INDEX

Note Page references in bold type refer to figure&, page references in italic type to tables.

acetaldehyde formation of 92, 252 inhibitory spectrum 106-7 metabolism 96, 105, 106

acetic acid formation of 1,92,93,96,98,100,103,126 inhibition by 98,99,102,124,126,127,287 metabolism 14,34,55,58,96,97, 105, 105, 252

mode of action 98 acetoin

formation of 92 metabolism 104, 105, 105, 466

acidocin 110 acidolin 110, 125,320 acidophilin 110, 320 acidophilucin A

inhibitory spectrum 325 physicochemical properties 120,325 producing strains 110, 325, 398, 415

acnecin 126 actagardin 153, 155 Aerococcus

classification 1, 14,38,64 history 38 identification 38, 46, 64, 466 occurrence 467 species 16,24,27,32,38,64,65

Aeromonas hydrophila inhibition by carnobacteriocins 120, 454 inhibition by diacety1 106 inhibition by lactacin F 378 inhibition by pediocin AcH 476 inhibition by sakacin A 423 inhibition by unidentified Lactobacillus bacteriocins 326

Alloiococcus classification 14 identification 46 species 16, 65

amines bactericidal 507 biogenic 2, 103

D-amino acids 92, 127 ammonia 92,104 ancovenin 156 antifungal substances 128 arginine deiminase pathway 104 associative cultures 368-73,427-8

Bacillus cereus inhibition by acetate 99 inhibition by bacteriocins 7, 92, 123

529

inhibition by formate 99 inhibition by lactacin B 372 inhibition by lactate 99 inhibition by lactocin 27, 340, 344 inhibition by lactocin S 444 inhibition by lactostrepcin 5, 294 inhibition by nisin 167,241 inhibition by non-identified substances 124 inhibition by pediocin A 461,474,475 inhibition by pediocin AcH 474 inhibition by sakacin A 423,424 inhibition by unidentified Pediococcus bacteriocins 474,475

Bacillus spp. inhibition by amines 507 inhibition by bacteriocin-like substances 125 inhibition by nisin 167,175,176, 194, 195 inhibition by pediocin A 466,473,474 inhibition by pediocin AcH 473,477 inhibition by sakacin A 424

Bacillus stearothermophilus inhibition by nisin 167, 168, 175, 192

Bacillus subtilis inhibition by amines 507 inhibition by cinnamycin 156 inhibition by lactic acid 99 inhibition by lacticin 481, 259 inhibition by lactocin 27, 340 inhibition by lactococcin A 314 inhibition by nisin 167, 168 inhibition by sakacin A 424

bacteriocin 466 amino acid composition 321 discovery 321,332 mode of action 332 physicochemical properties 113,321,332 producing strains 11 0 purification of 114,321

bacteriocin Bc-48 112, 511 bacteriocin BCN5 398,404,412,415 bacteriocin M46

applications of 324 discovery 324 genetic determinants 324 inhibitory spectrum 120, 324 molecular mass 324 physicochemical properties 324 producing strains 1 I 1

bacteriocins amino acid sequence 115-6 applications of 123-4 biosynthesis mechanism 122-3, 391-3 characterization 112-3

530

bacteriocins (continued) classification 115,117-19,120,378,398, 414--5

definition 6, 107 ecological role 109, 123,287,345,394 fennentative production 121-2 frequency of production 109 genetic detenninants 7, 122, 403-4 immunity to 121 inhibitory spectrum 6,7,120,123 in situ production 2,7,92, 93, 124, 373 mode of action 7, 120--1 physicochemical properties 7, 115 preservation by 2, 7, 92, 123 practical importance 7, 8, 92, 93, 113, 123-4, 252,397

purification of 7, 114--5,504-5 screening strategies 107--S, 109,517 secretion of 315 unit of activity 109 see also under individual bacteriocins

bacteriocins I-VIII 110,144-5 bacteriocin S50 110, 147 bacteriocin StlO 112, 508 bacteriocin STB40 112, 508 bacteriocin STB78 112, 508 bacteriolytic enzymes 92 BacWM4

discovery 145 genetic determinants 146,302,303, 307--S, 324

inhibitory spectrum 145 physicochemical properties 129, 146,279 producing strains 11 0

bavaricin 110 Bifidobacterium

bacteriocins of 107 classification 1, 14,39,65,66,67 history 39 identification 39,40,46,65-7 occurrence 39-40, 65 species 16-7,24--7,29,32,39,40,65-7 sugar metabolism 65, 95,97

benzoic acid 92, 128 Betabacterium 15,24--7,31,34,35,55 Betacoccus 15,24,26 bifidus pathway, 65, 95,97 brevibacteria 1, 14 brevicin 37,110, 325 bulgarican 111, 320 2,3-butanediol

fonnation of 92, 196 metabolism 104, 105, 105

carbon dioxide applications of 104 metabolism 14,34,55,58,96,97,98, 100,

103,104 mode of action 104

Index

camobacteriocin A amino acid compostion 119 amino acid sequence 116, 454--5, 456 discovery 452 fennentation 452, 453 genetic detenninants 119,452-3,456,458 inhibitory spectrum 119,452,457 mode of action 452 molecular mass 119, 455 physicochemical properties 115,119, 120, 452,455,457

precursor of 122,122,306,456,504 producing strains 111, 119, 452-3 purification of 114, 454 structural gene 122,455,456,457,504

camobacteriocin B amino acid composition 119 amino acid sequence 116,454--5 discovery 452 fennentation 452,453 genetic determinants 119, 122,452-3,455, 456,457,458

immunity to 457 inhibitory spectrum 119,452,457 mode of action 452 molecular mass 119,455 physicochemical properties 115, 119, 120, 452,457

precursor of 119, 306, 306, 456, 457, 504 producing strains 111,119,452-3 purification of 114,454 structural gene 122,455,457,504

Camobacterium bacteriocins of 107,111,452-4,457 c1a~sification 1, 14,34,35,55,58,59,60,64 history 34, 35 identification 40,46,48,451-2,457 occurrence 34,58,59,451-2,457 species 17,27-9,34,35,57,452 sugar metabolism 58, 452

camocin UI49 amino acid composition 117,154 amino acid sequence 455 discovery 454 fennentation 454 genetic detenninants 154,456 inhibitory spectrum 117, 154, 454, 458 mode of action 454 molecular mass 117, 154, 455 physicochemical properties 117, 120,454, 456,458

producing strains 111,117,154,398,440,454 purification of 114,363,455

camosin 499 caseicin 80

fennentative production 325,373 genetics 404, 412 inhibitory spectrum 119,325 mode of action 325 molecular mass 119, 325

physicochemical properties 119, 120,325 producing strains 110,119,325,398,415 purification of 114,325

caseicin LHS 110, 113, 325 cinnamycin 155-fj citrate metabolism 104, 105, 105 cloacin DFI3 415 Clostridium

inhibition by bacteriocin M46 324 inhibition by bacteriocins 120, 144, 311, 324 inhibition by lactobacillin 319 inhibition by lactococcins 411 inhibition by nisin 225, 239, 167, 168, 170,

188-90, 192-3, 194, 195 inhibition by pediocin A 461,473,474 inhibition by pediocin AcH 473,475,477, 492

inhibition by reuterin 126 inhibition by unidentified Lactobacillus bacteriocins 320, 322

inhibition by unidentified Lactococcus bacteriocins 144

Clostridium acetobutylicum inhibition by bacteriocins 314

Clostridium botulinum inhibition by bacteriocins 7,92, 123, 124 inhibition by carnocin m49 458 inhibition by leuconocin S 500 inhibition by nisin 166, 167, 190, 191, 192,

194, 195 inhibition by pediocin A 473,474 inhibition by pediocin AcH 473,475 inhibition by sakacin A 423

Clostridium peifringens inhibition by amines 508 inhibition by bacteriocins 7,92, 123 inhibition by nisin 195 inhibition by non-identified substances 124 inhibition by pediocin A 474 inhibition by pediocin AcH 462,474 inhibition by Wlidentified Pediococcus

bacteriocins 462 Clostridium thermosaccharolyticum

inhibition by nisin 192, 194 Clostridium tyrobutyricum

inhibition by lacticin 481,154,259 inhibition by lactocin S 444 inhibition by lactococcin DR 146 inhibition by low pH 99 inhibition by nisin 153, 188, 190

coaggregation 92, 128 cocultures, see associative cultures colicins

classification 398, 404 discovery 6 immunity to 405 inhibitory spectrum 6 mode of action 226, 415 molecular mass 6 operon 226, 404

1ndex

producing strains 6 production of 373,412 secretion of 309, 310

conjugation applications of 186, 190,282-4 experimental procedures 263,282-3, 386 see also under genetic detenninants of

individual bacteriocins curing

531

experimental procedures 263, 285, 348, 386, 425,523

see also under genetic detenninants of individual bacteriocins

curvacin A amino acid composition 118 amino acid sequence 116 inhibitory spectrum 118,326 mode of action 326 molecular mass 118, 326 physicochemical properties 115,118,326 producing strains 11 0, 118, 326 purification of 114,326

cyanosulfurous acid 102

diacetyl applications of 105 fonnation of 92, 196,252,287,354 inhibition by 127 inhibitory spectrum 105, 106 metabolism 104, 105, 466 mode of action 105 non-food applications of 106

diplococcin amino acid composition 117, 143,278-9,278 applications of 288 bioassay 281 fermentation process 287, 288 genetic detenninants 117, 122,282-4,284 history 143,252,273-4 immunity to 283, 287 in commercial cheese making 284-5 inhibitory spectrum 117, 120, 143,259,279 mode of action 279-80, 280, 281 molecular mass 117, 143,278 physicochemical properties 115,117, 120,

143,145,276-7 physiological role 172 producing strains 110,117, 143, 145,275 purification of 114, 276-7, 277 screening 274-6,275 unit of activity 281

dricin 11 0, 146 duramycin A 156 duramycin B 156 duramycin C 156

E. coli inhibition by acetaldehyde 106 inhibition by acid production 99 inhibition by amines 507

532

E. coli (continued) inhibition by bacteriocin-like substances 125 inhibition by diacetyl 106 inhibition by lactacin B 372 inhibition by lacticin 481, 259 inhibition by lactocidin 354, 355 inhibition by lactocin 27, 340, 344 inhibition by lactococcin A 314 inhibition by low pH 98 inhibition by nisin 169,225 inhibition by pediocin AcH 476 inhibition by the lactoperoxidase system 102 inhibition by reuterin 126 inhibition by sakacin A 423 inhibition by unidentified Lactobacillus bacteriocins 322, 323

Embden-Meyerhof-Pamas pathway 94,95, 96 enterocin 1146

applications of 525-7 bioassay 518, 523 discovery 516, 518 fermentative production 518-9,518,524-5, 526

genetic determinants 523-4, 524 immunity to 523 inhibitory spectrum 119,516,518,521 mode of action 521-2 molecular mass 119,519-20 physicochemical properties 119,519-21 producing strains 112,119,512,516,518 purification of 519 screening 517-8 unit of activity 523

enterocin 226NWC 112 enterocin E1A 515,516 enterocin ElB 515,516 enterococcins 112, 511 enterococcin SD 516 Enterococcus

applications of 3 bacteriocins of 107,112,511-2,515-6 classification, 1,14,36,37,38,59,60,61,62, 64

history 36, 37, 38 identification 36,37,40,45,46,47,61,62 occurrence 526 species 17-8,27,32,33,37,38,61,62

enzyme inhibitors 156 epidermin

amino acid composition 155,167 amino acid sequence 158, 265 gene cluster 167,228,229 genetic determinants 155 inhibitory spectrum 155 mode of action 167, 170,171 molecular mass 155,167 physicochemical properties 167 precursor of 264 producing strains 155,225 structural gene 227

Index

ethanol formation of 14 metabolism 34,55, 58, 96, 97

fermented beverages 2, 3, 4 fermented foods 2, 3, 4 formic acid

formation of 92, 96 metabolism 34,97,252

fungi, see molds

Gallidermin amino acid composition 155, 167 amino acid sequence 158, 265 gene cluster 167 genetic determinants 155 inhibitory spectrum 155 mode of action 167, 170, 171 molecular mass 155, 167 physicochemical properties 167 precursor of 264 producing strains 155 structural gene 227

gardimycin, see actagardin gas sericin A 111 Gemella 14 glycolytic pathway, see

Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway

helveticin J applications of 415 bioassay 399 discovery 322, 398 fermentative production 400,401,414 genetic determinants 119,122,404,415 immunity to 404,405,409,415 inhibitory spectrum 119,120,322,399,415 mode of action 323, 399-400, 411, 415 molecular mass 113,119,323,362,399,400, 403,405,407,415

operon 405-14,406,407,415 physicochemical properties 119, 120,322-3,

399,414,415 producing strains 111, 119, 322, 398, 399, 414 purification of 114,400,402-3,402 screening 399 structural gene 406,407,409,410,412,415

he1veticin V-1829 111 hemolysin

of E. coli 309, 310, 315 of Enterococcus 511 of Lactococcus 127-8

hydrogen peroxide formation of 2, 92, 129, 252, 287, 331, 354 metabolism 99-100,100 inhibition by 98, 101, 102, 108, 124 mode of action 101

hypothiocyanite 102 hypothiocyanous acid 102

IS elements 233,236,237,238

jenseniin G 126,517

klebicin B 398,404,412,415

lactacin B amino acid composition 362-3,363 applications of 373 bioassay 366 iliscovery 322,353,354-5,378 fermentative production 367-73, 367,

369-70,371,372,372,373 genetic determinants 118, 122,366-7 inhibitory spectrum 118, 120,322,323, 354-5,363-4,504

mode of action 322, 364-6, 364 molecular mass 113,118,322,357,359,360, 362,363

physicochemical properties 115,118, 120, 322,355-6,356,359

physiological role 368 producing strains 110,118,355 purification of 114,356-62,357,358,359,

360,361 screening 354-5 unit of activity 366

lactacin F amino acid composition 118,383,383 amino acid sequence 116, 383, 384 applications of 394 bioassay 379 iliscovery 355, 378 fermentative production 379-80, 380 genetic determinants 118,122,386-7,394, 403

immunity to 386-7,391,393,394 inhibitory spectrum 118, 120,323,378 mode of action 366, 385-6 molecular mass 113,257,323,362,380-1,

385 operon 385,386,387,388-91,389,392,393,

393,394 physicochemical properties 115, 118, 120,

323,379,380-1,382,383,385 precursor of 122,122,306,306,384-5,391,

392,504 producing strains 110, 118, 323 purification of 114,363,381-4,382 screening 378 structural gene 122,384,388,391,392,393 unit of activity 279

lactic acid formation of 2,14, 15,92,93,331 metabolism 34,55,93,94, 95, 95,96,97,

103,252 inhibition by 98,99,102,108,124,127,489 mode of action 98

lactic acid bacteria definition 1, 14

Index

history 15 identification 40-9 industrial properties 2,3,4,5,6, 15 microbial antagonism 2, 14,92,107,251, 378

molecular genetics 5 nutritional effects 4,5, 14,39,50 occurrence 14 therapeutic effects 4,5, 14,39,50,377-8,

394,526 see also under inilividual genera

lacticin 481 amino acid composition 117, 155, 257-8, 258,264-6

533

amino acid sequence 116,257-8,264-6,264 applications of 253,260,261,262 bioassay 261, 263 iliscovery 144,252,253 fermentative production 266-7,266,267 genetic determinants 117, 122, 155, 263 inhibitory spectrum 117, 144,155,252, 258-60,259

mode of action 144,260-1,260 molecular mass 113,117,254,256,257,264 physicochemical properties 115,117, 120,

143,252,253,257 precursor of 227 producing strains 110, 117, 144,155,225, 253,301,440

purification of 114,253-7,255,363 screening 253 structural gene 122, 252, 263-4 unit of activity 261, 263

lacticin A inhibitory spectrum 325 physicochemical properties 120, 325 producing strains 111, 325, 398,415

lacticin B inhibitory spectrum 325 physicochemical properties 120, 325 producing strains 111,325,398,415

lactobacillin 111, 129, 319 Lactobacillus

applications of 3-4 bacteriocins of 107,110--1,319-26,349-50, 435

classification 1,14,15,34,36,37,41,49,50, 51,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,62, 63,64,65

history 15,34,36,37 identification 15,34,40,41,42,43,45,46, 47,48,49,54,498

occurrence 49,50,53,56,57,58,377,394, 397,419,436

species 15,18--21,24-33,34,49,50,51,52, 53,54,55,56,57

sugar metabolism 15,34,49,94,95,96,97 Lactobacterium 24-33 lactobrevin 11 0, 320 lactociilin 110, 320, 354, 355

534

lactocin 27 amino acid composition 118,338-9,340 bioassay 347 discovery 321,332 fermentative production 334, 334, 348 genetic determinants 118, 122,345,347-8 immunity to 340,345,347 inhibitory spectrum 118, 120,321,333, 339-41

mode of action 120, 341-5, 342, 343, 344, 345,346,365

molecular mass 113,118,337,339,362,398 physicochemical properties 113, liS, 120,

321,337,338,398 physiological role 345, 347 producing strains 111,118,321,333,398 purification of 114, 334-7, 335, 336 recovery of 349, 349 screening 332-3 unit of activity 347

lactocin D 110, 129 lactocin S

amino acid composition 117, 154,324,437, 439,439,440,442

amino acid sequence 116, 439-42, 441 bioassay 443, 445 fermentative production 447 genetic determinants 117,122,154,445,446 immunity to 445-6 inhibitory spectrum 117,154,324,436,443, 444

mode of action 443-4 molecular mass 117,154,440,441,442 operon 446-7 physicochemical properties liS, 117, 120, 324,442-3

precursor of 441, 442 producing strains 111, 154, 324, 398,435, 436,446

purification of 114,324,363,437,438 screening 436 structural gene 122, 441, 446, 447 unit of activity 445

lactococcin A amino acid composition 118,311-2 amino acid sequence 116, 145,306 discovery 145 genetic determinants 118, 144-5,303,304, 403

immunity to 311,313 immunity gene 121, 146,226,305,308,309, 311,313

immunity protein 121,314 inhibitory spectrum 118,260,311,504 mode of action 121,311-4,312,313,314,444 molecular mass 118, 257, 311 operon 304,412 physicochemical properties 115,118,120,311 precursor of 122, 122, 306,306,391,504 producing strains 110,118, 129, 145, 146,301

Index

purification of 114,305,310 secretion of 308-10 structural gene 122, 145, 146, 226, 305-6, 391

lactococcin B amino acid sequence 116, 306 discovery 145 genetic determinants 144-5,301,303,304, 403

immunity to 314 immunity gene 226, 305 molecular mass 307 modeofaction 314-5 operon 304, 307 precursor of 122, 122, 306, 306, 391 producing strains 110, 144-5,301 structural gene 122,226,305-8,391

lactococcin DR discovery 146 fermentative production 147 genetic determinants 147 immunity to 147 inhibitory spectrum 146-7 molecular mass 146 physicochemical properties 146 producing strains 11 0 purification of 114, 146

lactococcin G amino acid sequence 116, 145 mode of action 145 physicochemical properties 115, 145 producing strains 11 0 purification of 114, 145

lactococcin M amino acid sequence 116, 306 discovery 145 genetic determinants 144-5,303,304,404 mode of action 314-5 immunity gene 226, 305 immunity to 314 operon 304 precursor of 122,122,306,306,391 producing strains 110, 144-5,301-3 structural gene 122,226,305-6,391

lactococcins fermentative production 310 genetic determinants 144-5,303-8 history 143, 145 physicochemical properties 146 screening 302-3 structural genes 144-5 see also under individuallactococcins

Lactococcus applications of 3-4 bacteriocins of 107,110, 14J--7, 252, 275-6, 291,301,315

classification I, 14,36,37,60,61,62 history 36, 37 identification 36,37,40,42,44,45,46,47, 48,61,498

occurrence 37,60,61,172,282

species 21-2,25,28,29,31,33,36,37,60,61 sugar metabolism 94, 95, 96, 97, 231

1actolin 111,319 lactoperoxidase system

activity spectrum 102 applications of 103 definition 102 mode of action 5, 103

lactostrepcins applications of 298 bioassay 296 discovery 276,291 fermentation process 296--7, 297 genetic determinants 296 history 143 inhibitory spectrum 292,292,294-5 mode of action 295-6 molecular mass 293 physicochemical properties 115,144,146, 292,293-4

producing strains 110, 144,276,292-3,292 purification of 293 screening 292-3 unit of activity 2%

lanthiopeptin, see cinnamycin lantibiotics

amino acid composition 154-6 amino acid sequences 116, 265, 441 applications of 242 biosynthesis 177-9 classification 115,116, 120, 153,154-6,

224-5,378,398 gene clusters 228-9 genetic determinants 117, 154-6 inhibitory spectrum 117, 154-6 mode of action 167-72,268,444 molecular mass 117 physicochemical properties 113, 115, 117,

120, 153 precursors of 179,227--8 producing microorganisms 117, 154-6 purification of 500 see also under individuallantibiotics

Leloir pathway 96 leucocin A-UAL 187

amino acid composition 119 amino acid sequence 116, 500, 502, 503 biosynthesis 504 discovery 498, 499 fermentative production 499 genetic determinants 119,499, 503 immunity to 499 immunity gene 121,503,504 inhibitory spectrum 119, 499 mode of action 120,499 molecular mass 119,500,502 NMR structure 500 operon 392,503,503,504,505 physicochemical properties 1l3, 115, 119,

120,500,504

Index

precursor of 122,122,306,306,391,392, 503-4

producing strains 112,119,498,499 purification of 363,454, 500, 501 structural gene 122, 391, 500, 503, 504

leuconocin Lcml 112,471 leuconocin S

discovery 498, 500 inhibitory spectrum 120, 500

535

mode of action 120, 500 physicochemical properties 113, 500 producing strains 112, 498, 500

Leuconostoc applications of 3-4 bacteriocins of 107,112,498-500,504 classification 1, 14,38,57,60,62,63,497 history 38 identification 38,40, 41,42, 44, 45, 46,48, 62,497-8

occurrence 63,497 species 22,24-7,31,33,38,62,63,498 sugar metabolism 94, 96, 97, 498

leucopeptin, see duramycin A linecin A 398,404,412,415 Listeria monocytogenes

inhibition by bacteriocins 7,92, 109, 123, 124 inhibition by Camobacterium bacteriocins 453

inhibition by competitive growth 127 inhibition by diacety I 106 inhibition by enterocin 1146 516, 526 inhibition by enterocin EIA 516 inhibition by 1actacin B 363-4, 372 inhibition by 1acticin 481, 259 inhibition by leucocin A 498,499 inhibition by 1euconocin S 500 inhibition by mesenterocin 5, 499 inhibition by mesentericin Y 1 05 498 inhibition by nisin 165, 170, 190, 195 inhibition by pediocin A 461,474 inhibition by pediocin AcH 462,475,490-2 inhibition by pediocin PA-l 475, 489 inhibition by piscicolin 453 inhibition by sakacin A 324, 422-3, 424, 429-33

inhibition by the lactoperoxidase system 102 inhibition by unidentified Lactobacillus bacteriocins 326

inhibition by unidentified Lactococcus bacteriocins 146

inhibition by unidentified Pediococcus bacteriocins 462,468,474,475

Listeria spp. inhibition by bacteriocin M46 324 inhibition by bacteriocins 120 inhibition by carnobacteriocins 452, 457 inhibition by carnosin 499 inhibition by curvacin A 326 inhibition by enterocin 1146 516.521.525-7 inhibition by enterocins 511

536

Listeria spp. (continued) inhibition by Enterococcus bacteriocins 515 inhibition by E. faecalis bacteriocins 512 inhibition by (hemo)lysins 128 inhibition by lactacin B 364 inhibition by lacticin 489 inhibition by lacticin 481,259 inhibition by lactocin S 444 inhibition by leucocin A 499, 504 inhibition by mesentericin Y105 504 inhibition by nisin 225, 239 inhibition by pediocin A 473, 474 inhibition by pediocin AcH 473,475 inhibition by pediocin PA-l 473, 475, 486 inhibition by reuterin 126 inhibition by sakacin A 422-3,424,427-33 inhibition by sakacin P 326

lowering of pH 92,93,98,102,287,420,489 Iysins, see hemolysin

megacin A 398,404,412,415 mersacidin 153, 155 mesentericin Y105

amino acid sequence 116, 502, 505 discovery 498,499-500 genetic determinants 500, 503 inhibitory spectrum 120,500,504 mode of action 500 molecular mass 502 physicochemical properties 115, 502, 504 producing strains 112,498,499 purification of 114, 502, structural gene 500

mesenterocin 5 112, 498, 499, 503 mesenterocin 52 112 microbacteria 1, 14 Microbacterium 15 microcins 6 Micrococcus 32,466 Microgard™ 126, 127,526 molds

inhibition by carbon dioxide 104 inhibition by diacety I 105 inhibition by Microgard™ 127 inhibition by nisin 165-6, 198 inhibition by propionate 126 inhibition by reuterin 126

natamycin 8 natural food preservatives 7 nisin

activity unit 173-4 amino acid composition 117, 154, 160--1,278 amino acid sequence 116,160--1,160,224 applications of 8, 153, 186--99,288,430 bioassay 174--7 biochemical properties 164 biosynthesis 177-9,225-6,471 fermentative production 179-86, 183, 184, 296

Index

gene cluster 228-31, 228, 233, 237 genetic determinants 117,122,154,157,232, 233-9,237,403

history 7, 143, 152-3,252,273-4 immunity factor 165, 226 immunity gene 121,227 immunity to 165,173,183,226--7,258-9 inhibitory spectrum 78,117, 143,154, 165-7, 258,259,279,225

legal status 8,153,187 mode of action 121, 167-72,171,225,240-2,

366 molecular mass 117, 143, 162,470,471 nisin resistance 164,165,168,199 NMR-structure 161,225 non-food applications of 198-9 physicochemical properties 115,117, 120,

143,145,163-4,223-4,355,440,500 physiological role 172 precursor of 122,122, 161, 179, 182,225, 226,227

protein engineering 164, 239-42 producing strains 110,117, 129, 143, 145,

146,153,154,157-8,223,275,301,322,398 product recovery 186 purification of 114,158-60,240,241 screening 153, 157-8 strain improvement 186 structural gene 122, 179, 182, 226, 227, 228, 233,234,236,237,238,239

structure/function relationships of 162 nisinase 159, 164, 172-3, 183, 189 nutrient competition 92, 127,287, 378

oral immunization 4 oxygen metabolism 97, 98, 99-101

pediocinA bioassay 478--9 discovery 461, 466 genetic determinants 461,481,482 immunity to 461,481 inhibitory spectrum 120,461,473,474 mode of action 461,473 physicochemical properties 461,472 producing strains 111,461,466,467 screening 467-8

pediocin AcH amino acid composition 119,471 amino acid sequence 469,470,471,472,485 antigenic properties 478 applications of 489, 490--2 bioassay 478-80 biosynthesis 485,488 discovery 461, 467 fermentative production 486-8,487,488 gene cluster 484 genetic determinants 119,462,481,482,483, 485-6

immunity to 462,476,483

immunity gene 484, 485 inhibitory spectrum 119, 120,462,473,474-5 mode of action 366, 473, 476-7, 477, 522 molecular mass 119,462,469,470,471 physicochemical properties 115,119,355, 461-2,471,472,500

precursor of 122, 122, 471, 484, 485, 488 producing strains 111,461-2,467 purification of 114,468,469-70,479 screening 468 structural gene 471, 484, 485 toxicological properties 477 unit of activity 480

pediocinJD mode of action 121 producing strains III

pediocin JOI-23 462,489 pediocin N5p III pediocin PA-I

amino acid composition 119,471 amino acid sequence 116,462,469,471-2 applications of 489, 492 bioassay 478-9 biosynthesis 485 discovery 462, 467 fermentation 486 gene cluster 485 genetic determinants 119,462,481,482 immunity to 483, 485 inhibitory spectrum 119, 120,462 mode of action 462, 473 molecular mass 119,462,471 physicochemical properties 115,119, 120, 462,471,472

precursor of 122, l22, 306, 306, 391, 471, 485,504

producing strains Ill, 462, 467 purification of 114,468-9 screening 468 structural gene 122,391,485 unit of activity 479

pediocin SJ-l III Pediococcus

applications of 3-4 bacteriocins of 107, 111,461-2,466-7 classification 1, 14,38,52,55,57,64 history 38 identification 38,40,45,46,47,48,465-6 occurrence 461-2, 466 species 22,24,27,31-3,38,64,465,466 sugar metabolism 94, 95, 96, 97, 466

pentose phosphate pathway 94,95,97,498 Pep5

amino acid composition 154, 167 amino acid sequence 265 gene cluster 226-7 genetic determinants 154 inhibitory spectrum 154 mode of action 167,169,171 molecular mass 154, 167

Index

physicochemical properties 167 precursor of 264 producing strains 154, 225

peptide antibiotic AS-48 511,516 Peptococcus 14 Peptostreptococcus 14

537

piscicolin 61 111,453,456,458 6-phosphogluconate pathway 58, 94,95, 96,97 phospho keto lase 34, 65, 94, 95, 95 phytopathogens inhibiting substances 124 plantacin BIll, 323 plantacin BN 111 plantaricin 406 III plantaricin A

discovery 323 immunity to 323 inhibitory spectrum 323 mode of action 115, 323 physicochemical properties 115, 323 producing strains 111, 323

plantaricin S 111, 324 plantaricin T III plantaricin SIK-83 111, 129,322 preservation of

bakery products 126 beer 196-7 canned fruits 187, 194 canned vegetables 187, 193 cottage cheese 127,190,489,490 evaporated milk 193-4 fish 126 flavoured milk drinks 187, 191-2 ground beef 126 hard cheeses 188-9, 260 ice cream mix 490,491 meat 194-6,429-33,457,489,490,508 milk 103,187,191-2,490,508,526 processed cheese and cheese spreads 187,

190-1 sausages 123,195,196,430-2,489,490 cheeses 126,188,260 silages 104, 123 vacuum packaged meats 195, 260, 432, 490-2 vegetables 104, 123, 260 wiener sausage packages 127,492 wine 197-8 yoghurt 126, 128 see also under individual bacteriocins

1,3-propanediol 97, 126 Propionibacterium

applications of 126 bacteriocins of 126 classification 1, 14,65 inhibitory substances of 126

propionic acid 97, 126, 127 propionicin PLG-l 126, 517 propionin 126 protozoa

inhibition by reuterin 126 pseudocatalase 14,100,101,466

538

Pseudomonas aeruginosa inhibition by amines 507 inhibition by lactocidin 354, 355 inhibition by nisin 195 inhibition by sakacin A 423 inhibition by the lactoperoxidase system 102

Pseudomonas fluorescens inhibition by amines 507, 508 inhibition by lactic acid 99 inhibition by lactic in 481,259 inhibition by sakacin A 423

Pseudomonasfragi inhibition by bacteriocin-like substances 125, 321

inhibition by hydrogen peroxide 101, 102 inhibition by low pH 98

Pseudomonas spp. inhibition by D-amino acids 127 inhibition by bacteriocin-like substances 125 inhibition by hydrogen peroxide 101 inhibition by low pH 98 inhibition by Microgard™ 127 inhibition by sakacin A 423

reutericin 6, 111, 325-6 reuterin 125--6 Ro-090 198, see cinnamycin

sakacin A amino acid composition 118 amino acid sequence 116, 422 applications of 427,429-33 bioassay 425 discovery 324,419-20 fermentative production 426-8,427 genetic determinants 118, 122,425--6 immunity to 423, 425, 426 inhibitory spectrum 118,324,422-3,424 mode of action 324, 423, 425 molecular mass 118,421-2,426,470 operon 426 physicochemical properties 115, 118, 120, 324,422,423

precursor of 122, 122 producing strains 111, 118, 324, 420-1, 420, 436

purification of 114,421 screening 420-1 structural gene 122,426 unit of activity 425

sakacin P amino acid composition 118 amino acid sequence 116 inhibitory spectrum 118,326 molecular mass 118, 326 physicochemical properties 115,118,326 producing strains 111, 118, 326, 436 purification of 114,326

salivaricin A 153, 155

Index

Salmonella anatum inhibition by diacetyl 106

Salmonella gallina rum inhibition by acetic acid 99 inhibition by lactic acid 99

Salmonella spp. inhibition by amines 508 inhibition by bacteriocin-like substances

125 inhibition by lactic and acetic acid 98,99 inhibition by Microgard™ 127 inhibition by nisin 225 inhibition by reuterin 126 inhibition by sakacin A 423 inhibition by the lactoperoxidase system 102 inhibition by unidentified Pediococcus bacteriocins 462

Salmonella typhimurium inhibition by amines 507 inhibition by acetaldehyde 106 inhibition by lactic acid 99 inhibition by lactocidin 355 inhibition by low pH 99,420 inhibition by nisin 166, 169, 195 inhibition by pediocin AcH 476 inhibition by sakacin 420

screening procedures 107-9 see also under screening and bioassay of individual bacteriocins

Shigella spp. inhibition by amines 507 inhibition by bacteriocin-like substances 125 inhibition by lactacin B 372 inhibition by reuterin 126

Staphylococcus aureus inhibition by acetaldehyde 106 inhibition by amines 508 inhibition by acetic acid 99 inhibition by bacteriocin-like substances 125,

321 inhibition by bacteriocins 7,92, 123, 344 inhibition by competitive growth 127 inhibition by hydrogen peroxide 101 inhibition by lactacin B 372 inhibition by lactacin F 378 inhibition by lactic acid 98, 99 inhibition by lacticin 481259 inhibition by lactobacillin 319 inhibition by lactocidin 354, 355 inhibition by leuconocin S 500 inhibition by nisin 165, 190, 195 inhibition by non-identified substances 124 inhibition by pediocin A 461,474 inhibition by pediocin AcH 462,475 inhibition by unidentified Pediococcus bacteriocins 474,475

inhibition by sakacin A 423, 424 inhibition by the lactoperoxidase system 102 inhibition by unidentified Lactobacillus bacteriocins 326

Staphylococcus carnosum inhibition by bacteriocins 144 inhibition by curvacin A 326 inhibition by lacticin 481,155,259 inhibition by lactocin S 444 inhibition by sakacin A 424, 432

Staphylococcus spp. inhibition by bacteriocin-like substances 125 inhibition by epidennin 155 inhibition by lactacin B 372 inhibition by mersacidin 155 inhibition by pediocin A 466, 473, 474 inhibition by pediocin AcH 473 inhibition by Pep5 154 inhibition by reuterin 126

Streptobacterium 15,32,34,35 streptocin D 511 streptocin E-l 511 streptococcin A -FF22

amino acid composition 155, 257,258 amino acid sequence 257,264,265,266 genetic determinants 155 inhibitory spectrum 155 molecular mass 155 precursor of 264 producing strains 155,257 structural gene 155

Streptococcus applications of 3-4 bacteriocins of 107,112,507-8 classification 1,14,15,36,37,41,59,60,61, 62

history 36,37 identification 36,40,43,44,45,46,47,48 occurrence 35, 36, 59, 60 species 22-3,25,27,32,33,36,37,59,60 sugar metabolism 59, 94,95, 96, 97

subtilin amino acid composition 154 amino acid sequence 265 gene cluster 228, 229 genetic determinants 154 inhibitory spectrum 154 mode of action 167, 170, 171,171,241 molecular mass 154, 167 operon 154 physicochemical properties 164, 167 precursor of 227, 264 producing strains 154, 224

succinic acid 97

Index

sugar metabolism heterofermentation

definition 14 genera 34,35,52,55,58,452,498 metabolism 94,95,96,97

539

hexose catabolism 34,49,55,58,94,95,96, 97

homofermentation definition 14 genera 15, 34, 35,49, 58 metabolism 94,95,96 pentose catabolism 34,49, 55, 58,94,96,97

superoxide dismutase 36,37,44,100, 101

tagatose-6-phosphate pathway 96 Tetracoccus 15 Tetragenococcus

classification 1, 14,38,64 history 38 identification 38,64 species 23,32, 38, 64

Thermobacterium 15,33, 34,35, 49 thermophilin 13,112 thiocyanate 102 transposon 117,154,157,232,233-9,447

Vagococcus classification 1, 14,59,60,62 identification 46, 48, 62 species 234, 59, 62

yeasts inhibition by acetic acid 99 inhibition by bacteriocin-like substances 125 inhibition by bacteriocin M46 324 inhibition by benzoic acid 128 inhibition by diacetyl 105,106 inhibition by lactic acid 99 inhibition by lacticin 481,259 inhibition by low pH 98 inhibition by Microgard™ 127 inhibition by nisin 165-6, 198 inhibition by pediocin A 461,466 inhibition by reuterin 126

Yersinia inhibition by Microgard™ 127

Yersinia enterocolitica inhibition by diacetyl 106 inhibition by leuconocin S 500 inhibition by unidentified Pediococcus bacteriocins 462