I-Ancient Greece and its Legacy

• Greek city-state (polis) central to political, social, religious, economic & military life.

• Agora (marketplace) = where people would assemble to participate in “free speech” (birthplace of democracy.)

Greek Society

• People had common identity & goals. Strong sense of loyalty (patriotism) combined rights with responsibilities.

A. Adult males = citizens with political rights.

B. Women & children = citizens with no political rights.

C. Foreign residents & slaves = non-citizens.

Evolution of political power in some polis, such as Athens:

– Oligarchy supported & ruled by aristocrats– Tyrants seized power by force. Supported by rich

traders & poor peasants, not by aristocrats.– Democratic government for, of and by all adult male

citizens.

Check for understanding

• Who had all the rights in Ancient Greek Society?

*Sparta was a “military state.”

• Males were trained under spartan conditions. Age 7 boys sent to military school, fed “black broth.” Age 20mandatory military service. Age 30 had right to vote & live at home with wife, but remained in army. Age 60 retired from military.

• Infants with physical disabilities killed (infanticide.)

Women• Females had similar physical training but

stayed home to prepare to be strong mothers who would tell their sons “come home from battle either carrying your shield… or on it!”

Spartan oligarchy

• had two kings & a council of elders (28 citizens age 60+)

• Closed society = xenophobic (feared & hated foreigners & their customs.)

Athens

• had a powerful navy & was center of the golden age of Greek culture.

Reform of Government• Economic crisis led to reform-

minded aristocrats (i.e. leaders who were willing to make changes.)

• Solon canceled land debts & freed farmers from slavery. Many still did not own land & couldn’t vote.

• Cleisthenes reformed assembly to a Council of 500, elected by ALL male citizens.

Golden Age Athens = 461-429 B.C.

• (Pericles was leader.) Many citizens served in public office, art & architectureprospered, education important

• (academics & philosophy “school of Greece.”)

Check for understanding

• White Board:– List 2 changes brought b Pericles

• Discuss with partner how Athenian and Greek society were different

“Big Three” philosophers (S.P.A. = Socrates, Plato & Aristotle)

• 1. Socrates = worked to improve human understanding. “Socratic method” = question/answer discussion that

• asks “Why?” Socrates known as the “gadfly,” questioned authority & was sentenced to death!

2. Plato• Founded “The Academy”

school of philosophy & was a student of Socrates.

• He wrote The Republicdescribing an “ideal state” of 3 groups: –1. Philosopher-kings 2.

Warriors 3. Common men & women.

3. Aristotle• 3. Aristotle = Student of

Plato. Developed “scientific method” of observation and investigation (i.e. research.)

• “Renaissance Man” of the ancient world. Wrote on many topics, including Politics that concluded aconstitutional government was best.

LEGACY of Greeks on Western Civilization:

• a. Government = democracy, equal rights & responsibilities of male citizens & critical of “idiotes”– (self-centered, apathetic, non-contributors to

society.)

• b. Philosophy = individualism, reasoning, wisdom, ethics.

• c. Science = rational research based on observations & investigations.

• d. Arts = sculpture, architecture, music, poetry, literature, architecture (outdoor amphitheaters staged dramas.)

Check for understanding

• White board :– List one way we see Greek influence I our society

• Discuss:– One thing Each guy in SPA contributed.

“Rulers & Gods”

• early civilizations believed leaders appointed by God(s) or were deities themselves, who ruled with “divine assistance.”

• Greeks consulted oracles (priestesses who spoke for the gods.)

“Young People In Ancient Greece”• Spartan boys subjected to

harsh discipline in military barracks (clothing = only one

robe per year, slept on beds of rushes, rarely bathed, had to steal to eat & severely beaten.

• Spartan girls received discipline & physical training to develop strong mothers, but allowed to stay home.

Athenian Children

• Athenian children nurtured by mothers. Boys were well-rounded individuals educated in P.E. and in academics, philosophy & music.

• At 18 boys officially became citizens of Athens.

• girls remained at home to learn domestic skills– in wealthy families were taught other subjects.

Check for Understanding

• How were Athenian Children treated Different than Spartan Children

• (Discuss with partner)

Alexander The Great becomes Emperor 330 BC controlled all Greece

• Ended Greek Democracy • Did Spread Greek ideas around the

World – Philosophy, buildings, and gov system

Alexander The Great’s Empire

II ROME

Roman Republic – leader not a monarch, some citizens had right to vote, lasted 5 centuries

Roman Society• Patricians = large landowners, ruling

class• Plebeians = small landholders,

craftspeople & businesspeople• Chief officers:

– consuls (ran govt. & led army)– Praetors (judges of civil law for citizens

& non-citizens)

Roman Government

• Senate = 300 landowning advisors served for life & gave critical advice to officers (had force of law.)

• Centuriate assembly (important people’s assembly, dominated by rich) = elected chief officials

• Council of the plebs (plebeians only) = represented rights of majority of citizens vs. patricians.

• Tribunes became officials who had power to protect plebeians.

• Who were the two main officers in Charge?• List the two organizations that worked under

this Group?

• Discuss What American Government body this looks similar too.

Rome 287 B.C. • all male citizens equal in theory, but

wealthy patricians & plebs dominated.

• Roman law evolved from Twelve Tables (basic agrarian laws), to laws for rural & urban citizens, to Law of Nations, including non citizens (universal law based upon reason.)

• Standards of justice = innocent until proven guilty, right of defense against accusations, judges to be impartial.

Roman Empire • – ruled over entire Mediterranean region, led by powerful emperor.• Caesar Augustus = victorious over rivals, created the empire, ordered

a census be taken

• How is an Empire Different than a Republic?

A.D. 14 – A.D. 180 = Pax Romana (order & protection of law, trade flourished, roads expanded)

• Efficient administrators over one of largest, ancient empires

• Extended citizenship to non Romans (integrated cultures)

Spreading Roman Culture

• City planning, architecture, engineering throughout Empire

• Latin language = basis of FIVE Romance languages (Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Romanian)

• Romans grafted their culture onto the intellectual heritage of Greeks (Greco-Roman tradition)– (see chart of Greek and

Roman Gods, p. 150)• Empire spread new religion of

Christianity.

• List Three ways Rome Spread its culture and Influence

III Spread of Christianity and Islam

Christianity• Jesus = Jewish teacher & preacher

– (eg. Golden Rule “Do unto others, as you would have them do unto you”.) Love fulfills expectations of the Law & Prophets (transformation of the inner person.)

• Jesus’ claims to be Messiah/Christ was controversial to Jewish leaders & viewed as a potentialrevolutionary threat to Roman powers.– Roman leader Pontius Pilate ordered

crucifixion at request of some Hebrew authorities.

• Followers of Jesus claimed his death was fulfillment of prophecy, – die for sins of all people & rose

from the dead (resurrection.)• Early Christians were Jewish, but

Gentiles were converted through missions of Paul (Saul)

• Romans tolerated other religions if didn’t threaten public order.

• Romans expected to honor Roman gods & worship emperor, – Christians refused = punishable by

death (cruel deaths of martyrs)

• What Religion did Christianity Come from?• What key point separates it from its original

religion?

Emperor Nero, ruled from A.D. 54-68, began persecution of Christians (blamed for great Rome fire)

• Periods of persecution but numbers of Christians grew

• Roman religion was impersonal for good of state

• Christianity was a personal faith that promised eternal life. Everyone was equal before God.

• Christian communities formed to worship God, care for others & have a sense of belonging.

Constantine became the first Christian Emperor of Rome.

• Constantine A.D. 313 “Edict of Milan” issued = legalized Christianity.

• Theodosius the Great made Christianity the official state religion of Rome (other religions = illegal!)

476 A.D. Roman Empire collapsed

• Western Roman Empire: Collapsed but left its Church “Roman Catholic Church”

• Eastern Roman Empire Continued:– It would be called the Byzantine Empire

2 Churches• Roman Catholic Church headquarters are in

Rome (the Vatican) and head is pope (Western Europe)

• Eastern Orthodox Church headquarters in Constantinople (Istanbul) & head is patriarch (East. Europe)

• Which Emperor hated the Christians and which Became a Christian himself?

Islam = submission to Allah (one true God.)

• Muhammad (the Prophet), born in Mecca (Makkah) in Arabian Peninsula.

• Quran (Koran) teachings of Muhammad.• Muslims believe in teachings of Hebrew Bible,

along with Jews & Christians

• A.D. 622 Muhammad escaped from angry polytheists by fleeing from Mecca to Medina (Madina) = starting event of Muslim calendar (lunar calendar, crescent moon symbol)

• Five Pillars of Islam: (belief, prayer, charity, fasting, pilgrimage)

• Ramadan, 9th month, holy month of fasting & prayer to commemorate Muhammad receiving words of the Quran from Allah.

• What are the five pillars of Islam

• Which can be seen in our society?

Spread Of Islam• Islam spread quickly, united Arabia, spread

through South Asia & North Africa through holy wars (jihads.)

• Arab Empire, internal divisions, conquered by the Mongols in A.D. 1258.

• Western civilization evolved into democratic governments with freedom of religion and separation of church & state.

• Islamic civilization traditionally has been theocratic = Islam & government closely connected (not separated as in the “West.”)

IV Middle Ages (Medieval Period) of Europe (circa, 5th-14th centuries A.D.)

Crusades • During Middle Ages, European crusaders sent

to fight Muslims for control of “Holy Land”(Palestine)

• Martyrs = people persecuted for their faith.

A.D. 800 coronation of King Charlemagne by Pope Leo III.

• Holy Roman Empire (pope was Roman, but Charlemagne was German) = new civilizations based upon:

• 1. Legacy of Rome, 2. German traditions, 3. Catholic Church.

• Where were the Crusaders from?• Who did they attack and why?

Centralized control weakened after Charlemagne

• feudalism = local control by numerous lords,who gave land to knights & knights protected serfs.

England = High Middle Ages ( most advanced medieval period, c. A.D.

1000-1300)

• 1066 William of Normandy (France) defeated King Harold (England) & was crowned king in London.

• He ruled w. combination of Anglo-Saxon (English/German) & Norman (Scandinavian/French)

Power of English monarch expanded even further under Henry II.

• Strengthened royal courts, which gave rise to common law that applied to all English (vs. local laws)– Common law- laws based on tradition

Magna Carta (Great Charter) 1215

• Lords rebelled vs. a weaker King John and forced him to sign the Magna Carta (Great Charter)

• Limited power of the kings in writing (vs. absolute power or divine right of kings) = gave rights to lords,

• eventually interpreted to also include common people.

• Provided right to trial by jury• Principles of common law and

Magna Carta were adopted by American colonies.

• Under Feudalism what rights did peasants have?

• List 2 key changes brought by the magna Carta

English Parliament started during reign of Edward I

• Monarch would consult parliament, especially when money was needed.

• Upper House = House of Lords (nobles & church officials)• Lower House = House of Commons (knights & townspeople)• Parliament would vote to approve new taxes, debate politics & pass

laws.• Both monarch & parliament shared power, but parliament became

dominant through victorious battles over the king’s forces.

Europe in High & Late Middle Ages• High Middle Ages = productive

farming methods, growth of cities, more trade between peoples

• Strong leadership of popes-Gothic cathedrals, intellectual growth & formation of universities.

• Late Middle Ages = European disasters (c. A.D. 1300 to early 1400s.)

• Bubonic Plague (Black Death) killed 1/3 of all Europeans! – Less trade, constant war, unstable

governments, decline of Church.

• With a partner discuss how the share of power changed from the first kings to the creation of parliament.

Renaissance • Renaissance = rebirth of

Greek & Roman culture that began in Italy,

• Intellectuals & artists stressed importance of individual – (classic impact on

modern Western Civil.)• Human worth led to a

new spirit of optimism and inspiration for excellence

Leonardo da Vinci• (“Renaissance man”) = painter, sculptor,

architect, inventor & mathematician.

Religious Reformation• intellectual revolution = raised

questions about Catholicism• Protestant Reformation = new

branch of Christianity in Europe• Martin Luther = German Catholic

monk, openly questioned many church practices (95 theses)

• 1520 summoned before emperor & church officials in Worms to answer to charges of heresy.

• Defended all of his writings based upon Scripture & upon human reasoning.

• Protestants were __________________ the ______________ Church.

Protestant churches

• (Lutheran, Calvinist, etc.) quickly spread throughout Europe

• Catholic Church underwent a religious rebirth• Catholic & Protestant forces prepared for

“religious” battle.

World Religion• Local Religions:

• Australia = Aborigines had no deities.• Ancestor heroes created the work during

“Dreamtime.” Belief in spirits of nature.• • Africa = Various animist • (tribal) religions, south of the Sahara desert.• Belief in spirits and one supreme creator.

• Japan = Shinto believers worship “kami” (sacred spirits take forms of nature.)

• Worship ancestors and emperor. (Shintoism = found only among Japanese people.)

• • North America = Navajo religion must be

practiced in the geographical area surrounded by the four sacred mountains of the American Southwest.

• Hogans (dwellings) constructed to symbolize their land and religion.

Buddhism

• Key Beliefs = life is full of suffering, follow Eightfold Path to reach Nirvana

• Locations = India, migrated to East Asia

Followers Key Persons Sacred Text Symbol

Buddhists Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha

Sutras Wheel of Law

Christianity

• Key Beliefs = monotheism, Jesus = Son of God who died for sins of humanity, resurrection

• Locations = began in Palestine, spread to south Africa, Europe, Australia and Americas

Followers Key Persons Sacred Text Symbol

Christians Jesus Christ Old & New Testaments

Cross

Confucianism

• Key Beliefs = Spiritual philosophy on ethics & good government, respect for elders & ancestors

• Location = China

Followers Key Persons Sacred Text Symbol

Confucius Analects Water Symbol

Hinduism

• Key Beliefs = polytheistic religion, 3 mains gods: Brahma (creator), Vishnu (preserver) Siva (destroyer)

• Location = India, Ganges River (sacred)

Followers Key Persons Sacred Text Symbol

Hindus several figures found in the texts

Vedas & Ramayana

Aum

Islam

• Key Beliefs = monotheism, Muhammad = greatest of the prophets, Five Pillars

• Locations = Middle East, north Africa & Indonesia

Followers Key Persons Sacred Text Symbol

Muslims Muhammad Old Test. & Quran

Crescent Moon

Judaism

• Key Beliefs = monotheism, follow teachings of Hebrew Bible (Torah.)

• Locations = Israel, United States

Followers Key Persons Sacred Text Symbol

Jews Abraham, Moses

Torah (Old Test.)

Star of David