in the leaked tank and about 30% more

of liquefied MIC than permitted was stored.• Another tank was found with 35 ton of MIC with similar

risk was neutralised deploying helicopter with water jets and area was covered to arrest any leakage of gas or escape for which production plant was started to produce pesticide.

• Clogged pipes were with rusted joints• It was a disaster of low possibility with high consequence.• Anderson, the than CEO claimed that it was a sabotage. • Nitrogen layer was protective layer on top of MIC stored.• Cooling systems failed.

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Michel Wright investigator from USA investigation : • Vent gas scrubber unit was not sufficient to neutralise

Leaked MIC• Pressure gauzes were faulty • No refrigeration system was available• Leakage caused due to cracks in the MIC storage tank• Water canons to neutralise MIC was not suffecient• Negligence on part of management was found. • The plant ought to have been closed well in advance to avert

disaster

individual safety precautionsIf you are safe, you can protect your organisation.

• Wear your appropriate personal safety dress prescribed along with other safety gadgets like gas mask, glows, gumboots and other safety gadgets as prescribed.

• Observe all safety rules and sign boards displayed.• Any fault or dangerous condition of machinery must

immediately be reported in writing to the superiors. • All Switches must be kept off when not in use. For prolong non

usage of the systems the power chords must be removed.• Do not shut down or restart machinery without proper

notification and acknowledgement.• Undertake repairs only after obtaining permission,

acknowledgement and by putting danger and lockout boards.• Do not remove any danger board put on machinery maintained

by other person.

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• Notice for power shut down and restoration of power must be done by giving due notification and acknowledgement.

• Oiling, greasing and maintenance of machinery must be down after due shut down process.

• Maintance works including electric must be done by qualified persons only.

• Inflammable liquids must not be kept un attended in workplace rather they should be stored in well protected strong rooms.

• Check for cracks and corrosion in boilers, furnaces and pipelines.Immediate repairs or replacements can save for disasters.

• System check of filter appliances and accessories must be done regularly done.

• Refregeration and cooling systems must be frequently checked. pnrao 35

• Check and arrest leakages of pipelines and joints.• Use helmets where overhead movement of

machinery or parts take place and avoid staying bellow them unless required to do so and be with full protection.

• Do not use blowers for dusting your clothes.• Keep premises clean of obstructions, litter and

inflammables• Take guidance of safety related supervisor/officer

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SAFETYSECURI

TY

FAIL SAFE EQUIPMENT

S

ADVANCEDTECHNOLOG

Y

TECHNICAL KNOW HOW AMONGST WORKERS

WELFAREpnrao 37

AcknowledgementSources for further details• http://www.mfs-fire extinguishers.co.uk/types.htm• http://www.london-fire.gov.uk/celebratingsafely.asp• http://www.ndtv.com/article/cities/major-fire-in-sahara-market-in-mu

mbai-153112• http://www.nidm.gov.in • http://www.iapa  • http://www.safetyrisk.com.au/safety-slogans/fire-safety-slogans/• http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_ten_facts_about_cyclones#ixzz

1G7Fl7W3R

• Guidance notes on fire safety at workplaces Hong Kong• Disaster Management Future Challenges and Opportunities by Jagbir

sing. I.K. International. New Delhi.• Prevalent safety rules must always be referred to. pnrao 38

Thank you

P.N.Rao B.Sc.; M.A (Eco.); DRTM; DTEM

Life associate(244) IRT New Delhi

Safety course RSC Vadodara

Safety course IRITM Lucknow

STM(Safety) Gaz. Retired.

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