THE TRANSFORMATION THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE WEST, 1450 - 1750OF THE WEST, 1450 - 1750

An Era of RevolutionsAn Era of Revolutions

TWO RENAISSANCESTWO RENAISSANCES Italian Renaissance –1350-1520Italian Renaissance –1350-1520

Aristocrats, popes, nobles became wealthy patrons and vied Aristocrats, popes, nobles became wealthy patrons and vied to outdo one anotherto outdo one another

Wealthy families in city-states sponsored innovations in art Wealthy families in city-states sponsored innovations in art and architecture and architecture

Renaissance art and architecture Renaissance art and architecture Based on classical Greek and Roman Based on classical Greek and Roman Artists used linear perspective to show depth Artists used linear perspective to show depth Sculptors created natural poses Sculptors created natural poses Magnificent domed cathedrals Magnificent domed cathedrals

Humanism (Man is the Measure of All Things)Humanism (Man is the Measure of All Things) Based on study of classical worldBased on study of classical world Literature, history, and moral philosophyLiterature, history, and moral philosophy Attention to political and social issues and graces, tooAttention to political and social issues and graces, too

Northern RenaissanceNorthern Renaissance Especially strong in France, England, NetherlandsEspecially strong in France, England, Netherlands Focus was more on science, math, and Christianity Focus was more on science, math, and Christianity Strongly supported by the middle classes and minor noblesStrongly supported by the middle classes and minor nobles

PROTESTANT REFORMATIONPROTESTANT REFORMATION Martin Luther (1483-1546) Martin Luther (1483-1546)

Attacked sale of indulgences, 1517 Attacked sale of indulgences, 1517 Attacked corruption in Catholic Church; Attacked corruption in Catholic Church;

called for reform called for reform Argument spread by printing presses Argument spread by printing presses Enthusiastic response from lay Christians, Enthusiastic response from lay Christians,

princes, many cities princes, many cities John Calvin, French convert to Protestantism John Calvin, French convert to Protestantism

Organized model Protestant community in Organized model Protestant community in Geneva, Switzerland, in 1530s Geneva, Switzerland, in 1530s

Ideas spread to Netherlands, France, BritainIdeas spread to Netherlands, France, Britain Reform spread outside Germany Reform spread outside Germany

Many political leaders liked movement as it Many political leaders liked movement as it removed Church as rival removed Church as rival

English Reformation sparked by King Henry English Reformation sparked by King Henry VIII's desire for divorceVIII's desire for divorce

CATHOLIC REFORMATIONCATHOLIC REFORMATION Early Attempts to ReformEarly Attempts to Reform Church reaction to Luther, ProtestantsChurch reaction to Luther, Protestants

Some leaders came to the defense of the Catholic Some leaders came to the defense of the Catholic Church, especially Spain and the Holy Roman EmpireChurch, especially Spain and the Holy Roman Empire

Inquisition unleashed against ProtestantsInquisition unleashed against Protestants Council of Trent, 1545-1563Council of Trent, 1545-1563

Directed reform of Catholic ChurchDirected reform of Catholic Church Attacked corruptionAttacked corruption Reaffirmed tradition, Bible as co-equal Reaffirmed tradition, Bible as co-equal

The Society of Jesus (Jesuits) The Society of Jesus (Jesuits) Founded 1540 by Ignatius LoyolaFounded 1540 by Ignatius Loyola High standards in educationHigh standards in education Combat Protestants with logic, faith, hard workCombat Protestants with logic, faith, hard work Became confessors, advisories to kings Became confessors, advisories to kings Worldwide missionariesWorldwide missionaries

RELIGIOUS WARSRELIGIOUS WARS Between Protestants, Catholics during 16Between Protestants, Catholics during 16THTH century century Civil war in France (1562-1598)Civil war in France (1562-1598)

Between Huguenots (French Calvinists) and Between Huguenots (French Calvinists) and CatholicsCatholics

Ended with Huguenot king who became Catholic Ended with Huguenot king who became Catholic Defeat of Spanish Armada (1588)Defeat of Spanish Armada (1588)

War between Catholic Spain and Protestant War between Catholic Spain and Protestant England (Elizabeth I)England (Elizabeth I)

Protestant provinces of Netherlands revolted against Protestant provinces of Netherlands revolted against Catholic SpainCatholic Spain Eventually split country into Catholic south Eventually split country into Catholic south

(Belgium) and Protestant north (Holland) (Belgium) and Protestant north (Holland)

STATE BUILDINGSTATE BUILDING Italian city-states Italian city-states France and England France and England

Hundred Years' War (1337-1453) Hundred Years' War (1337-1453) Central government over feudal nobility Central government over feudal nobility

English War of the Roses led to Tudor DynastyEnglish War of the Roses led to Tudor Dynasty Louis XI reduces powers of feudal aristocracyLouis XI reduces powers of feudal aristocracy

Spain united Spain united By marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile By marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile Taxes supported powerful standing army Taxes supported powerful standing army Conquered Granada from Muslims Conquered Granada from Muslims Sponsored Columbus's quest for western route to ChinaSponsored Columbus's quest for western route to China

Competition among European states Competition among European states Frequent small-scale wars Frequent small-scale wars Encouraged new military and naval technology Encouraged new military and naval technology

Dynastic politicsDynastic politics Must marry for political advantageMust marry for political advantage Gave women influence as regents, brides, mother of heirGave women influence as regents, brides, mother of heir

NEW MONARCHSNEW MONARCHS New Monarchs (England, Spain, France, and Portugal)New Monarchs (England, Spain, France, and Portugal)

Kings with new, broad powers, and nobles weakenedKings with new, broad powers, and nobles weakened Taxes, armies as instruments of national monarchies Taxes, armies as instruments of national monarchies

by late fifteenth centuryby late fifteenth century Developing towards divine right monarchs Developing towards divine right monarchs

answerable only to God, not peopleanswerable only to God, not people Henry VII of England, and Ferdinand and Isabella of Henry VII of England, and Ferdinand and Isabella of

Spain are best examples Spain are best examples Enhanced royal, centralized powersEnhanced royal, centralized powers

Wealthy treasuries by direct taxes, fines, and fees Wealthy treasuries by direct taxes, fines, and fees State power enlarged and more centralized State power enlarged and more centralized Standing armies in France and SpainStanding armies in France and Spain Professional bureaucrats loyal only to monarch, not Professional bureaucrats loyal only to monarch, not

churchchurch New law courts enhance royal powerNew law courts enhance royal power

ATTEMPTED REVIVAL OF EMPIREATTEMPTED REVIVAL OF EMPIRE Charles V (reigned 1519-1556) Charles V (reigned 1519-1556)

Elected emperorElected emperor Inherited other landsInherited other lands

German nobles resented his power and German nobles resented his power and obstructed his every moveobstructed his every move Many nobles became Protestant as Many nobles became Protestant as

tool against himtool against him Main external enemiesMain external enemies

were France and were France and Ottoman Ottoman EmpireEmpire

CONTITUTIONAL AND CONTITUTIONAL AND ABSOLUTE MONARCHSABSOLUTE MONARCHS

Constitutional states of England and the Netherlands Constitutional states of England and the Netherlands Monarchs limited by laws and parliamentsMonarchs limited by laws and parliaments EnglandEngland

Civil War (1642-1649)Civil War (1642-1649) Commonwealth (1649-1660)Commonwealth (1649-1660) English Glorious Revolution (1688)English Glorious Revolution (1688)

Absolutism in France, Spain, Austria, and Prussia Absolutism in France, Spain, Austria, and Prussia Based on theory of divine right of kingsBased on theory of divine right of kings

Relied on bureaucrats, professional armiesRelied on bureaucrats, professional armies Cardinal Richelieu (French chief minister 1624-1642)Cardinal Richelieu (French chief minister 1624-1642)

Crushed power of noblesCrushed power of nobles Supported Protestants, Sweden against Supported Protestants, Sweden against

Hapsburgs, Spain, AustriaHapsburgs, Spain, Austria Spain, Austria united by Hapsburg marriage, inheritanceSpain, Austria united by Hapsburg marriage, inheritance Prussia began to rise in late 17th century Prussia began to rise in late 17th century

Based on absolutism and armyBased on absolutism and army

LOUIS XIV OF FRANCELOUIS XIV OF FRANCE Reigned 1643-1715Reigned 1643-1715 Sun KingSun King BureaucracyBureaucracy

Used middle class for professional bureaucratsUsed middle class for professional bureaucrats Established intendants tp carry out wishes Established intendants tp carry out wishes

Model of royal absolutism: the court at Model of royal absolutism: the court at VersaillesVersailles Nobles reduced to serving king, stateNobles reduced to serving king, state

Large professional standing army Large professional standing army Mercantilism and coloniesMercantilism and colonies

Minister Colbert was mastermind behind wealthMinister Colbert was mastermind behind wealth Promoted economic development: roads, canalsPromoted economic development: roads, canals Promoted industry, and exports especially luxuriesPromoted industry, and exports especially luxuries Built large French navy and colonies in North Built large French navy and colonies in North

America, IndiaAmerica, India

END OF RELIGIOUS WARS AND END OF RELIGIOUS WARS AND DEVELOPMENT OF STATE SYSTEMDEVELOPMENT OF STATE SYSTEM

Thirty Years' War (1618-1648)Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) Most destructive European war up to WWI Most destructive European war up to WWI Began as a local conflict in Bohemia; eventually Began as a local conflict in Bohemia; eventually

involved most of Europe involved most of Europe Devastated the Holy Roman Empire (German states): Devastated the Holy Roman Empire (German states):

lost 1/3 populationlost 1/3 population Balance of power Balance of power

No state allowed to dominate others No state allowed to dominate others Diplomacy based on shifting alliances Diplomacy based on shifting alliances No permanent alliances No permanent alliances

Military development costly and competitive Military development costly and competitive New armaments (cannons and small arms)New armaments (cannons and small arms) New military tacticsNew military tactics Professional navies with modern warships, weapons Professional navies with modern warships, weapons China, India, and the Islamic states did not keep paceChina, India, and the Islamic states did not keep pace

THE NATION-STATETHE NATION-STATE Nation-StateNation-State

Nation=ethnic group with common language, culture, Nation=ethnic group with common language, culture, history, traditions, institutions (faith, politics)history, traditions, institutions (faith, politics)

State=common territory and governmentState=common territory and government Assumed many of the Church’s old social rolesAssumed many of the Church’s old social roles

Belief in Nation-state became new popular ideologyBelief in Nation-state became new popular ideology Nationalism=Love of nation above othersNationalism=Love of nation above others Patriotism=loyalty to state and king, more important Patriotism=loyalty to state and king, more important

than loyalty to church and popethan loyalty to church and pope Nationalism-PatriotismNationalism-Patriotism

Martin Luther addresses the “German People”Martin Luther addresses the “German People” King James, Wycliffe translate Bible into EnglishKing James, Wycliffe translate Bible into English French have Joan of Arc fighting for France against French have Joan of Arc fighting for France against

EnglishEnglish Scotsmen, English resent Catholic “Romish” Scotsmen, English resent Catholic “Romish”

influenceinfluence

WAR AND PEACEWAR AND PEACE

POPULATION GROWTHPOPULATION GROWTH Population growth Population growth

American foods improved European nutrition, diets American foods improved European nutrition, diets Increased resistance to epidemics after 1650s Increased resistance to epidemics after 1650s Population growth Population growth

European population increased from 81 million in 1500 European population increased from 81 million in 1500 to 180 million in 1800to 180 million in 1800

Urbanization Urbanization Rapid growth of major citiesRapid growth of major cities

For example, Paris from 130,000 (1550) to 500,000 (1650)For example, Paris from 130,000 (1550) to 500,000 (1650) London, Amsterdam, St. Petersburg, Berlin, Lyons London, Amsterdam, St. Petersburg, Berlin, Lyons

Cities increasingly important: administrative, commercial, Cities increasingly important: administrative, commercial, intellectual centersintellectual centers

EARLY CAPITALISMEARLY CAPITALISM Profits and ethics Profits and ethics

Medieval Catholic Church considered profit making to be Medieval Catholic Church considered profit making to be selfish and sinful selfish and sinful

Renaissance merchants supported changes, arts becoming Renaissance merchants supported changes, arts becoming influential in societyinfluential in society

Protestant Reformation saw profit as signs of God’s FavorProtestant Reformation saw profit as signs of God’s Favor Early capitalism Early capitalism

Led to increased influence for urban middle classesLed to increased influence for urban middle classes Capitalism generated deep social strains Capitalism generated deep social strains

The Price RevolutionThe Price Revolution Use of money replaced barterUse of money replaced barter Imports of gold, silver led to trade imbalancesImports of gold, silver led to trade imbalances Mercantilism demanded payment in gold, silverMercantilism demanded payment in gold, silver

Inflation resultedInflation resulted Spain, Portugal did not support manufacturingSpain, Portugal did not support manufacturing

Both countries had to import goodsBoth countries had to import goods Northern Europeans demanded payment in gold, silverNorthern Europeans demanded payment in gold, silver

ECONOMIC DISASTERECONOMIC DISASTER

COMMERCIAL REVOLUTIONCOMMERCIAL REVOLUTION The nature of capitalism The nature of capitalism

Economic decisions by private parties, not by governments Economic decisions by private parties, not by governments Supply and demand Supply and demand Merchants built efficient transportation and communication Merchants built efficient transportation and communication

networks networks New institutions and services: banks, insurance, stock New institutions and services: banks, insurance, stock

exchangesexchanges Joint-stock companies Joint-stock companies

Dutch East Indies, English East/West Indies CompaniesDutch East Indies, English East/West Indies Companies Authorized to explore, conquer, colonize Authorized to explore, conquer, colonize

Rise of ManufacturingRise of Manufacturing Colonial markets stimulated manufacturingColonial markets stimulated manufacturing Domestic system of 17th and 18th centuries Domestic system of 17th and 18th centuries

Capitalism actively supported by governmentsCapitalism actively supported by governments Especially in England and Netherlands Especially in England and Netherlands

Adam Smith and Adam Smith and The Wealth of Nations The Wealth of Nations (1776)(1776) Society prosper as individuals pursued their own interestsSociety prosper as individuals pursued their own interests States were to support private interests, free tradeStates were to support private interests, free trade

SOCIAL CHANGE, SOCIAL PROTESTSOCIAL CHANGE, SOCIAL PROTEST Agriculture changesAgriculture changes

New technologies applied to farming and animal breedingNew technologies applied to farming and animal breeding Introduction of new world crops, i.e. potatoIntroduction of new world crops, i.e. potato

Rise of urban, rural working classRise of urban, rural working class Population growthPopulation growth

Urbanization increased tensionsUrbanization increased tensions Growth increased povertyGrowth increased poverty

Social TensionsSocial Tensions Peasant revolts especially during ReformationPeasant revolts especially during Reformation Urban citizens also tended towards ProtestantismUrban citizens also tended towards Protestantism Persecution of witchesPersecution of witches

Nuclear family strengthened by capitalism Nuclear family strengthened by capitalism Families more independent economically, socially, and Families more independent economically, socially, and

emotionally emotionally Parents and children became more important Parents and children became more important

GENDER ISSUESGENDER ISSUES Renaissance saw expansion of women’s rightsRenaissance saw expansion of women’s rights

Books written for womenBooks written for women Education of women allowedEducation of women allowed

Reformation emphasized family role of womenReformation emphasized family role of women Witch-hunts in Europe Witch-hunts in Europe

Theories, fears of witches intensified in 16th century Theories, fears of witches intensified in 16th century About 60,000 executed, 95% of them womenAbout 60,000 executed, 95% of them women

Commercial RevolutionCommercial Revolution Women needed often to support family by outside workWomen needed often to support family by outside work Many women merchants very successfulMany women merchants very successful

Education and WomenEducation and Women Education was one of few avenues open to womenEducation was one of few avenues open to women

Enlightenment saw first major victories for women’s Enlightenment saw first major victories for women’s rightsrights Women ran intellectual salons of FranceWomen ran intellectual salons of France Many very prominent as philosophes: Madame de Stael Many very prominent as philosophes: Madame de Stael Some few feminists appeared Some few feminists appeared

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTIONSCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION The universeThe universe

Ptolemaic universePtolemaic universe Motionless earthMotionless earth

Copernican universe Copernican universe Copernicus suggested sun was center of universe, Copernicus suggested sun was center of universe,

1543 1543 Scientific Revolution Scientific Revolution

Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) demonstrated Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) demonstrated planetary orbits elliptical planetary orbits elliptical

Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) With a telescope saw sunspots, moons of With a telescope saw sunspots, moons of

Jupiter, mountains of the moon Jupiter, mountains of the moon Isaac Newton (1642-1727) Isaac Newton (1642-1727)

Mathematical laws govern movements of bodies Mathematical laws govern movements of bodies Newton's work symbolized the scientific revolutionNewton's work symbolized the scientific revolution

Direct observation Direct observation Mathematical reasoningMathematical reasoning

ENLIGHTENMENTENLIGHTENMENT John Locke (1600s, England)John Locke (1600s, England)

Life, Liberty and PropertyLife, Liberty and Property 1689 English Bill of Rights 1689 English Bill of Rights Allowed persons to revolt against an oppressive rulerAllowed persons to revolt against an oppressive ruler

Enlightenment in France led by philosophes Enlightenment in France led by philosophes Sought natural laws that governed human society Sought natural laws that governed human society Apply reason/science to society, government, law Apply reason/science to society, government, law

Voltaire (1700s, France)Voltaire (1700s, France) For religious liberty and individual freedom For religious liberty and individual freedom

Adam Smith (1700s, Britain)Adam Smith (1700s, Britain) Laws of supply and demand determine price Laws of supply and demand determine price

Montesquieu (1700s, France)Montesquieu (1700s, France) Checks, balances, balanced government Checks, balances, balanced government

Deism Deism God the ClockmakerGod the Clockmaker

THE TRANSFORMATION THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE WEST, 1450 - 1750OF THE WEST, 1450 - 1750

An Era of RevolutionsAn Era of Revolutions