independence movements
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Independence Movements. India. India had been controlled by the British since Imperialism Britain’s “Jewel in the Crown” India began to fight for independence in the early 1900s The formation of the Indian National Congress was the first step - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Independence Movements
India
• India had been controlled by the British since Imperialism– Britain’s “Jewel in the Crown”
• India began to fight for independence in the early 1900s– The formation of the Indian National Congress
was the first step• The main independence leader was
Mohandas Gandhi
Mohandas Gandhi
• Used nonviolent techniques– Civil disobedience, passive resistance, hunger
strikes, marches, and speeches• Despite Gandhi's leadership, India struggled
for independence
Why did India Struggle?
• Religious struggles between Muslims, and Hindus– Muslims-northern India– Hindus-middle India
• Political differences:– Muslim League vs. Hindu Congress Party
• Gandhi was shot on January 30, 1948 by a Hindu extremist
Muslims
Hindus
India Gets Independence
• Britain was involved in WWII and decided it was time to let go of India
• On July 16, 1947 the British House of Commons agreed to partition (divide up) India between the Muslims and the Hindus– 10 million people had to decide
what nation to join
The Partition• India-given to the Hindus• East and West Pakistan-given to the Muslims– Eventually East and West Pakistan are divided• West Pakistan: becomes Pakistan• East Pakistan: becomes Bangladesh
Democracy in India
• Led by Jawaharlal Nehru, a close friend of Gandhi
• 1950: passed a Constitution that tried to stop discrimination based on your caste
• Ethnic and religious differences held India back from its industrial development
The Republic of India Today• Still fighting going on between
Muslims and Hindus• World’s largest democratic nation– Population 1.2 billion people
• Federal system gives most powers to the states
• Caste system still exists• New economic development has
helped to ease financial problems in the country
Revolutions in Africa
• Most of Africa has been controlled by Europeans since the 1800s
• After WWII the UN said ALL nations had the right to self-determination (to choose their own fate)
• After WWII, revolutions began all over Africa, some violent and some peaceful– Pride in African culture and heritage– Resentment towards imperial rule and economic
exploration– European nations were focusing on the Cold War
Independence Movements
• West Africa– Mostly peaceful– Ghana (Gold Coast) got independence
from Britain in 1957 through:• Strikes, boycotts
• Algeria– Fought a bloody war with France for
independence– Main leaders: Algerian National
Liberation Front (FLN)– Finally got independence in 1962
• Kenya– Violent struggle with Britain– 10,000 blacks killed, 100 whites killed– Leader-Jomo Kenyatta• Becomes President
– Gets independence in 1963
• South Africa–Controlled by British and Dutch–A system of apartheid was put in place• Means racial segregation (complete separation of
races)– Separate schools, neighborhoods
– South Africans begin to fight for independence in the early 1900s• 1912-African National Congress (ANC) was formed
in the fight for independence– During a strike that turns violent, one of the leaders
named Nelson Mandela was arrested in 1969
Apartheid
• Fighting and protests continued until the 1990s–1990: Nelson Mandela was released
from prison• 1994: first election where ALL
races can vote–Nelson Mandela is elected the first
black President of the new Republic of South Africa
Independence Movements in the Middle East
• After World War I, the League of Nations established mandates– Former Ottoman colonies given to Britain and
France on a temporary basis• Granted independence after WWII• Former French Mandates– Syria and Lebanon
• Former British Mandates– Jordan– Palestine• UN decided to make part of
Palestine a home for the Jews– Renamed Israel
– The fight over Israel continues today• Palestine (Muslims) vs. Israelis
(Jews)– Prime Minister of Israel from
1969-1974: Golda Meir• Yom Kippur War
– Israel vs. Egypt, Syria, and other Arab states
– Sought help from the USA– Won in 1973 with USA’s help
• Former British Protectorates:– Egypt• President of Egypt in the
1950s and 60s: Gamal Abdul Nasser• Took the Suez Canal back
from the British (he nationalized it)• Established a strong
relationship between Egypt and the Soviet Union• Built the Aswan High Dam
– Has helped Egyptian economy by regulating the floods of the Nile and by making electricity
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