I. England and its ColoniesI. England and its Coloniesa. Mercantilism; where nations seeks to increase their wealth and power through obtaining large amounts of gold & silver and establishing a favorable balance of trade. b. The Navigation Acts; series of rules specifically designed to keep the colonists from selling goods to other countries. A clear motivation to smuggle goods to other countries.c. The Glorious Revolution; King James II flees to France and Queen Mary and William of Orange take the throne - colonists overthrow oppressive leadership in place by King James II

II. England’s salutary neglectII. England’s salutary neglect

a. Tightening the grip; on paper, England tightened the laws governing the colonistsb. But in reality; lightened the hold for continued economic loyalty of the coloniesc. Seeds of self-government; Crown appointed officials watched over the colonies, as the colonies developed a taste for self-government

III. The SouthIII. The Southa. Cash crop; many chose one cash crop, such as indigo, tobacco, rice or cotton - all labor intensive cropsb. Plantations instead of towns; many produced what they needed, stored their crops on the farm, and shipped their goods right to the seaports in the northc. Rural; a rural and self-sufficient economyd. Indentured population fell, the south moves toward slavery, slowly increasing its dependency on slave labor.

IV. The NorthIV. The Northa. Cash crop; most chose more than one cash crop, also because of climate, many raised livestock, sold excess to the West Indiesb. Diverse Commercial economy; grinding wheat, lumber, fish, ship building, and ironc. Merchants; more merchants, one of the most powerful groups in the Northd. Slavery; less reliant on slavery, crops such as corn require less labor than tobacco and cotton, more immigrants move to the North

V. New IdeasV. New Ideas

a. The Enlightenment• John Locke; people enjoy “natural rights” to life, liberty,

and property• Stressed reason and scientific method• People have the right to overthrow an unjust leader

b. The Great Awakening • Jonathan Edwards; puritan doctrines revived

– Justification by Faith Alone, and Sinners in the Hand of an Angry God

• Puritan’s taught reading which lead to a more literate population

VI. The French & Indian WarVI. The French & Indian War; 1754 - 1763a. “New France”

• More interested in exploiting territories than populating them

• Beaver skins, almost extinct in Europe, plentiful in America

b. France and England• Major point; Ohio River Valley, Colonists wanted Britain

to prevail to help westward expansionc. The War

• Fort Necessity - opened the war, 22-year-old Col. George Washington

• Treaty of Paris ends the War– Great Britain claimed Canada and virtually all of North

America east of the Mississippi River, including Florida– France lost much of its possessions as a result of the war

VII. Effects of the War; Colonies and Britain VII. Effects of the War; Colonies and Britain grow apartgrow aparta. Enforcement and Control

• Larger territory is harder to control and enforce laws• Proclamation of 1763; a line along the Appalachians,

which the colonists could not cross into Indian lands, but they did anyway

b. Sugar Act - 1764 • Halved the duty on foreign-made molasses and place

duties on imports that had not been taxed before• Changes in the enforcement and punishment of

smuggling cases• Increased cries of “Taxation without Representation”

c. A collision is inevitable• During the French and Indian War, many colonists lost

respect for Britain and her army - it was not invincible• Most colonists considered themselves subjects of the

crown, but were becoming unhappy with how Parliament governed them

VIII. Seeds of Rebellion!VIII. Seeds of Rebellion! a. The Stamp Act; March 1765

• Colonists had to purchase special stamped paper for every legal document, license, newspaper, pamphlet, almanac…

• Affected every colonist, rich or poor• Later repealed due to many protests

b. The Townshend Acts; 1767• Duties levied on imports - glass, lead, paint, paper -

imported from Britain, also a three-penny tax on tea• Colonists boycotted English goods, tea

c. The Boston Massacre; March 5, 1770• Conflict between armed guards in front of an English

customhouse and dockhands• British guards killed five colonists

d. The Boston Tea Party; December 16, 1773 • The Tea Act; allowed British East India Company to sell

tea to the colonists free of the tea tax colonial settlers had to pay

• Enraged, colonists dumped 15,000 lbs.. of British tea into Boston Harbor

e. The Intolerable Acts • Shut down Boston harbor because of the Tea Party• Quartering Act, authorized British commanders to house

soldiers in private homes• Martial law in Boston because of rebellions• Instead of weakening colonists resolve, it strengthened

IX. Lexington and ConcordIX. Lexington and Concord - April 18, 1775– The Shot heard around the world– The night of Paul Revere’s (William Dawes, Samuel

Prescott also) ride to warn that the “regulars” were coming– 70 minute men at the village green in Lexington– One shot is fired, the British open fire and eight minutemen

were killed, one British soldier– As the British marched to Concord, the minutemen picked

them off from behind trees and rocks– The Revolution had begun!!

X. The Colonies Win!. The Colonies Win!a. Help from abroad

• Fredrich von Stueben; Prussian Captain/Drillmaster, drilled soldiers at Valley Forge turning them from bumpkins to soldiers

• Marquis de Lafayette; 20-year-old French aristocrat, joined Washington’s staff and lobbied for French reinforcements

b. The British• General Charles Cornwallis; after the devastating defeat

at Saratoga, they move the war south– Captured ports to block the French– Captured most of South Carolina, retreated from

North Carolina

c. The British surrender at Yorktown• Lafayette; suggests American and French forces attack

Cornwallis at Yorktown• The siege lasts a month

– The Treaty of Paris - September 1782– Attending, United States, Great Britain, France,

Spain, each looking out for its own interests– US Sends John Adams, Ben Franklin, John Jay– Confirmed US independence, Atlantic Ocean to the

Mississippi River, from Canadian border to Florida

d. The New Challenge of a new government• Who should participate in government?• How should the government answer to the people?• How could a government be set up so that opposing

groups of citizens still have a voice• The world was watching...

XI. Article of Confederation and the XI. Article of Confederation and the Continental CongressContinental Congressa. What type of government?

• A democracy; fears that government directly by the people would place power in the hands of uneducated masses

• A republic - a government in which citizens rule through their elected representation - power in the hands of capable leaders

• Two viewpoints on a republic– Must be based on virtue; the good of the nation

above personal interests– A republic would be benefited by people pursuing

self-interests

b. How to represent people• By population or state - one vote• Decision was one state = one vote

c. Division of Federal Power - can supreme power be shared/divided?The Articles of Confederation

• State governments supreme in most matters• Powers of the Federal Government

– To declare war, make peace, sign treaties– Borrow money, but could not tax– Set standards, weights & measures, coins– Establish a postal service

• No separate executive office to enforce acts of Congress• No national court system to decide meaning of laws

d. Problems with the Articles of Confederation

• No national unity - states all acting independently• Differences in population were not recognized• Could not be amended without consent of all the states

– Congress requested the states approve a tariff to pay back loans, Rhode Island votes no, no tariff is passed

– The US could not repay its debt to British merchants, or compensate loyalists for property - Britain refused to evacuate its forts on the Great Lakes

– America’s fear of having too strong a national government resulted in a government too weak to deal with the nation’s problems!

The End of Part 1The End of Part 1