i. the transformation of europe (1450-1750)
DESCRIPTION
I. The Transformation of Europe (1450-1750). A. Changing Balance of Power. The Church: “ Reformations ” The Mind: Scientific Revolution & the Enlightenment The Economy: Mercantilism Politics: “Absolute” Monarchs The State: Rise of Nationalism. B. Corruption:. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: I. The Transformation of Europe (1450-1750)](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/5681681d550346895dddaab2/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
I. The Transformation of I. The Transformation of Europe (1450-1750)Europe (1450-1750)
![Page 2: I. The Transformation of Europe (1450-1750)](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/5681681d550346895dddaab2/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
A. Changing Balance of Power
1. The Church: “Reformations”
2. The Mind: Scientific Revolution & the Enlightenment
3. The Economy: Mercantilism
4. Politics: “Absolute” Monarchs
5. The State: Rise of Nationalism
![Page 3: I. The Transformation of Europe (1450-1750)](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/5681681d550346895dddaab2/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
B. Corruption:1. simony – the sale of Church
offices
2. indulgences – buying away sins“The moment the coin tinkles in the collecting box, a soul flies out of Purgatory”
3. Pope Leo X increases indulgences to build St. Peter’s Basilica
4. Moral abuses: about 1/5 of all priests kept concubines
![Page 4: I. The Transformation of Europe (1450-1750)](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/5681681d550346895dddaab2/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Saint Peter’s Basilica (constructed 1506-
1626)
![Page 5: I. The Transformation of Europe (1450-1750)](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/5681681d550346895dddaab2/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
C. Martin Luther
“Help me Saint Anne, I will become a monk!”
1. Nails 95 Theses (or reasons) why he feels the church is corrupt…
2. faith alone key to salvation”
Romans I:17 “The just shall live by faith”
4. believed Pope NOT head of Church
![Page 6: I. The Transformation of Europe (1450-1750)](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/5681681d550346895dddaab2/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
5. June 15, 1520 Luther excommunicated & declared a heretic
6. Summoned to town of Worms (Diet of Worms)
“I cannot and I will not retract anything, since it is neither safe nor right to go against conscience.”-Martin Luther
Pope Leo XPope Leo X
![Page 7: I. The Transformation of Europe (1450-1750)](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/5681681d550346895dddaab2/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Luther tosses the Papal Bull (excommunication papers) into a fire at Wittenberg:
Luther defends himself at the Diet of Worms:
![Page 8: I. The Transformation of Europe (1450-1750)](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/5681681d550346895dddaab2/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
D. Outcome of Worms:1. Luther’s condemned by Catholic Church & declared
outlaw
2. German princes hide Luther
3. translated New Testament into German
4. peasants assumed Luther’s also meant political freedom & revolted (1525)…
5. Lutheranism spreads quickly in Germany (forbade games, dancing, & fun; encouraged hard labor)
6. Wars of religion through Europe
![Page 9: I. The Transformation of Europe (1450-1750)](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/5681681d550346895dddaab2/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Protestant Reformation spreads:
1. Ulrich Zwingli (Switzerland):
- literal interpretation of Bible
2. John Calvin (France):
- idea of predestination (an “elect” was already chosen by God to be saved…)
3. Henry VIII (England):
- Church of England
![Page 10: I. The Transformation of Europe (1450-1750)](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/5681681d550346895dddaab2/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
E. Counter Reformation (or Catholic Reformation)
The Church enacts the following:
I. Creates Jesuits (founded by Ignatius of Loyola)
II. The Church reforms the role of the pope (no more finances or political affairs)
III. Creates the Council of Trent
![Page 11: I. The Transformation of Europe (1450-1750)](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/5681681d550346895dddaab2/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Council of Trent1. met in three major sessions from 1545-1563
2. reaffirmed Catholic beliefs & rituals
3.ONLY the Church can interpret Scripture
4. faith & good works; purgatory real & indulgences o.k….
5. created Baroque style of art & music
![Page 12: I. The Transformation of Europe (1450-1750)](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/5681681d550346895dddaab2/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Religions in Europe ca. 1560
![Page 13: I. The Transformation of Europe (1450-1750)](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/5681681d550346895dddaab2/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Do the religious differences between Europeans resemble religious conflicts in other major world religions?
--Sunni & Shi’ia in Islam --split in Buddhism (Theravada, Mahayana, Zen)--Confucianism & Buddhism in China
![Page 14: I. The Transformation of Europe (1450-1750)](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/5681681d550346895dddaab2/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
F. Witch Hunts1. “Witch Craze” 16th-17th c. linked to social upheaval,
tensions, rural-urban disparities
2. more than 100,000 accused, at least 1/3 burned at stake
3. 75%-85% were women
![Page 15: I. The Transformation of Europe (1450-1750)](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/5681681d550346895dddaab2/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
G. The Scientific RevolutionKey thinkers:
1. Copernicus (1473-1543): sun at center of Heavens
2. Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) & asst. Johannes Kepler:
--planets move in elliptical orbits
3. Galileo Galilei (1564-1642): telescope
4. Sir Issac Newton: 3 Laws of Motion
![Page 16: I. The Transformation of Europe (1450-1750)](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/5681681d550346895dddaab2/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: I. The Transformation of Europe (1450-1750)](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/5681681d550346895dddaab2/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
II. The Commercial II. The Commercial RevolutionRevolution
![Page 18: I. The Transformation of Europe (1450-1750)](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/5681681d550346895dddaab2/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
A. The Enlightenment1. if scientific laws govern physical
objects…laws govern social behavior
2. movement called “Enlightenment” concerned with ideas about nature of “man” & concept of “good gov’t”
3. most considered dangerous to status quo
![Page 19: I. The Transformation of Europe (1450-1750)](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/5681681d550346895dddaab2/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
B. Philosophy of the Enlightenment
1. Led by “philosophes”
2. focus on reason & faith in science
3. religious tolerance & political equality
4. kings did NOT rule by divine right but by consent of people
5. unjust ruler=revolution
![Page 20: I. The Transformation of Europe (1450-1750)](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/5681681d550346895dddaab2/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Thomas Hobbes
C. The Thinkers:John Locke: tabula rasa (“blank
slate”)
Hobbes: “life is nasty, brutish, & short”
Rousseau: “noble savage”
Voltaire: toleration
“I disapprove of what yousay, but I will defend to thedeath your right to say it.”
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
![Page 21: I. The Transformation of Europe (1450-1750)](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/5681681d550346895dddaab2/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
D. Commercial Revolution
1. Wealth from exploration causes urban explosion
2. Urban class: bourgeoisiebourgeoisie (burghers in German)
3. city of Amsterdam financial center of Europe
- developed maritime technology (“flyboats” & “East Indiaman”)
![Page 22: I. The Transformation of Europe (1450-1750)](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/5681681d550346895dddaab2/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Dutch East India Company Fleet
![Page 23: I. The Transformation of Europe (1450-1750)](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/5681681d550346895dddaab2/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: I. The Transformation of Europe (1450-1750)](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/5681681d550346895dddaab2/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
E. The Netherlands1. Netherlands: few domestic resources led
to major technological innovations & overseas trade
2. attracted skilled craftsmen (many expelled from Spain & Protestant “outcasts”)
3. developed industries: textiles, sugar refining, beer brewing, cutting tobacco, ceramics, printing
4. decentralized gov’t: encouraged economic interaction
![Page 25: I. The Transformation of Europe (1450-1750)](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/5681681d550346895dddaab2/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Dutch EconomicsDutch Economics1. Dutch Banks: secure; accepted all
currencies
2. Joint Stock Companies: backed by gov’t charters to establish trade monopolies & then sold shares to raise capital (Dutch East India Company)
--shares bought/sold on ‘stock exchange’ (Amsterdam Exchange)
3. Insurance Companies: by 1700 standard practice to ensure long voyages
![Page 26: I. The Transformation of Europe (1450-1750)](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/5681681d550346895dddaab2/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Dutch Economic Empire
![Page 27: I. The Transformation of Europe (1450-1750)](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/5681681d550346895dddaab2/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
F. New Economic Rivals
1. Dutch ships dominated all sea trade until…
2. Britain broke Dutch dominance through wars (1660-1700)
3. Britain major creditor nation (central banks)
4. France unsuccessful in taxing aristocracy
5. Britain “winner” of commercial war
![Page 28: I. The Transformation of Europe (1450-1750)](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/5681681d550346895dddaab2/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
The Enclosure Movement:
– English landlords fence off land, privatize ‘commons’
– selected breeding of sheep, cattle– importation of crops from New World: potatoes
& corn
![Page 29: I. The Transformation of Europe (1450-1750)](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/5681681d550346895dddaab2/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Discuss the ways in which the Renaissance, Reformation, Enlightenment, & Commercial Revolution had an impact on the political & economic organization of Europe.
Pre-WritePre-Write
1.Change 1. 3 facts2. analysis sentence
2. Continuity 1. 3 facts2. analysis sentence
3. Global Context
1. 3 facts2. analysis sentence
![Page 30: I. The Transformation of Europe (1450-1750)](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/5681681d550346895dddaab2/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
• All invoked changes in popular mentality that affected political organization
• Northern Renaissance - attacked authority of church, allowed state to control church, increase in ceremony, & greater interest in military conquest & exploration
• Reformation – concept of shared authority, Protestant regions more likely to have parliamentary govt., seize church possessions
• Enlightenment – ability of state to benefit all citizens, concept of improvement & progress, enlightened despotism, development of more centralized governments w/ more power.