horse breeds - volume 1

Horse Breeds - Volume 1

A Wikipedia Compilationby

Michael A. Linton

ContentsArticles

Abtenauer 1Abyssinian horse 2Aegidienberger 3Akhal-Teke 4Albanian horse 12Altai horse 13American Cream Draft 14American Indian horse 18American Paint Horse 20American Quarter Horse 25American Saddlebred 33American Warmblood 39Andalusian horse 41Andravida horse 51Anglo-Arabian 52Anglo-Kabarda 54Appaloosa 56AraAppaloosa 68Arabian horse 70Ardennes horse 97Arenberg-Nordkirchen 100Asturcón 101Percheron 102Australian Draught Horse 109Australian Stock Horse 111Austrian Warmblood 114Auvergne horse 117Auxois 119Azerbaijan horse 124Azteca horse 126Baise horse 129Balearic horse 130Balikun horse 131Baluchi horse 132

Ban'ei 133Banker horse 137Barb horse 143Bardigiano 146Basque mountain horse 148Bavarian Warmblood 149Belgian horse 152Belgian Warmblood 155Black Forest Horse 159Blazer horse 160Boulonnais horse 161Brandenburger 166Brazilian Sport Horse 168Breton horse 169Brumby 173Budyonny horse 181Burguete horse 183Byelorussian Harness (horse) 184Calabrese horse 185Camargue horse 186Camarillo White Horse 190Campolina 193Canadian horse 197Carolina Marsh Tacky 202Caspian horse 205Castillonnais 210Catria horse 213Cavallo Romano della Maremma Laziale 214Chilean horse 216Choctaw horse 219Cleveland Bay 220Clydesdale horse 226Colorado Ranger 231Coldblood trotter 234Comtois horse 236Costa Rican Saddle Horse 238Criollo horse 239Croatian Coldblood 242

Cuban Criollo horse 244Cumberland Island horse 246Curly Horse 249Czech warm blood 252

ReferencesArticle Sources and Contributors 254Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 258

Article LicensesLicense 263

Abtenauer 1

Abtenauer

Abtenauer

Distinguishing features Small draft breed

Country of origin Austria

Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

The Abtenauer is a rare draft horse breed. It is the smallest variant of the Noriker horse, but is very strong despite itssmall size. Bred in the isolated valley of Abtenau, south of Salzburg in Austria, it is a consolidated population initself.[1]

CharacteristicsThe Abtenauer has a quiet, willing disposition and stands between 14.3 to 15 hands high. Of lighter bone than theNoriker, the Abtenauer breeds true to type and is well adapted to the poor soil on which it lives.The breed is known for its easy, flowing trotting action. The Abtenauer is elegantly built with a well-shaped headand strong legs. Abtenauers are usually black, chestnut, or blue roan; black is the most common color but all colorsare accepted, except leopard spotting.Mares and foals spend the summers in pasture high in the mountains and are fed salt once a week to prevent themfrom becoming feral. They spend the summer freely roaming the alpine meadows with cattle. Often foals are bornwith peculiar curly coats that are lost when the baby hair is shed.

UsesBecause of its agility and good sense of balance, this breed is valuable for work in mountain forests.[2]

References[1] Hendricks, B: International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds, page 3. University of Oklahoma Press : Norman and London, 1995[2] Hendricks, B: International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds, page 3. University of Oklahoma Press : Norman and London, 1995

Abyssinian horse 2

Abyssinian horse

Abyssinian

Image from C.G.Wrangel: Die Rassen des Pferdes

Country of origin Ethiopia


The Abyssinian is a light horse breed that originated in Ethiopia.

CharacteristicsThey generally stand around 13.3 hands high but show wide variability in coloration, size and conformation.The breed's coat is generally short and harsh, but unique in that it displays many 'rosettes' and ridges, and alsogenerally grows a moustache around its nose. Many breeders, especially those in England, have worked to improvethis rosette pattern. Because the hair grows in so many directions, it can be hard to brush, and great care must betaken to keep the coat clean and free of dirt. Most are green eyed, due to uncommon genes.

Breed historyThe Abyssinian has spread from Ethiopia along the coastline of the Red Sea. The breed was first exported toEngland in 1861. Abyssinian horses also live in Sudan.

UsesDespite its small size, the Abyssinian has been bred for strength and for the ability to live and work in mountainousareas.[1]

References[1] "The Abyssnian Horse, Ethiopian/Gala." (http:/ / horsecare. stablemade. com/ _articles/ abyssinian. htm) Accessed December 20. 2007

External links• Abyssinian (http:/ / cowboyfrank. net/ fortvalley/ breeds/ Abyssinian. htm)

Aegidienberger 3

Aegidienberger

Aegidienberger

Aegidienberger horse

Distinguishing features Small, gaited horse.

Country of origin Germany


The Aegidienberger is a small gaited riding horse from Germany. Like the Icelandic horse, it can naturally performa gait known as the tölt. They were developed in Aegidienberg and first recognized as a breed in 1994.[1][2]

The Aegidienberger is a cross between the Peruvian Paso and the Icelandic horse, created to produce a horse that waslarger than the Icelandic, but still small and hardy enough to navigate difficult terrain. They generally stand between13 and 15 hands high. All colors are permitted for this breed.There have never been more than 100 members of this breed at any one time, and the breed numbers have been indecline since the inception of the stud book.[3]

Breeding methodThe first generation, generation F1, was born after crossbreeding a pure Peruvian Paso stallion with a pure Icelandicmare. The F1 generation was than crossbred with a pure Icelandic horse, this resulted in the R1 generation. Finallythe generations F1 and R1 were crossed and the modern Aegidienberger was born: a 5/8 crossbreed betweenIcelandic horse and Peruvian Paso, with 5/8 Icelandic blood and 3/8 Peruvian blood.[4]

References[1] Gestüt Aegidienberg (http:/ / www. aegidienberger. de/ ), updated 27 March 2007[2] "Horse Breeds A to Z: The Aegidienberger" (http:/ / www. askthefarrier. com/ horse-breeds-a-to-z-the-aegidienberger/ ). Ask the Farrier.

Accessed 5/5/08.[3] "Aegidienberger/Germany" (http:/ / dad. fao. org/ cgi-bin/ EfabisWeb. cgi?sid=-1,reportsreport8a_50008301) DAD-IS. Accessed 5/5/08.[4] Aegidienberger (http:/ / www. aegidienberger. de/ aegidienberger/ index. html/ ), Gestüt Aegidienberg, archived (http:/ / web. archive. org/

web/ 20060719150948/ http:/ / www. aegidienberger. de/ aegidienberger/ index. html) at the Internet Archive, 19 July 2006

Aegidienberger 4

External links• http:/ / dad. fao. org/ cgi-bin/ EfabisWeb. cgi?sid=-1,reportsreport8a_50008301• http:/ / www. aegidienberger. de/

Akhal-Teke

Akhal-Teke

Akhal-Teke

Distinguishing features Riding horse bred for endurance; noted for 'metallic' coat of some individuals

Country of origin Turkmenistan

Breed standards

Akhal-Teke Association of America Breed standards [1]

International Association of Akhal-Teke Breeding (MAAK) Breed standards [2]


The Akhal-Teke (/ˌækəlˈtɛk/ or /ˌækəlˈtɛki/; from Turkmen Ahalteke, [ahalˈteke]) is a horse breed fromTurkmenistan, where they are a national emblem. They have a reputation for speed and endurance, intelligence, anda distinctive metallic sheen. The shiny coat of palominos and buckskins led to their nickname "Golden Horses".[3]

These horses are adapted to severe climatic conditions and are thought to be one of the oldest extant horse breeds.[4]

There are currently about 6,600 Akhal-Tekes in the world, mostly in Turkmenistan and Russia, although they arealso found throughout Europe and North America.[5]

There are several theories regarding the original ancestry of the Akhal-Teke, some dating back thousands of years.The tribes of Turkmenistan selectively bred the horses, recording their pedigrees orally and using them for raiding.The breed was used in the losing fight against the Russian Empire, and was subsumed into the Empire along with itscountry. The Akhal-Teke has influenced many other breeds, including several Russian breeds. There has also beensome crossbreeding with the Thoroughbred to create a fast, long-distance racehorse, but the resulting horses did nothave the endurance of the purebred Akhal-Teke. The studbook was closed in 1932 [6] The Russians printed the firststud book for the breed in 1941, including over 700 horses.

Akhal-Teke 5

Breed characteristics

An Akhal Teke stallion

The Akhal-Teke typically stands between 14.2 and 16 hands (58 and64 inches, 147 and 163 cm). These horses are well known for thoseindividuals who have a golden buckskin or palomino color, a result ofthe cream gene, a dilution gene that also produces the perlino andcremello colors. A number of other colors are recognized, includingbay, black, chestnut, and grey. Aficionados of the breed claim that thecolor pattern served as camouflage in the desert. Many Akhal-Tekeshave a natural metallic sheen to their coat, particularly noticeable inthose with cream gene colors. Akhal-Tekes are not thought to carry thedun gene or roan gene.

Perlino Akhal -Teke. Many members of thisbreed carry a gene for the cream dilution.

The Akhal-Teke has a refined head with predominantly a straight orslightly convex profile, and long ears. It can also have almond-shapedor "hooded" eyes.[7] The mane and tail are usually sparse. The longback is lightly muscled, and is coupled to a flat croup and long, uprightneck. The Akhal-Teke possess sloping shoulders and thin skin. Thesehorses have strong, tough, but fine limbs. They have a rather slim bodyand ribcage (like an equine version of the greyhound), with a deepchest. The conformation is typical of horses bred for endurance overdistance. The Akhal-Tekes are lively and alert, with a reputation forbonding to only one person.

The breed is tough and resilient, having adapted to the harshness ofTurkmenistan lands, where horses must live without much food or water. This has also made the horses good forsport. The breed is known for its endurance,[8] as shown in 1935 when a group of Turkmen riders rode the 2500miles from Ashgabat to Moscow in 84 days, including a three-day crossing of 235 miles of desert without water.[9]

The Akhal-Teke is also known for its form and grace as a show jumper.

The quality of the Akhal Teke horses are determined by the studbook manager. Depending on type, conformation,pedigree, quality of offspring and achievement in sport, the horses are designated as either Elite or Class I or ClassII.[10] There are usually 2 annual grading events in Moscow, Russia called the "International Sport Meeting andWorld Championship “Heavenly Argamak”" and "Golden Akhal-Teke Cup Shael" where breeders present their besthorses to a group of judges. At the World Championship a group of judges evaluate the horses in age and gendercategories as well as in various sport disciplines and a halter class.

Akhal-Teke 6

History

1848 French image of a "Turkmene" horse

The ancestors of the breed may date back to animals living 3,000 yearsago, known by a number of names, but most often as the Nisean horse.The precise ancestry is difficult to trace, however, because prior toabout 1600 AD, horse breeds in the modern sense did not exist; rather,horses were identified by local strain or type.

According to one theory of origin, the Akhal-Teke were kept hidden bytribesmen in the area where the breed first appeared, the Turkmenistandesert Kara Kum, which is a rocky, flat desert surrounded bymountains. Others claim that the horses are descendants of the mountsof Mongol raiders of the thirteenth and fourteenth century.

The breed is very similar to, and possibly the direct descendant of the Turkoman horse, a breed believed to beextinct, though a related strain may be bred today in Iran. Other breeds or strains with Turkoman roots also includethe Yomud, Goklan and the Nokhorli.[11] Some historians believe that the two are different strains of the same breed.It is a disputed "chicken or egg" question whether the influential Arabian was either the ancestor of the breed or wasdeveloped out of this breed. But a substantial number of Arabian mares have reportedly been used to improve thebreed in the 14th and 19th century.[12] It is also possible that the so-called "hot blooded" breeds, the Arabian,Turkoman, Akhal-Teke, and the Barb all developed from a single "oriental horse" predecessor.[13]

Akhal-Teke stallion Mele Koush, foaled 1909

Tribal people in what today is Turkmenistan first used the Akhal-Tekefor raiding. The horses were their most treasured possession since theywere crucial for income and survival. They selectively bred theirhorses, keeping records of the pedigrees via an oral tradition. Horseswere managed and trained in very specific ways. Stallions weretethered next to the tent while mares and foals were free to seek forage.The stallions were covered from head to tail with up to seven layers offelt, which kept their coat short and shiny. Before raids they were puton a sparse diet to prepare them for the long ride through the desertwith no water and hardly any feed.[14] The horses were calledArgamaks (divine or Sacred Horses) by the Russians,[15] and werecherished by those who valued their speed and stamina in the desertand loyalty to their owner. Han emperors from China sacrificed armiesto obtain just a few of the precious "Argamaks".[16]

In 1881, Turkmenistan became part of the Russian Empire. The tribesfought with the tsar, eventually losing. In the process, however, the

Russian general Kuropatkin developed a fondness for horses he had seen while fighting the tribesmen, founded abreeding farm after the war and renamed the horses, "Akhal-Tekes", after the Teke Turkmen tribe that lived aroundthe Akhal oasis (near Geok Tepe). The Russians closed the studbook in 1932 which included 287 stallions and 468mares. Stallions are not gelded in Central Asia. The studbook was printed in 1941.

The Akhal-Teke has had influence on many breeds, possibly including the Thoroughbred; the Byerly Turk, whichmay have been Akhal-Teke, an Arabian, or a Turkoman Horse), was one of the three major foundation stallions ofthe breed. Three other stallions thought to be of Turkoman origin, known as the "Lister Turk", the "White Turk", andthe "Yellow Turk" were among a number of minor stallions from the orient who contributed to the foundationbloodstock of the Thoroughbred breed.[17] The Trakehner has also been influenced by the Akhal-Teke, most notablyby the stallion, Turkmen-Atti, as have the Russian breeds Don, Budyonny, Karabair, and Karabakh.

Akhal-Teke 7

The breed suffered greatly when the Soviet Union required horses to be slaughtered for meat, even though localTurkmen refused to eat them. At one point only 1,250 horses remained and export from the Soviet Union wasbanned. The government of Turkmenistan now uses the horses as diplomatic presents as well as auctioning a few toraise money for improved horse breeding programs.[18]

In the early twentieth century, crossbreeding between the Thoroughbred and the Akhal-Teke took place, aiming tocreate a faster long-distance racehorse. The Anglo Akhal-Tekes were not so resilient however, as their Akhal-Tekeancestors, and many died due to the harsh conditions of Central Asia. After the 2,600 mile endurance race fromAshkabad to Moscow in 1935, when the purebreds finished in much better condition than the part-breds, thestudbook management decided to consider all crossbred horses born after 1936, as not purebred. Horses with EnglishThoroughbred ancestors born prior to that date were allowed to remain inside the studbook (e.g. 044 Tillyakush,grandson of Thoroughbred Burlak, 831 Makh, granddaughter of Thoroughbred Blondelli andgreat-great-granddaughter of Thoroughbred Junak, and line founder 9 Ak Belek, a direct descendent in the male lineof the Thoroughbred stallion Fortingbrass). Since 1973, all foals must be blood typed to be accepted in the stud bookin order to protect the integrity of the breed. From 2014 on, a DNA test based on hair follicles is sufficient if theDNA of the parents is on file.[19] A stallion not producing the right type of horse may be removed. Nowadays,artificial insemination is allowed as well as embryo transfer. The surrogate mother, however, needs to be a purebloodAkhal Teke mare for the foal to be registered in the General Studbook as a pureblood Akhal Teke.

TurkmenistanTurkmenistan has a separate agency, Turkmen Atlary, responsible for the breeding, training and maintenance ofAkhal-Teke horses.[20] However, the agency's work has been the focus of criticism from the President of the country,who holds the agency responsible for decreasing numbers of horses and inadequate facilities for their breeding,training and management.[21] At present Akhal-Teke horses in Turkmenistan are not registered with any otherstudbook. The main reason for this are allegations of a heavy infusion of Thoroughbred blood into the breed to createfaster horses for racing in Turkenistan. There are estimates that as many as 30% of the horses in the Ashgabathippodrome were not purebred.[22] This may have also been a main reason for the fabricated charges against the firsthorse minister of Turkmenistan, Geldy Kyarizov, who tried to avoid and remedy the secretive outcrossing and foundhimself in severe opposition to fellow breeders.[]

Turkmen Atlary, in its capacity as the administrative arm of the International Akhal-Teke Horse Association, hosts ameeting of the association once or twice a year upon invitation in Ashgabat. Most of the bigger breeding farms andnational Akhal Teke associations as well as Akhal Teke owners and representatives of the horse industry fromaround the world attend.[23][24] There is a horse racing organization called "Galkinysh" .[25] In Ashgabat, theAhalteke equestrian complex,[26] one of the largest in Central Asia, is a horse-breeding center. The formerAkhal-Teke horse Holiday, celebrated on the last Sunday in April, has been renamed 'Turkmen Horse Day'[27][28]

Akhal-Teke 8

Uses

Akhal-Teke under saddle

Free jumping Akhal-Teke

The Akhal-Teke, due to its natural athleticism, can be a sport horse,good at dressage, show jumping, eventing, racing, and enduranceriding. A noted example was the Akhal-Teke stallion, Absent, who wonthe Grand Prix de Dressage at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome,while being ridden by Sergei Filatov. He went again with Filatov towin the bronze individual medal in Tokyo in the 1964 SummerOlympics, and won the Soviet team gold medal under Ivan Kalita atthe 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City.[29] Other notableAkhal-Tekes include the 1986 winner of the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe,Dancing Brave.

Breeders

The horse Yanardag [30] of the first president ofTurkmenistan Saparmurat Niyazov on the arms of

Turkmenistan

Akhal-Teke horses are bred all over the world. In addition to theirmotherland there are breeders in Russia and Central Asia, in Germanyand other European countries and USA, Uruguay and Australia.[31]

Genetic diseases

There are several genetic diseases of concern to Akhal-Teke breeders.The genetic diversity of the breed is relatively low with an AVK(Ancestor Loss Coefficient [32]) of 30-50%,Wikipedia:Disputedstatement which raises concerns for dealing with an increase in carriersof these conditions, and even some risk of inbreedingdepression.Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources To date, there are noDNA tests for these conditions.

• Naked Foal Syndrome or Hairless Foal Syndrome is most likely anautosomal, lethal recessive gene, though the exact inheritancepattern has not yet been verified. It appears to be similar in clinical signs, though not identical to, junctionalepidermolysis bullosa (JEB) found in the Belgian horse and another condition of a similar nature identified in theAmerican Saddlebred. The defect causes foals to be born without any hair coat, mane or tail. In some cases, the

front teeth are in at birth or molars grow abnormally from normal jaws. Other symptoms include persistent diarrhea, frequent digestive disorders, and laminitis-like, treatment-resistant rotation of the coffin bones in the

Akhal-Teke 9

hooves. Due the lack of normal skin protection, secondary symptoms include scaly, dry, and inflamed skin, aswell as severe cases of sunburn in summer, and frequent pulmonary infections during winter. NFS is always fatal,most foals die within weeks of birth, although some horses have survived up to the age of two years. Early demiseis usually caused by digestive problems, whereas older horses need to be humanely euthanized because of severelaminitis-induced pain. Cases were recorded within the Akhal-Teke breed as early as 1938. Some 35 carriers havebeen ascertained,Wikipedia:Disputed statement including 943 Arslan, 736 Keymir, 2001 Mariula, or 1054Gilkuyruk, but the estimated number of unknown cases is likely higher, as several Russian and Turkmenianbreeders have acknowledged that NFS foals are often just reported as stillborn or aborted.[33][34]

• Hereditary cryptorchidism exists within the Akhal-Teke breed and affected stallions can be traced throughmultiple generations. The influential foundation sire, 2a Boinou was a cryptorchid according to experts of thebreed. Other verified cryptorchids include 779 Peren, 1248 Orlan, 971 Khalif, Sayvan, Saburbek, and Garayusup.1069 Kortik produced a cryptorchid. Unlike many European and North American breed organisations, neitherRussia nor Turkmenistan bar cryptorchids from breeding. Cryptorchidism is said to be related to health andbehavior problems. Affected horses are more expensive to castrate. There are no studbook regulations related tothe use of cryptorchid stallions. Breeders balance the risk of cryptorchidism against propagating other desirablequalities. Some national Akhal Teke associations, however, ban Cryptorchidism from breeding.

• The Akhal-Teke is one of many light riding horse breeds that may be prone to cervical vertebral malformation(CVM), commonly called Wobbler syndrome, and to Degenerative suspensory ligament desmitis (DSLD). Theseconditions are seen in a number of other breeds, including the Thoroughbred. There is likely a genetic componentto Wobbler's, but the mechanism has not been clearly identified. There also is a possible connection toOsteochondritis dissecans (OCD).

OthersAkhal-Teke is presented in the official coat of arms and banknotes of Turkmenistan, as well as on stamps of both theTurkmenistan and other countries.

Akhal-Teke horse in [[postage stamps]] and [[Currency|bank notes]]

Azerbaijan (1993) Azerbaijan (1997) Kazakhstan (2002) USSR(1968)

Turkmenistan(1992)

Turkmenistan(2001):Miniature

sheet

Turkmenistan2001):Miniature

sheet

Turkmen manat

Akhal-Teke 10

MonumentsIn different cities of Turkmenistan are monuments to the Akhal-Teke.[35] The largest number of sculptures located inAshgabat.

Monument in Ashgabat Monument in International Equestrian Sports Complex

References[1] http:/ / www. akhal-teke. org/ breed-standard. html[2] http:/ / www. maakcenter. org/ ENG/ BREED/ grading. html[3] Metallic Sheen as Observed in Individuals of the Akhal-Teke Breed (http:/ / www. cgakhaltekes. com/ index_files/ Page2110. htm); By

Danielle Westfall, Zoology major, Ohio Wesleyan University[4] Cieslak, Michael, et al. "Origin and history of mitochondrial DNA lineages in domestic horses." (http:/ / www. plosone. org/ article/ info:doi/

10. 1371/ journal. pone. 0015311) PLoS One 5.12 (2010): e15311. "Eleven out of these 39 haplotypes were lineages that were confined to asingle primitive breed (B/Arabian; D2d/Cheju; G1/Akhal Teke; H/Garrano; H1/Marismeno; H1a/Lusitano; K2b1/Sicilian Oriental Purebred;K3b/ Yakut; X1/Pottoka; X2a/Debao; X3c/Lusitano; X5/Fulani). "

[5] 01.10.2012, 1st Report from WATO President Christoph Vogel (http:/ / www. shael-teke. ru/ en/ publications/ 30/ ), The breed of Akhal-Tekeis facing a crisis: "In her world census for 2012, Jessica Eile-Keith estimated a world population of about 6’600 Akhal-Teke: Turkmenistan ±3’000, Russia ± 1’600, Central Asia ± 300, USA ± 450, Western Europe ±1’300. With a total of 6’600 Akhal-Teke, one or two specialisationwould be justifiable."

[6] International Association of Akhal-Teke Breeding (MAAK); OPEN LETTER TO MAAK MEMBERS. Subject: Akhal-Teke studbook (http:// www. maakcenter. org/ ENG/ announce. html)

[7] Breed Standard (http:/ / www. akhal-teke. org/ breed-standard. html), Akhal-Teke Association of America[8][8] Leisson, K., et al. "Myosin heavy chain pattern in the Akhal-Teke horses." animal 5.5 (2010): 658.[9] VIDEO: Amazing equine trek from Ashkhabad to Moscow in 84 days over 4,300km (http:/ / www. youtube. com/ watch?v=cCLIu31HXSE)[10] Grading Rules for Purebred Akhal-Teke Horses: http:/ / www. maakcenter. org/ ENG/ BREED/ grading. html[11] A Look at the Turkoman Horse in Iran (http:/ / www. museumofthehorse. org/ journal/ a-look-at-the-turkoman-horse-in-iran/ )[12] Moser, Henri. À travers l'Asie Centrale. — Paris : E. Plon, Nourrit ..., 1886. — 463 p. incl. front. : ill., plates, ports., fold. map. page 320

http:/ / www. columbia. edu/ cu/ lweb/ digital/ collections/ cul/ texts/ ldpd_6345164_000/ pages/ ldpd_6345164_000_00000360. html[13] Firouz, L. "The original ancestors of the Turkoman, Caspian horses." Proc. 1st Int. Conference on Turkoman Horse, Ashgabad,

Turkmenistan, May. 1998. http:/ / www. endangeredequines. com/ archivesdocuments/ 1998. pdf[14][14] À travers l'Asie Centrale: la Steppe kirghize, le Turkestan russe, Boukhara, Khiva, le pays des Turcomans et la Perse, impressions de

voyage; Author: Henri Moser; Publisher: Plon, 1885; pp. 321-322 in Original from Princeton University; Digitized Jun 2, 2009; Length 463pages

[15] Khiva and Turkestan (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=v3cEAAAAYAAJ& printsec=frontcover& source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=snippet& q=argamaks& f=false), translated from Russian by Captain Henry Spalding FRGS, London, Chapman and Hall, 1874, p.216

[16] page 114 in Mirrors of the Unseen: Journeys in Iran By Jason Elliot, 2007: http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=vnnxV3SHHx4C&pg=PA114& dq=china+ turkoman+ horse& hl=en& sa=X& ei=8NgHUrjuDabgyQG69oHoAQ& ved=0CD8Q6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=china%20turkoman%20horse& f=false and The Wars for Blood-Sweat Horses: http:/ / www. ourorient. com/the-wars-for-blood-sweat-horses

[17] Summerhayes, RS, Horses and Ponies, Warne & Co, London & New York, 1948[18] Turkmenistan: Arkadag Rides Again! (http:/ / www. eurasianet. org/ node/ 67086)

Akhal-Teke 11

[19] To register horses in the General Studbook, parentage used to be verified by blood typing. Bloodtyping is becoming obsolete: http:/ / www.akhal-teke. org/ registration. html

[20] official website of Turkmen Atlary, the State Department for horses in Turkmenistan (http:/ / www. turkmenatlary. gov. tm)[21] Turkmenistan’s President Rages at Poor Horse Industry (http:/ / www. eurasianet. org/ node/ 66574)[22] The History of the Akhal-Teke Horses, Yesterday And Today, Retrieved on Feb 21, 2014 (http:/ / www. turanianhorse. org/ yesterday. html)[23] http:/ / thbcc. com/ iatha/ IATHA[24] Turkmenistan: Arkadag’s Day at the Races Redux (http:/ / www. eurasianet. org/ node/ 66992)[25] Heavenly horses canter around ring (http:/ / www. sb. by/ files/ MT/ 12/ N46/ 10. pdf)[26] Президент Туркменистана посетил Ахалтекинский конный комплекс (http:/ / tdh. gov. tm/ ?id=4586)[27] Turkmenistan marks Fair and Conference marking Turkmen Horse Day opened in Ashgabat (http:/ / www. turkmenistan. ru/ en/ articles/

17162. html)[28] Turkmenistan: Land Of The Akhal Teke (http:/ / www. chronofhorse. com/ turkmenistan-akhal-teke?page=3)[29] Olympic Games Medals, Results, Sports, Athletes|Médailles, Résultats, Sports et Athlètes des Jeux Olympiques (http:/ / www. olympic. org/

content/ results-and-medalists/ eventresultpagegeneral/ ?athletename=& country=& sport2=31517& games2=& event2=& mengender=true&womengender=true& mixedgender=true& goldmedal=true& silvermedal=true& bronzemedal=true& worldrecord=false&olympicrecord=false& teamclassification=true& individualclassification=true& winter=true& summer=true& searchpageipp=10&searchpage=3)

[30] Yanardag is visible in the video from ~30 sec onward: http:/ / www. youtube. com/ watch?v=REl9VDNgrs0[31] Breeders from around the world: http:/ / www. akhaltekehorse. org/ links. htm[32][32] AVK is the loss of ancestors of possible ancestors in the pedigree due to some ancestors showing up more than once in the pedigree[33][33] "The Stavropol Sphinx", Akhal Teke Inform 2006[34][34] e.g. "10th Studbook, tome II, page 160": 2860 Mriya, naked foal (dead) b.2000, by 1201 Kavkas, published in 2005 by VNIIK, Ryasan[35] Во славу ахалтекинского коня (http:/ / tdh. gov. tm/ ?id=6765)

External links• The European Akhal-Teke Horse Association (http:/ / www. akhaltekehorse. org/ )• (MAAK) International Association of Akhal-Teke Breeders (http:/ / www. maakcenter. org/ )• Turkmenistan Akhal Teke government website (http:/ / www. ahalteke. gov. tm/ )• Akhal-Teke Association of America (http:/ / www. akhal-teke. org/ )• Akhal-Teke World association (http:/ / www. akhaltekeforsale. com/ akhal-teke_links_association. html/ )• Akhal-Teke Switzerland (http:/ / achal-tekkiner. ch/ )• Czech Akhal Teke Association (http:/ / www. achalteke. cz/ )• The French Akhal-Teke Horse Association (http:/ / www. akhal-teke. fr/ )

Albanian horse 12

Albanian horse

Albanian

Country of origin Albania


The Albanian is a small horse which belongs to the Balkan group. It is reputed to be hardy and very efficient. TheMyzeqea type of Albanian is larger and can grow up to 13.2 hands high, while the Mountain type averages about12.2 to 12.3 hands.[1]

CharacteristicsThere are two types of native Albanian horse, referred to as Mountain and Myzeqea (which refers to the Myzeqeplain). Due to recent interbreeding between the two types, the distinction is becoming less clear. The Myzeqea horseis exceptionally strong for its size and has an easily-ridden ambling gait, making it useful as a long distance horse.Coloring is usually black, chestnut, gray or bay.

TemperamentThe Albanian horse is known for its high energy and endurance as well as sure-footedness, agility, and balancemaking them excellent horses for general riding, transportation, and pack animals.

Breed historyDuring the reign of the Ottoman Empire in Albania, a great deal of Arabian blood influenced the local horses. Theindigenous stock were thought to be various combinations of Tarpan, Turkmenian and Mongolian horse stock.Since 1980, there has been a great increase in the number of horses in Albania. In the early 1990s, measures weretaken to promote and increase the number of Albanian horses and to improve them for agricultural work.The goals of Albanian breeders today are to increase the number of horses and improve their quality. PurebredArabian, Nonius and Haflinger horses are crossed with the Albanian and several improved types are emerging.Nonius horses are bred at the Zootechnic Station at Shkodër, and stallions and mares are distributed to other areas forbreed improvement.The main reason for this crossbreeding is increased size for better agricultural work. The Haflinger pony wasimported from Austria to help improve the working abilities of horses in hilly regions of the country.

UsesAlbanian horses are used as carriage horses and for riding and light draft work.

References[1] Hendricks, Bonnie L. (1995). International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=CdJg3qXssWYC&

pg=PA10), pp 10-11. University of Oklahoma Press.

Altai horse 13

Altai horse

Altai

An Altai with rider

Country of origin Central Asia


The Altai is a horse breed developed in the Altai Mountains of Central Asia.

CharacteristicsThe Altai has a head with a slightly dished profile, set on a relatively short neck. They have a strong back, awell-developed croup, and short cannon bones. They stand an average of 13.2 - 13.3 hands high, and their coatcolors are chestnut, bay, black, gray, and sometimes leopard spotted.Crossing Altais with other breeds usually results in larger, stronger horses that still retain the healthiness and easymanagement of the Altai. In the past, the Altai has been crossed with Lithuanian, Russian, and Soviet Heavy Drafthorses.

Breed historyThe Altai has been influenced significantly by the harsh climate in which it was developed and the need for survivalon only year-round pasture grazing. They were bred for the characteristics most needed by the mountain tribesmenand nomads, including strong cardiovascular, respiratory, muscular and skeletal systems. They are also surefootedover steep mountain trails.

References

American Cream Draft 14

American Cream Draft

American Cream Draft

American Cream Draft Horses in Minnesota State Fair Parade

Distinguishing features Cream color, medium-heavy build

Country of origin United States

Breed standards

American Cream Draft Association Breed standards [1]


The American Cream Draft is a rare draft horse breed, the only such breed developed in the United States that isstill in existence. It is recognized by its cream color, known as "gold champagne", produced by the action of thechampagne gene upon a chestnut base color, and by its amber eyes, also characteristic of the gene; the only othercolor found in the breed is chestnut. Like several other breeds of draft horses, the American Cream is at risk for theautosomal recessive genetic disease junctional epidermolysis bullosa.The breed was developed in Iowa during the early 20th century, beginning with a cream-colored mare named OldGranny. The Great Depression threatened the breed's existence, but several breeders worked to improve the colorand type of the breed, and in 1944 a breed registry was formed. The mechanization of farming in the mid-20thcentury led to a decrease in the breed's population and the registry became inactive for several decades. It wasreactivated in 1982 and population numbers have slowly grown since then. However, population numbers are stillconsidered critical by The Livestock Conservancy and the Equus Survival Trust.

CharacteristicsAmerican Creams have refined heads, with flat facial profiles that are neither concave nor convex. They have widechests, sloping shoulders and short, strong backs. Their ribs are well sprung, and they are short-coupled withwell-muscled hindquarters and with strong well-proportioned legs set well apart. They are sure-footed with stronghooves, and their movement is free and easy. According to enthusiasts, the breed has a calm, willing temperament,particularly suited for owners who are new to handling draft horses. Mares stand 15–16 hands (60–64 inches,152–163 cm) high and weigh 1,500–1,600 pounds (680–730 kg), while stallions and geldings stand 16–16.3 hands(64–67 inches, 163–170 cm) and weigh 1,800 pounds (820 kg) or more.The ideal coat color for the breed is a medium cream with pink skin, amber eyes and a white mane and tail. The characteristic cream color of the breed is produced by the champagne gene. Recognized colors include light, medium and dark cream, with amber or hazel eyes. A cream mare with dark skin and a light mane and tail may be accepted


by the registry as foundation stock, while stallions must have pink skin and white manes and tails to be registered.Purebred American Cream foals that are too dark to be accepted into the main breed registry may be recorded into anappendix registry. The appendix will also accept half-bred Cream Draft horses crossed with other draft bloodlines ifthey meet certain requirements, and the registry provides an upgrade system that uses appendix horses to strengthengenes, increase breed numbers, and allow more diversified bloodlines.

Color geneticsThe champagne gene produces diluted color, and the gold champagne body color, light skin, light eyes, and ivorymane and tail associated with the American Cream Draft are produced by the action of the champagne gene on achestnut base coat. In the adult horse, the skin is pink with abundant dark freckles or mottling, and the eyes are hazelor amber. The eyes of champagne foals are blue at birth, darkening as they age, and a foal's skin is bright pink. Thebreed registry describes foals' eyes as "almost white", which is consistent with the nature of the champagne blue foaleye, which is creamier than other types of blue eye.

Skin freckling is slightly visible around themuzzle of this resting horse

Champagne is a dominant trait, based on a mutation in the SLC36A1gene. The mapping of the gene was announced in 2008, and theAmerican Cream Draft cross was among the breeds studied. Theauthors of this study noted that it was difficult to distinguish betweenhomozygous and heterozygous animals, thus distinguishing champagnefrom incomplete dominant dilutions such as the cream gene. Howeverthey noted that homozygotes may have less mottling or a slightlylighter hair color than heterozygotes. Anecdotal reports also note milddifferences, including lighter freckling, skin and hair coat, though eyecolor remains the same.

Dark-skinned American Cream Draft horses are actually chestnuts, as the breed is not homozygous for thechampagne gene; only one allele is needed to produce the proper color. Champagne dilutes any base coat color, andin the American Cream Draft, the underlying genetic base color is chestnut. As of 2003, scientists have not found thebreed to carry the cream gene, even though breeders refer to the desired color as "cream". The American CreamDraft is never cremello or white, and though the gold coat color with a white mane and tail resembles palomino, thebreed's defining characteristics are the result of the champagne gene.

Junctional epidermolysis bullosaThe autosomal recessive genetic disease junctional epidermolysis bullosa (JEB) has been found in some AmericanCream Drafts. This is a lethal genetic disorder that causes newborn foals to lose large areas of skin and have otherabnormalities, normally leading to euthanasia of the animal. It is most commonly associated with Belgian horses, butis also found in other draft breeds. A DNA test was developed in 2002, and JEB can be avoided as long as twocarriers are not bred to one another. The American Cream registry states that it has "been pro-active in testing itsregistered animals since JEB was discovered".


Breed history

Head and shoulders of an American Cream

The American Cream is the only breed of draft horse developed in theUnited States that is still in existence today. The breed descends from afoundation mare named Old Granny. She was probably foaled between1900 and 1905, and was first noticed at an auction in Story County,Iowa, in 1911 and purchased by Harry Lakin, a well known stockdealer. She was eventually sold to Nelson Brothers Farm in Jewell,Iowa. Her breeding is not known, but she was cream-colored and manyof her foals were as well; they sold for above-average prices because oftheir color. Her cream-colored coat, pink skin and amber eyes aredefining standards for the breed, and the color is now known as goldchampagne. In 1946, two years after the breed registry was formed, 98percent of the horses registered could be traced back to Old Granny.

In 1920, a colt of Old Granny's named Nelson's Buck No. 2 impressed veterinarian Eric Christian to the point thatChristian asked the Nelsons not to geld him. They agreed to let him remain a stallion, and he sired severalcream-colored foals, though only one was registered: a colt named Yancy No. 3, whose dam was a black mare ofPercheron breeding. Yancy sired Knox 1st, born in 1926 to an unregistered bay mare of mixed Shire ancestry. Fromthis sire line, in 1931, a great-great-grandson of Nelson's Buck was born, named Silver Lace No. 9. Silver Lace wasto become one of the most influential stallions of the American Cream breed. His dam was a Belgian mare with lightchestnut coloring, and she is credited with Silver Lace's size – at 2,230 pounds (1,010 kg) he weighed considerablymore than most of his bloodline. Silver Lace quickly became a popular stallion in Iowa. However, stallions standingfor public stud service in Iowa were required to be registered with the Iowa Department of Agriculture, and thisagency only allowed horses of recognized breeds. As Silver Lace was not registered with any breed registry, hisowners created a breeding syndicate, and mare owners who bought shares in the "Silver Lace Horse Company" couldbreed their mares to him. However, his main breeding career coincided with the economic struggles of the GreatDepression, and Silver Lace was at one point hidden in a neighbor's barn to prevent his sale at auction. Anothersignificant foundation stallion was Ead's Captain, whose bloodlines appear in about one-third of all American CreamDrafts.Around 1935, despite the Depression, a few breeders started to linebreed and inbreed cream-colored horses to fixtheir color and type. In particular, C.T. Rierson began buying cream-colored mares sired by Silver Lace anddeveloping the American Cream breed in earnest. In 1944, a breed association, the American Cream Association,was formed by 20 owners and breeders and granted a corporate charter in the state of Iowa. In 1950, the breed wasfinally recognized by the Iowa Department of Agriculture, based on a 1948 recommendation by the National StallionEnrollment Board.The mechanization of farming in the mid-20th century led to a decrease in the overall draft horse population, andwith Rierson's death in 1957, American Cream Draft numbers began to decline. By the late 1950s there were only200 living American Creams registered, owned by only 41 breeders. The registry became inactive until 1982, whenthree families who had retained their herds reactivated and reorganized the registry. In 1994, the organizationofficially changed its name to the American Cream Draft Horse Association (ACDHA).


1990s to the presentIn 1982, owners began blood-typing their horses, and by 1990, genetic testing found that "compared with other draftbreeds and based upon gene marker data, the Creams form a distinct group within the draft horses." The AmericanCream Draft was found to have a genetic relationship with the Belgian breed that was no closer than the ones it hadwith the Percheron, Suffolk Punch and Haflinger breeds. Registry records dating to the early 20th century show nobloodlines other than draft breeding. As of 2000 there were 222 registered horses, a number that increased to 350 asof 2004. Of these, 40 were "tracking horses" – either purebred American Creams that did not meet colorrequirements or crossbred horses that mix American Cream and other draft blood, but still meet the physicalrequirements for the registry. These tracking horses are allowed by certain regulations to be used as breeding stock,with the resulting foals able to be registered as purebred American Creams. Around 30 new horses are registeredeach year. The Livestock Conservancy considers the breed to be at "critical" status, meaning that the estimatedglobal population of the breed is less than 2,000 and there are less than 200 registrations annually in the US. TheEquus Survival Trust also considers the population to be "critical", meaning that there are between 100 and 300active adult breeding mares in existence today. To help replenish numbers, the ACDHA has developed regulations topermit foals to be registered when produced via methods such as artificial insemination and embryo transfer. Carefuluse of the appendix registry also allows numbers to increase.The American Creams that live in Colonial Williamsburg have been called "the most famous of all American CreamDraft horses". In the village they are used for wagon and carriage rides, and as of 2006 there is a breeding programrun by Colonial Williamsburg that is working to increase breed numbers.

References[1] http:/ / www. acdha. net

External links• American Cream Draft Horse Association (http:/ / www. acdha. net/ )

American Indian horse 18

American Indian horse

American Indian Horse

Country of origin North America

Breed standards

American Indian Horse Registry Breed standards [1]


The American Indian Horse is any horse of Spanish origin that has evolved to adapt to a particular environmentwithin North America, with or without breeding from humans. The title American Indian Horse does not refer to onespecific breed; rather, it applies to any breed that has proved itself capable of withstanding a distinct ecotone,whether it be the high plains of the Midwest or the low swamplands of the South.

HistoryThe diverse nature of the "American Indian horse" results in a range of historical origins. Its earliest origin is fromthe Arabian breed that was imported to Spain, then bred with Barb and Andalusian stock to become the Iberianhorses which were brought over to the Americas by the conquistadors in the 16th century.The American Indian Horse Registry, established in 1961, has created five categories in which to group the horse:• Class A are those with unknown pedigrees, such as Bureau of Land Management horses• Class AA have at least a 50 percent traceable pedigree to distinct American Indian tribe horses•• Class M horses have modern type breed blood, such as Quarter Horse and Appaloosa.•• Class O horses are those horses which follow a distinct bloodline that follows back to specific Indian tribes•• Class P is reserved for ponies of Indian type.

Breed characteristicsThere is no single characteristic typical of this type, because the American Indian Horse Registry has not just onesingle breed or stock but is rather a group that has developed over time in the Americas from Spanish stock. At themost general, the American Indian Horse stands between 13 and 15 hands high and comes in any color from solid tolilac roan or peacock spotted leopard. It does not have small feet in comparison to the body structure, overlymuscled/fat body style of the 'modern' horse breeds or overly straight legs.

American Indian horse 19

References• American Indian Horse Registry [1]

• American Indian Horse [2]

References[1] http:/ / www. indianhorse. com/[2] http:/ / www. redoaktree. org/ indianhorse/ index. htm

American Paint Horse 20

American Paint Horse



Distinguishing features Broad pinto spotting patterns of white and dark hair

Alternative names Paint


Common nicknames Paint

Breed standards

APHA Breed standards [1]


The American Paint Horse is a breed of horse that combines both the conformational characteristics of a westernstock horse with a pinto spotting pattern of white and dark coat colors. Developed from a base of spotted horses withQuarter Horse and Thoroughbred bloodlines, the American Paint Horse Association (APHA) breed registry is nowone of the fastest-growing in North America. The registry allows some non-spotted animals to be registered as "SolidPaint Bred ," and considers the American Paint Horse to be a horse breed with distinct characteristics, not merely acolor breed.

RegistrationThe American Paint Horse's combination of color and conformation has made the American Paint Horse Association(APHA) the second-largest breed registry in the United States.[2] While the colorful coat pattern is essential to theidentity of the breed, American Paint Horses have strict bloodline requirements and a distinctive stock-horse bodytype. To be eligible for registry, a Paint's sire and dam must be registered with the American Paint HorseAssociation, the American Quarter Horse Association, or the Jockey Club (Thoroughbreds). At least one of theparents must be a registered American Paint Horse. There are two categories of registration, regular, for horses withcolor, and solid Paint-bred, for those without color.


Regular APHA registration

A regular registry Paint

In addition to bloodlines, to be eligible for the Regular Registry of theAmerican Paint Horse Association (APHA), the horse must alsoexhibit a "natural paint marking", meaning either a predominant haircoat color with at least one contrasting area of solid white hair of therequired size with some underlying unpigmented skin present on thehorse at the time of its birth. Or, in the case of a predominantly whitehair coat, at least one contrasting area of the required size of coloredhair with some underlying pigmented skin present on the horse.Natural Paint markings usually must cover more than two inches andbe located in certain designated areas of the body.[3]

Solid Paint-Bred

Solid Paint-bred foal. Sire was a sorrel and whitetobiano, dam is a black and white tovero. Foal is

a solid Chestnut.

Solid colored offspring of two registered Paint parents, called "SolidPaint-Breds" or "Breeding Stock Paints," are also eligible forregistration, with certain restrictions.[4] They are able to participate insome recognized Paint breed shows, and there are alternative programsoffered, and many incentive programs within the registry are availableto Solid Paint-bred horses. If a solid-colored horse is bred to a regularregistry Paint horse, it is possible to produce a spotted foal. In somecases, such as the recessive sabino patterns, described below, even asolid colored horse may still carry genes for color. However, in thecase of the dominant tobiano pattern, a Breeding Stock Paint will notcarry these color genes, though it may retain other desirable traits.

Color

A tobiano Paint

Each Paint Horse has a particular combination of white and anothercolor of the equine spectrum. Most common are horses with whitespots combined with black, bay, brown, and chestnut or sorrel. Lesscommon are horses with spot colors influenced by dilution genes suchas palomino, buckskin, cremello, perlino, pearl or "Barlink factor", andchampagne,[5] various shades of roan, or various shades of dun,including grullo.[6] Paints may also carry the gray gene and have spotsthat eventually fade to white hair, though retaining pigmented skinunderneath the areas that were once dark.

Spots can be any shape or size, except leopard complex patterning,which is characteristic of the Appaloosa, and located virtuallyanywhere on the Paint's body. Although Paints come in a variety ofcolors with different markings and different underlying genetics, these are grouped into only four defined coatpatterns: overo (includes frame, splash and sabino), tobiano and tovero and solid.[7]

Breeding Stock Paints can sometimes showcase small color traits, particularly if they carry sabino genetics. Suchtraits include blue eyes, pink skin on lips and nostrils, roan spots, and minimal roaning.


Terms for color patterns defined

An Overo Paint

• Tobiano: The most common spotting pattern, characterized byrounded markings with white legs and white across the backbetween the withers and the dock of the tail, usually arranged ina roughly vertical pattern and more white than dark, with thehead usually dark and with markings like that of a normalhorse. i.e. star, snip, strip, or blaze.

• Overo: A group of spotting patterns characterized by sharp,irregular markings with a horizontal orientation, usually moredark than white, though the face is usually white, sometimeswith blue eyes. The white rarely crosses the back, and the lowerlegs are normally dark. The APHA recognizes three overopatterns:

• Frame: The most familiar overo pattern, the gene for frame has been genetically mapped and in thehomozygous form, results in Lethal White Syndrome (LWS). Visually identified frames have no health defectsconnected to their color, and are characterized by ragged, sharp white patches on the sides of the body, leavinga "frame" of non-white color that typically includes the topline.

• Sabino: Often confused with roan or rabicano, sabino is a slight spotting pattern characterized by high white onlegs, belly spots, white markings on the face extending past the eyes and/or patches of roaning patternsstanding alone or on the edges of white markings.

• Splashed white: The least common spotting pattern, splashed whites typically have blue eyes and crisp,smooth, blocky white markings that almost always include the head and legs. The tail is often white orwhite-tipped, and body markings originate under the belly and extend "upwards".

• Tovero: spotting pattern that is a mix of tobiano and overo coloration, such as blue eyes on a dark head.•• Solid: A horse otherwise eligible for registration as a Paint that does not have any white that constitutes a

recognized spotting pattern.•• "Color": An informal term meaning that the horse has a spotting pattern. (The opposite of "Solid.")•• "Chrome": An informal term of approval used in some geographic regions to describe a particularly flashy

spotting pattern.

Paint or Pinto?The terms "paint" and "pinto" are sometimes both used to describe spotted horses, but in modern use there is a cleardifference between the two terms. A pinto differs from a Paint solely due to bloodlines. A pinto may be of any breedor combination of breeds, though some Pinto registries may have additional restrictions. (Some do not register drafthorses or mules, for example.) For a horse to be registered as an American Paint Horse however, it must haveregistered American Quarter Horse, American Paint Horse, or Thoroughbred parents. Therefore, all Paint horses(except for the small number of "solids" allowed into the Paint registry) could be registered as pintos, but not allpintos qualify to be registered as Paints.


HistoryThe American Paint Horse shares a common ancestry with the American Quarter Horse and the Thoroughbred. Aregistered Paint horse should conform to the same "stock horse" body type desired in Quarter Horses: a muscularanimal that is heavy but not too tall, with a low center of gravity for maneuverability, and powerful hindquarterssuitable for rapid acceleration and sprinting.When the American Quarter Horse Association emerged in 1940 to preserve horses of the "stock" type, it excludedthose with pinto coat patterns and "crop out" horses, those born with white body spots or white above the knees andhocks. Undeterred, fans of colorful stock horses formed a variety of organizations to preserve and promote Painthorses. In 1965 some of these groups merged to form the American Paint Horse Association.

Genetic ProblemsOne medical issue associated with the breed is the genetic disease lethal white syndrome (LWS). Also called OveroLethal White Syndrome (OLWS) or, less often, White Foal Syndrome (WFS), it is linked to a recessive geneassociated with the frame overo pattern. Horses that are heterozygous carriers of the gene do not develop thecondition and are physically healthy. However, when a foal is born that is homozygous for the LWS gene, it shouldbe humanely euthanized shortly after birth, or else will die within a few days from complications involving anunderdeveloped intestinal tract. A DNA test is available for LWS so that horses who are carriers of this gene are notbred to one another. Horses can carry the LWS gene and not visibly exhibit overo coloring; cases have appeared inthe offspring of both tobiano and solid-colored parents, though all cases to date are horses that had overo ancestors.LWS is also not unique to Paint Horses; it can occur in any equine breed where the frame overo coat pattern isfound.Due to the heavy influx of American Quarter Horse breeding, some Paints may also carry genetic disorders such asHyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis (HYPP), Hereditary Equine Regional Dermal Asthenia (HERDA), Equinepolysaccharide storage myopathy (called PSSM - polysaccharide storage myopathy - in Paints, Quarter Horses andAppaloosas), Malignant hyperthermia (MH) and Glycogen Branching Enzyme Deficiency (GBED). The influence ofThoroughbred breeding puts some bloodlines at higher risk for Wobbler's syndrome.

References[1] http:/ / www. apha. com/[2] American Paint Horse Association (http:/ / www. apha. com/ )[3] APHA Color Requirements (http:/ / www. apha. com/ breed/ colorreq. html)[4] Solid Paint-Breds (http:/ / www. apha. com/ breed/ solidpaint-bred. html)[5] (http:/ / www. painthorsejournal. com/ archives/ pdfs/ TrueChampagneOct08. pdf) Stamatelakys, Irene (October 2008). "True Champagne."

Paint Horse Journal.[6] APHA coat colors. (http:/ / www. apha. com/ breed/ coatcolors. html)[7] APHA web site (http:/ / www. apha. com/ breed/ index. html)

• Paul D. Vrotsos RVT and Elizabeth M. Santschi DVM. University of Minnesota Genetics Group. "Stalking theLethal White Syndrome". Paint Horse Journal. July 1998. (http:/ / www. apha. com/ breed/ lethalwhites03. html)

• Bowling, Ann T. "Coat Color Genetics: Positive Horse Identification" (http:/ / www. vgl. ucdavis. edu/ ~lvmillon/coatcolor/ coatclr3. html) from Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University ofCalifornia, Davis. Web site accessed February 9, 2007


External links• American Paint Horse Association (http:/ / www. apha. com/ )• Paint Horse Journal (http:/ / www. painthorsejournal. com/ )• Paint Racing (http:/ / www. paintracing. com/ )• Paint Horse Legends (http:/ / painthorselegends. googlepages. com/ )

American Quarter Horse 25

American Quarter Horse

American Quarter Horse

A palomino American Quarter Horse shown at halter.

Distinguishing features Great sprinting speed over short distances; short, refined head; strong, well-muscled body, featuring a broadchest and powerful, rounded hindquarters

Alternative names Quarter Horse


Common nicknames "America's Horse""World's Fastest Athlete"

Breed standards

American Quarter HorseAssociation

Breed standards [1]


The American Quarter Horse is an American breed of horse that excels at sprinting short distances. Its name camefrom its ability to outdistance other horse breeds in races of a quarter mile or less; some individuals have beenclocked at speeds up to 55 mph (88.5 km/h). The American Quarter Horse is the most popular breed in the UnitedStates today, and the American Quarter Horse Association is the largest breed registry in the world, with more than 5million American Quarter Horses registered.The American Quarter Horse is well known both as a race horse and for its performance in rodeos, horse shows andas a working ranch horse. The compact body of the American Quarter Horse is well-suited to the intricate andspeedy maneuvers required in reining, cutting, working cow horse, barrel racing, calf roping, and other westernriding events, especially those involving live cattle. The American Quarter Horse is also shown in Englishdisciplines, driving, and many other equestrian activities.


Breed history

Colonial eraIn the 17th century, colonists on the eastern seaboard of what today is the United States began to cross importedEnglish Thoroughbred horses with assorted "native" horses such as the Chickasaw horse, which was a breeddeveloped by Native American people from horses descended from Spain, developed from Iberian, Arabian andBarb stock brought to what is now the Southeastern United States by the Conquistadors.[2]

One of the most famous of these early imports was Janus, a Thoroughbred who was the grandson of the GodolphinArabian. He was foaled in 1746, and imported to colonial Virginia in 1756.[3] The influence of Thoroughbreds likeJanus contributed genes crucial to the development of the colonial "Quarter Horse."[4][5] The breed is sometimesreferred to as the "Famous American Quarter Running Horse." The resulting horse was small, hardy, and quick, andwas used as a work horse during the week and a race horse on the weekends.As flat racing became popular with the colonists, the Quarter Horse gained even more popularity as a sprinter overcourses that, by necessity, were shorter than the classic racecourses of England, and were often no more than astraight stretch of road or flat piece of open land. When matched against a Thoroughbred, local sprinters oftenwon.[citation needed] As the Thoroughbred breed became established in America, many colonial Quarter Horses wereincluded in the original American stud books,[] starting a long association between the Thoroughbred breed and whatwould later become officially known as the "Quarter Horse," named after the distance at which it excelled,[citation

needed] with some individuals being clocked at up to 55 mph.

Westward expansionIn the 19th century, pioneers heading West needed a hardy, willing horse. On the Great Plains, settlers encounteredhorses that descended from the Spanish stock Hernán Cortés and other Conquistadors had introduced into theviceroyalty of New Spain, which today includes the Southwestern United States and Mexico. These horses of thewest included herds of feral animals known as Mustangs, as well as horses domesticated by Native Americans,including the Comanche, Shoshoni and Nez Perce tribes.[citation needed] As the colonial Quarter Horse was crossedwith these western horses, the pioneers found that the new crossbred had innate "cow sense," a natural instinct forworking with cattle, making it popular with cattlemen on ranches.[6]

Development as a distinct breed

A photograph of Peter McCue, taken inOklahoma around 1905.

Early foundation sires of Quarter horse type included Steel Dust,foaled 1843; Shiloh (or Old Shiloh), foaled 1844; Old Cold Deck(1862); Lock's Rondo, one of many "Rondo" horses, foaled in 1880;Old Billy—again, one of many "Billy" horses—foaled circa 1880;Traveler, a stallion of unknown breeding, known to have been in Texasby 1889;[7] and Peter McCue, foaled 1895, registered as aThoroughbred but of disputed pedigree.

The main duty of the ranch horse in the American West was workingcattle. Even after the invention of the automobile, horses were stillirreplaceable for handling livestock on the range. Thus, major Texas

cattle ranches, such as the King Ranch, the 6666 (Four Sixes) Ranch, and the Waggoner Ranch played a significantrole in the development of the modern Quarter Horse. The skills needed by cowboys and their horses became thefoundation of the rodeo, a contest which began with informal competition between cowboys and expanded tobecome a major competitive event throughout the west. To this day, the Quarter Horse dominates the sport both inspeed events and in competition that emphasizes the handling of live cattle.[citation needed]


However, sprint races were also popular weekend entertainment and racing became a source of economic gain forbreeders as well. As a result, more Thoroughbred blood was added back into the developing American Quarter Horsebreed. The American Quarter Horse also benefitted from the addition of Arabian, Morgan and even Standardbredbloodlines.[citation needed]

In 1940, the American Quarter Horse Association (AQHA) was formed by a group of horsemen and ranchers fromthe southwestern United States dedicated to preserving the pedigrees of their ranch horses.[8] The horse honored withthe first registration number, P-1, was Wimpy, a descendant of the King Ranch foundation sire Old Sorrel. Othersires alive at the founding of the AQHA were given the earliest registration numbers Joe Reed P-3, Chief P-5,Oklahoma Star P-6, Cowboy P-12, and Waggoner's Rainy Day P-13.[9] The Thoroughbred race horse Three Bars,alive in the early years of the AQHA, is recognized by the American Quarter Horse Hall of Fame as one of thesignificant foundation sires for the Quarter Horse breed. Other significant Thoroughbred sires seen in early AQHApedigrees include Rocket Bar, Top Deck and Depth Charge.[10]

"Appendix" and "Foundation" horsesSince the American Quarter Horse formally established itself as a breed, the AQHA stud book has remained open toadditional Thoroughbred blood via a performance standard. An "Appendix" American Quarter Horse is a firstgeneration cross between a registered Thoroughbred and an American Quarter Horse or a cross between a"numbered" American Quarter Horse and an "appendix" American Quarter Horse. The resulting offspring isregistered in the "appendix" of the American Quarter Horse Association's studbook, hence the nickname. Horseslisted in the appendix may be entered in competition, but offspring are not initially eligible for full AQHAregistration. If the Appendix horse meets certain conformational criteria and is shown or raced successfully insanctioned AQHA events, the horse can earn its way from the appendix into the permanent studbook, making itsoffspring eligible for AQHA registrationSince Quarter Horse/Thoroughbred crosses continue to enter the official registry of the American Quarter Horsebreed, this creates a continual gene flow from the Thoroughbred breed into the American Quarter Horse breed,which has altered many of the characteristics that typified the breed in the early years of its formation. Somebreeders, who argue that the continued infusion of Thoroughbred bloodlines is beginning to compromise theintegrity of the breed standard, favor the earlier style of horse, have created several separate organizations to promoteand register "Foundation" Quarter Horses.


Quarter Horses today

The Quarter Horse is well-suited for the westerndisciplines.

The American Quarter Horse is best known today as a show horse, racehorse, reining and cutting horse, rodeo competitor, ranch horse, andall-around family horse. Quarter horses compete well in rodeo eventssuch as barrel racing, calf roping and team roping;[citation needed] andgymkhana or O-Mok-See.[11] Other stock horse events such as cuttingand reining are open to all breeds but also dominated by AmericanQuarter Horse. Large purses allow top competitors to earn over amillion dollars in some of these events.[citation needed]

The breed is not only well-suited for western riding and cattle work.Many race tracks offer Quarter Horses a wide assortment ofpari-mutuel horse racing with purses in the millions.[citation needed]

Quarter Horses have also been trained to compete in dressage and canbe good jumpers. They are also used for recreational trail riding and inmounted police units.

The American Quarter Horse has also been exported worldwide.European nations such as Germany and Italy have imported largenumbers of Quarter Horses. Next to the American Quarter HorseAssociation (which also encompasses Quarter Horses from Canada),the second largest registry of Quarter Horses is in Brazil, followed by Australia.[12] With the internationalization ofthe discipline of reining and its acceptance as one of the official seven events of the World Equestrian Games, thereis a growing international interest in Quarter Horses. Countries like Japan, Switzerland and Israel that did not havetraditional stock horse industries have begun to compete with American Quarter Horses in their own nations andinternationally.[citation needed] The American Quarter Horse is the most popular breed in the United States today, andthe American Quarter Horse Association is the largest breed registry in the world, with over 5 million AmericanQuarter Horses registered worldwide.



A halter-type Quarter Horse

The modern Quarter Horse has a small, short, refined head with astraight profile, and a strong, well-muscled body, featuring a broadchest and powerful, rounded hindquarters. They usually stand between14 and 16 hands high, although some Halter-type and Englishhunter-type horses may grow as tall as 17 hands.[citation needed]

There are two main body types: the stock type and the hunter or racingtype. The stock horse type is shorter, more compact, stocky and wellmuscled, yet agile. The racing and hunter type Quarter Horses aresomewhat taller and smoother muscled than the stock type, moreclosely resembling the Thoroughbred.[citation needed]

Stock type

Reining and cutting horses are smaller in stature, with quick, agilemovements and very powerful hindquarters. Western pleasure showhorses are often slightly taller, with slower movements, smoother gaits,and a somewhat more level topline – though still featuring thepowerful hindquarters characteristic of the Quarter Horse. [citation

needed]

Halter typeHorses shown in-hand in Halter competition are larger yet, with a very heavily muscled appearance, while retainingsmall heads with wide jowls and refined muzzles. There is controversy amongst owners, breeder and veterinariansregarding the health effects of the extreme muscle mass that is currently fashionable in the specialized halter horse,which typically is 15.2 to 16 hands and weighs in at over 1,200 pounds (540 kg) when fitted for halter competition.Not only are there concerns about the weight to frame ratio on the horse's skeletal system, but the massive build isalso linked to HYPP.[citation needed] (See Genetic diseases below))

Racing and hunter type

A quarter horse competing in an open huntershow

Quarter Horse race horses are bred to sprint short distances rangingfrom 220 to 870 yards. Thus, they have long legs and are leaner thantheir stock type counterparts, but are still characterized by muscularhindquarters and powerful legs. Quarter horses race primarily againstother Quarter horses, and their sprinting ability has earned them thenickname, "the world's fastest athlete." The show hunter type isslimmer, even more closely resembling a Thoroughbred, usuallyreflecting a higher percentage of appendix breeding. They are shown inhunter/jumper classes at both breed shows and in open USEF-ratedhorse show competition.[citation needed]


ColorsQuarter Horses come in nearly all colors. The most common color is sorrel, a brownish red, part of the color groupcalled chestnut by most other breed registries. Other recognized colors include bay, black, brown, buckskin,palomino, gray, dun, red dun, grullo (also occasionally referred to as blue dun), red roan, blue roan, bay roan,perlino, cremello, and white. In the past, spotted color patterns were excluded, but now with the advent of DNAtesting to verify parentage, the registry accepts all colors as long as both parents are registered.

Genetic diseasesThere are several genetic diseases of concern to Quarter Horse breeders:• Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (HYPP), which is caused by an autosomal dominant gene linked to the stallion

Impressive. It is characterized by uncontrollable muscle twitching and substantial muscle weakness or paralysisamong affected horses. Because it is a dominant gene, only one parent has to have the gene for it to be transmittedto offspring. There is a DNA test for HYPP, which is required by the AQHA. Since 2007, the AQHA barsregistration of horses who possess the homozygous form (H/H) of the gene,[13] and though heterozygous (H/N)horses, are still eligible for registration, altering that status is currently being discussed. Additionally all QuarterHorses born 2007 or later that are confirmed to be descendants of Impressive must carry a note about the risks ofHYPP on their registration papers. Due to HYPP, the halter classes are undergoing significant changes. Halterclasses are dominated by the Impressive bloodline. Impressive, a very prolific halter horse, brought to the stockbreeds the muscle mass that is popular in halter competition today. This muscle mass is linked to HYPP, and asthe condition is reduced within the breed, the style of horse in halter classes is also likely to change. Already therehave been rule changes, including the creation of a "Performance Halter class" in which a horse must possess aRegister of Merit in performance or racing before it can compete.

• Malignant hyperthermia. A causative mutated allele, ryanodine receptor 1 gene (RyR1) at nucleotide C7360G,generating a R2454G amino acid substitution.[14] has been identified in the American Quarter Horse and breedswith Quarter Horse ancestry, inherited as an autosomal dominant[15][16] It can be caused by overwork, anesthesia,or stress.

• Hereditary Equine Regional Dermal Asthenia (HERDA), also known as hyperelastosis cutis (HC). This is causedby an autosomal recessive gene, and thus, unlike HYPP, HERDA can only be transmitted if both parents carry thegene. When a horse has this disease, there is a collagen defect that results in the layers of skin not being heldfirmly together. Thus, when the horse is ridden under saddle or suffers trauma to the skin, the outer layer oftensplits or separates from the deeper layer, or it can tear off completely. It rarely heals without disfiguring scars.Sunburn can also be a concern. In dramatic cases, the skin can split along the back and even roll down the sides,with the horse literally being skinned alive. Most horses with HERDA are euthanized for humane reasonsbetween the age of two and four years. The very hotly debated and controversial theory, put forth by researchersat Cornell University and Mississippi State University is that the sire line of the great foundation stallion PocoBueno is implicated as the origin of the disease. As of May 9, 2007, Researchers working independently atCornell University and at the University of California, Davis announced that a DNA test for HERDA has beendeveloped. Over 1,500 horses were tested during the development phase of the test, which is now available to thegeneral public through both institutions.[17]

• Glycogen Branching Enzyme Deficiency (GBED) is a genetic disease where the horse is lacking an enzymenecessary for storing glycogen, the horse's heart muscle and skeletal muscles cannot function, leading to rapiddeath. The disease occurs in foals who are homozygous for the lethal GBED allele, meaning both parents carryone copy of the gene. The stallion King P-234 has been linked to this disease. There is a DNA blood test for thisgene.


• Equine polysaccharide storage myopathy, also called EPSM or PSSM, is a metabolic muscular condition inhorses that causes tying up, and is also related to a glycogen storage disorder.[18] While also seen in some drafthorse breeds, PSSM has been traced to three specific but undisclosed bloodlines in Quarter Horses, with anautosomal recessive inheritance pattern. 48% of Quarter Horses with symptoms of neuromuscular disease havePSSM. To some extent it can be diet controlled with specialized low-starch diets, but genetic testing is advisedbefore breeding, as the condition exists at a subclinical level in approximately 6% of the general Quarter Horsepopulation.[19]

• Lethal White Syndrome. Although "cropout" Quarter Horses with Paint markings were not allowed to beregistered for many years, the gene for such markings is a recessive and continued to periodically appear inQuarter Horse foals. Thus, it is believed that some Quarter Horses may carry the gene for Lethal WhiteSyndrome. There is a DNA test for this condition.

Notes[1] http:/ / www. aqha. com/[2] Denhardt Quarter Running Horse pp. 4–8[3] Denhardt Quarter Running Horse pp. 20–32[4] Mackay-Smith Colonial Quarter Race Horse p. 106[5] Mackay-Smith Colonial Quarter Race Horse p. 138[6] Mackay-Smith Colonial Quarter Race Horse p. 193[7] Close, Legends 2: Outstanding Quarter Horse Stallions and Mares.[8] Denhardt Quarter Horse pp. 143–167[9] American Quarter Horse Association Combined Stud Book 1-2-3-4-5 p. 1[10] Wiggins Great American Speedhorse p. 166[11] National Saddle Clubs Association (http:/ / www. omoksee. com/ )[12] The Canadian Quarter Horse Association (http:/ / www. cqha. ca/ )[13] Details on AQHA HYP rules for registration (http:/ / www. aqha. com/ association/ registration/ hypp. html)[14] Malignant Hyperthermia Associated with Ryanodine Receptor 1 (C7360G) Mutation in Quarter Horses - Aleman - 2009 - Journal of

Veterinary Internal Medicine - Wiley Online Librar... (http:/ / onlinelibrary. wiley. com/ doi/ 10. 1111/ j. 1939-1676. 2009. 0274. x/ abstract)[15] http:/ / manc. umd. edu/ Abstracts2010/ LenzHYPP%20abstract. pdf[16] ftp:/ / ftp. aave. inv. org. ar/ IVIS/ aaep/ Equine%20Malignant%20Hyperthermia.pdf[17] Sellnow, " HERDA (http:/ / www. thehorse. com/ viewarticle. aspx?ID=9687)", The Horse Online News[18] Valberg et al., " Exertional rhabdomyolysis in quarter horses and thoroughbreds (http:/ / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/ sites/

entrez?cmd=Retrieve& db=PubMed& list_uids=10659313& dopt=AbstractPlus)", Equine Vet Journal Supplement, pp. 533–38[19] Church, " ACVIM 2006 (http:/ / www. thehorse. com/ ViewArticle. aspx?ID=7628)", The Horse Online News

References• American Quarter Horse Association (1961). Official Stud Book and Registry Combined Books 1-2-3-4-5.

Amarillo, TX: American Quarter Horse Association.• Church, Stephanie L. (2006-09-14). "ACVIM 2006: Prevalence of PSSM in Quarter Horses" (http:/ / www.

thehorse. com/ ViewArticle. aspx?ID=7628). The Horse Online News (# 7628). Archived (http:/ / web. archive.org/ web/ 20080606212010/ http:/ / www. thehorse. com/ ViewArticle. aspx?ID=7628) from the original on 6June 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-12.

• Close, Pat (1994). Legends 2: Outstanding Quarter Horse Stallions and Mares. Colorado Springs: WesternHorseman. ISBN 0-911647-30-9.

• Denhardt, Robert M. (1979). The Quarter Running Horse: America's Oldest Breed. Norman, OK: University ofOklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-1500-9.

• Mackay-Smith, Alexander (1983). The Colonial Quarter Race Horse. Richmond, VA: Whittet & Shepperson.• Sellnow, Les (2007-05-28). "HERDA: DNA Tests Available for Disfiguring Skin Disease" (http:/ / www.

thehorse. com/ viewarticle. aspx?ID=9687). The Horse Online News. Retrieved 2007-05-07.


• Valberg SJ, Mickelson JR, Gallant EM, MacLeay JM, Lentz L, de la Corte F (July 1999). "Exertionalrhabdomyolysis in quarter horses and thoroughbreds: one syndrome, multiple aetiologies". Equine Vet JournalSupplement 30: 533–8. PMID 10659313 (http:/ / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/ pubmed/ 10659313).

• Wiggins, Walt (1978). The Great American Speedhorse: A Guide to Quarter Racing. New York: SovereignBooks. ISBN 0-671-18340-0.

Further reading• Denhardt, Robert Moorman (1997). Foundation Sires of the American Quarter Horse. University of Oklahoma

Press. ISBN 0-8061-2947-6.

External links• American Quarter Horse Association (http:/ / www. aqha. com)• Information about Quarter Horses in Europe (http:/ / www. quarter-horse-europe. net/ )• Quarter Horse in New Caledonia (http:/ / www. membres. lycos. fr/ equitationwestern/ )• Czech Quarter Horse Association (http:/ / www. czqha. cz/ )

American Saddlebred 33

American Saddlebred

American Saddlebred

Distinguishing features High stepping with exaggerated action

Alternative names Saddlebred, American Saddle Horse, American Saddler

Country of origin United States (Kentucky)

Breed standards

American Saddlebred Horse Association Breed standards [1]


The American Saddlebred is a horse breed from the United States. Descended from riding-type horses bred at thetime of the American Revolution, the American Saddlebred includes the Narragansett Pacer, Canadian Pacer,Morgan and Thoroughbred among its ancestors. Developed into its modern type in Kentucky, it was once known asthe "Kentucky Saddler", and used extensively as an officer's mount in the American Civil War. In 1891, a breedregistry was formed in the United States. Throughout the 20th century, the breed's popularity continued to grow inthe United States, and exports began to South Africa and Great Britain. Since the formation of the US registry,almost 250,000 American Saddlebreds have been registered, and can now be found in countries around the world,with separate breed registries established in Great Britain, Australia, continental Europe, and southern Africa.Averaging 15 to 16 hands (60 to 64 inches, 152 to 163 cm) in height Saddlebreds are known for their sense ofpresence and style, as well as for their spirited, yet gentle, temperament. They may be of any color, including pintopatterns, which have been acknowledged in the breed since the late 1800s. They are considered a gaited breed, assome Saddlebreds are bred and trained to perform four-beat ambling gaits, one being a "slow gait" that historicallywas one of three possible ambling patterns, and the much faster rack. The breed does have a hereditarypredisposition to lordosis, a curvature of the spine, as well as occupational predispositions to upper respiratory andlameness issues.Since the mid-1800s, the breed has played a prominent part in the US horse show industry, and is called the"peacock of the horse world". They have attracted the attention of numerous celebrities, who have become breedersand exhibitors, and purebred and partbred American Saddlebreds have appeared in several films, especially duringthe Golden Age of Hollywood. Saddlebreds are mainly known for their performance in the show ring, but can alsobe seen in competition in several other English riding disciplines and combined driving, as well as being used as apleasure riding horse.


Characteristics

High-stepping action is typical of the Saddlebred,as seen in this "five-gaited" horse, performing the

rack.

American Saddlebreds stand 15 to 17 hands (60 to 68 inches, 152 to173 cm) high, averaging 15 to 16 hands (60 to 64 inches, 152 to163 cm), and weigh between 1,000 and 1,200 pounds (450 and540 kg). Members of the breed have well-shaped heads with a straightprofile, long, slim, arched necks, well-defined withers, slopingshoulders, correct leg conformation, and strong level backs withwell-sprung ribs. The croup is level with a high-carried tail.Enthusiasts consider them to be spirited, yet gentle, animals. Any coloris acceptable, but most common are chestnut, bay, brown and black.Some are gray, roan, palomino and pinto. The first-known pintoSaddlebred was a stallion foaled in 1882. In 1884 and 1891, twoadditional pintos, both mares, were foaled. These three horses wererecorded as "spotted", but many other pinto Saddlebreds with minimalmarkings were recorded only by their base color, without making note of their markings. This practice continued intothe 1930s, at which time breeders came to be more accepting of "colored" horses and began recording markings andregistering horses as pinto. The Saddlebred has been called the "world's most beautiful horse" by admirers, and isknown as the "peacock of the horse world". The United States Equestrian Federation (USEF) describes theSaddlebred as follows: "He carries himself with an attitude that is elusive of description—some call it "class",presence, quality, style, or charm. This superior air distinguishes his every movement."

Saddlebreds are popularly known as show horses, with horses being shown saddle seat in both three-gaited andfive-gaited classes. The former are the three common gaits seen in most breeds, the walk, trot and canter. The latterincludes the three regular gaits, plus two four-beat ambling gaits known as the slow gait and the rack. The slow gaittoday is a four-beat gait in which the lateral pairs of legs leave the ground together, but strike the ground at differenttimes, the hind foot connecting slightly before the forefoot. In the show ring, the gait should be performed withrestraint and precision. The rack is also a four-beat gait, but with equal intervals between each footfall, making it asmooth gait to ride. In the show ring, the gait is performed with speed and action, appearing unrestrained.Historically, the slow gait could be either a running walk, the stepping pace, or the fox trot, however, the modernfive-gaited Saddlebred usually performs the stepping pace.Lordosis, also known as swayback, low back or soft back, has been found to have a hereditary basis in Saddlebredsand a recessive mode of inheritance. The precise mutation has not yet been located, but researchers believe it to besomewhere on horse chromosome 20. Researching this condition may help more than just the Saddlebred breed as itmay "serve as a model for investigating congenital skeletal deformities in horses and other species." Due to the headposition common in the show ring, Saddlebreds can have impairments to the upper respiratory system, while theshoeing and movement required of the horses can cause leg and hoof injuries and increased lameness. A swayback ispenalized as a fault at shows, in addition to other conformation flaws.

HistoryThe Saddlebred has origins in the Galloway and Hobby horses of the British Isles, animals sometimes called palfreys, which had ambling gaits and were brought to the United States by early settlers. These animals were further refined in America to become a now-extinct breed called the Narragansett Pacer, a riding and driving breed known for its ambling and pacing gaits. When colonists imported Thoroughbreds to America, beginning in 1706, they were crossed with the Narragansett Pacer, which, combined with massive exports, ultimately led to the extinction of the Narragansett as a purebred breed. To preserve important bloodlines, Canadian Pacers were introduced instead. By the time of the American Revolution, a distinct type of riding horse had developed with the size and quality of the


Thoroughbred, but the ambling gaits and stamina of the Pacer breeds. This animal was called the American Horse.Its existence was first documented in a 1776 letter when an American diplomat wrote to the Continental Congressasking for one to be sent to France as a gift for Marie Antoinette.

19th centuryOther breeds which played a role in the development of the Saddlebred in the 1800s include the Morgan,Standardbred and Hackney. The Canadian Pacer had a particularly significant impact. The breed, originally ofFrench origin, was also influential in the development of the Standardbred and Tennessee Walking Horse. The mostinfluential Canadian Pacer on Saddlebred lines was Tom Hall, a blue roan stallion foaled in 1806. After beingimported to the United States from Canada, he was registered as an American Saddlebred and became the foundationstallion of several Saddlebred lines.

Yearlings at a farm in Kentucky

The American Horse was further refined in Kentucky, where theaddition of more Thoroughbred blood created a taller andbetter-looking horse that became known as the Kentucky Saddler.There were originally seventeen foundation stallions listed by the breedregistry, but by 1908 the registry decided to list only one and theremainder were identified as "Noted Deceased Sires." Today, twofoundation sires of the breed are recognized, both Thoroughbredcrosses. The first was Denmark, son of an imported Thoroughbred,who for many years was the only recognized foundation stallion. Hisson, Gaines' Denmark, was in the pedigrees of over 60 percent of the

horses registered in the first three volumes of the breed's studbook. A second foundation sire was recognized in1991, Harrison Chief. This sire was a descendent of the Thoroughbred Messenger, who is also considered afoundation stallion for the Standardbred breed.

During the American Civil War, American Saddlebreds were commonly used by the military, and known for theirbravery and endurance. Many officers used them as mounts, and included in their numbers are General Lee'sTraveller, General Grant's Cincinnati, General Sherman's Lexington, and General Jackson's Little Sorrell. Othergenerals who used them during the conflict include John Hunt Morgan and Basil W. Duke during his time withMorgan's Raiders. Kentucky Saddlers were used during brutal marches with the latter group, and the historicalrecord suggests that they held up better than horses of other breeds.The American Saddlebred Horse Association was formed in 1891, then called the National Saddle Horse BreedersAssociation (NSHBA). Private individuals had produced studbooks for other breeds, such as the Morgan, as early as1857, but the NSHBA was the first national association for an American-developed breed of horse. A member ofMorgan's Raiders, General John Breckinridge Castleman, was instrumental in forming the NSHBA. In 1899, theorganization name was changed to the American Saddle Horse Breeders Association, clarifying the breed's name asthe "American Saddle Horse," not simply "Saddle Horse."


20th century to present

American Saddlebred mare, circa 1906

After World War I, the American Saddlebred began to be exported toSouth Africa, and it is now the most popular non-racing breed in thatcountry. Saddlebred horse show standards continued to evolve throughthe 1920s, as the popularity of the breed grew. The Saddlebred industryslowed during World War II, but began to grow again post-war, withMexico, Missouri earning the title "Saddle Horse Capital of theWorld". Exports continued, and though attempts to begin a SouthAfrican breed registry had started in 1935, it was not until 1949 thatthe Saddle Horse Breeders' Society of South Africa was formed. The1950s saw continued growth of the Saddlebred breed, and The LemonDrop Kid, a fine harness horse, became the first, and only, Saddlebredto appear on the cover of Sports Illustrated. In the late 1950s, theSaddle Horse Capital became centered in Shelby County, Kentucky,largely due to the success of breeders Charles and Helen Crabtree, thelatter a renowned equitation coach. Although individual Saddlebredshad been exported to Great Britain throughout the breed's history, the first breeding groups were transported there in1966. For the next three decades, enthusiasts worked to establish a breeding and showing platform for the breed inthe UK.

In 1980, the name of the American Saddle Horse Breeder's Association was changed to the American SaddlebredHorse Association (ASHA), membership was opened to non-breeders, and the group began to focus on breedpromotion. In 1985, the ASHA became the first breed registry to have their headquarters at the Kentucky Horse Parkin Lexington, Kentucky. A decade later, in 1995, the United Saddlebred Association – UK was formed to registerSaddlebreds in Great Britain, and acts as the British affiliate of the ASHA. Since the founding of the Americanregistry, almost 250,000 horses have been accepted, with almost 3,000 new foals registered annually. It is the oldeststill-functioning breed registry in the US. Most common in the eastern US, the breed is also found throughout NorthAmerica, Europe, Australia, and in South Africa.Located at the Kentucky Horse Park is the American Saddlebred Museum, which curates a large collection ofSaddlebred-related items and artwork, as well as a 2,500-volume library of breed-related works. There are twomagazines which focus on the American Saddlebred: The National Horseman and Saddle and Bridle.

Saddlebreds exhibited in "three-gaited" classesusually have a "roached" mane and trimmed tail

as shown here

Show ring history

As a show horse, Saddlebreds were exhibited in Kentucky as early as1816, and were a prominent part of the first national horse show in theUnited States, held at the St. Louis Fair in 1856. The Kentucky StateFair began running a World Championship show in 1917, offering a$10,000 prize for the champion five-gaited horse. Also in 1917, theAmerican Horse Shows Association, now the United States EquestrianFederation, formed and began to standardize show formats and rules.In 1957, the American Saddlebred Pleasure Horse Association wasformed to regulate English pleasure classes. Today, the mostprestigious award in the breed industry is the American Saddlebred"Triple Crown": Winning the five-gaited championships at theLexington Junior League horse show, the Kentucky State Fair World's

Championship Horse Show, and American Royal horse show; a feat that has only been accomplished by six horses.


The breed's show history also paralleled major historical developments. Heavyweight boxing champion Joe Louis,who owned and exhibited Saddlebreds into the 1940s, organized the first "All-Negro" horse show in Utica,Michigan, allowing greater opportunities for African-American people to exhibit horses at a time when there wassignificant racial segregation in the United States. Gas shortages in the 1970s and 1980s put pressure on therecreational dollar, and saw the growth of single breed shows at the expense of the multi-breed traditional horseshow. At the beginning of the 21st century, the number of women showing Saddlebreds increased, with femalecompetitors winning several world championships.

Uses

A Saddlebred in harness

Today, the Saddlebred is exhibited in the United States in multipledivisions, including assorted in-hand classes; ridden in saddle seatclasses for three- and five-gaited horses in both Park and pleasureclasses, hunter country pleasure, and western pleasure; plus pleasuredriving, fine harness, roadster harness classes. In five-gaitedcompetition, they are shown with a full tail, often augmented with anartificial switch, and a full mane. Three-gaited horses are shown with ashaved off "roached" mane and with the hair at the top of their tails, anarea called the dock, trimmed short. While use of a set tail in certaintypes of competition was common, today, tailsets are generally notallowed on the show grounds, except for horses in the Park Pleasure division, and horses with unset tails are notpenalized in any division. Gingering is prohibited.

Outside of breed-specific shows, the Saddlebred is also promoted as suitable for competitive trail riding, enduranceriding, dressage, combined driving, eventing, and show jumping. Some Saddlebreds are also suitable for fox hunting,cutting and roping. Because they are so closely affiliated with their traditional show ring competition, they aresometimes mistaken for warmbloods or Thoroughbred crosses when participating in other equine events. They arealso suitable family horses used for trail and pleasure riding and ranch work.


Film and celebrity affiliation

William Shatner on a horse, wearing Saddle seatshow attire, 2011

Many film and television horses of the Golden Age of Hollywood werealso Saddlebreds, including the horses used in lead roles in My FriendFlicka, National Velvet, Fury and one version of Black Beauty. Ahalf-Saddlebred played the lead role in the TV series Mr. Ed, and aSaddlebred was used in a prominent role in Giant. In the 1990s,William Shatner, an actor and Saddlebred breeder, rode one of his ownhorses, a mare named Great Belles of Fire, in his role as James T. Kirkin Star Trek Generations. Numerous other celebrities have beenowners and exhibitors of the breed, including Clark Gable, WillRogers, Joe Louis, and Carson Kressley.

References[1] http:/ / www. asha. net

External links

• American Saddlebred Horse Association (http:/ / www. saddlebred.com/ )

• American Saddlebred Horse Association of Australia (http:/ / www.saddlebredaustralia. org. au/ news. html)

• American Saddlebred Horse Association of Canada (http:/ / www. saddlebredcanada. com/ )• United Saddlebred Association-UK (http:/ / www. american-saddlebred. co. uk/ )• Saddle Horse Breeders' Society of South Africa (http:/ / www. studbook. co. za/ Society/ saddlehorse/ )• ASHA of Scandinavia (http:/ / saddlebred-sweden. com/ index. html)• ASHA of Europe (http:/ / www. american-saddlebred. org/ )• Namibian Saddle Horse Association (http:/ / www. namibiansaddlehorses. com/ )

American Warmblood 39

American Warmblood

American Warmblood

American Warmblood filly, three months old

Distinguishing features Sport horse type, can be any size or color, but are primarily 16-17 hands and solid colored

Country of origin United States of America

Breed standards

American Warmblood Society Breed standards [1]


The American Warmblood is a horse of warmblood type, intended primarily for the traditional sport horsedisciplines of (dressage, show jumping, eventing) and combined driving.

CharacteristicsThe American Warmblood is usually between 15 and 17 hands high and all colors are accepted, though the solidcolors are the most common. Horses of nearly all bloodlines are eligible for registration as American Warmbloods,as long as they are of a sport horse or warmblood type, and are able to meet the appropriate studbook selection orperformance criteria.The emphasis is on the quality of each individual horse, for both registration and breeding approval. Horses whichare 100% hot or cold blooded are not eligible for registration, but may be "Nominated" if they are able to meet theregistry's standards (this would include draft horses, Arabians, and Thoroughbreds).Breeding stock must be approved for breeding through studbook inspection, which requires mares and stallions tomeet even more stringent inspection and/or performance criteria.Horses which fail to meet these criteria may still be issued recording papers, but are not considered registeredAmerican Warmbloods.[]

Breed historyThere are two registries in the United States which recognize American Warmbloods - the American WarmbloodSociety and the American Warmblood Registry, both of which are recognized by the World Breeding Federation forSport Horses (WBFSH).The American Warmblood is more of a "type" than a "breed". Like most of the European warmbloods, the AmericanWarmblood has an "open" book. There is more emphasis on producing quality sport horses, rather than thepreservation of any particular bloodlines, which allows for much diversity in the bloodlines of AmericanWarmbloods.[2][3]

The American Warmblood has been influenced by the European warmbloods, the Thoroughbred and the Arabian, aswell as some draft horse breeds.

American Warmblood 40

References[1] http:/ / www. americanwarmblood. org/ requirements/ index. htm[2] American Warmblood Society (http:/ / www. americanwarmblood. org)[3] Background on American Warmbloods (http:/ / www. americanwarmblood. com/ background. php/ )

• American Warmblood Society (http:/ / www. americanwarmblood. org/ )• American Warmblood Registry (http:/ / www. americanwarmblood. com/ )

Andalusian horse 41

Andalusian horse

Andalusian

Andalusian horse

Distinguishing features Strongly built, compact, elegant, thick mane and tail

Alternative names Spanish Horse, Pura Raza Española

Country of origin Spain, Iberian Peninsula

Common nicknames Horse of Kings

Breed standards

ANCCE Breed standards [1]

IALHA Breed standards [2]

Australasia Andalusian Association Breed standards [3]


The Andalusian, also known as the Pure Spanish Horse or PRE (Pura Raza Española), is a horse breed from theIberian Peninsula, where its ancestors have lived for thousands of years. The Andalusian has been recognized as anindividual breed since the 15th century, and its conformation has changed very little over the centuries. Throughoutits history, it has been known for its prowess as a war horse, and was prized by the nobility. The breed was used as atool of diplomacy by the Spanish government, and kings across Europe rode and owned Spanish horses. During the19th century, warfare, disease and crossbreeding reduced herd numbers dramatically, and despite some recovery inthe late 19th century, the trend continued into the early 20th century. Exports of Andalusians from Spain wererestricted until the 1960s, but the breed has since spread throughout the world, despite their low population. In 2010,there were more than 185,000 registered Andalusians worldwide.Strongly built, and compact yet elegant, Andalusians have long, thick manes and tails. Their most common coat color is gray, although they can be found in many other colors. They are known for their intelligence, sensitivity and docility. A sub-strain within the breed known as the Carthusian, is considered by breeders to be the purest strain of Andalusian, though there is no genetic evidence for this claim. The strain is still considered separate from the main breed however, and is preferred by breeders because buyers pay more for horses of Carthusian bloodlines. There are several competing registries keeping records of horses designated as Andalusian or PRE, but they differ on their definition of the Andalusian and PRE, the purity of various strains of the breed, and the legalities of stud book

Andalusian horse 42

ownership. At least one lawsuit is in progress as of 2011[4], to determine the ownership of the Spanish PRE studbook.The Andalusian is closely related to the Lusitano of Portugal, and has been used to develop many other breeds,especially in Europe and the Americas. Breeds with Andalusian ancestry include many of the warmbloods in Europeas well as western hemisphere breeds such as the Azteca. Over its centuries of development, the Andalusian breedhas been selected for athleticism and stamina. The horses were originally used for classical dressage, driving,bullfighting, and as stock horses. Modern Andalusians are used for many equestrian activities, including dressage,show jumping and driving. The breed is also used extensively in movies, especially historical pictures and fantasyepics.

Characteristics

A "cobra" of Andalusians, that is, a group of mares shown by a single handler

Andalusians stallions and geldings average15.11⁄2 hands (61.5 inches, 156 cm) at thewithers and 512 kilograms (1,129 lb) inweight; mares average 151⁄2 hands(60.5 inches, 154 cm) and 412 kilograms(908 lb).[5] The Spanish government has setthe minimum height for registration in Spainat 15.0 hands (60 inches, 152 cm) for malesand 14.3 hands (59 inches, 150 cm) formares - this standard is followed by theAssociation of Purebred Spanish HorseBreeders of Spain (Asociación Nacional deCriadores de Caballo de Pura RazaEspañola or ANCCE) and the AndalusianHorse Association of Australasia. TheSpanish legislation also requires that in order for animals to be approved as either "qualified" or "élite" breedingstock, stallions must stand at least 15.1 hands (61 inches, 155 cm) and mares at least 151⁄4 hands (60.25 inches,153 cm).

Andalusian horses are elegant and strongly built. Members of the breed have heads of medium length, with a straightor slightly convex profile. Ultra convex and concave profiles are discouraged in the breed, and are penalized in breedshows. Necks are long and broad, running to well-defined withers and a massive chest. They have a short back andbroad, strong hindquarters with a well-rounded croup. The breed tends to have clean legs, with no propensity forblemishes or injuries, and energetic gaits. The mane and tail are thick and long, but the legs do not have excessfeathering. Andalusians tend to be docile, while remaining intelligent and sensitive. When treated with respect theyare quick to learn, responsive, and cooperative.There are two additional characteristics unique to the Carthusian strain, believed to trace back to the strain'sfoundation stallion Esclavo. The first is warts under the tail, a trait which Esclavo passed to his offspring, and a traitwhich some breeders felt was necessary to prove that a horse was a member of the Esclavo bloodline. The secondcharacteristic is the occasional presence of "horns", which are frontal bosses, possibly inherited from Asianancestors. The physical descriptions of the bosses vary, ranging from calcium-like deposits at the temple to smallhorn-like protuberances near or behind the ear. However, these "horns" are not considered proof of Esclavo descent,unlike the tail warts.In the past, most coat colors were found, including spotted patterns. Today most Andalusians are gray or bay; in the US, around 80 percent of all Andalusians are gray. Of the remaining horses, approximately 15 percent are bay and 5

Andalusian horse 43

percent are black, dun or palomino or chestnut. Other colors, such as buckskin, pearl, and cremello, are rare, but arerecognized as allowed colors by registries for the breed.In the early history of the breed, certain white markings and whorls were considered to be indicators of character andgood or bad luck.[6] Horses with white socks on their feet were considered to have good or bad luck, depending onthe leg or legs marked. A horse with no white markings at all was considered to be ill-tempered and vice-ridden,while certain facial markings were considered representative of honesty, loyalty and endurance.[7] Similarly, hairwhorls in various places were considered to show good or bad luck, with the most unlucky being in places where thehorse could not see them – for example the temples, cheek, shoulder or heart. Two whorls near the root of the tailwere considered a sign of courage and good luck.[8]

The movement of Andalusian horses is extended, elevated, cadenced and harmonious, with a balance of roundnessand forward movement. Poor elevation, irregular tempo, and excessive winging (sideways movement of the legsfrom the knee down) are discouraged by breed registry standards. Andalusians are known for their agility and theirability to learn difficult moves quickly, such as advanced collection and turns on the haunches. A 2001 studycompared the kinematic characteristics of Andalusian, Arabian and Anglo-Arabian horses while moving at the trot.Andalusians were found to overtrack less (the degree to which the hind foot lands ahead of the front hoof print) butalso exhibit greater flexing of both fore and hind joints, movement consistent with the more elevated way of goingtypically found in this breed. The authors of the study theorized that these characteristics of the breed's trot maycontribute to their success as a riding and dressage horse.A 2008 study found that Andalusians experience ischaemic (reduced blood flow) diseases of the small intestine at arate significantly higher than other breeds; and stallions had higher numbers of inguinal hernias, with risk foroccurrence 30 times greater than other breeds. At the same time, they also showed a lower incidence of largeintestinal obstruction. In the course of the study, Andalusians also showed the highest risk of laminitis as a medicalcomplication related to the intestinal issues.

History

Early development... the noblest horse in the world, the most beautiful that can be. He is of great spirit and of great courage and docile; hath theproudest trot and the best action in his trot, the loftiest gallop, and is the lovingest and gentlest horse, and fittest of all for a king inhis day of triumph.

—William Cavendish, the Duke of Newcastle, 1667

The Andalusian horse is descended from the Iberian horses of Spain and Portugal, and derives its name from itsplace of origin, the Spanish region of Andalusia.[9] Cave paintings show that horses have been present on the IberianPeninsula as far back as 20,000 to 30,000 BCE. Although Portuguese historian Ruy d'Andrade hypothesized that theancient Sorraia breed was an ancestor of the Southern Iberian breeds, including the Andalusian, genetic studies usingmitochondrial DNA show that the Sorraia is part of a genetic cluster that is largely separated from most Iberianbreeds.Throughout history, the Iberian breeds have been influenced by many different peoples and cultures who occupied Spain, including the Celts, the Carthaginians, the Romans, various Germanic tribes and the Moors. The Iberian horse was identified as a talented war horse as early as 450 BCE. Mitochondrial DNA studies of the modern Andalusian horse of the Iberian peninsula and Barb horse of North Africa present convincing evidence that both breeds crossed the Strait of Gibraltar and were used for breeding with each other, influencing one another's bloodlines. Thus, the Andalusian may have been the first European "warmblood", a mixture of heavy European and lighter Oriental horses.[10] Some of the earliest written pedigrees in recorded European history were kept by Carthusian monks,[11]

beginning in the 13th century. Because they could read and write, and were thus able to maintain careful records, monastics were given the responsibility for horse breeding by certain members of the nobility, particularly in Spain.

Andalusian horse 44

Andalusian stud farms for breeding were formed in the late 15th century in Carthusian monasteries in Jerez, Sevilleand Cazalla.The Carthusians bred powerful, weight-bearing horses in Andalusia for the Crown of Castile, using the finestSpanish Jennets as foundation bloodstock.[12] These horses were a blend of Jennet and warmblood breeding, tallerand more powerfully built than the original Jennet.[13] By the 15th century, the Andalusian had become a distinctbreed, and was being used to influence the development of other breeds. They were also noted for their use ascavalry horses. Even though in the 16th and 17th centuries Spanish horses had not reached the final form of themodern Andalusian, by 1667 William Cavendish, the Duke of Newcastle, called the Spanish horse of Andalusia the"princes" of the horse world, and reported that they were "unnervingly intelligent".[14] The Iberian horse becameknown as the "royal horse of Europe" and was seen at many royal courts and riding academies, including those inAustria, Italy, France and Germany. By the 16th century, during the reigns of Charles V (1500–1558) and Phillip II(1556–1581), Spanish horses were considered the finest in the world.[15] Even in Spain, quality horses were ownedmainly by the wealthy. During the 16th century, inflation and an increased demand for harness and cavalry horsesdrove the price of horses extremely high. The always expensive Andalusian became even more so, and it was oftenimpossible to find a member of the breed to purchase at any price.[16]

Dissemination

A 1743 engraving of a "Spanish horse"

Spanish horses also were spread widely as a tool of diplomacy by thegovernment of Spain, which granted both horses and export rights tofavored citizens and to other royalty. As early as the 15th century, theSpanish horse was widely distributed throughout the Mediterranean,and was known in northern European countries, despite being lesscommon and more expensive there. As time went on, kings fromacross Europe, including every French monarch from Francis I toLouis XVI, had equestrian portraits created showing themselves ridingSpanish-type horses. The kings of France, including Louis XIII andLouis XIV, especially preferred the Spanish horse; the head groom toHenri IV, Salomon de la Broue, said in 1600, "Comparing the besthorses, I give the Spanish horse first place for its perfection, because it is the most beautiful, noble, graceful andcourageous".[17] War horses from Spain and Portugal began to be introduced to England in the 12th century, andimportation continued through the 15th century. In the 16th century, Henry VIII received gifts of Spanish horsesfrom Charles V, Ferdinand II of Aragon and the Duke of Savoy and others when he wed Katherine of Aragon. Healso purchased additional war and riding horses through agents in Spain.[18] By 1576, Spanish horses made up onethird of British royal studs at Malmesbury and Tutbury.[19] The Spanish horse peaked in popularity in Great Britainduring the 17th century, when horses were freely imported from Spain and exchanged as gifts between royalfamilies. With the introduction of the Thoroughbred, interest in the Spanish horse faded after the mid-18th century,although they remained popular through the early 19th century.[20] The Conquistadors of the 16th century rodeSpanish horses, particularly animals from Andalusia, and the modern Andalusian descended from similarbloodstock. By 1500, Spanish horses were established in studs on Santo Domingo, and Spanish horses made theirway into the ancestry of many breeds founded in North and South America. Many Spanish explorers from the 16thcentury on brought Spanish horses with them for use as war horses and later as breeding stock.[21] By 1642, theSpanish horse had spread to Moldovia, to the stables of Transylvanian prince George Rakoczi.[22]

Andalusian horse 45

19th century to present

An Andalusian performing dressage at the 2007World Cup Finals

Despite their ancient history, all living Andalusians trace to a smallnumber of horses bred by religious orders in the 18th and19th centuries. An influx of heavy horse blood beginning in the 16thcentury, resulted in the dilution of many of the bloodlines; only thoseprotected by selective breeding remained intact to become the modernAndalusian. During the 19th century, the Andalusian breed wasthreatened because many horses were stolen or requisitioned inwartime, including the War of the Oranges, the Peninsular War and thethree Carlist Wars. Napoleon's invading army also stole many horses.One herd of Andalusians was hidden from the invaders however, andsubsequently used to renew the breed.[23] In 1822, breeders began toadd Norman blood into Spanish bloodlines, as well as further infusionsof Arabian blood. This was partially because increasing mechanizationand changing needs within the military called for horses with more

speed in cavalry charges as well as horses with more bulk for pulling gun carriages. In 1832, an epidemic seriouslyaffected Spain's horse population, from which only one small herd survived in a stud at the monastery in Cartuja.During the 19th and early 20th centuries, European breeders, especially the Germans, changed from an emphasis onAndalusian and Neapolitan horses (an emphasis that had been in place since the decline of chivalry), to an emphasison the breeding of Thoroughbreds and warmbloods, further depleting the stock of Andalusians.[24] Despite thischange in focus, Andalusian breeding slowly recovered, and in 1869, the Seville Horse Fair (originally begun by theRomans), played host to between ten and twelve thousand Spanish horses.[25] In the early 20th century, Spanishhorse breeding began to focus on other breeds, particularly draft breeds, Arabians, Thoroughbreds and crossesbetween these breeds, as well as crosses between these breeds and the Andalusian. The purebred Andalusian was notviewed favorably by breeders or the military, and their numbers decreased significantly.

Andalusians only began to be exported from Spain in 1962. The first Andalusians were imported into Australia in1971, and in 1973 the Andalusian Horse Association of Australasia was formed for the registration of theseAndalusians and their offspring. Strict quarantine guidelines prohibited the importation of new Andalusian blood toAustralia for many years, but since 1999, regulations have been relaxed and more than half a dozen new horses havebeen imported. Bloodines in the United States also rely on imported stock, and all American Andalusians can betraced directly to the stud books in Portugal and Spain. There are around 8,500 animals in the United States, wherethe International Andalusian and Lusitano Horse Association (IALHA) registers around 700 new purebred foalsevery year. These numbers indicate that the Andalusian is a relatively rare breed in the United States. In 2003, therewere 75,389 horses registered in the stud book, and they constituted almost 66 percent of the horses in Spain. Breednumbers have been increasing during the 21st century. At the end of 2010, a total of 185,926 Pura Raza Españolahorses were recorded in the database of the Spanish Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, y Medio Rural y Marino. Ofthese, 28,801 or about 15% were in other countries of the world; of those in Spain, 65,371 or about 42% were inAndalusia.

Strains and sub-typesThe Carthusian Andalusian or Cartujano is generally considered the purest Andalusian strain, and has one of the oldest recorded pedigree lines in the world. The pure sub-type is rare, as only around 12 percent of the Andalusian horses registered between the founding of the stud book in the 19th century and 1998 were considered Carthusians. They made up only 3.6 percent of the overall breeding stock, but 14.2 percent of the stallions used for breeding. In the past, Carthusians were given preference in breeding, leading to a large proportion of the Andalusian population claiming ancestry from a small number of horses and possibly limiting the breed's genetic variability. A 2005 study

Andalusian horse 46

compared the genetic distance between Carthusian and non-Carthusian horses. They calculated a Fixation index(FST) based on genealogical information and concluded that the distinction between the two is not supported bygenetic evidence. However, there are slight physical differences; Carthusians have more "oriental" or concave headshapes and are more often gray in color, while non-Carthusians tend toward convex profiles and more often exhibitother coat colors such as bay.The Carthusian line was established in the early 18th century when two Spanish brothers, Andrés and Diego Zamora,purchased a stallion named El Soldado and bred him to two mares. The mares were descended from mares purchasedby the Spanish king and placed at Aranjuez, one of the oldest horse breeding farms in Spain.[26] One of the offspringof El Soldado, a dark gray colt named Esclavo, became the foundation sire of the Carthusian line. One group ofmares sired by Esclavo in about 1736 were given to a group of Carthusian monks to settle a debt. Other animals ofthese bloodlines were absorbed into the main Andalusian breed; the stock given to the monks was bred into a specialline, known as Zamoranos. Throughout the following centuries, the Zamoranos bloodlines were guarded by theCarthusian monks, to the point of defying royal orders to introduce outside blood from the Neapolitan horse andcentral European breeds. They did, however, introduce Arabian and Barb blood to improve the strain.[27] Theoriginal stock of Carthusians was greatly depleted during the Peninsular Wars, and the strain might have becomeextinct if not for the efforts of the Zapata family.[28] Today, the Carthusian strain is raised in state-owned stud farmsaround Jerez de la Frontera, Badajoz and Cordoba, and also by several private families. Carthusian horses continueto be in demand in Spain, and buyers pay high prices for members of the strain.

Influence on other breeds

An Andalusian performing the passage

Spain's worldwide military activities between the 14th and 17thcenturies called for large numbers of horses, more than could besupplied by native Spanish mares. Spanish custom also called formounted troops to ride stallions, never mares or geldings. Due to thesefactors, Spanish stallions were crossed with local mares in manycountries, adding Spanish bloodlines wherever they went, especially toother European breeds.[]

Because of the influence of the later Habsburg families, who ruled inboth Spain and other nations of Europe, the Andalusian was crossbredwith horses of Central Europe and the Low Countries and thus wasclosely related to many breeds that developed, including the Neapolitan horse, Groningen, Lipizzaner andKladruber.[29] Spanish horses have been used extensively in classical dressage in Germany since the 16th century.They thus influenced many German breeds, including the Hanoverian, Holstein, East Friesian and Oldenburg.[30]

Dutch breeds such as the Friesian and Gelderland also contain significant Spanish blood, as do Danish breeds such asthe Fredericksborg and Knabstrupper.

Andalusians were a significant influence on the creation of the Alter Real, a strain of the Lusitano,[31] and theAzteca, a Mexican breed created by crossing the Andalusian with American Quarter Horse and Criollo bloodlines.The Spanish jennet ancestors of the Andalusian also developed the Colonial Spanish Horse in America, whichbecame the foundation bloodstock for many North and South American breeds. The Andalusian has also been usedto create breeds more recently, with breed associations for both the Warlander (an Andalusian/Friesian cross) and theSpanish-Norman (an Andalusian/Percheron cross) being established in the 1990s.

Andalusian horse 47

Naming and registrationUntil modern times, horse breeds throughout Europe were known primarily by the name of the region where theywere bred.[32] Thus the original term "Andalusian" simply described the horses of distinct quality that came fromAndalusia in Spain. Similarly, the Lusitano, a Portuguese horse very similar to the Andalusian, takes its name fromLusitania, an ancient Roman name for Portugal.The Andalusian horse has been known historically as the Iberian Saddle Horse, Iberian War Horse, Spanish Horse,Portuguese, Peninsular, Extremeno, Villanos, Zapata, Zamaranos, Castilian, and Jennet.[33] The Portuguese namerefers to what is now the Lusitano, while the Peninsular, Iberian Saddle Horse and Iberian War Horse names refer tohorses from the Iberian Peninsula as a whole. The Extremeno name refers to Spanish horses from the Extremaduraprovince of Spain and the Zapata or Zapatero name to horses that come from the Zapata family stud. The Villanoname has occasionally been applied to modern Andalusians, but originally referred to heavy, crossbred horses fromthe mountains north of Jaen.[34] The Carthusian horse, also known as the Carthusian-Andalusian and the Cartujano,is a sub-type of the Andalusian, rather than a distinct breed in itself. A common nickname for the Andalusian is the"Horse of Kings". Some sources state that the Andalusian and the Lusitano are genetically the same, differing only inthe country of origin of individual horses.

A Pure Spanish Horse

In many areas today, the breeding, showing, and registration of theAndalusian and Lusitano are controlled by the same registries. Oneexample of this is the International Andalusian and Lusitano HorseAssociation (IALHA), claimed to have the largest membership of anyAndalusian registering organization. Other organizations, such as TheAssociation of Purebred Spanish Horse Breeders of Spain (AsociaciónNacional de Criadores de Caballo de Pura Raza Española orANCCE), use the term "Pura Raza Española" or PRE to describe thetrue Spanish horse, and claim sole authority to officially register andissue documentation for PRE Horses, both in Spain and anywhere elsein the world. In most of the world the terms "Andalusian" and "PRE"are considered one and the same breed, but the public position of theANCCE is that terms such as "Andalusian" and "Iberian horse" refer

only to crossbreds, which the ANCCE considers to be horses that lack quality and purity, without officialdocumentation or registration from official Spanish Stud Book.

In Australasia, the Australasia Andalusian Association registers Andalusians (which the registry considers aninterchangeable term for PRE), Australian Andalusians, and partbred Andalusians. They share responsibility for thePurebred Iberian Horse (an Andalusian/Lusitano cross) with the Lusitano Association of Australasia. In theAustralian registry, there are various levels of crossbred horses. A first cross Andalusian is a crossbreed that is 50percent Andalusian, while a second cross Andalusian is the result of crossing a purebred Andalusian with a firstcross – resulting in a horse of 75 percent Andalusian blood. A third cross, also known by the registry as anAustralian Andalusian, is when a second cross individual is mated with a foundation Andalusian mare. Thissequence is known as a "breeding up" program by the registry.

Pure Spanish HorseThe name Pura Raza Española (PRE), translated as "Pure Spanish Horse," is the term used by the ANCCE, a private organization, and the Ministry of Agriculture of Spain. The ANCCE uses neither the term "Andalusian" nor "Iberian horse", and only registers horses that have certain recognized bloodlines. In addition, all breeding stock must undergo an evaluation process. The ANCCE was founded in 1972. Spain's Ministry of Agriculture recognizes the ANCCE as the representing entity for PRE breeders and owners across the globe, as well as the administrator of the breed stud book. ANCCE functions as the international parent association for all breeders worldwide who record

Andalusian horse 48

their horses as PRE. For example, the United States PRE association is affiliated with ANCCE, follows ANCCErules, and has a wholly separate governance system from the IALHA.A second group, the Foundation for the Pure Spanish Horse or PRE Mundial, has begun another PRE registry as analternative to the ANCCE. This new registry claims that all of their registered horses trace back to the original studbook maintained by the Cria Caballar, which was a branch of the Spanish Ministry of Defense, for 100 years. Thus,the PRE Mundial registry asserts that their registry is the most authentic, purest PRE registry functioning today.As of August 2011[4], there is a lawsuit in progress to determine the legal holder of the PRE stud book. The Uniónde Criadores de Caballos Españoles (UCCE or Union of Spanish Horse Breeders) has brought a case to the highestEuropean Union courts in Brussels, charging that the Ministry of Spain's transfer of the original PRE Libro deOrigen (the official stud book) from the Cria Caballar to ANCCE was illegal. In early 2009, the courts decided onbehalf of UCCE, explaining that the Cria Caballar formed the Libro de Origin. Because it was formed by agovernment entity, it is against European Union law for the stud book to be transferred to a private entity, a law thatwas broken by the transfer of the book to ANCCE, which is a non-governmental organization. The court found thatby giving ANCCE sole control of the stud book, Spain's Ministry of Defense was acting in a discriminatory manner.The court held that Spain must give permission to maintain a breed stud book (called a Libro Genealógico) to anyinternational association or Spanish national association which requests it. Based on the Brussels court decision, anapplication has been made by the Foundation for the Pure Spanish Horse to maintain the United States stud book forthe PRE. As of March 2011[4], Spain has not revoked ANCCE's right to be the sole holder of the PRE stud book,and has instead reaffirmed the organization's status.

Uses

An Andalusian jumping

The Andalusian breed has over the centuries been consistently selectedfor athleticism. In the 17th century, referring to multi-kilometer races,Cavendish said, "They were so much faster than all other horses knownat that time that none was ever seen to come close to them, even in themany remarkable races that were run."[35] In 1831, horses at five yearsold were expected to be able to gallop, without changing pace, four orfive leagues, about 12 to 15 miles (19 to 24 km). By 1925, thePortuguese military expected horses to "cover 40 km over uneventerrain at a minimum speed of 10 km/h, and to gallop a flat course of 8km at a mimimum speed of 800 metres per minute carrying a weight ofat least 70 kg", and the Spanish military had similar standards.

From the very beginning of their history, Andalusians have been usedfor both riding and driving. Among the first horses used for classicaldressage, they are still making a mark in international competition indressage today. At the 2002 World Equestrian Games, twoAndalusians were on the bronze-medal winning Spanish dressageteam, a team that went on to take the silver medal at the 2004 SummerOlympics. Today, the breed is increasingly being selectively bred for increased aptitude in classical dressage.Historically, however, they were also used as stock horses, especially suited to working with Iberian bulls, known fortheir aggressive temperaments. They were, and still are, known for their use in mounted bull fighting. Mares weretraditionally used for la trilla, the Spanish process of threshing grain practiced until the 1960s. Mares, some pregnantor with foals at their side, spent full days trotting over the grain. As well as being a traditional farming practice, italso served as a test of endurance, hardiness and willingness for the maternal Andalusian lines.[36]

Andalusian horse 49

Andalusians today are used for show jumping, western pleasure and many other classes at horse shows. The currentTraveler, the mascot of the University of Southern California, is an Andalusian. The dramatic appearance of theAndalusian horse, with its arched neck, muscular build and energetic gaits, has made it a popular breed to use infilm, particularly in historical and fantasy epics. Andalusians have been present in films ranging from Gladiator toInterview with a Vampire, and Lara Croft Tomb Raider: The Cradle of Life to Braveheart. The horses have also beenseen in such fantasy epics as The Lord of the Rings film trilogy, King Arthur, and The Chronicles of Narnia: TheLion, the Witch and the Wardrobe. In 2006, a rearing Andalusian stallion, ridden by Mexican conquistador Don Juande Oñate, was recreated as the largest bronze equine in the world. Measuring 36 feet (11 m) high, the statue currentlystands in El Paso, Texas.

Footnotes[1] http:/ / www. ancce. es/ ver_contenido. php?id=TXT_MORFOLOGIA& menu=1[2] http:/ / www. ialha. org[3] http:/ / www. ahaa. org. au/ purespanishhorse. aspx[4] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ w/ index. php?title=Andalusian_horse& action=edit[5][5] (To access, click "Breeds", then "Breed Data Sheet", then select "Spain", then "Espanola/Spain")[6] Llamas, This is the Spanish Horse, p. 313[7] Llamas, This is the Spanish Horse, pp. 316–321[8] Llamas, This is the Spanish Horse, pp. 330–335[9] Bennett, Conquerors, p. 159[10] Jankovich, They Rode Into Europe, p. 77[11] Bennett, Conquerors, p. 163[12] Bennett, Conquerors, pp. 139–140[13] Bennett, Conquerors, pp. 161–163[14] Raber, "A Horse of a Different Color" in The Culture of the Horse, p. 225[15] Bennett, Conquerors, p. 167[16] Jankovich, They Rode Into Europe, p. 107[17] Quoted in Loch, The Royal Horse of Europe, p. 83[18] Loch, The Royal Horse of Europe, p. 76[19] Llamas, This is the Spanish Horse, p. 60[20] Loch, The Royal Horse of Europe, pp. 94–95[21] Loch, The Royal Horse of Europe, pp. 209–210[22] Jankovich, They Rode Into Europe, p. 97[23] Llamas, This is the Spanish Horse, pp. 63–70[24] Jankovich, They Rode Into Europe, p. 134[25] Loch, The Royal Horse of Europe, p. 118[26] Hendricks, International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds, p. 111[27] Bongianni, Simon & Schuster's Guide to Horses and Ponies, Entry 6[28] Loch, The Royal Horse of Europe, p. 29[29] Bennett, Conquerors, p. 169[30] Loch, The Royal Horse of Europe, p. 85[31] Hendricks, International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds, p. 14[32] Bennett, Conquerors, p. 158[33] Walker and Summerhays Summerhays' Encyclopaedia for Horsemen (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=6MgSAQAAMAAJ) p. 7[34] Loch, The Royal Horse of Europe, pp. 30–34[35] Llamas, This is the Spanish Horse, pp. 75–78[36] Llamas, This is the Spanish Horse, pp. 70–72

Andalusian horse 50

References• Bennett, Deb (1998). Conquerors: The Roots of New World Horsemanship (1st ed.). Solvang, CA: Amigo

Publications Inc. ISBN 0-9658533-0-6.• Bongianni, Maurizio (editor) (1988). Simon & Schuster's Guide to Horses and Ponies. New York, NY: Simon &

Schuster, Inc. ISBN 0-671-66068-3.• Hendricks, Bonnie (2007). International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma

Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-3884-8.• Jankovich, Miklos, translated by Anthony Dent (1971). They Rode Into Europe: The Fruitful Exchange in the Arts

of Horsemanship between East and West. London: George G. Harrap & Co, Ltd. ISBN 0-684-13304-0.• Llamas, Juan, translated by Jane Rabagliati (1997). This is the Spanish Horse. London: J.A. Allen.

ISBN 0-85131-668-9.• Loch, Sylvia (1986). The Royal Horse of Europe: The Story of the Andalusian and Lusitano. London: J. A. Allen.

ISBN 0-85131-422-8.• Raber, Karen (2005). "A Horse of a Different Color: Nation and Race in Early Modern Horsemanship Treatises".

In Raber, Karen and Treva J. Tucker. The Culture of the Horse: Status, Discipline, and Identity in the EarlyModern World. New York, NY: Palgrave MacMillan. ISBN 1-4039-6621-4.

• Walker, Stella A; Summerhays, R. S. (1975). Summerhays' Encyclopaedia for Horsemen. London: F. Warne.ISBN 978-0-7232-1763-3.

External links• International Andalusian & Lusitano Horse Association (http:/ / www. ialha. org/ )• United States P.R.E. Association (http:/ / usprea. com/ )• The Foundation for the Pure Spanish Horse (http:/ / www. prehorse. org/ )• Australasia Andalusian Association (http:/ / www. ahaa. org. au/ )• National Association of Purebred Spanish Horse Breeders of Spain (http:/ / www. ancce. es/ index. php)

Andravida horse 51

Andravida horse

Andravida

Country of origin Greece


The Andravida or Ellis valley horse,[citation needed] is a light riding draft breed found in the region of Ilia inGreece.[citation needed] It owes its development to the crossing of Anglo-Norman with local breeds with additionalcrosses of Nonius stallions after 1920. The breed is nearly extinct and its stud book was only established in 1995.The newest development in the history of the Elis valley horse may in fact lead the breed from extinction. In theearly 90s, the Andravida's Selle Francais stallion Calin de Nanteuil renamed Pegasus covered some females, whichcolts were sent to breeders throughout western Greece. However, its numbers are still small, and the Andravida'swithout characteristics horse is at high risk of extinction.

References

Further reading• Abstract of Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics article (http:/ / onlinelibrary. wiley. com/ doi/ 10. 1111/ j.

1439-0388. 2001. 00272. x/ full)• PDF of a conference on rare breeds in Greece (http:/ / www. agrobiodiversity. net/ greece/ pdf/

Conclusions_Agrinio. pdf)• Abstract of an Italian Journal of Zoology article (http:/ / www. informaworld. com/ smpp/

content~db=all~content=a908272242)

External links• Forumish post at Everything2.com (http:/ / everything2. com/ index. pl?node_id=1512016)

Anglo-Arabian 52

Anglo-Arabian

Anglo-Arabian

A gray Anglo-Arabian

Distinguishing features Well-formed, powerful, good gaits, sport horse characteristics. Combines traits of both Arabian andThoroughbred breeds

Alternative names Anglo-Arab

Country of origin Worldwide, most popular in the United Kingdom, France, and the United States

Breed standards

Association NationaleAnglo-Arabe

Breed standards [1]

Arabian Horse Association Breed standards [2]


The Anglo-Arabian or Anglo-Arab is a crossbred, part-Arabian horse that now also has its own status as a horsebreed. It is a Thoroughbred (thus, the prefix "Anglo") crossed with an Arabian. The cross can be made between aThoroughbred stallion and an Arabian mare, or vice-versa. It can also be a cross between either an Anglo-Arab and aThoroughbred or, alternatively, an Anglo-Arab and an Arabian. Another permitted cross is between twoAnglo-Arabians. No matter the cross, a horse must have a minimum 12.5% of Arabian blood to be considered anAnglo-Arabian.France is one of the greatest producers of Anglo-Arabians. The French Anglo-Arab traces back to two stallions: theArabian stud Massoud and Aslam, a "Turkish" horse, probably of the now-extinct Turkoman or "Turkmene" breed.These Syrian imports were then crossed with a trio of Thoroughbreds, specifically, the Comus Mare, the Selim Mare,and Daer. Some years later, three of their daughters — Clovis, Danae, and Delphine — formed the foundation of theFrench Anglo-Arabian breeding program. The program's primary Anglo-Arab breeding farm, Pompadour NationalAnglo-Arab Stud, is located in Arnac-Pompadour, a commune of central France's Corrèze department, home to thefamous Château de Pompadour. In addition, the area serves as the French National Stud's headquarters. TheAnglo-Arabian possesses one of France's oldest studbooks, and the Selle Francais, the country's leading sport horse,still bears the stamp of significant Anglo-Arab influence.In the past, the Anglo-Arab has been used for military purposes. However, at present, its most prominent occupationis that of a general riding or sport horse. The breed does well in eventing, due to its stamina, speed, and jumpingability. In the United States, the Anglo-Arabian is considered a "part-bred" Arabian and, consequently, is registeredwithin a separate section of the Arabian Horse Association.

Anglo-Arabian 53

Breed Characteristics

Anglo-Arabian competing in eventing.

Anglo-Arabian breed brand

As a result of different crosses that can produce an Anglo-Arabian, thesize and appearance is noticeably variable. However, on average, anAnglo-Arabian is a bit taller than the average Arabian and of somewhatless refined type. The largest horses are usually produced by breeding aThoroughbred mare to an Arabian stallion. The best examples of thisbreed inherit the refinement, good bone, and endurance of the Arabian,as well as the speed and scope of the Thoroughbred.Anglo-Arabians average 15.2–16.3 hands (62–67 inches,157–170 cm) high. The most common colors are chestnut, bay(sometimes called "brown") or gray. The breed ideal is for a horse tohave conformation that more strongly resembles the Arabian, thoughthey should not look entirely like either a Thoroughbred or an Arabian.They have a long neck, prominent withers, a compact and strong body(sturdier than the Thoroughbred), a deep chest, and solid bone.Anglo-Arabians should have small, fine heads, similar to an Arabian,but they should not be overly "dished" in profile.

References

• Arnac - Pompadour [3]

• Pays de Pompador – Horse Town [4]

References[1] http:/ / www. anaa. fr/[2] http:/ / www. arabianhorses. org[3] http:/ / www. correze. org/ communes/ arn_pomp. htm[4] http:/ / www. pompadour. net/ HTML_GB/ citecheval. htm

Anglo-Kabarda 54

Anglo-Kabarda

Anglo-Kabarda

Anglo-Kabarda mare

Country of origin Russia


The Anglo-Kabarda or Anglo-Kabardin (also known as the Anglo-Kabardinskaya porodnaya gruppa) is a breed ofhorse that is a cross between the Kabarda and the Thoroughbred.

CharacteristicsRepresentatives of the breed may have between 25 percent and 75 percent Thoroughbred blood. The Anglo-Kabardais divided into three different types: "basic," "oriental" and "massive." Horses belonging to the basic type are ofmedium size with a well-shaped head and are well muscled; those of the oriental type are smaller and lighter, theyhave smaller heads with large expressive eyes and smaller ears and clean legs; the massive type are heavier and tallerwith a build similar to carriage horses. These horses usually stand between 15.2 and 16 hands (62 and 64 inches, 157and 163 cm) tall. They have legs which are long and strong with well-developed joints giving them the speed of theThoroughbred and the resistance of the Kabarda. The breed's temperament is considered spirited and energetic butvery reliable.[1] This breed is generally hardy, although due to the Thoroughbred blood, they may not necessarily beeasy keepers and may require some supplemental nutrition.[2]

HistoryThe cross was developed beginning in the 1920s and 1930s to produce a horse that was larger and faster than thenative Kabarda, but adapted to the climate of the northern Caucasus region of Russia and able to maneuver inmountainous terrain.

UseThis breed has been used as saddle horses both locally in the Caucasus mountains and to compete in internationalOlympic events.

Anglo-Kabarda 55

References[1] http:/ / www. ponynhorse. com/ breed/ Anglo-Kabarda. html/[2] http:/ / www. petmd. com/ horse/ breeds/ c_hr_anglo_kabarda#. UB8FKk1lRxA/

• "Anglo-Kabarda." Breeds of Livestock, Oklahoma State University. Web site accessed June 18, 2007 at http:/ /www. ansi. okstate. edu/ breeds/ horses/ anglokabarda/ index. htm

Appaloosa 56

Appaloosa

Appaloosa

Appaloosa horse

Distinguishingfeatures

Most representatives have colorful spotted coat patterns, striped hooves, mottled skin and white sclera visible around theiris when the eye is in a normal position.


Breed standards

Appaloosa Horse Club Breed standards [1]


The Appaloosa is a horse breed best known for its colorful leopard-spotted coat pattern. There is a wide range ofbody types within the breed, stemming from the influence of multiple breeds of horses throughout its history. Eachhorse's color pattern is genetically the result of various spotting patterns overlaid on top of one of several recognizedbase coat colors. The color pattern of the Appaloosa is of interest to those who study equine coat color genetics, as itand several other physical characteristics are linked to the leopard complex mutation (LP). Appaloosas are prone todevelop equine recurrent uveitis and congenital stationary night blindness; the latter has been linked to the leopardcomplex.Artwork depicting prehistoric horses with leopard spotting exists in prehistoric cave paintings in Europe. Images ofdomesticated horses with leopard spotting patterns appeared in artwork from Ancient Greece through the earlymodern period; the Nez Perce people of what today is the United States Pacific Northwest developed the originalAmerican breed. Appaloosas were once referred to by settlers as the "Palouse horse", possibly after the PalouseRiver, which ran through the heart of Nez Perce country. Gradually, the name evolved into "Appaloosa".The Nez Perce lost most of their horses after the Nez Perce War in 1877, and the breed fell into decline for severaldecades. A small number of dedicated breeders preserved the Appaloosa as a distinct breed until the AppaloosaHorse Club (ApHC) was formed as the breed registry in 1938. The modern breed maintains bloodlines tracing to thefoundation bloodstock of the registry; its partially open stud book allows the addition of some Thoroughbred,American Quarter Horse and Arabian blood.Today, the Appaloosa is one of the most popular breeds in the United States; it was named the official state horse of Idaho in 1975. It is best known as a stock horse used in a number of western riding disciplines, but is also a versatile

Appaloosa 57

breed with representatives seen in many other types of equestrian activity. Appaloosas have been used in manymovies; an Appaloosa is the mascot for the Florida State Seminoles. Appaloosa bloodlines have influenced otherhorse breeds, including the Pony of the Americas, the Nez Perce Horse, and several gaited horse breeds.


Mottling on the skin is particularlyvisible around the eyes and muzzle.The sclera of an Appaloosa's eye is

white.

The Appaloosa is best known for its distinctive, preferred leopard complexspotted coat. Spotting occurs in several overlay patterns on one of severalrecognized base coat colors. There are three other distinctive, "core"characteristics: mottled skin, striped hooves, and eyes with a white sclera. Skinmottling is usually seen around the muzzle, eyes, anus, and genitalia. Stripedhooves are a common trait, quite noticeable on Appaloosas, but not unique to thebreed. The sclera is the part of the eye surrounding the iris; although all horsesshow white around the eye if the eye is rolled back, to have a readily visiblewhite sclera with the eye in a normal position is a distinctive characteristic seenmore often in Appaloosas than in other breeds. Because the occasional individualis born with little or no visible spotting pattern, the ApHC allows "regular"registration of horses with mottled skin plus at least one of the other corecharacteristics. Horses with two ApHC parents but no "identifiable Appaloosacharacteristics" are registered as "non-characteristic," a limited specialregistration status.

There is a wide range of body types in the Appaloosa, in part because the leopardcomplex characteristics are its primary identifying factors, and also becauseseveral different horse breeds influenced its development. The weight rangevaries from 950 to 1,250 pounds (430 to 570 kg), and heights from 14 to

16 hands (56 to 64 inches, 142 to 163 cm). However, the ApHC does not allow pony or draft breeding.

The original "old time" or "old type" Appaloosa was a tall, narrow-bodied, rangy horse.[2] The body style reflected amix that started with the traditional Spanish horses already common on the plains of America before 1700. Then,18th-century European bloodlines were added, particularly those of the "pied" horses popular in that period andshipped en masse to the Americas once the color had become unfashionable in Europe.[3] These horses were similarto a tall, slim Thoroughbred-Andalusian type of horse popular in Bourbon-era Spain.[3][4] The original Appaloosatended to have a convex facial profile that resembled that of the warmblood-Jennet crosses first developed in the16th century during the reign of Charles V.[2][5] The old-type Appaloosa was later modified by the addition of drafthorse blood after the 1877 defeat of the Nez Perce, when U.S. Government policy forced the Indians to becomefarmers and provided them with draft horse mares to breed to existing stallions.[2] The original Appaloosasfrequently had a sparse mane and tail, but that was not a primary characteristic as many early Appaloosas did havefull manes and tails.[6] There is a possible genetic link between the leopard complex and sparse mane and tailgrowth, although the precise relationship is unknown.[7]

After the formation of the Appaloosa Horse Club in 1938, a more modern type developed after the addition ofAmerican Quarter Horse and Arabian bloodlines. The addition of Quarter Horse lines produced Appaloosas thatperformed better in sprint racing and in halter competition. Many cutting and reining horses resulted from old-typeAppaloosas crossed on Arabian bloodlines, particularly via the Appaloosa foundation stallion Red Eagle.[8] Aninfusion of Thoroughbred blood was added during the 1970s to produce horses more suited for racing.[9] Manycurrent breeders also attempt to breed away from the sparse, "rat tail" trait, and therefore modern Appaloosas havefuller manes and tails.[6]

Appaloosa 58

Color and spotting patterns

Few spot leopard Appaloosa with wet coatshowing "halo" effect of dark skin under white

coat around spots.

The coat color of an Appaloosa is a combination of a base color withan overlaid spotting pattern. The base colors recognized by theAppaloosa Horse Club include bay, black, chestnut, palomino,buckskin, cremello or perlino, roan, gray, dun and grulla. Appaloosamarkings have several pattern variations. It is this unique group ofspotting patterns, collectively called the "leopard complex", that mostpeople associate with the Appaloosa horse. Spots overlay darker skin,and are often surrounded by a "halo", where the skin next to the spot isalso dark but the overlying hair coat is white.[10]

It is not always easy to predict a grown Appaloosa's color at birth.Foals of any breed tend to be born with coats that darken when theyshed their baby hair. In addition, Appaloosa foals do not always showclassic leopard complex characteristics. Patterns sometimes change over the course of the horse's life although some,such as the blanket and leopard patterns, tend to be stable. Horses with the varnish roan and snowflake patterns areespecially prone to show very little color pattern at birth, developing more visible spotting as they get older.[10]

The ApHC also recognizes the concept of a "solid" horse, which has a base color "but no contrasting color in theform of an Appaloosa coat pattern". Solid horses can be registered if they have mottled skin and one other leopardcomplex characteristic.Base colors are overlain by various spotting patterns, which are variable and often do not fit neatly into a specificcategory. These patterns are described as follows:

Pattern Description Image[11]

Spots General term that refers to a horse that has white or dark spots over all or a portion of its body.

Blanket or snowcap A solid white area normally over, but not limited to, the hip area with a contrasting base color.[7]

Blanket with spots A white blanket which has dark spots within the white. The spots are usually the same color as thehorse's base color.

Leopard A white horse with dark spots that flow out over the entire body. Considered an extension of ablanket to cover the whole body.[7]

Few spot leopard A mostly white horse with a bit of color remaining around the flank, neck and head.[7]

Snowflake A horse with white spots, flecks, on a dark body. Typically the white spots increase in number andsize as the horse ages.[7]

Appaloosa 59

Appaloosa roan, marble

or varnish roan

A distinct version of the leopard complex. Intermixed dark and light hairs with lighter colored areaon the forehead, jowls and frontal bones of the face, over the back, loin and hips. Darker areas mayappear along the edges of the frontal bones of the face as well and also on the legs, stifle, above theeye, point of the hip and behind the elbow. The dark points over bony areas are called "varnishmarks" and distinguish this pattern from a traditional roan.[7]

Mottled A fewspot leopard that is completely white with only mottled skin showing.[7]

Roan blanket or Frost Horses with roaning over the croup and hips. The blanket normally occurs over, but is not limitedto, the hip area.[7]

Roan blanket with spots A horse with a roan blanket that has white and/or dark spots within the roan area.

Color genetics

Striped hooves are a characteristictrait.

Any horse that shows Appaloosa core characteristics of coat pattern, mottledskin, striped hooves, and a visible white sclera, carries at least one allele of thedominant "leopard complex" (LP) gene. The use of the word "complex" is usedto refer to the large group of visible patterns that may occur when LP is present.LP is an autosomal incomplete dominant mutation in the TRPM1 gene located athorse chromosome 1 (ECA 1). All horses with at least one copy of LP showleopard characteristics, and it is hypothesized that LP acts together with otherpatterning genes (PATN) that have not yet been identified to produce thedifferent coat patterns. Horses that are heterozygous for LP tend to be darker thanhomozygous horses, but this is not consistent.[12]

Three single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the TRPM1 gene have beenidentified as closely associated with the LP mutation, although the mechanism bywhich the pattern is produced remains unclear. A commercially available DNAbased test is likely to be developed in the near future, which breeders can use todetermine if LP is present in horses that do not have visible Appaloosacharacteristics.

Not every Appaloosa exhibits visible coat spotting, but even apparently solid-colored horses that carry at least onedominant LP allele will exhibit characteristics such as vertically striped hooves, white sclera of the eye, and mottledskin around the eyes, lips, and genitalia. Appaloosas may also exhibit sabino or pinto type markings, but becausepinto genes may cover-up or obscure Appaloosa patterns, pinto breeding is discouraged by the ApHC, which willdeny registration to horses with excessive white markings. The genes that create these different patterns can all bepresent in the same horse. The Appaloosa Project, a genetic study group, has researched the interactions ofAppaloosa and pinto genes and how they affect each other.

Appaloosa 60

History

A 1674 painting of Louis XIV on a spotted horse

Recent research has suggested that Eurasian prehistoric cave paintingsdepicting leopard-spotted horses may have accurately reflected aphenotype of ancient wild horse. Domesticated horses with leopardcomplex spotting patterns have been depicted in art dating as far backas Ancient Greece, Ancient Persia, and the Han Dynasty in China; laterdepictions appeared in 11th-century France and 12th-century England.French paintings from the 16th and 17th centuries show horses withspotted coats being used as riding horses, and other records indicatethey were also used as coach horses at the court of Louis XIV ofFrance.[13] In mid-18th-century Europe, there was a great demand forhorses with the leopard complex spotting pattern among the nobilityand royalty. These horses were used in the schools of horsemanship,

for parade use, and other forms of display. Modern horse breeds in Europe today that have leopard complex spottinginclude the Knabstrupper and the Pinzgau, or Noriker horse.

The Spanish probably obtained spotted horses through trade with southern Austria and Hungary, where the colorpattern was known to exist.[14] The Conquistadors and Spanish settlers then brought some vividly marked horses tothe Americas when they first arrived in the early 16th century.[14][15] One horse with snowflake patterning was listedwith the 16 horses brought to Mexico by Cortez,[16] and additional spotted horses were mentioned by Spanish writersby 1604.[17] Others arrived in the western hemisphere when spotted horses went out of style in late 18th-centuryEurope,[3] and were shipped to Mexico, California and Oregon.[3]

Nez Perce people

Two Nez Perce men with an Appaloosa, about1895

The Nez Perce people lived in what today is eastern Washington,Oregon, and western Idaho,[18] where they engaged in agriculture aswell as horse breeding.[19] The Nez Perce first obtained horses fromthe Shoshone around 1730. They took advantage of the fact that theylived in excellent horse-breeding country, relatively safe from the raidsof other tribes, and developed strict breeding selection practices fortheir animals, establishing breeding herds by 1750. They were one ofthe few tribes that actively used the practice of gelding inferior malehorses and trading away poorer stock to remove unsuitable animalsfrom the gene pool, and thus were notable as horse breeders by theearly 19th century.

Early Nez Perce horses were considered to be of high quality. Meriwether Lewis of the Lewis and Clark Expedition wrote in his February 15, 1806, journal entry: "Their horses appear to be of an excellent race; they are lofty, eligantly [sic] formed, active and durable: in short many of them look like fine English coarsers [sic] and would make a figure in any country."[20] Lewis did note spotting patterns, saying, "... some of these horses are pided [pied] with large spots of white irregularly scattered and intermixed with the black brown bey [sic] or some other dark colour".[20] By "pied", Lewis may have been referring to leopard-spotted patterns seen in the modern Appaloosa,[20][21] though Lewis also noted that "much the larger portion are of a uniform colour".[20] The Appaloosa Horse Club estimates that only about ten percent of the horses owned by the Nez Perce at the time were spotted. While the Nez Perce originally had many solid-colored horses and only began to emphasize color in their breeding some time after the visit of Lewis and Clark, by the late 19th century they had many spotted horses.[22] As white settlers moved into traditional Nez

Appaloosa 61

Perce lands, a successful trade in horses enriched the Nez Perce, who in 1861 bred horses described as "elegantchargers, fit to mount a prince."[23] At a time when ordinary horses could be purchased for $15, non-Indians who hadpurchased Appaloosa horses from the Nez Perce turned down offers of as much as $600.[24]

Nez Perce WarPeace with the United States dated back to an alliance arranged by Lewis and Clark,[25] but the encroachment of goldminers in the 1860s and settlers in the 1870s put pressure on the Nez Perce.[26] Although a treaty of 1855 originallyallowed them to keep most of their traditional land, another in 1863 reduced the land alloted to them by90 percent.[27] The Nez Perce who refused to give up their land under the 1863 treaty included a band living in theWallowa Valley of Oregon, led by Heinmot Tooyalakekt, widely known as Chief Joseph.[28] Tensions rose, and inMay 1877, General Oliver Howard called a council and ordered the non-treaty bands to move to thereservation.[26][29] Chief Joseph considered military resistance futile, and by June 14, 1877, had gathered about 600people at a site near present-day Grangeville, Idaho.[25] But on that day a small group of warriors staged an attack onnearby white settlers,[26] which led to the Nez Perce War.[25] After several small battles in Idaho,[25] more than800 Nez Perce, mostly non-warriors, took 2000 head of various livestock including horses and fled into Montana,then traveled southeast, dipping into Yellowstone National Park.[26][28] A small number of Nez Perce fighters,probably fewer than 200, successfully held off larger forces of the U.S. Army in several skirmishes, including thetwo-day Battle of the Big Hole in southwestern Montana.[26] They then moved northeast and attempted to seekrefuge with the Crow Nation; rebuffed, they headed for safety in Canada.[26]

Throughout this journey of about 1,400 miles (2,300 km) the Nez Perce relied heavily on their fast, agile and hardyAppaloosa horses.[30] The journey came to an end when they stopped to rest near the Bears Paw Mountains inMontana, 40 miles (64 km) from the Canadian border. Unbeknownst to the Nez Perce, Colonel Nelson A. Miles hadled an infantry-cavalry column from Fort Keogh in pursuit. On October 5, 1877, after a five-day fight, Josephsurrendered. The battle—and the war—was over.[30][31] With most of the war chiefs dead, and the noncombatantscold and starving, Joseph declared that he would "fight no more forever".[31][32]

Aftermath of the Nez Perce WarWhen the U.S. 7th Cavalry accepted the surrender of Chief Joseph and the remaining Nez Perce, they immediatelytook more than 1,000 of the tribe's horses, sold what they could and shot many of the rest. But a significantpopulation of horses had been left behind in the Wallowa valley when the Nez Perce began their retreat, andadditional animals escaped or were abandoned along the way. The Nez Perce were ultimately settled on reservationlands in north central Idaho,[33]</ref> were allowed few horses, and were required by the Army to crossbreed todraft horses in an attempt to create farm horses.[34] The Nez Perce tribe never regained its former position asbreeders of Appaloosas. In the late 20th century, they began a program to develop a new horse breed, the Nez Percehorse, with the intent to resurrect their horse culture, tradition of selective breeding, and horsemanship.Although a remnant population of Appaloosa horses remained after 1877, they were virtually forgotten as a distinctbreed for almost 60 years. A few quality horses continued to be bred, mostly those captured or purchased by settlersand used as working ranch horses. Others were used in circuses and related forms of entertainment, such as BuffaloBill's Wild West Show.[35] The horses were originally called "Palouse horses" by settlers, a reference to the PalouseRiver that ran through the heart of what was once Nez Perce country.[36] Gradually, the name evolved into"Apalouse", and then "Appaloosa".[36] Other early variations of the name included "Appalucy", "Apalousey" and"Appaloosie". In one 1948 book, the breed was called the "Opelousa horse", described as a "hardy tough breed ofIndian and Spanish horse" used by backwoodsmen of the late 18th century to transport goods to New Orleans forsale. By the 1950s, "Appaloosa" was regarded as the correct spelling.

Appaloosa 62

RevitalizationThe Appaloosa came to the attention of the general public in January 1937 in Western Horseman magazine whenFrancis D. Haines, a history professor from Lewiston, Idaho, published an article describing the breed's history andurging its preservation.[24] Haines had performed extensive research, traveling with a friend and Appaloosaaficionado named George Hatley, visiting numerous Nez Perce villages, collecting history, and takingphotographs.[37] The article generated strong interest in the horse breed, and led to the founding of the AppaloosaHorse Club (ApHC) by Claude Thompson and a small group of other dedicated breeders in 1938.[38] The registrywas originally housed in Moro, Oregon;[38] but in 1947 the organization moved to Moscow, Idaho, under theleadership of George Hatley.[37] The Appaloosa Museum foundation was formed in 1975 to preserve the history ofthe Appaloosa horse. The Western Horseman magazine, and particularly its longtime publisher, Dick Spencer,continued to support and promote the breed through many subsequent articles.[39]

A significant crossbreeding influence used to revitalize the Appaloosa was the Arabian horse, as evidenced by earlyregistration lists that show Arabian-Appaloosa crossbreeds as ten of the first fifteen horses registered with theApHC.[40] For example, one of Claude Thompson's major herd sires was Ferras, an Arabian stallion bred by W.K.Kellogg from horses imported from the Crabbet Arabian Stud of England. Ferras sired Red Eagle, a prominentAppaloosa stallion added to the Appaloosa Hall of Fame in 1988. Later, Thoroughbred and Quarter Horse lines wereadded, as well as crosses from other breeds, including Morgans and Standardbreds.[41] In 1983 the ApHC reducedthe number of allowable outcrosses to three main breeds: the Arabian horse, the American Quarter Horse and theThoroughbred.By 1978 the ApHC was the third largest horse registry for light horse breeds. From 1938 to 2007 more than670,000 Appaloosas were registered by the ApHC. The state of Idaho adopted the Appaloosa as its official statehorse on March 25, 1975, when Idaho Governor Cecil Andrus signed the enabling legislation. Idaho offers a customlicense plate featuring an Appaloosa horse, the first state to offer a plate featuring a state horse.

Registration

A Pinto horse (left) has different markings than aLeopard Appaloosa (right). Photo credit:

Jean-Pol Grandmont

Located in Moscow, Idaho, the ApHC is the principal body for thepromotion and preservation of the Appaloosa breed and is aninternational organization. Affiliate Appaloosa organizations exist inmany South American and European countries, as well as SouthAfrica, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Mexico and Israel. TheAppaloosa Horse Club has 33,000 members as of 2010, circulation ofthe Appaloosa Journal, which is included with most types ofmembership, was at 32,;00 in 2008. The American AppaloosaAssociation was founded in 1983 by members opposed to theregistration of plain-colored horses, as a result of the color rulecontroversy. Based in Missouri, it has a membership of more than2,000 as of 2008. Other "Appaloosa" registries have been founded for

horses with leopard complex genetics that are not affiliated with the ApHC. These registries tend to have differentfoundation breeding and histories than the North American Appaloosa. The ApHC is by far the largest Appaloosahorse registry, and it hosts one of the world's largest breed shows.[42]

The Appaloosa is "a breed defined by ApHC bloodline requirements and preferred characteristics, including coat pattern". In other words, the Appaloosa is a distinct breed from limited bloodlines with distinct physical traits and a desired color, referred to as a "color preference". Appaloosas are not strictly a "color breed". All ApHC-registered Appaloosas must be the offspring of two registered Appaloosa parents or a registered Appaloosa and a horse from an approved breed registry, which includes Arabian horses, Quarter Horses, and Thoroughbreds. In all cases, one parent

Appaloosa 63

must always be a regular registered Appaloosa. The only exception to the bloodline requirements is in the case ofAppaloosa-colored geldings or spayed mares with unknown pedigrees; owners may apply for "hardship registration"for these non-breeding horses. The ApHC does not accept horses with draft, pony, Pinto, or Paint breeding, andrequires mature Appaloosas to stand, unshod, at least 14 hands (56 inches, 142 cm). If a horse has excessive whitemarkings not associated with the Appaloosa pattern (such as those characteristic of a pinto) it cannot be registeredunless it is verified through DNA testing that both parents have ApHC registration.Certain other characteristics are used to determine if a horse receives "regular" registration: striped hooves, whitesclera visible when the eye is in a normal position, and mottled (spotted) skin around the eyes, lips, and genitalia. Asthe Appaloosa is one of the few horse breeds to exhibit skin mottling, this characteristic "...is a very basic anddecisive indication of an Appaloosa." Appaloosas born with visible coat pattern, or mottled skin and at least oneother characteristic, are registered with "regular" papers and have full show and breeding privileges. A horse thatmeets bloodline requirements but is born without the recognized color pattern and characteristics can still beregistered with the ApHC as a "non-characteristic" Appaloosa. These solid-colored, "non-characteristic" Appaloosasmay not be shown at ApHC events unless the owner verifies the parentage through DNA testing and pays asupplementary fee to enter the horse into the ApHC's Performance Permit Program (PPP). Solid-colored Appaloosasare restricted in breeding.

Color rule controversy

Mare and foal. The ApHC encourages early foalregistration, even though coat patterns may

change later.

During the 1940s and 1950s, when both the Appaloosa Horse Club(ApHC) and the American Quarter Horse Association (AQHA) were intheir formative years, minimally marked or roan Appaloosas weresometimes used in Quarter Horse breeding programs.[43] At the sametime, it was noted that two solid-colored registered Quarter Horseparents would sometimes produce what Quarter Horse aficionados calla "cropout", a foal with white coloration similar to that of anAppaloosa or Pinto. For a considerable time, until DNA testing couldverify parentage, the AQHA refused to register such horses. TheApHC did accept cropout horses that exhibited proper Appaloosatraits, while cropout pintos became the core of the American PaintHorse Association. Famous Appaloosas who were cropouts includedColida, Joker B, Bright Eyes Brother and Wapiti.

In the late 1970s, the color controversy went in the opposite direction within the Appaloosa registry. The ApHC'sdecision in 1982 to allow solid-colored or "non-characteristic" Appaloosas to be registered resulted in substantialdebate within the Appaloosa breeding community.[44] Until then, a foal of Appaloosa parents that had insufficientcolor was often denied registration, although non-characteristic Appaloosas were allowed into the registry. Butbreeder experience had shown that some solid Appaloosas could throw a spotted foal in a subsequent generation, atleast when bred to a spotted Appaloosa. In addition, many horses with a solid coat exhibited secondarycharacteristics such as skin mottling, the white sclera, and striped hooves. The controversy stirred by the ApHC'sdecision was intense. In 1983 a number of Appaloosa breeders opposed to the registration of solid-colored horsesformed the American Appaloosa Association, a breakaway organization.

Appaloosa 64

Uses

A leopard Appaloosa is part of themascot team for the Florida State

University Seminoles.

Appaloosas are used extensively for both Western and English riding. Westerncompetitions include cutting, reining, roping and O-Mok-See sports such asbarrel racing (known as the Camas Prairie Stump Race in Appaloosa-onlycompetition) and pole bending (called the Nez Percé Stake Race at breed shows).English disciplines they are used in include eventing, show jumping, and foxhunting. They are common in endurance riding competitions, as well as in casualtrail riding. Appaloosas are also bred for horse racing, with an active breedracing association promoting the sport. They are generally used formiddle-distance racing at distances between 350 yards (320 m) and 0.5 miles(0.80 km); an Appaloosa holds the all-breed record for the 4.5 furlongs (3,000 ft;910 m) distance, set in 1989.[45]

Appaloosas are often used in Western movies and television series. Examplesinclude "Cojo Rojo" in the Marlon Brando film The Appaloosa,[46] "ZipCochise" ridden by John Wayne in the 1966 film El Dorado and "Cowboy", themount of Matt Damon in True Grit. An Appaloosa horse is part of thecontroversial mascot team for the Florida State Seminoles, Chief Osceola and Renegade, even though the Seminolepeople were not directly associated with Appaloosa horses.

InfluenceThere are several American horse breeds with leopard coloring and Appaloosa ancestry. These include the Pony ofthe Americas and the Colorado Ranger. Appaloosas are crossbred with gaited horse breeds in an attempt to create aleopard-spotted ambling horse.[47] Because such crossbred offspring are not eligible for ApHC registration, theirowners have formed breed registries for horses with leopard complex patterns and gaited ability. In 1995 the NezPerce tribe began a program to develop a new and distinct horse breed, the Nez Perce Horse, based on crossbreedingthe Appaloosa with the Akhal-Teke breed from Central Asia. Appaloosa stallions have been exported to Denmark, toadd new blood to the Knabstrup breed.

Health issues

Genetically linked blindnessAppaloosas have an eightfold greater risk of developing Equine Recurrent Uveitis (ERU) than all other breedscombined. Up to 25 percent of all horses with ERU may be Appaloosas. Uveitis in horses has many causes,including eye trauma, disease, and bacterial, parasitic and viral infections, but ERU is characterized by recurringepisodes of uveitis, rather than a single incident. If not treated, ERU can lead to blindness, which occurs more oftenin Appaloosas than in other breeds. Eighty percent of all uveitis cases are found in Appaloosas with physicalcharacteristics including roan or light-colored coat patterns, little pigment around the eyelids and sparse hair in themane and tail denoting the most at-risk individuals. Researchers may have identified a gene region containing anallele that makes the breed more susceptible to the disease.Appaloosas that are homozygous for the leopard complex (LP) gene are also at risk for congenital stationary nightblindness (CSNB). This form of night blindness has been linked with the leopard complex since the 1970s, and in2007 a "significant association" between LP and CSNB was identified. CSNB is a disorder that causes an affectedanimal to lack night vision, although day vision is normal. It is an inherited disorder, present from birth, and does notprogress over time. Studies in 2008 and 2010 indicate that both CSNB and leopard complex spotting patterns arelinked to TRPM1.

Appaloosa 65

Drug rulesIn 2007 the ApHC implemented new drug rules allowing Appaloosas to show with the drugs furosemide, known bythe trade name of Lasix, and acetazolamide. Furosemide is used to prevent horses who bleed from the nose whensubjected to strenuous work from having bleeding episodes when in competition, and is widely used in horse racing.Acetazolamide ("Acet") is used for treating horses with the genetic disease hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (HYPP),and prevents affected animals from having seizures.[48] Acet is only allowed for horses that test positive for HYPPand have HYPP status noted on their registration papers. The ApHC recommends that Appaloosas that trace tocertain American Quarter Horse bloodlines be tested for HYPP, and owners have the option to choose to placeHYPP testing results on registration papers. Foals of AQHA-registered stallions and mares born on or after January1, 2007 that carry HYPP will be required to be HYPP tested and have their HYPP status designated on theirregistration papers.Both drugs are controversial, in part because they are considered drug maskers and diuretics that can make it difficultto detect the presence of other drugs in the horse's system. On one side, it is argued that the United States EquestrianFederation (USEF), which sponsors show competition for many different horse breeds,[49] and the InternationalFederation for Equestrian Sports (FEI), which governs international and Olympic equestrian competition, ban the useof furosemide.[50] On the other side of the controversy, several major stock horse registries that sanction their ownshows, including the American Quarter Horse Association, American Paint Horse Association, and the PalominoHorse Breeders of America,[51] allow acetazolamide and furosemide to be used within 24 hours of showing undercertain circumstances.

Notes[1] http:/ / www. appaloosa. com/[2] Bennett, Conquerors, p. 392.[3] Bennett, Conquerors, p. 391.[4] Bennett, Conquerors, p. 170.[5] Bennett, Conquerors, p. 308.[6] Richardson, Appaloosa, pp. 27–28.[7] Sponenberg, Equine Color Genetics, pp. 90–91.[8] Bennett, Conquerors, p. 393.[9] Harris, Horse Breeds of the West, p. 12.[10] Sponenberg, Equine Color Genetics, p. 92.[11] Based on images from Sponenberg, Equine Color Genetics, pp. 153–156.[12] Sponenberg, Equine Color Genetics, p. 93.[13] Richardson, Appaloosa, pp. 12–16.[14] Crowell, Cavalcade, p. 299.[15] Richardson, Appaloosa, pp. 17–18.[16] Bennett, Conquerors, p. 196.[17] Bennett, Conquerors, p. 207.[18][18] West, "Nez Perce and Their Trials", p. 7.[19] Malone Roeder & Lang, Montana, p. 134.[20] Moulton, Lewis and Clark Journals, p. 333.[21] Bennett, Conquerors, p. 390.[22] Bennett, Conquerors, pp. 390, 392.[23][23] West, "Nez Perce and Their Trials", p. 14.[24][24] Ciarloni, "Shaping Stock Horses", p. 82.[25] West, "Nez Perce and Their Trials", pp. 5–6.[26] Malone Roeder & Lang, Montana, pp. 135–136.[27][27] West, "Nez Perce and Their Trials", p. 9.[28][28] West, "Nez Perce and Their Trials", p. 4.[29] West, "Nez Perce and Their Trials", pp. 14–15.[30] Haines, Appaloosa, pp. 92–95.[31] Malone Roeder & Lang, Montana, p. 138.[32] Richardson, Appaloosa, p. 23.

Appaloosa 66

[33] Chief Joseph and his band were settled in central Washington on the Colville Indian Reservation.<ref name="FOOTNOTEWest, "NezPerce and Their Trials"4">West, "Nez Perce and Their Trials", p. 4.

[34] Richardson, Appaloosa, p. 24–25.[35] Haines, Appaloosa, pp. 96–98.[36] Crowell, Cavalcade, pp. 296–297.[37][37] Ciarloni, "Shaping Stock Horses", p. 83.[38] Haines, Appaloosa, p. 98.[39] Ciarloni, "Shaping Stock Horses", pp. 83–84.[40] Appaloosa Horse Club, Appaloosa Horse Club Stud Book, Vol. 1.[41] Appaloosa Horse Club, Appaloosa Horse Club Stud Book, Vol. 2 & 3.[42] Evans, Horses, p. 132.[43] Holmes, Spotted Pride, p. 165.[44] Stanger, Fifty Years of Appaloosa History, p. 163.[45] Dutson, Storey's Illustrated Guide to 96 Horse Breeds of North America, pp. 74–78.[46] Wilson, Animal Movies Guide, p. 161.[47] Such breeds include the Walkaloosa, Spanish Jennet Horse and Tiger horse[48] Acetazolamide is not to be confused with acepromazine ("Ace"), a tranquilizer, which is illegal in all forms of competition.[49][49] Note: Specifically lists Furosemide.[50][50] Note: Specifically lists Furosemide.[51][51] The PHBA does not allow Lasix within 24 hours of show and only allows Acetazolamide for HYPP horses.

Footnotes

References• Appaloosa Horse Club. Appaloosa Horse Club Stud Book Volume 1. Moscow, Idaho: Appaloosa Horse Club.

OCLC 9494129 (http:/ / www. worldcat. org/ oclc/ 9494129).• Appaloosa Horse Club. Appaloosa Horse Club Stud Book Volume 2 & 3. Moscow, Idaho: Appaloosa Horse Club.

OCLC 9494129 (http:/ / www. worldcat. org/ oclc/ 9494129).• Bennett, Deb (1998). Conquerors: The Roots of New World Horsemanship (1st ed.). Solvang, California: Amigo

Publications. ISBN 978-0-9658533-0-9.• Ciarloni, Diane (January 2011). "Shaping Stock Horses". Western Horseman: 76–84.• Crowell, Pers (1951). Cavalcade of American Horses. New York: McGraw-Hill. OCLC 1428574 (http:/ / www.

worldcat. org/ oclc/ 1428574).• Dutson, Judith (2005). Storey's Illustrated Guide to 96 Horse Breeds of North America. North Adams,

Massachusetts: Storey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-58017-612-5.• Evans, J. Warren (2000). Horses: A Guide to Selection, Care and Enjoyment. New York: W. H. Freeman. p. 132.

ISBN 978-0-7167-4255-5.• Haines, Francis (1975) [1946]. Appaloosa: The Spotted Horse in Art and History. Austin, Texas: University of

Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-912830-21-6.• Harris, Freddie S. (1973). Horse Breeds of the West. Houston, Texas: Cordovan Corp. OCLC 1583675 (http:/ /

www. worldcat. org/ oclc/ 1583675).• Holmes, Frank (2003). Spotted Pride. Abilene, Kansas: Loft Enterprises. ISBN 978-0-9714998-3-6.• Malone, Michael P.; Roeder, Richard B.; Lang, William L. (1991). Montana: A History of Two Centuries. Seattle,

Washington: University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0-295-97129-2.• Moulton, Gary E., ed. (2003). The Lewis and Clark Journals. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press.

ISBN 978-0-8032-8039-7.• Richardson, Bill; Richardson, Dona (1968). The Appaloosa. New York: A. S. Barnes. ISBN 978-0-498-06787-7.• Sponenberg, Dan Phillip (2003). Equine Color Genetics (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=ihTMGxdBXb8C)

(Second ed.). Ames, Iowa: Wiley Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-8138-0759-1.• Stanger, Edith M. (1997). Fifty Years of Appaloosa History. (No location listed): Double Arrow Appaloosas.

ISBN 978-0-9661160-4-5.

Appaloosa 67

• West, Elliott (Autumn 2010). "The Nez Perce and Their Trials: Rethinking America's Indian Wars". Montana: theMagazine of Western History 60 (3): 3–18.

• Wilson, Staci Layne (2007). Animal Movies Guide (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=dGYzZLrBrS4C&pg=PA161& dq=animal+ movies+ guide+ appaloosa). (No location listed): Running Free Press.ISBN 978-0-9675185-3-4.

External links• The Appaloosa Horse Club (http:/ / www. appaloosa. com/ )• American Appaloosa Association (http:/ / www. amappaloosa. com/ mainpage. cfm)• Appaloosa Horse Club of Canada (http:/ / www. appaloosa. ca/ )• Appaloosa Horse Club of Denmark (http:/ / www. appaloosa. dk/ )• Appaloosa Horse Club of Germany (http:/ / www. aphcg. com/ )• American Appaloosa Horse Club Holland (http:/ / www. appaloosa. nl/ )• Appaloosa Horse Association of New Zealand (http:/ / www. appaloosaassn. co. nz/ )• Appaloosa Horse Club of the United Kingdom (http:/ / www. aphcuk. org/ )

AraAppaloosa 68

AraAppaloosa

AraAppaloosa

Distinguishing features Combination of Arabian and Appaloosa traits


The AraAppaloosa, also known as the Araloosa, Arappaloosa and the Ara-Appaloosa, is a horse breed that is apart-Arabian cross between an Arabian horse and an Appaloosa, combining the refined phenotype of the Arabianwith the leopard-spotted coloring of the Appaloosa. As both breeds are noted for endurance and intelligence, theresulting cross is usually able to excel at endurance riding as well as other disciplines performed by either breed,including ranch work, and a variety of horse show disciplines.An AraAppaloosa with one purebred Arabian parent may be registered as a half-Arabian with the Arabian HorseAssociation, and because the Appaloosa breed still has an open stud book to horses of Arabian breeding, manyArappaloosas can also be registered with the Appaloosa Horse Club (ApHC). However, they also have their ownorganization, the AraAppaloosa and Foundation Breeders' International (AAFBI)

HistoryThe AAFBI was established in an effort to protect the original or "foundation" Appaloosa, and promotes theincorporation of Arabian bloodlines into "foundation-bred" Appaloosa Breeding programs, preserving what theyconsider to be the original type of Appaloosa horse. According to AAFBI, the AraAppaloosa of today is considered are-establishment or preservation of the best examples of the Appaloosa breed originally developed by the Nez Percepeople of the American Pacific Northwest in the 18th and 19th centuries.The AAFBI believes that the backgrounds of leopard-spotted horses and the Arabian breed have much in common,with prototypes of each dating to antiquity. AAFBI notes that certain "oriental"-type horses were often particolored,as shown in Ancient Near East and Ancient Egyptian art. The association also promotes the standards set by one ofthe founders of the Appaloosa Horse Club, Claude Thompson, who, beginning in the 1930s, used Arabian blood inhis Appaloosa breeding program and believed that Arabian blood was a crucial part of the Appaloosa genome.

AraAppaloosa 69

CharacteristicsThe AraAppaloosa exhibits the "leopard" or "Lp" gene and thus must have one of the color patterns found on theAppaloosa. They average between 14 and 15 hands high. They are to have the general conformation of the Arabian,including a refined head, high-carried tail and overall elegance. Like both the Arabian and the Appaloosa, they are topossess considerable endurance, sure-footedness, and intelligence. Overall, an AraAppaloosa will be of a morerefined build than the more common type of Appaloosa, those with a high percentage of American Quarter Horsebreeding, more commonly seen in the modern show ring.

References• Oklahoma State [1]

• Cowboy Frank [2]

• Central Pets [3]

References[1] http:/ / www. ansi. okstate. edu/ breeds/ horses/ araappaloosa/ index. htm[2] http:/ / cowboyfrank. net/ fortvalley/ breeds/ AraAppaloosa. htm[3] http:/ / www. centralpets. com/ animals/ mammals/ horses/ hrs214. html

Arabian horse 70

Arabian horse

Arabian horse

An Arabian mare

Distinguishing features finely chiseled bone structure, concave profile, arched neck, comparatively level croup, high-carriedtail.

Alternative names Arabian, Arab

Country of origin Developed in the Middle East, most notably Arabian peninsula

Breed standards

Arabian Horse Association (USA) Breed standards [2]

The Arabian Horse Society ofAustralia

Breed standards [1]

The Arab Horse Society (UK) Breed standards [2]

World Arabian Horse Organization Breed standards [3]


The Arabian or Arab horse (Arabic: الحصان العربي [ ħisˤaːn ʕarabiː], DMG ḥiṣān ʿarabī) is a breed of horse thatoriginated on the Arabian Peninsula. With a distinctive head shape and high tail carriage, the Arabian is one of themost easily recognizable horse breeds in the world. It is also one of the oldest breeds, with archaeological evidenceof horses in the Middle East that resemble modern Arabians dating back 4,500 years. Throughout history, Arabianhorses have spread around the world by both war and trade, used to improve other breeds by adding speed,refinement, endurance, and strong bone. Today, Arabian bloodlines are found in almost every modern breed ofriding horse.The Arabian developed in a desert climate and was prized by the nomadic Bedouin people, often being broughtinside the family tent for shelter and protection from theft. Selective breeding for traits including an ability to form acooperative relationship with humans created a horse breed that is good-natured, quick to learn, and willing toplease. The Arabian also developed the high spirit and alertness needed in a horse used for raiding and war. Thiscombination of willingness and sensitivity requires modern Arabian horse owners to handle their horses withcompetence and respect.The Arabian is a versatile breed. Arabians dominate the discipline of endurance riding, and compete today in many other fields of equestrian activity. They are one of the top ten most popular horse breeds in the world. They are now found worldwide, including the United States and Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, continental Europe, South

Arabian horse 71

America (especially Brazil), and its land of origin, the Middle East.


A purebred Arabian stallion, showing dished profile, arched neck, levelcroup and high-carried tail

Arabian horses have refined, wedge-shaped heads,a broad forehead, large eyes, large nostrils, andsmall muzzles. Most display a distinctive concave,or "dished" profile. Many Arabians also have aslight forehead bulge between their eyes, called thejibbah by the Bedouin, that adds additional sinuscapacity, believed to have helped the Arabianhorse in its native dry desert climate.[4][5] Anotherbreed characteristic is an arched neck with a large,well-set windpipe set on a refined, cleanthroatlatch. This structure of the poll andthroatlatch was called the mitbah or mitbeh by theBedouin. In the ideal Arabian it is long, allowingflexibility in the bridle and room for the windpipe.

Other distinctive features are a relatively long,level croup, or top of the hindquarters, and

naturally high tail carriage. The USEF breed standard requires Arabians have solid bone and standard correct equineconformation. Well-bred Arabians have a deep, well-angled hip and well laid-back shoulder.[6] Within the breed,there are variations. Some individuals have wider, more powerfully muscled hindquarters suitable for intense burstsof activity in events such as reining, while others have longer, leaner muscling better suited for long stretches of flatwork such as endurance riding or horse racing.[7] Most have a compact body with a short back. Arabians usuallyhave dense, strong bone, and good hoof walls. They are especially noted for their endurance,[8] and the superiority ofthe breed in Endurance riding competition demonstrates that well-bred Arabians are strong, sound horses withsuperior stamina. At international FEI-sponsored endurance events, Arabians and half-Arabians are the dominantperformers in distance competition.

Arabian horse 72

Skeletal analysis

Mounted skeleton of an Arabian horse, showing underlying structure ofbreed characteristics including short back, high-set tail, distinction

between level croup and well-angulated hip. This specimen also has only 5lumbar vertebrae.

Some Arabians, though not all, have 5 lumbarvertebrae instead of the usual 6, and 17 pairs ofribs rather than 18.[9] A quality Arabian has both arelatively horizontal croup and a properly angledpelvis as well as good croup length and depth tothe hip (determined by the length of the pelvis),that allows agility and impulsion.[10] Amisconception confuses the topline of the croupwith the angle of the "hip" (the pelvis or ilium),leading some to assert that Arabians have a flatpelvis angle and cannot use their hindquartersproperly. However, the croup is formed by thesacral vertebrae. The hip angle is determined bythe attachment of the ilium to the spine, thestructure and length of the femur, and other aspectsof hindquarter anatomy, which is not correlated tothe topline of the sacrum. Thus, the Arabian hasconformation typical of other horse breeds built forspeed and distance, such as the Thoroughbred,where the angle of the ilium is more oblique thanthat of the croup.[11][12][13] Thus, the hip angle is not necessarily correlated to the topline of the croup. Horses bredto gallop need a good length of croup and good length of hip for proper attachment of muscles, and so unlike angle,length of hip and croup do go together as a rule.

SizeThe breed standard stated by the United States Equestrian Federation, describes Arabians as standing between 14.1to 15.1 hands (57 to 61 inches, 145 to 155 cm) tall, "with the occasional individual over or under." Thus, allArabians, regardless of height, are classified as "horses", even though 14.2 hands (58 inches, 147 cm) is thetraditional cutoff height between a horse and a pony.[14] A common myth is that Arabians are not strong becausethey are relatively small and refined. However, the Arabian horse is noted for a greater density of bone than otherbreeds, short cannons, sound feet, and a broad, short back, all of which give the breed physical strength comparableto many taller animals. Thus, even a smaller Arabian can carry a heavy rider. For tasks where the sheer weight of thehorse matters, such as farm work done by a draft horse,[15] any lighter-weight horse is at a disadvantage. However,for most purposes, the Arabian is a strong and hardy light horse breed able to carry any type of rider in mostequestrian pursuits.[]

Arabian horse 73

Temperament

Arabians are noted for both intelligence and aspirited disposition

For centuries, Arabian horses lived in the desert in close associationwith humans. For shelter and protection from theft, prized war mareswere sometimes kept in their owner's tent, close to children andeveryday family life.[16] Only horses with a naturally good dispositionwere allowed to reproduce, with the result that Arabians today have agood temperament that, among other examples, makes them one of thefew breeds where the United States Equestrian Federation rules allowchildren to exhibit stallions in nearly all show ring classes, includingthose limited to riders under 18.[17]

On the other hand, the Arabian is also classified as a "hot-blooded"breed, a category that includes other refined, spirited horses bred forspeed, such as the Akhal-Teke, the Barb and the Thoroughbred. Likeother hot-bloods, Arabians' sensitivity and intelligence enable quicklearning and greater communication with their riders; however, theirintelligence also allows them to learn bad habits as quickly as goodones,[18] and they do not tolerate inept or abusive training practices.[19]

Some sources claim that it is more difficult to train a "hot-blooded"horse. Though most Arabians have a natural tendency to cooperate with humans, when treated badly, like any horse,they can become excessively nervous or anxious, but seldom become vicious unless seriously spoiled or subjected toextreme abuse. At the other end of the spectrum, romantic myths are sometimes told about Arabian horses that givethem near-divine characteristics.[20]

ColorsThe Arabian Horse Association registers purebred horses with the coat colors bay, gray, chestnut, black, and roan.Bay, gray and chestnut are the most common; black is less common.[21] The classic roan gene does not appear toexist in Arabians;[22] rather, Arabians registered by breeders as "roan" are usually expressing rabicano or, sometimes,sabino patterns with roan features. All Arabians, no matter their coat color, have black skin, except under whitemarkings. Black skin provided protection from the intense desert sun.[23]

A gray Arabian; note white hair coat but black skin

Gray and white

Although many Arabians appear to have a "white"hair coat, they are not genetically "white". Thiscolor is usually created by the natural action of thegray gene, and virtually all white-looking Arabiansare actually grays. A specialized colorization seenin some older gray Arabians is the so-called"bloody-shoulder", which is a particular type of"flea-bitten" gray with localized aggregations ofpigment on the shoulder.

There are a very few Arabians registered as"white" having a white coat, pink skin and darkeyes from birth. These animals are believed to

Arabian horse 74

manifest a new form of dominant white, a result of a nonsense mutation in DNA tracing to a single stallion foaled in1996. This horse was originally thought to be a sabino, but actually was found to have a new form of dominant whitemutation, now labeled W3. It is possible that white mutations have occurred in Arabians in the past or that mutationsother than W3 exist but have not been verified by genetic testing.

Sabino

One spotting pattern, sabino, does exist in purebred Arabians. Sabino coloring is characterized by white markingssuch as "high white" above the knees and hocks, irregular spotting on the legs, belly and face, white markings thatextend beyond the eyes or under the chin and jaw, and sometimes lacy or roaned edges.The genetic mechanism that produces sabino patterning in Arabians is undetermined, and more than one gene maybe involved. Studies at the University of California, Davis indicate that Arabians do not appear to carry theautosomal dominant gene "SB1" or sabino 1, that often produces bold spotting and some completely white horses inother breeds. The inheritance patterns observed in sabino-like Arabians also do not follow the same mode ofinheritance as sabino 1.

A chestnut rabicano Arabian horse

Rabicano or roan?

There are very few Arabians registered as roan, and according toresearcher D. Phillip Sponenberg, roaning in purebred Arabians isactually the action of rabicano genetics. Unlike a genetic roan,rabicano is a partial roan-like pattern; the horse does not haveintermingled white and solid hairs over the entire body, only on themidsection and flanks, the head and legs are solid-colored. Somepeople also confuse a young gray horse with a roan because of theintermixed hair colors common to both. However, a roan does notconsistently lighten with age, while a gray does.

Colors that do not exist in purebreds

Purebred Arabians never carry dilution genes.[24] Therefore, purebreds cannot be colors such as dun, cremello,palomino or buckskin.[25] However, there is pictorial evidence from pottery and tombs in Ancient Egypt suggestingthat spotting patterns may have existed on ancestral Arabian-type horses in antiquity.[26] Nonetheless, purebredArabians today do not carry genes for pinto or Leopard complex ("Appaloosa") spotting patterns, except for sabino.

A tobiano patterned National Show Horse, a typeof partbred Arabian

Spotting or excess white was believed by many breeders to be a markof impurity until DNA testing for verification of parentage becamestandard. For a time, horses with belly spots and other white markingsdeemed excessive were discouraged from registration and excess whitewas sometimes penalized in the show ring.

To produce horses with some Arabian characteristics but coat colorsnot found in purebreds, they have to be crossbred with other breeds.Though the purebred Arabian produces a limited range of potentialcolors, they do not appear to carry any color-based lethal disorderssuch as the frame overo gene ("O") that can produce lethal whitesyndrome (LWS). Because purebred Arabians cannot produce LWSfoals, Arabian mares were used as a non-affected population in someof the studies seeking the gene that caused the condition in other breeds. Nonetheless, partbred Arabian offspringcan, in some cases, carry these genes if the non-Arabian parent was a carrier.[27]

Arabian horse 75

Genetic disordersThere are six known genetic disorders in Arabian horses. Two are inevitably fatal, two are not inherently fatal but aredisabling and usually result in euthanasia of the affected animal; the remaining conditions can usually be treated.Three are thought to be autosomal recessive conditions, which means that the flawed gene is not sex-linked and hasto come from both parents for an affected foal to be born; the others currently lack sufficient research data todetermine the precise mode of inheritance.[28] Arabians are not the only breed of horse to have problems withinherited diseases; fatal or disabling genetic conditions also exist in many other breeds, including the AmericanQuarter Horse, American Paint Horse, American Saddlebred, Appaloosa, Miniature horse, and Belgian.Genetic diseases that can occur in purebred Arabians, or in partbreds with Arabian ancestry in both parents, are thefollowing:• Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID). Recessive disorder, fatal when homozygous, carriers

(heterozygotes) show no signs. Similar to the "bubble boy" condition in humans, an affected foal is born with acomplete lack of an immune system, and thus generally dies of an opportunistic infection, usually before the ageof three months. There is a DNA test that can detect healthy horses who are carriers of the gene causing SCID,thus testing and careful, planned matings can now eliminate the possibility of an affected foal ever being born.

• Lavender Foal Syndrome (LFS), also called Coat Color Dilution Lethal (CCDL). Recessive disorder, fatal whenhomozygous, carriers show no signs. The condition has its name because most affected foals are born with a coatcolor dilution that lightens the tips of the coat hairs, or even the entire hair shaft. Foals with LFS are unable tostand at birth, often have seizures, and are usually euthanized within a few days of birth.[29] In November 2009,Cornell University announced that a DNA test has been developed to detect carriers of LFS. Simultaneously, theUniversity of Pretoria also announced that they had also developed a DNA test.[30]

• Cerebellar abiotrophy (CA or CCA). Recessive disorder, homozygous horses are affected, carriers show no signs.An affected foal is usually born without clinical signs, but at some stage, usually after six weeks of age, developssevere incoordination, a head tremor, wide-legged stance and other symptoms related to the death of the purkinjecells in the cerebellum. Such foals are frequently diagnosed only after they have crashed into a fence or fallenover backwards, and often are misdiagnosed as suffering from a head injury caused by an accident. Severityvaries, with some foals having fast onset of severe coordination problems, others showing milder signs. Mildlyaffected horses can live a full lifespan, but most are euthanized before adulthood because they are soaccident-prone as to be dangerous. As of 2008, there is a genetic test that uses DNA markers associated with CAto detect both carriers and affected animals. Clinical signs are distinguishable from other neurological conditions,and a diagnosis of CA can be verified by examining the brain after euthanasia.

•• Occipital Atlanto-Axial Malformation (OAAM). This is a condition where the occiput, atlas and axis vertebrae inthe neck and at the base of the skull are fused or malformed. Symptoms range from mild incoordination to theparalysis of both front and rear legs. Some affected foals cannot stand to nurse, in others the symptoms may notbe seen for several weeks. This is the only cervical spinal cord disease seen in horses less than 1 month of age,and a radiograph can diagnose the condition. There is no genetic test for OAAM, and the hereditary component ofthis condition is not well researched at present.

• Equine juvenile epilepsy, or Juvenile Idiopathic Epilepsy, sometimes referred to as "benign" epilepsy, is notusually fatal. Foals appear normal between epileptic seizures, and seizures usually stop occurring between 12 and18 months. Affected foals may show signs of epilepsy anywhere from two days to six months from birth.[31]

Seizures can be treated with traditional anti-seizure medications, which may reduce their severity. Though thecondition has been studied since 1985 at the University of California, Davis, the genetic mode of inheritance isunclear, though the cases studied were all of one general bloodline group. Recent research updates suggest that adominant mode of inheritance is involved in transmission of this trait. One researcher hypothesized that epilepsymay be linked in some fashion to Lavender Foal Syndrome due to the fact that it occurs in similar bloodlines andsome horses have produced foals with both conditions.

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• Guttural Pouch Tympany (GPT) occurs in horses ranging from birth to 1 year of age and is more common infillies than in colts. It is thought to be genetic in Arabians, possibly polygenic in inheritance, but more study isneeded. Foals are born with a defect that causes the pharyngeal opening of the eustachian tube to act like aone-way valve – air can get in, but it cannot get out. The affected guttural pouch is distended with air and forms acharacteristic nonpainful swelling. Breathing is noisy in severely affected animals.[32] Diagnosis is based onclinical signs and radiographic examination of the skull. Medical management with NSAID and antimicrobialtherapy can treat upper respiratory tract inflammation. Surgical intervention is needed to correct the malformationof the guttural pouch opening, to provide a route for air in the abnormal guttural pouch to pass to the normal sideand be expelled into the pharynx. Foals that are successfully treated may grow up to have fully useful lives.[33]

The Arabian Horse Association in the United States has created a foundation that supports research efforts touncover the roots of genetic diseases. The organization F.O.A.L. (Fight Off Arabian Lethals) is a clearinghouse forinformation on these conditions. Additional information is available from the World Arabian Horse Association(WAHO).

Mythology

An Arabian horse in the desert. Antoine-Jean Gros, c. 1810

Arabian horses are the topic of many myths andlegends. One origin story tells how Muhammadchose his foundation mares by a test of theircourage and loyalty. While there are severalvariants on the tale, a common version states thatafter a long journey through the desert,Muhammad turned his herd of horses loose to raceto an oasis for a desperately needed drink of water.Before the herd reached the water, Muhammadcalled for the horses to return to him. Only fivemares responded. Because they faithfully returnedto their master, though desperate with thirst, thesemares became his favorites and were called AlKhamsa, meaning, the five. These mares becamethe legendary founders of the five "strains" of theArabian horse.[34] Although the Al Khamsa are generally considered fictional horses of legend,[35] some breederstoday claim the modern Bedouin Arabian actually descended from these mares.[36]

Another origin tale claims that King Solomon was given a pure Arabian-type mare named Safanad ("the pure") bythe Queen of Sheba. A different version says that Solomon gave a stallion, Zad el-Raheb or Zad-el-Rakib ("Gift tothe Rider"), to the Banu Azd people when they came to pay tribute to the king. This legendary stallion was said to befaster than the zebra and the gazelle, and every hunt with him was successful, thus when he was put to stud, hebecame a founding sire of legend.[37]

Yet another creation myth puts the origin of the Arabian in the time of Ishmael, the son of Abraham.[38] In this story,the Angel Jibril (also known as Gabriel) descended from Heaven and awakened Ishmael with a "wind-spout" thatwhirled toward him. The Angel then commanded the thundercloud to stop scattering dust and rain, and so it gathereditself into a prancing, handsome creature - a horse - that seemed to swallow up the ground. Hence, the Bedouinsbestowed the title "Drinker of the Wind" to the first Arabian horse.[39]

Finally, a Bedouin story states that Allah created the Arabian horse from the south wind and exclaimed, "I create thee, Oh Arabian. To thy forelock, I bind Victory in battle. On thy back, I set a rich spoil and a Treasure in thy loins. I establish thee as one of the Glories of the Earth... I give thee flight without wings." Other versions of the story

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claim Allah said to the South Wind: "I want to make a creature out of you. Condense." Then from the materialcondensed from the wind, he made a kamayt-colored animal (a bay or burnt chestnut) and said: "I call you Horse; Imake you Arabian and I give you the chestnut color of the ant; I have hung happiness from the forelock which hangsbetween your eyes; you shall be the Lord of the other animals. Men shall follow you wherever you go; you shall beas good for flight as for pursuit; you shall fly without wings; riches shall be on your back and fortune shall comethrough your meditation."[40]

OriginsArabians are one of the oldest human-developed horse breeds in the world. The progenitor stock, the Orientalsubtype or "Proto-Arabian" was a horse with oriental characteristics similar to the modern Arabian. Horses withthese features appeared in rock paintings and inscriptions in the Arabian Peninsula as far back as 2500 BC. Inancient history throughout the Ancient Near East, horses with refined heads and high-carried tails were depicted inartwork, particularly that of Ancient Egypt in the 16th century BC.[41]

Some scholars of the Arabian horse once theorized that the Arabian came from a separate subspecies of horse,[42]

known as equus caballus pumpelli. Other scholars, including Gladys Brown Edwards, a noted Arabian researcher,believe that the "dry" oriental horses of the desert, from which the modern Arabian developed, were more likelyEquus ferus caballus with specific landrace characteristics based on the environments in which they lived, ratherthan being a separate subspecies. Horses with similar, though not identical, physical characteristics include theMarwari horse of India, the Barb of North Africa, the Akhal-Teke of western Asia and the now-extinct TurkomanHorse.

Desert roots

Carl Raswan pictured on an Anazeh warmare

There are different theories about where the ancestors of the Arabianoriginally lived. Most evidence suggests the proto-Arabian came fromthe area along the northern edge of the Fertile Crescent.[] Anotherhypothesis suggests the southwestern corner of the Arabian peninsula,in modern-day Yemen, where three now-dry riverbeds indicate goodnatural pastures existed long ago, perhaps as far back as the IceAge.[43] This hypothesis has gained renewed attention following a2010 discovery of artifacts dated between 6590 and 7250 BCE inAl-Magar, in southwestern Saudi Arabia, that appeared to portrayhorses.

The proto-Arabian horse may have been domesticated by the people ofthe Arabian peninsula known today as the Bedouin, some time afterthey learned to use the camel, approximately 4,000–5,000 yearsago.[44] Other scholars, noting that horses were common in the FertileCrescent but rare in the Arabian peninsula prior to the rise of Islam,theorize that the breed as it is known today only developed in largenumbers when the conversion of the Persians to Islam in the 7thcentury brought knowledge of horse breeding and horsemanship to theBedouin. The oldest depictions in the Arabian Peninsula of horses thatare clearly domesticated date no earlier than 1800-2000 BCE.

Regardless of origin, climate and culture ultimately created the Arabian. The desert environment required a domesticated horse to cooperate with humans to survive; humans were the only providers of food and water in certain areas, and even hardy Arabian horses needed far more water than camels in order to survive (most horses can

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only live about 72 hours without water). Where there was no pasture or water, the Bedouin fed their horses dates andcamel's milk.[45] The desert horse needed the ability to thrive on very little food, and to have anatomical traits tocompensate for life in a dry climate with wide temperature extremes from day to night. Weak individuals wereweeded out of the breeding pool, and the animals that remained were also honed by centuries of human warfare.[46]

The Bedouin way of life depended on camels and horses: Arabians were bred to be war horses with speed,endurance, soundness, and intelligence. Because many raids required stealth, mares were preferred over stallions asthey were quieter, and therefore would not give away the position of the fighters. A good disposition was alsocritical; prized war mares were often brought inside family tents to prevent theft and for protection from weather andpredators.[47] Though appearance was not necessarily a survival factor, the Bedouin bred for refinement and beautyin their horses as well as for more practical features.

Strains and pedigreesFor centuries, the Bedouin tracked the ancestry of each horse through an oral tradition. Horses of the purest bloodwere known as Asil and crossbreeding with non-Asil horses was forbidden. Mares were the most valued, both forriding and breeding, and pedigree families were traced through the female line. The Bedouin did not believe ingelding male horses, and considered stallions too intractable to be good war horses, thus they kept very few colts,selling most, and culling those of poor quality.[48]

Over time, the Bedouin developed several sub-types or strains of Arabian horse, each with unique characteristics,and traced through the maternal line only.[49] According to the Arabian Horse Association, the five primary strainswere known as the Keheilan, Seglawi, Abeyan, Hamdani and Hadban. Carl Raswan, a promoter and writer aboutArabian horses from the middle of the 20th century, held the belief that there were only three strains, Kehilan,Seglawi and Muniqi. Raswan felt that these strains represented body "types" of the breed, with the Kehilan being"masculine", the Seglawi being "feminine" and the Muniqi being "speedy".[50] There were also lesser strains,sub-strains, and regional variations in strain names.[51] Therefore, many Arabian horses were not only Asil, of pureblood, but also bred to be pure in strain, with crossbreeding between strains discouraged, though not forbidden, bysome tribes. Purity of bloodline was very important to the Bedouin, and they also believed in telegony, believing if amare was ever bred to a stallion of "impure" blood, the mare herself and all future offspring would be"contaminated" by the stallion and hence no longer Asil.[52]

This complex web of bloodline and strain was an integral part of Bedouin culture; they not only knew the pedigreesand history of their best war mares in detail, but also carefully tracked the breeding of their camels, Saluki dogs, andtheir own family or tribal history. Eventually, written records began to be kept; the first written pedigrees in theMiddle East that specifically used the term "Arabian" date to 1330 AD. As important as strain was to the Bedouin,modern studies of mitochondrial DNA suggest that Arabian horses alive today with records stating descent from agiven strain may not actually share a common maternal ancestry.[53]

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Historic development

Hittite chariot (drawing of an Egyptian relief)

Role in the ancient world

Fiery war horses with dished faces andhigh-carried tails were popular artistic subjects inAncient Egypt and Mesopotamia, often depictedpulling chariots in war or for hunting. Horses withoriental characteristics appear in later artwork asfar north as that of Ancient Greece and the RomanEmpire. While this type of horse was not called an"Arabian" in the Ancient Near East until later, (theword "Arabia" or "Arabaya" first appeared inwriting in Ancient Persia, c. 500 BC)[54] theseproto-Arabians shared many characteristics with

the modern Arabian, including speed, endurance, and refinement. For example, a horse skeleton unearthed in theSinai peninsula, dated to 1700 BC and probably brought by the Hyksos invaders, is considered the earliest physicalevidence of the horse in Ancient Egypt. This horse had a wedge-shaped head, large eye sockets and small muzzle, allcharacteristics of the Arabian horse.[55]

In Islamic historyFollowing the Hijra in AD 622 (also sometimes spelled Hegira), the Arabian horse spread across the known world ofthe time, and became recognized as a distinct, named breed.[56] It played a significant role in the History of theMiddle East and of Islam. By 630, Muslim influence expanded across the Middle East and North Africa, by 711Muslim warriors had reached Spain, and they controlled most of the Iberian Peninsula by 720. Their war horses wereof various oriental types, including both Arabians and the Barb horse of North Africa.Arabian horses also spread to the rest of the world via the Ottoman Empire, which rose in 1299. Though it neverfully dominated the heart of the Arabian Peninsula, this Turkish empire obtained many Arabian horses through trade,diplomacy and war. The Ottomans encouraged formation of private stud farms in order to ensure a supply of cavalryhorses,[57] and Ottoman nobles, such as Muhammad Ali of Egypt also collected pure, desert-bred Arabian horses.El Naseri, or Al-Nasir Muhammad, Sultan of Egypt (1290–1342) imported and bred numerous Arabians in Egypt. Astud farm record was made of his purchases describing many of the horses as well as their abilities, and wasdeposited in his library, becoming a source for later study.[][58] Through the Ottomans, Arabian horses were oftensold, traded, or given as diplomatic gifts to Europeans and, later, to Americans.

EgyptHistorically, Egyptian breeders imported horses bred in the deserts of Palestine and the Arabian peninsula as the source of their foundation bloodstock.[59] By the time that the Ottoman Empire dominated Egypt, the political elites of the region still recognized the need for quality bloodstock for both war and for horse racing, and some continued to return to the deserts to obtain pure-blooded Arabians. One of the most famous was Muhammad Ali of Egypt, also known as Muhammad Ali Pasha, who established an extensive stud farm in the 19th century.[60][61] After his death, some of his stock was bred on by Abbas I of Egypt, also known as Abbas Pasha. However, after Abbas Pasha was assassinated in 1854, his heir, El Hami Pasha, sold most of his horses, often for crossbreeding, and gave away many others as diplomatic gifts.[62] A remnant of the herd was obtained by Ali Pasha Sherif, who then went back to the desert to bring in new bloodstock. At its peak, the stud of Ali Pasha Sherif had over 400 purebred Arabians.[63]

Unfortunately, an epidemic of African horse sickness in the 1870s that killed thousands of horses throughout Egypt

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decimated much of his herd, wiping out several irreplaceable bloodlines. Late in his life, he sold several horses toWilfred and Lady Anne Blunt, who exported them to Crabbet Park Stud in England. After his death, Lady Anne wasalso able to gather many remaining horses at her Sheykh Obeyd stud.[64]

"Mameluck en Attaque" 18th-century painting by Carle Vernet

Meanwhile, the passion brought by the Blunts tosaving the pure horse of the desert helped Egyptianhorse breeders to convince their government of theneed to preserve the best of their own remainingpure Arabian bloodstock that descended from thehorses collected over the previous century byMuhammad Ali Pasha, Abbas Pasha and Ali PashaSherif. The government of Egypt formed the RoyalAgricultural Society (RAS) in 1908,[65] which isknown today as the Egyptian AgriculturalOrganization (EAO).[66] RAS representativestraveled to England during the 1920s andpurchased eighteen descendants of the originalBlunt exports from Lady Wentworth at Crabbet

Park, and returned these bloodlines to Egypt in order to restore bloodlines had been lost. Other than several horsespurchased by Henry Babson for importation to the United States in the 1930s,[67] and one other small group exportedto the USA in 1947, relatively few Egyptian-bred Arabian horses were exported until the overthrow of King Farouk Iin 1952.[68] Many of the private stud farms of the princes were then confiscated and the animals taken over by theEAO. In the 1960s and 1970s, as oil development brought more foreign investors to Egypt, some of whom werehorse fanciers, Arabians were exported to Germany and to the United States, as well as to the former SovietUnion.[69] Today, the designation "Straight Egyptian" or "Egyptian Arabian" is popular with some Arabian breeders,and the modern Egyptian-bred Arabian is an outcross used to add refinement in some breeding programs.

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Battle of La Higueruela, 1431. Spanish fighting the Moorish forces ofNasrid Sultan Muhammed IX of Granada. Note the differences in tail

carriage of the various horses in the painting. The Arabian's high-carriedtail is a distinctive trait that is seen even in part-blooded offspring.

Arrival in Europe

Probably the earliest horses with Arabianbloodlines to enter Europe came indirectly,through Spain and France. Others would havearrived with returning Crusaders—beginning in1095, European armies invaded Palestine andmany knights returned home with Arabian horsesas spoils of war. Later, as knights and the heavy,armored war horses who carried them becameobsolete, Arabian horses and their descendantswere used to develop faster, agile light cavalryhorses that were used in warfare into the 20thcentury.

Another major infusion of Arabian horses intoEurope occurred when the Ottoman Turks sent300,000 horsemen into Hungary in 1522, many ofwhom were mounted on pure-blooded Arabians,captured during raids into Arabia. By 1529, theOttomans reached Vienna, where they werestopped by the Polish and Hungarian armies, whocaptured these horses from the defeated Ottomancavalry. Some of these animals providedfoundation bloodstock for the major studs of eastern Europe.[70][71]

Polish and Russian breeding programs

With the rise of light cavalry, the stamina and agility of horses with Arabian blood gave an enormous militaryadvantage to any army who possessed them. As a result, many European monarchs began to support large breedingestablishments that crossed Arabians on local stock, one example being Knyszyna, the royal stud of Polish kingZygmunt II August, and another the Imperial Russian Stud of Peter the Great.

European horse breeders also obtained Arabian stock directly from the desert or via trade with the Ottomans. InRussia, Count Alexey Orlov obtained many Arabians, including Smetanka, an Arabian stallion who became afoundation sire of the Orlov trotter.[72] Orlov then provided Arabian horses to Catherine the Great, who in 1772owned 12 pure Arabian stallions and 10 mares. By 1889 two members of the Russian nobility, Count Stroganov andPrince Shcherbatov, established Arabian stud farms to meet the continued need to breed Arabians as a source of purebloodstock.In Poland, notable imports from Arabia included those of Prince Hieronymous Sanguszko (1743–1812), whofounded the Slawuta stud.[73] Poland's first state-run Arabian stud farm, Janów Podlaski, was established by thedecree of Alexander I of Russia in 1817, and by 1850, the great stud farms of Poland were well-established,including Antoniny, owned by the Polish Count Potocki (who had married into the Sanguszko family); later notableas the farm that produced the stallion Skowronek.[][74]

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Central and western Europe

Several noble families of Poland became majorbreeders of Arabian horses. Eustachy Erazm

Sanguszko, painted by Juliusz Kossak.

The 18th century marked the establishment of most of the greatArabian studs of Europe, dedicated to preserving "pure" Arabianbloodstock. The Prussians set up a royal stud in 1732, originallyintended to provide horses for the royal stables, and other studs wereestablished to breed animals for other uses, including mounts for thePrussian army. The foundation of these breeding programs was thecrossing of Arabians on native horses; by 1873 some English observersfelt that the Prussian calvalry mounts were superior in endurance tothose of the British, and credited Arabian bloodlines for thissuperiority.[75]

Other state studs included the Babolna Stud of Hungary, set up in1789,[76] and the Weil stud in Germany (now Weil-Marbach or theMarbach stud), founded in 1817 by King William I ofWürttemberg.[77] King James I of England imported the first Arabianstallion, the Markham Arabian, to England in 1616.[78] Arabians werealso introduced into European race horse breeding, especially inEngland via the Darley Arabian, Byerly Turk, and Godolphin Arabian, the three foundation stallions of the modernThoroughbred breed, who were each brought to England during the 18th century.[79] Other monarchs obtainedArabian horses, often as personal mounts. One of the most famous Arabian stallions in Europe was Marengo, the warhorse ridden by Napoleon Bonaparte.

During the mid-19th century, the need for Arabian blood to improve the breeding stock for light cavalry horses inEurope resulted in more excursions to the Middle East. Queen Isabel II of Spain sent representatives to the desert topurchase Arabian horses and by 1847 had established a stud book; her successor, King Alfonso XII importedadditional bloodstock from other European nations. By 1893, the state military stud farm, Yeguada Militar wasestablished in Córdoba, Spain for breeding both Arabian and Iberian horses. The military remained heavily involvedin the importation and breeding of Arabians in Spain well into the early 20th century, and the Yeguada Militar is stillin existence today.This period also marked a phase of considerable travel to the Middle East by European civilians and minor nobility,and in the process, some travelers noticed that the Arabian horse as a pure breed of horse was under threat due tomodern forms of warfare, inbreeding and other problems that were reducing the horse population of the Bedouintribes at a rapid rate.[80] By the late 19th century, the most farsighted began in earnest to collect the finest Arabianhorses they could find in order to preserve the blood of the pure desert horse for future generations. The most famousexample was Lady Anne Blunt, the daughter of Ada Lovelace and granddaughter of Lord Byron.[81]

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Rise of the Crabbet Park Stud

Lady Anne Blunt with her favorite Arabian mare, Kasida

Perhaps the most famous of all Arabian breedingoperations founded in Europe was the CrabbetPark Stud of England, founded 1878.[82] Starting in1877, Wilfrid Scawen Blunt and Lady Anne Bluntmade repeated journeys to the Middle East,including visits to the stud of Ali Pasha Sherif inEgypt and to Bedouin tribes in the Nejd, bringingthe best Arabians they could find to England. LadyAnne also purchased and maintained the SheykhObeyd stud farm in Egypt, near Cairo. Upon LadyAnne's death in 1917, the Blunts' daughter, Judith,Lady Wentworth, inherited the Wentworth title andLady Anne's portion of the estate, and obtained theremainder of the Crabbet Stud following aprotracted legal battle with her father.[83][84] LadyWentworth expanded the stud, added newbloodstock, and exported Arabian horsesworldwide. Upon her death in 1957, the studpassed to her manager, Cecil Covey, who ranCrabbet until 1971, when a motorway was cutthrough the property, forcing the sale of the landand dispersal of the horses.[85] Along with Crabbet,the Hanstead Stud of Lady Yule also producedhorses of worldwide significance.

Early 20th-century EuropeIn the early 20th century, the military was involved in the breeding of Arabian horses throughout Europe,particularly in Poland, Spain, Germany, and Russia; private breeders also developed a number of breeding programs.Significant among the private breeders in continental Europe was Spain's Cristobal Colon de Aguilera, XV Duque deVeragua, a direct descendant of Christopher Columbus, who founded the Veragua Stud in the 1920s.[86]

Modern warfare and its impact on European studsBetween World War I, the Russian Revolution, and the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, many historic Europeanstud farms were lost; in Poland, the Antoniny and Slawuta Studs were wiped out except for five mares.[87] Notableamong the survivors was the Janów Podlaski Stud. The Russian Revolution, combined with the effects of World WarI, destroyed most of the breeding programs in Russia, but by 1921, the Soviet government reestablished an Arabianprogram, the Tersk Stud, on the site of the former Stroganov estate, which included Polish bloodstock as well assome importations from the Crabbet Stud in England.[88] The programs that survived the war re-established theirbreeding operations and some added to their studs with new imports of desert-bred Arabian horses from the MiddleEast. Not all European studs recovered. The Weil stud of Germany, founded by King Wilhelm I, went intoconsiderable decline; by the time the Weil herd was transferred to the Marbach State Stud in 1932, only 17 purebredArabians remained.The Spanish Civil War and World War II also had a devastating impact on horse breeding throughout Europe. The Veragua stud was destroyed, and its records lost, with the only survivors being the broodmares and the younger

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horses, who were rescued by Francisco Franco.[89] Crabbet Park, Tersk, and Janów Podlaski survived. Both theSoviet Union and the United States obtained valuable Arabian bloodlines as spoils of war, which they used tostrengthen their breeding programs. The Soviets had taken steps to protect their breeding stock at Tersk Stud, and byutilizing horses captured in Poland they were able to re-establish their breeding program soon after the end of WorldWar II. The Americans brought Arabian horses captured in Europe to the United States, mostly to the Pomona U.S.Army Remount station, the former W.K. Kellogg Ranch in California.[90]

In the postwar era, Poland,[91] Spain,[] and Germany developed or re-established many well-respected Arabian studfarms.[92] The studs of Poland in particular were decimated by both the Nazis and the Soviets, but were able toreclaim some of their breeding stock and became particularly world-renowned for their quality Arabian horses,tested rigorously by racing and other performance standards.[93] During the 1950s, the Russians also obtainedadditional horses from Egypt to augment their breeding programs.[94]

After the Cold WarWhile only a few Arabians were exported from behind the Iron Curtain during the Cold War, those who did come tothe west caught the eye of breeders worldwide. Improved international relations between eastern Europe and thewest led to major imports of Polish and Russian-bred Arabian horses to western Europe and the United States in the1970s and 1980s.[95] The collapse of the former Soviet Union in 1991, greater political stability in Egypt, and therise of the European Union all increased international trade in Arabian horses. Organizations such as the WorldArabian Horse Association (WAHO) created consistent standards for transferring the registration of Arabian horsesbetween different nations. Today, Arabian horses are traded all over the world.[96]

In AmericaThe first horses on the American mainland since the end of the Ice Age arrived with the Spanish Conquistadors.Hernán Cortés brought 16 horses of Andalusian, Barb, and Arabian ancestry to Mexico in 1519. Others followed,such as Francisco Vásquez de Coronado, who brought 250 horses of similar breeding to America in 1540.[97] Morehorses followed with each new arrival of Conquistadors, missionaries, and settlers. Many horses escaped or werestolen, becoming the foundation stock of the American Mustang.[98][99]

Early importsColonists from England also brought horses of Arabian breeding to the eastern seaboard. One example wasNathaniel Harrison, who imported a horse of Arabian, Barb and Turkish ancestry to America in 1747.

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Washington Taking Control of the American Army, at Cambridge,Massachusetts July 1775. Copy of lithograph by Currier & Ives, 1876.

One of George Washington's primary mountsduring the American Revolutionary War was agray half-Arabian horse named "Blueskin", siredby the stallion "Ranger", also known as "Lindsay'sArabian", said to have been obtained from theSultan of Morocco.[100] Other Presidents are linkedto ownership of Arabian horses; in 1840, PresidentMartin Van Buren received two Arabians from theSultan of Oman, and in 1877, President Ulysses S.Grant obtained an Arabian stallion, Leopard, and aBarb, Linden Tree, as gifts from Abdul Hamid II,the "Sultan of Turkey."[101]

A. Keene Richard was the first American known tohave specifically bred Arabian horses. He traveledto the desert in 1853 and 1856 to obtain breeding

stock, which he crossed on Thoroughbreds, and also bred purebred Arabians. Unfortunately, his horses were lostduring the Civil War and have no known purebred Arabian descendants today.[102] Leopard is the only stallionamong the early imports who left known purebred descendants in America.[103] In 1888 Randolph Huntingtonimported the desert-bred Arabian mare *Naomi, and bred her to Leopard, producing Leopard's only purebredArabian son, Anazeh, who sired eight purebred Arabian foals, four of whom still appear in pedigrees today.[104]

Development of purebred breeding in America

Exhibitor from Syria holding an Arabian horse at the Hamidie Societyexhibition, World's Columbian Exposition, 1893.

In 1908, the Arabian Horse Registry of Americawas established, recording 71 animals, and by1994, the number had reached half a million.Today there are more Arabians registered in NorthAmerica than in the rest of the world put together.The origins of the registry date to 1893, when theHamidie Society sponsored an exhibit of Arabianhorses from what today is Syria at the World Fairin Chicago. This exhibition raised considerableinterest in Arabian horses. Records are unclear if40 or 45 horses were imported for the exposition,but seven died in a fire shortly after arrival. The 28horses that remained at the end of the exhibitionstayed in America and were sold at auction whenthe Hamidie Society went bankrupt. These horsescaught the interest of American breeders,[105]

including Peter Bradley of the Hingham Stock Farm, who purchased some Hamidie horses at the auction, and HomerDavenport, another admirer of the Hamidie imports.

Major Arabian importations to the United States included those of Davenport and Bradley, who teamed up to purchase several stallions and mares directly from the Bedouin in 1906. Spencer Borden of the Interlachen Stud made several importations between 1898 and 1911;[106] and W.R. Brown of the Maynesboro Stud, interested in the Arabian as a cavalry mount, imported many Arabians over a period of years, starting in 1918. Another wave of imports came in the 1920s and 30s when breeders such as W.K. Kellogg, Henry Babson, Roger Selby, James Draper,

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and others imported Arabian bloodstock from Crabbet Park Stud in England, as well as from Poland, Spain andEgypt.[107] The breeding of Arabians was fostered by the U. S. Army Remount Service, which stood purebredstallions at public stud for a reduced rate.[108]

Several Arabians, mostly of Polish breeding, were captured from Nazi Germany and imported to the U.S.A.following World War II.[109] In 1957, two deaths in England led to more sales to the United States: first fromCrabbet Stud on the demise of Lady Wentworth,[110] and then from Hanstead with the passing of Gladys Yule. Asthe tensions of the Cold War eased, more Arabians were imported to America from Poland and Egypt, and in the late1970s, as political issues surrounding import regulations and the recognition of stud books were resolved, manyArabian horses were imported from Spain and Russia.[111]

Modern trendsIn the 1980s, Arabians became a popular status symbol and were marketed similarly to fine art. Some individualsalso used horses as a tax shelter.[112] Prices skyrocketed, especially in the United States, with a record-setting publicauction price for a mare named NH Love Potion, who sold for $2.55 million in 1984, and the largest syndication inhistory for an Arabian stallion, Padron, at $11,000,000. The potential for profit led to over-breeding of the Arabian.When the Tax Reform Act of 1986 closed the tax-sheltering "passive investment" loophole, limiting the use of horsefarms as tax shelters,[113] the Arabian market was particularly vulnerable due to over-saturation and artificiallyinflated prices, and it collapsed, forcing many breeders into bankruptcy and sending many purebred Arabians toslaughter. Prices recovered slowly, with many breeders moving away from producing "living art" and towards ahorse more suitable for amateur owners and many riding disciplines. By 2003, a survey found that 67% of purebredArabian horses in America are owned for recreational riding purposes. As of 2013[114], there are more than 660,000Arabians that have been registered in the United States, and the US has the largest number of Arabians of any nationin the world.

In Australia

The Arabian stallion Hector, or "Old Hector" wasan early import to Australia whose bloodlines are

still found today in the pedigrees of someAustralian Thoroughbreds.

Early imports

Arabian horses were introduced to Australia in the earliest days ofEuropean Settlement. Early imports included both purebred Arabiansand light Spanish "jennets" from Andalusia, many Arabians also camefrom India. Based on records describing stallions "of Arabic andPersian blood", the first Arabian horses were probably imported toAustralia in several groups between 1788 and 1802.[115] About 1803, amerchant named Robert Campbell imported a bay Arabian stallion,Hector, from India; Hector was said to have been owned by ArthurWellesley, who later became known as the Duke of Wellington.[116] In1804 two additional Arabians, also from India, arrived in Tasmaniaone of whom, White William, sired the first purebred Arabian foalborn in Australia, a stallion named Derwent.

Throughout the 19th century, many more Arabians came to Australia, though most were used to produce crossbredhorses and left no recorded purebred descendants. The first significant imports to be permanently recorded withoffspring still appearing in modern purebred Arabian pedigrees were those of James Boucaut, who in 1891 importedseveral Arabians from Wilfred and Lady Anne Blunt's Crabbet Arabian Stud in England.[117] Purebred Arabians

were used to improve racehorses and some of them became quite famous as such; about 100 Arabian sires are included in the Australian Stud Book (for Thoroughbred racehorses). The military was also involved in the

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promotion of breeding calvalry horses, especially around World War I. They were part of the foundation of severalbreeds considered uniquely Australian, including the Australian Pony, the Waler and the Australian Stock Horse.[118]

In the 20th and 21st centuriesIn the early 20th century, more Arabian horses, mostly of Crabbet bloodlines, arrived in Australia. The first Arabiansof Polish breeding arrived in 1966, and Egyptian lines were first imported in 1970. Arabian horses from the rest ofthe world followed, and today the Australian Arabian horse registry is the second largest in the world, next to that ofthe United States.

Modern breeding

A postage stamp from the Soviet Union featuring the Arabian horse

Arabian horses today are found all over the world.They are no longer classified by Bedouin strain, butare informally classified by the nation of origin offamed horses in a given pedigree. Popular types ofArabians are labeled "Polish", "Spanish", "Crabbet","Russian", "Egyptian", and "Domestic" (describinghorses whose ancestors were imported to the UnitedStates prior to 1944, including those from programssuch as Kellogg, Davenport, Maynesboro, Babson,Dickenson and Selby). In the USA, a specificmixture of Crabbet, Maynesboro and Kelloggbloodlines has acquired the copyrighted designation"CMK."

Each set of bloodlines has its own devotedfollowers, with the virtues of each hotly debated.Most debates are between those who value theArabian most for its refined beauty and those whovalue the horse for its stamina and athleticism; thereare also a number of breeders who specialize inpreservation breeding of various bloodlines.Controversies exist over the relative "purity" ofcertain animals; breeders argue about the genetic"purity" of various pedigrees, discussing whethersome horses descend from "impure" animals thatcannot be traced to the desert Bedouin.[119] The major factions are as follows:

•• The Arabian Horse Association (AHA) states, "The origin of the purebred Arabian horse was the Arabian desert,and all Arabians ultimately trace their lineage to this source." In essence, all horses accepted for registration in theUnited States are deemed to be "purebred" Arabians by AHA.

• The World Arabian Horse Association (WAHO) has the broadest definition of a purebred Arabian. WAHO states,"A Purebred Arabian horse is one which appears in any purebred Arabian Stud Book or Register listed by WAHOas acceptable." By this definition, over 95% of the known purebred Arabian horses in the world are registered instud books acceptable to WAHO. WAHO also researched the purity question in general, and its findings are on itsweb site, describing both the research and the political issues surrounding Arabian horse bloodlines, particularlyin America.

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• At the other end of the spectrum, organizations focused on bloodlines that are the most meticulously documentedto desert sources have the most restrictive definitions. For example, The Asil Club in Europe only accepts "ahorse whose pedigree is exclusively based on Bedouin breeding of the Arabian peninsula, without anycrossbreeding with non-Arabian horses at any time." Likewise, the Al Khamsa organization takes the position that"The horse...which are called "Al Khamsa Arabian Horses," are those horses in North America that canreasonably be assumed to descend entirely from bedouin Arabian horses bred by horse-breeding bedouin tribes ofthe deserts of the Arabian Peninsula without admixture from sources unacceptable to Al Khamsa." Mostrestrictive of all are horses identified as "straight Egyptian" by the Pyramid Society, which must trace in all linesto the desert and also to horses owned or bred by specific Egyptian breeding programs. By this definition, straightEgyptian Arabians constitute only 2% of all Arabian horses in America.

• Ironically, some pure-blooded desert-bred Arabians in Syria had enormous difficulties being accepted asregistrable purebred Arabians because many of the Bedouin who owned them saw no need to obtain a piece ofpaper to verify the purity of their horses. However, eventually the Syrians developed a stud book for their animalsthat was accepted by the World Arabian Horse Association (WAHO) in 2007.

Influence on other horse breeds

The Darley Arabian, a foundation sire of the Thoroughbred.

Because of the genetic strength of the desert-bredArabian horse, Arabian bloodlines have played apart in the development of nearly every modernlight horse breed, including the Thoroughbred,Orlov Trotter,[120] Morgan,[121] AmericanSaddlebred,[122] American Quarter Horse, andWarmblood breeds such as the Trakehner.[123]

Arabian bloodlines have also influenced thedevelopment of the Welsh Pony, the AustralianStock Horse, Percheron draft horse, Appaloosa,and the Colorado Ranger Horse.

Today, people cross Arabians with other breeds toadd refinement, endurance, agility and beauty. Inthe USA, Half-Arabians have their own registry within the Arabian Horse Association, which includes a specialsection for Anglo-Arabians (Arabian-Thoroughbred crosses). Some crosses originally registered only asHalf-Arabians became popular enough to have their own breed registry, including the National Show Horse (anArabian-Saddlebred cross), the Quarab (Arabian-Quarter Horse), the Pintabian the Welara (Arabian-Welsh Pony),and the Morab (Arabian-Morgan). In addition, some Arabians and Half Arabians have been approved for breedingby some Warmblood registries, particularly the Trakehner registry.

There is intense debate over the role the Arabian played in the development of other light horse breeds. BeforeDNA-based research developed, one hypothesis, based on body types and conformation, suggested the light, "dry",oriental horse adapted to the desert climate had developed prior to domestication;[124] DNA studies of multiple horsebreeds now suggest that while domesticated horses arose from multiple mare lines, there is very little variability inthe Y-chromosome between breeds. Following domestication of the horse, due to the location of the Middle East as acrossroads of the ancient world, and relatively near the earliest locations of domestication,[125] oriental horses spreadthroughout Europe and Asia both in ancient and modern times. There is little doubt that humans crossed "oriental"blood on that of other types to create light riding horses; the only actual questions are at what point the "oriental"prototype could be called an "Arabian", how much Arabian blood was mixed with local animals, and at what point inhistory.[126]

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For some breeds, such as the Thoroughbred, Arabian influence of specific animals is documented in written studbooks.[127] For older breeds, dating the influx of Arabian ancestry is more difficult. For example, while outsidecultures, and the horses they brought with them, influenced the predecessor to the Iberian horse in both the time ofAncient Rome and again with the Islamic invasions of the 8th century, it is difficult to trace precise details of thejourneys taken by waves of conquerors and their horses as they traveled from the Middle East to North Africa andacross Gibraltar to southern Europe. Mitochondrial DNA studies of modern Andalusian horses of the Iberianpeninsula and Barb horses of North Africa present convincing evidence that both breeds crossed the Strait ofGibraltar and influenced one another.[128] Though these studies did not compare Andalusian and Barb mtDNA tothat of Arabian horses, there is evidence that horses resembling Arabians, whether before or after the breed wascalled an "Arabian", were part of this genetic mix. Arabians and Barbs, though probably related to one another, arequite different in appearance,[129] and horses of both Arabian and Barb type were present in the Muslim armies thatoccupied Europe. There is also historical documentation that Islamic invaders raised Arabian horses in Spain prior tothe Reconquista; the Spanish also documented imports of Arabian horses in 1847, 1884 and 1885 that were used toimprove existing Spanish stock and revive declining equine populations.

UsesArabians are versatile horses that compete in many equestrian fields, including horse racing, the horse showdisciplines of saddle seat, Western pleasure, and hunt seat, as well as dressage, cutting, reining, endurance riding,show jumping, eventing, youth events such as equitation, and others. They are used as pleasure riding, trail riding,and working ranch horses for those who are not interested in competition.

CompetitionArabians dominate the sport of endurance riding because of their stamina. They are the leading breed in competitionssuch as the Tevis Cup that can cover up to 100 miles (160 km) in a day, and they participate in FEI-sanctionedendurance events worldwide, including the World Equestrian Games.There is an extensive series of horse shows in the United States and Canada for Arabian, Half-Arabian, andAnglo-Arabian horses, sanctioned by the USEF in conjunction with the Arabian Horse Association. Classes offeredinclude Western pleasure, reining, hunter type and saddle seat English pleasure, and halter, plus the very popular"Native" costume class. "Sport horse" events for Arabian horses have become popular in North America, particularlyafter the Arabian Horse Association began hosting a separate Arabian and Half Arabian Sport Horse NationalChampionship in 2003 that by 2004 grew to draw 2000 entries. This competition draws Arabian and part-Arabianhorses that perform in hunter, jumper, sport horse under saddle, sport horse in hand, dressage, and combined drivingcompetition.

An Arabian horse in "native" costume, used in bothexhibition and competition

Other nations also sponsor major shows strictly for purebredand partbred Arabians, including Great Britain France,[130]

Spain, Poland, and the United Arab Emirates.

Purebred Arabians have excelled in open events against otherbreeds. One of the most famous examples in the field ofwestern riding competition was the Arabian mare Ronteza,who defeated 50 horses of all breeds to win the 1961 ReinedCow Horse championship at the Cow Palace in San Francisco,California.[131] Another Arabian competitive against all breedswas the stallion Aaraf who won an all-breed cutting horsecompetition at the Quarter Horse Congress in the 1950s.[132] In

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show jumping and show hunter competition, a number of Arabians have competed successfully against other breedsin open competition, including the purebred gelding Russian Roulette, who has won multiple jumping classes againsthorses of all breeds on the open circuit, and in eventing, a purebred Arabian competed on the Brazilian team at the2004 Athens Olympics.Part-Arabians have also appeared at open sport horse events and even Olympic level competition. TheAnglo-Arabian Linon was ridden to an Olympic silver medal for France in Dressage in 1928 and 1932, as well as ateam gold in 1932, and another French Anglo-Arabian, Harpagon, was ridden to a team gold medal and an individualsilver in dressage at the 1948 Olympics. At the 1952 Olympics, the French rider Pierre d'Oriola won the Goldindividual medal in show jumping on the Anglo-Arabian Ali Baba. Another Anglo-Arabian, Tamarillo, ridden byWilliam Fox-Pitt, represents the United Kingdom in FEI and Olympic competition, winning many awards, includingfirst place at the 2004 Badminton Horse Trials. More recently a gelding named Theodore O'Connor, nicknamed"Teddy", a 14.1 (or 14.2, sources vary) hand pony of Thoroughbred, Arabian, and Shetland pony breeding, won twogold medals at the 2007 Pan American Games and was finished in the top six at the 2007 and 2008 Rolex KentuckyThree Day CCI competition.

Other activitiesArabians are involved in a wide variety of activities, including fairs, movies, parades, circuses and other placeswhere horses are showcased. They have been popular in movies, dating back to the silent film era when RudolphValentino rode the Kellogg Arabian stallion Jadaan in 1926's Son of the Sheik,[133] and have been seen in many otherfilms, including The Black Stallion featuring the stallion Cass Ole, The Young Black Stallion, which used over 40Arabians during filming, as well as Hidalgo[134] and the 1959 version of Ben-Hur.[135]

Arabians are mascots for football teams, performing crowd-pleasing activities on the field and sidelines. One of thehorses who serves as "Traveler", the mascot for the University of Southern California Trojans, has been a purebredArabian. "Thunder", a stage name for the purebred Arabian stallion J B Kobask, was mascot for the Denver Broncosfrom 1993 until his retirement in 2004, when the Arabian gelding Winter Solstyce took over as "Thunder II".[136] CalPoly Pomona's W.K. Kellogg Arabian Horse Center Equestrian Unit has made Arabian horses a regular sight at theannual Tournament of Roses Parade held each New Year's Day in Pasadena, California.Arabians also are used on search and rescue teams and occasionally for police work. Some Arabians are used in poloin the USA and Europe, in the Turkish equestrian sport of Cirit (pronounced [dʒiˈɾit]), as well as in circuses,therapeutic horseback riding programs, and on guest ranches.

Notes[1] http:/ / www. ahsa. asn. au/[2] http:/ / www. arabhorsesociety. org/ registrationguidelines. htm[3] http:/ / www. waho. org/[4] Upton, Arabians pp. 21–22[5] Archer, Arabian Horse, pp. 89–92[6] Edwards, Gladys Brown (January 1989). "How I Would 'Build' an Arabian Stallion". Arabian Horse World. p. 542. Reprinted in Parkinson,

pp. 157–158.[7] Schofler, Flight Without Wings, pp. 11–12[8] Edwards, The Arabian, pp. 245–246[9] Edwards, The Arabian, pp. 27–28[10] Schofler, Flight Without Wings, p. 8[11][11] Typically the hip angle is about 35 degrees, while the croup is about 25 degrees[12] Edwards, "Chapter 6: The Croup", Anatomy and Conformation of the Horse, pp. 83–98[13] Edwards, Gladys Brown. "An Illustrated Guide to Arabian Horse Conformation." Arabian Horse World Quarterly, Spring, 1998, p. 86.

Reprinted in Parkinson, p. 121[14] Plumb, Types and Breeds of Farm Animals, p. 168[15] Ensminger, Horses and Horsemanship p. 84

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[16] Upton, Arabians, p. 19[17] Stallions may be shown in most youth classes, except for 8 and under walk-trot: 2008 USEF Arabian, Half-Arabian and Anglo-Arabian

Division Rule Book, Rule AR-112 (http:/ / www. usef. org/ documents/ ruleBook/ 2008/ 05-AR. pdf)Breeds not allowing stallions in youth classes include, but are not limited to, Rule 404(c) American Quarter Horse (http:/ / www. aqha. com/Resources/ Handbook. aspx); Rule 607 Appaloosa (http:/ / www. appaloosa. com/ pdfs/ rulebook12. pdf); SB-126 Saddlebreds (http:/ / www.usef. org/ documents/ ruleBook/ 2008/ 26-SB. pdf); PF-106 Paso Finos - no children under 13 (http:/ / www. usef. org/ documents/ ruleBook/2008/ 23-PF. pdf); MO-104 Morgans (http:/ / www. usef. org/ documents/ ruleBook/ 2008/ 20-MO. pdf); 101 Children's and Junior Hunters(http:/ / www. usef. org/ documents/ ruleBook/ 2008/ 19-JH. pdfJH); HP-101 Hunter Pony (http:/ / www. usef. org/ documents/ ruleBook/2008/ 17-HP. pdf); HK-101 Hackney (http:/ / www. usef. org/ documents/ ruleBook/ 2008/ 14-HK. pdf); FR-101 Friesians (http:/ / www. usef.org/ documents/ ruleBook/ 2008/ 13-FR. pdf); EQ-102 Equitation - stallions prohibited except if limited only to breeds that allow stallions(http:/ / www. usef. org/ documents/ ruleBook/ 2008/ 11-EQ. pdf); CP-108 Carriage and Pleasure Driving (http:/ / www. usef. org/ documents/ruleBook/ 2008/ 07-CP. pdf); WS 101 Western division (http:/ / www. usef. org/ documents/ ruleBook/ 2008/ 30-WS. pdf).Other breeds allowing stallions in youth classes include AL-101, Andalusians (http:/ / www. usef. org/ documents/ ruleBook/ 2008/ 04-AL.pdf), CO-103 Connemaras (http:/ / www. usef. org/ documents/ ruleBook/ 2008/ 06-CO. pdf) and

[18] Pavord, Handling and Understanding the Horse, p. 19[19] Rashid, A Good Horse Is Never a Bad Color, p. 50[20] Edwards, The Arabian, p. 28[21] Ammon, Historical Reports on Arab Horse Breeding and the Arabian Horse, p. 152[22] Sponenberg, Equine Color Genetics, p. 69[23] Stewart, The Arabian Horse, p. 34[24] Beaver, Horse color, p. 98[25] Gower, Horse Color Explained, p. 30[26] Edwards, The Arabian, p. 5[27] Parry, "xc overo/lethal white", Compendium, pp. 945–950[28] Goodwin-Campiglio, et al. "Caution and Knowledge", pp. 100–105[29] Fanelli, "Coat Color Dilution Lethal" (http:/ / onlinelibrary. wiley. com/ doi/ 10. 1111/ j. 2042-3292. 2005. tb00386. x/ abstract), Equine

Veterinary Education, pp. 260–263[30] "Bierman, A., 4 November 2009, Lavender Foal Syndrome - Genetic test developed in South Africa" (http:/ / web. up. ac. za/ default.

asp?ipkCategoryID=11671& articleID=3268)[31] Equus Staff, "Good news about recovery from foal epilepsy", Equus[32] Marcella, "The mysterious guttural pouch" (http:/ / www. thoroughbredtimes. com/ horse-health/ 2006/ January/ 30/

The-mysterious-guttural-pouch. aspx), Thoroughbred Times[33] Blazyczek, "Inheritance of Guttural Pouch Tympany in the Arabian Horse" (http:/ / jhered. oxfordjournals. org/ cgi/ content/ full/ 95/ 3/

195#F01P01), Journal of Heredity, pp. 195–199[34] Archer, Arabian Horse, pp. 92–93[35] Upton, Arabians, p. 12[36] Schofler, Flight Without Wings, pp. 3–4[37] Chamberlin, Horse, pp. 166–167[38] Archer, Arabian Horse, p. 2[39] Raswan, The Raswan Index and Handbook for Arabian Breeders, Section: "The Kuhaylat", p. 6.[40] Sumi, Description in Classical Arabic Poetry, p. 19[41] Edwards, The Arabian, p. 2[42] Edwards, The Arabian, p. 27[43] Edwards, The Arabian, pp.6–7[44] Lumpkin, "Camels: Of Service and Survival" (http:/ / nationalzoo. si. edu/ Publications/ ZooGoer/ 1999/ 5/ camelservicesurvival. cfm),

Zoogoer[45] Edwards, The Arabian, p. 24[46] Archer, Arabian Horse, pp. 2–4[47] Schofler, "Daughters of the Desert" (http:/ / www. usef. org/ pressbox/ images/ magazine/ pdf/ 9f17eb24658b529f7516f2d820dceb3b. pdf),

Equestrian Magazine[48] Edwards, The Arabian, pp. 24–26[49] Derry Bred for Perfection pp. 104–105[50] Archer, Arabian Horse, p. 92[51] Forbis Classic Arabian Horse pp. 274–289[52] Edwards, The Arabian, p. 22[53] Bowling, "A pedigree-based study of mitochondrial d-loop DNA sequence variation among Arabian horses", Animal Genetics, p. 1[54] Edwards, The Arabian, p. 16[55] Upton, Arabians, p. 10[56] Bennett, Conquerors, p. 130

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[57] Derry, Horse and Society, p. 106[58] Archer, Arabian Horse, p. 6[59] Wentworth, The Authentic Arabian Horse, p. 178[60] Edwards, The Arabian, p. 268[61] Greely Arabian Exodus pp. 27–33[62] Wentworth, The Authentic Arabian Horse, pp. 191–192[63] Jobbins, "Straight Down the Line", Al-Ahram Weekly Online[64] Greely, Arabian Exodus, p. 41[65] Greely, Arabian Exodus, p. 137[66] Greely, Arabian Exodus, p. 149[67] Greely, Arabian Exodus, p. 139[68] Derry Bred for Perfection p. 123[69] Carpenter Arabian Legends p. 102-111[70] Harrigan, "The Polish Quest For Arabian Horses" (http:/ / weekly. ahram. org. eg/ 2004/ 717/ feature. htm), Saudi Aramco World[71] Derry Bred for Perfection p. 107[72] Greely, Arabian Exodus, p. 178[73] Greely, Arabian Exodus, p. 172[74] Archer, Arabian Horse, pp. 56–57[75] Derry, Horses in Society, pp. 107–108[76] Greely, Arabian Exodus, p. 162[77] Greely, Arabian Exodus, p. 155[78] Derry, Horses in Society, p. 31[79] Archer, Arabian Horse, pp. 104–109[80] Edwards, The Arabian, p. 23[81] Wentworth, The Authentic Arabian Horse, p. 70[82] Archer, Arabian Horse, pp. 11–15.[83] Wentworth, The Authentic Arabian Horse, pp. 79–82[84] Greely Arabian Exodus p. 54[85] Archer et al., The Crabbet Arabian Stud: Its History and Influence, pp. 201-202[86] Greely, Arabian Exodus, pp. 198–199[87] Greely, Arabian Exodus, p. 176[88] Greely, Arabian Exodus, pp. 182–184[89] Greely, Arabian Exodus, pp. 199–201[90] Upton, Arabians, p. 72[91] Derry Bred for Perfection pp. 117–118[92] Derry Bred for Perfection pp. 126–127[93] Archer, Arabian Horse, pp. 58–61[94] Greely, Arabian Exodus, p. 185[95] Derry Bred for Perfection pp. 120–126[96] Derry Bred for Perfection pp. 139–155[97] Green, "The Arabian Horse in America" (http:/ / www. saudiaramcoworld. com/ issue/ 198602/ the. arabian. horse-in. america. htm), Saudi

Aramco World[98] Forbis Classic Arabian Horse p. 15[99] Patten Light Horse Breeds p. 24[100] Hur, "Washington's Best Saddle Horse" (http:/ / cmkarabians. com/ articles/ BHWashingtonsRanger. html), Western Horseman[101] Archer, Arabian Horse, p. 71[102] Edwards, The Arabian, p. 29[103] Archer, Arabian Horse, p. 72[104] Edwards, The Arabian, p. 30[105] Derry, Horses in Society, pp. 137–139[106] Archer, Arabian Horse, pp. 72–73[107] Archer, Arabian Horse, pp. 73–76[108] Derry, Horses in Society, p. 236[109] Edwards, The Arabian, pp. 111–114[110] Greely, Arabian Exodus, p. 79[111] Archer, Arabian Horse, pp. 78–80.[112] Derry Bred for Perfection p. 129[113] Derry Bred for Perfection pp. 129–138[114] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ w/ index. php?title=Arabian_horse& action=edit

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[115] Upton, Arabians, pp. 74–75[116] Barrie, The Australian Bloodhorse, p. 96[117] Greely, Arabian Exodus, p. 121[118] Gordon, "A Condensed History of the Arabian Horse Society of Australia" (http:/ / www. arabianlines. com/ online_mag/ apr2006/ april

edition 2006. htm), Arabian Lines[119] Derry Bred for Perfection pp. 139–155[120] Archer, Arabian Horse, pp.113–114[121] Archer, Arabian Horse, p. 115[122][122] Arabian influence via the Thoroughbred[123] Archer, Arabian Horse, p. 114[124] Bennett, Conquerors, p.7[125] Matossian Shaping World History p. 43 See also:[126] Wentworth, The Authentic Arabian Horse, pp. 177–182[127] Derry Bred for Perfection p. 155[128] Royo, "The Origins of Iberian Horses Assessed via Mitochondrial DNA" (http:/ / jhered. oxfordjournals. org/ cgi/ content/ abstract/ 96/ 6/

663), Journal of Heredity, pp. 663–669[129] Wentworth, The Authentic Arabian Horse, pp. 36–37[130] Mazzawi " The Arabian Horse In Europe (http:/ / www. saudiaramcoworld. com/ issue/ 198602/ the. arabian. horse-in. europe. htm)" Saudi

Aramco World[131] Edwards, The Arabian, p. 247[132] "America's First Lady of Arabs", Women and Horses, pp. 21–25[133] Roeder, "Jadaan, The Sheik, and the Cereal Baron" (http:/ / www. csupomona. edu/ ~library/ specialcollections/ history/ jadaan. html), The

Cal Poly Scholar, pp. 99–103[134] Francaviglia, et al., Lights, camera, history, p. 86[135] Cyrino, Big Screen Rome, p. 63[136] Train, "Thundering Down the Field", Arabian Horse Magazine, pp. 94–101

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the original on 23 May 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-28.• Marcella, Kenneth L., D.V.M. (30 January 2006). "The mysterious guttural pouch" (http:/ / www.

thoroughbredtimes. com/ horse-health/ 2006/ January/ 30/ The-mysterious-guttural-pouch. aspx). ThoroughbredTimes. Archived (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20080422054922/ http:/ / www. thoroughbredtimes. com/horse-health/ 2006/ January/ 30/ The-mysterious-guttural-pouch. aspx) from the original on 22 April 2008.Retrieved 2008-03-12.

• Mazzawi, Rosalind (March–April 1986). "The Arabian Horse in Europe" (http:/ / www. saudiaramcoworld. com/issue/ 198602/ the. arabian. horse-in. europe. htm). Saudi Aramco World 37 (2). Retrieved 2009-09-12.

• Parry, Nicola M.A. BSc, MSc, BVSc, DACVP (December 2005). "xc overo/lethal white" (http:/ / www. vetgen.com/ equine-xc-overo. html). Compendium 27 (12). Retrieved 2008-01-11.

• Patten, John W. (1959). The Light Horse Breeds: Their Origin, Characteristics, and Principal Uses. New York:Bonanza Books.

• Parkinson, Mary Jane (2006). Gladys Brown Edwards: Artist, Scholar, Author. Cambria, California: ArabianHorse World. ISBN 978-1-929164-38-7.

• Pavord, Marcy and Tony Pavord (2001). Handling and Understanding the Horse (http:/ / books. google. com/?id=MG4uX8Jq2_wC& pg=PA19& dq=hot+ blood+ horse+ training). Globe Pequot. ISBN 1-58574-369-0.

• Plumb, Charles Sumner (1920). Types and Breeds of Farm Animals (http:/ / books. google. com/?id=GbxBAAAAIAAJ& pg=PA168& dq=horse+ pony+ height). Ginn.

• Rashid, Mark (1996). A Good Horse Is Never a Bad Color. Lincoln: Johnson Printing.• Raswan, Carl (1967, 1969, 1990). The Raswan Index and Handbook for Arabian Breeders. Volume 1 (1990 ed.).

Richmond, Virginia: The William Byrd Press.• Roeder, Walter H. (Fall 1988). "Jadaan, The Sheik, and the Cereal Baron" (http:/ / www. csupomona. edu/

~library/ specialcollections/ history/ jadaan. html). The Cal Poly Scholar 1.• Royo, LJ; Alvarez, I; Beja-Pereira, A; Molina, A; Fernández, I; Jordana, J; Gómez, E; Gutiérrez, JP; Goyache, F

(2005). "The Origins of Iberian Horses Assessed via Mitochondrial DNA" (http:/ / jhered. oxfordjournals. org/cgi/ content/ abstract/ 96/ 6/ 663). Journal of Heredity 96 (6): 663–669. doi: 10.1093/jhered/esi116 (http:/ / dx.doi. org/ 10. 1093/ jhered/ esi116). PMID 16251517 (http:/ / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/ pubmed/ 16251517).Retrieved 2008-05-29.

• Schofler, Patti (November 2004). "Daughters of the Desert" (http:/ / www. usef. org/ _staffIframes/ pressbox/images/ magazine/ pdf/ 9f17eb24658b529f7516f2d820dceb3b. pdf) (PDF). Equestrian. Retrieved 2008-05-28.

• Schofler, Patti (2006). Flight Without Wings: The Arabian Horse and the Show World (http:/ / books. google.com/ ?id=VV9S-jqaIpsC& printsec=frontcover#PPA3,M1). Globe Pequot. ISBN 1-59228-800-6.

• Sponenberg, Dan Phillip (2003). Equine Color Genetics (2nd ed.). Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-8138-0759-X.• Stewart, Gail (1995). The Arabian Horse (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=GwsLqHgBdy8C& pg=PA34&

dq=arabian+ horse+ color). Capstone Press. ISBN 1-56065-244-6.• Sumi, Akiko Motoyoshi. (2003). ""Contest as ceremony: A pre-Islamic Poetic Contest in horse description of

Imru' Al-Qays vs 'Alqaman Al-Fahl" Quoting Letter of the Emir Abd-el-Kader to General E. Daumas in Daumas,The Horses of the Sahara.". Description in Classical Arabic Poetry: Waṣf, Ekphrasis, and Interarts. Brill.ISBN 90-04-12922-7.

• Train, Amy (December 2006). "Thundering Down the Field". Arabian Horse Magazine (Arabian HorseAssociation) 28 (6). ISSN 1543-8597 (http:/ / www. worldcat. org/ issn/ 1543-8597).

• Upton, Peter and Amirsadeghi, Hossein (editor), Rik van Lent, photographer. (2006) [1998]. Arabians. Lincoln:First Chronicle Books. ISBN 0-8118-5401-9.

• Walker, Dawn (February 1997). "Lethal Whites: A Light at the End of the Tunnel" (http:/ / www. apha. com/breed/ lethalwhites01. html). Paint Horse Journal. Archived (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20071212025916/http:/ / www. apha. com/ breed/ lethalwhites01. html) from the original on 12 December 2007. Retrieved2008-01-11.

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• Watson AG, Mayhew IG (May 1986). "Familial congenital occipitoatlantoaxial malformation (OAAM) in theArabian horse". Spine 11 (4): 334–9. doi: 10.1097/00007632-198605000-00007 (http:/ / dx. doi. org/ 10. 1097/00007632-198605000-00007). PMID 3750063 (http:/ / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/ pubmed/ 3750063).

• Wentworth, Judith Anne Dorothea Blunt-Lytton. (1979). The Authentic Arabian Horse (3rd ed.). George Allen &Unwin Ltd.

Further reading• Budiansky, Stephen (1997). The Nature of Horses. Free Press. ISBN 0-684-82768-9.

External linksRegistries and related organizations

• Arabian Horse Association (USA) (http:/ / www. arabianhorses. org/ )• Arabian Horse Breeders Alliance (USA) (http:/ / www. arabianhorsebreeders. org/ )• Arabian Horse Society of Australia (http:/ / www. ahsa. asn. au/ )• Argentine Arabian Horse Association (http:/ / www. aacca. com. ar/ )• International Federation of Arabian Horse Racing Authorities (IFAHR) (http:/ / www. ifahr. net/ )• Weatherbys (UK) Maintainer of the General Stud Book (http:/ / www. weatherbys. co. uk/ )• World Arabian Horse Organisation (http:/ / www. waho. org/ )Educational organizations and articles

• Al Khamsa Organization (http:/ / www. alkhamsa. org/ )• Frequently asked questions about Arabian horses (http:/ / www. arabianhorses. org/ home/ faq/ AskExpert4. asp)• "History of the Australian Colonial Arabian" (http:/ / www. hyksosarabians. com/ index.

php?pr=Original_Colonials)• "The Egyptian Arabian Horse" - The Pyramid Society (http:/ / pyramidsociety. org/ horse)• "Horse of the Desert Bedouin" (http:/ / www. arabianhorses. org/ education/ education_history_bedouin. asp)• Korona Polish Arabian Breeders society (http:/ / korona. com/ )• Spanish Arabian Horse Society (http:/ / www. spanisharabianhorsesociety. org/ )• W.K.Kellogg Arabian Horse Library (http:/ / www. csupomona. edu/ ~wkkahl/ )

Ardennes horse 97

Ardennes horse

Ardennes horse

Ardennes stallion

Distinguishing features Draft horse breed

Alternative names ArdennaisFrench ArdennaisBelgian ArdennesCheval de Trait Ardennais

Country of origin France, Belgium, Luxembourg

Breed standards

Les Haras Nationaux (France) Breed standards [1]

Stud-Book du Cheval de Trait Ardennais (Belgium) Breed standards [2]


The Ardennes or Ardennais is one of the oldest breeds of draft horse, and originates from the Ardennes area inBelgium, Luxembourg and France. They are heavy-boned with thick legs and are used for draft work. The Ardennesis found in many colors, although black horses are very rare and are not allowed to be registered with the breedregistry. Their history reaches back to Ancient Rome, and throughout the years blood from several other breeds hasbeen added to the Ardennes, although only the Belgian breed had any significant impact. The first Ardennes wereimported to the United States in the early 20th century, and the first breed registry was established in Europe in1929. The horses have been used throughout history as war horses, both as cavalry mounts and to draw artillery, andare used today mainly for heavy draft and farm work, meat production and competitive driving events. They havealso been used to influence or create several other horse breeds throughout Europe and Asia.

DescriptionIn France, Ardennes stallions stand about 1.62 metres (16 hands) high, and mares about 1.60 m (15.3 hands), whilein Belgium these are the maximum allowable heights.[3] They weigh 700 to 1,000 kilograms (1,500 to 2,200 lb).[]

Their heads are heavy, with a broad face and a straight or slightly convex profile. Their conformation is broad andmuscular, with a compact body, short back, and short, sturdy legs with strong joints. Their fetlocks are feathered.Their coats may be bay, roan, chestnut, gray, or palomino. Bay and roan are the two most common colors. Black isvery rare and is excluded from registration. White markings are small, usually restricted to a star or blaze. The breedmatures early, and they are said to be easy keepers, economical to feed despite their size. The Ardennes is afree-moving, long-striding breed, despite their compact body structure.

Ardennes horse 98

History

Grazing Ardennes

The Ardennes breed could be a direct descendent of the prehistoricSolutre horse, and is thought to be descended from the type of horsedescribed by Julius Caesar in his Commentarii de Bello Gallico. Caesardescribed these horses of Belgium as "rustic, hard and tireless", andrecommended them for use in heavy cavalry units. The early type wasused by many later Roman emperors for military applications. Thebreed's ancestors are thought to have been bred for 2,000 years on theArdennes plains, and it is one of the oldest documented Europeanheavy draft breeds. In the Roman era, the breed stood only around14 hands (56 inches, 142 cm) high. Later, Napoleon added Arabianblood to increase stamina and endurance and used the breed in his

Russian campaign. In 1780, the breed still stood only 1.42 to 1.52 metres (14.0 to 15.0 hands) and weighed around500 kilograms (1,100 lb).

Percheron, Boulonnais and Thoroughbred blood were also added, although they had little impact. In the 19thcentury, Belgian draft blood was added to give the breed the heavier conformation it has today. The extra weight andsize was desired to turn the breed into a very heavy draft breed, after their role as an artillery horse had diminishedthrough the advent of mechanization, as well as a desire for a meat animal. The breed increased in size from anaverage of 550 kilograms (1,210 lb) to their current weight, which at the same time had the consequence of reducingtheir vigor and endurance. Breed registries have been in existence since 1929. Today there are three separatestudbooks in France, Belgium and Luxembourg, although there is extensive interbreeding between the three. TheArdennes Horse Society of Great Britain was also formed in the late 20th century to preserve and promote the horsesof that country, but today is not recognized as a studbook or passport issuing organization by the British governmentand may not exist in any form.It is difficult to determine when the first Ardennes horses were imported to the United States because originally,when imported to the United States, Ardennes horses were eligible for registration with the now-defunct NationalFrench Draft Horse Association of America or French Draft Horse Society. This organization published a stud bookand registered six individual French draft breeds as one breed, combining the information so that no totals ofindividual breeds are known. Many of these horses were imported to the United States with their breed beingconsidered simply "French draft" and no individual type being specified. Some Ardennes horses imported to theUnited States before 1917 were called Belgians when they were imported and subsequently registered as Belgians.Ardennes horses have continued to be imported into the United States from Belgium, with imports occurring as lateas 2004.

Ardennes horse 99

Uses

An Ardennes horse in harness

Horses from the Ardennes region were used in the Crusades in the 11thcentury by knights led by Godfrey of Bouillon. They were used duringthe 17th century by Marshal Turenne as remounts for his cavalry. Inthe French Revolution, they were considered to be the best artilleryhorse available, due to their temperament, stamina and strength.Napoleon used large numbers of Ardennes horses to pull artillery andtransport supplies during his 1812 Russian campaign. They were saidto be the only breed used by Napoleon that was hardy enough towithstand the winter retreat from Moscow, which they did whilepulling a large amount of the army's wagon train. They were also usedto pull artillery in World War I, when they were depended upon by theFrench and Belgian armies. Their calm, tolerant disposition, combined with their active and flexible nature, madethem an ideal artillery horse. The breed was considered so useful and valuable that when the Germans established theCommission for the Purchase of Horses in October 1914 to capture Belgian horses, the Ardennes was one of twobreeds specified as important, the other being the Brabant.

Today, the breed is used mainly for meat, due to its extensive musculature. Horse meat is a dietary staple in manyEuropean countries, including France, Belgium, Germany and Switzerland. However, they are increasingly used forfarm, forest and leisure work. Their nimble action, stamina and good temper make them increasingly used forcompetitive driving across Europe, and they have also been used as mounts for therapeutic horseback riding. Thebreed is known for its ability to work in rough, hilly terrain.Ardennes horses have been used as foundation bloodstock to develop several other draft horse breeds and subgroups.These include the Baltic Ardennes and Russian Heavy Draft. The Swedish Ardennes is well established in thatcountry, where it is in demand for use in forestry. It was first recognized as a separate sub-group in the 19th century,but today is considered a separate breed, even though its ancestry is entirely from the Ardennes horses of Belgiumand France. Another closely related breed is the Auxois. Ardennes horses were also used in the 1920s to improve theComtois by adding size. Along with the Breton and the Anglo-Norman, the Ardennes horse was used to create theSokolsky horse. Similarly, the Trait Du Nord was created through a mixture of Ardennes and Belgian blood.

References[1] http:/ / www. haras-nationaux. fr/ information/ accueil-equipaedia/ races-dequides/ chevaux-de-trait/ ardennais. html[2] http:/ / www. chevaldetraitardennais. be/ index. php?lg=fpdb/ chev_fr& page1=c-standard_de_la_race. htm[3] Standard de la race (http:/ / www. chevaldetraitardennais. be/ index. php?lg=fpdb/ chev_fr& page1=c-standard_de_la_race. htm) Stud-Book

du Cheval de Trait Ardennais (in French) Accessed August 2011 "Breed standard"

Arenberg-Nordkirchen 100

Arenberg-Nordkirchen

Arenberg-Nordkirchen



The Arenberg-Nordkirchen horse, also called the Arenberg Pony is a light horse breed, originating in Germany. Itis considered a critically endangered breed; there are only 13 known Arenberg-Nordkirchen horses left in the world.They are found in a variety of colors – black, chestnut, bay or gray, and are kept mostly as pleasure horses.[1]

CharacteristicsThis breed measures about 13.3 hands (55 inches, 140 cm) at the withers. It is a resilient, healthy pony with areputation for having a good disposition and being an easy keeper. It is used most commonly as a riding horse forchildren and light adults, is a good jumper, and are also used for driving. Their gaits are elastic. The breed ideal isstrong, harmonic and friendly saddle pony with a correct structured anatomy and good gaits. The predominantcolours are bay, brown, grullo and black.[2]

HistoryThis breed originated on a stud farm in Nordkirchen near Münster, Westfalen. It was founded in the late 1920 by theheir to the throne of Arenberg, a cousin of the duke of Croy, in his wild park of 1500 acres. The foundationbloodstock of the Aneberg-Nordkirchen were Lithuanian mares crossed on Dülmen Pony stallions. The herd wassold in 1968 to a Mr. Orthmann from Nordkirchen.

References[1] Arenberg-Nordkirchen. (http:/ / www. equinekingdom. com/ breeds/ light_horses/ arenberg_nordkirchen. htm) Retrieved February 23, 2011.[2] http:/ / www. pferde-rassen. de/ rassen/ n/ NordkirchenerPony. htm/

Asturcón 101

Asturcón

Asturcon

Asturcon

Alternative names Asturian Pony

Country of origin Spain, Asturias


The Asturcón is a pony from the Asturias region of northern Spain. The ancient breed's ancestry is not known,although it is thought to have been from crosses between the Sorraia, Garrano, and the ancient Celtic pony. Thebreed has historically faced near extinction, but recently activist groups have been formed to protect the pony.The ponies are hardy and resourceful, able to survive in the harshest areas. They are obedient and easilydomesticated, and are used for riding, driving, and as pack horses. They tend to have a small but heavy head, a thinneck with a large mane, low withers, a deep chest, straight shoulders and strong legs. They are rounded through thebarrel, and have a sloping croup with a low-set tail.The Asturian pony has a naturally ambling gait that is comfortable for the rider. As a result, a large portion of thepopulation was taken to Ireland to produce the Irish Hobby.The ponies are usually brown or black, with minimal white markings. They stand between 11.2 and 12.2 hands (46and 50 inches, 117 and 127 cm).

References• Asturcones en La Montaña Mágica [1]

• Breeds of Livestock-Asturian [2]

External links• Media related to Asturcón at Wikimedia Commons

References[1] http:/ / www. llanes. as/ magica/ asturcon. htm[2] http:/ / www. ansi. okstate. edu/ breeds/ horses/ asturian/

Percheron 102

Percheron

Percheron

A Percheron in harness

Distinguishing features Agile draft horse breed. Mostly gray or black. Clean-limbed, powerful and docile.

Country of origin France

Breed standards


Percheron Horse Association of America Breed standards [2]

British Percheron Horse Society Breed standards [3]


The Percheron is a breed of draft horse that originated in the Huisne river valley in northern France, part of theformer Perche province from which the breed takes its name. Usually gray or black in color, Percherons arewell-muscled, and known for their intelligence and willingness to work. Although their exact origins are unknown,the ancestors of the breed were present in the valley by the 17th century. They were originally bred for use as warhorses. Over time, they began to be used for pulling stage coaches and later for agriculture and hauling heavy goods.In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, Arabian blood was added to the breed. Exports of Percherons from Franceto the United States and other countries rose exponentially in the late 19th century, and the first purely Percheronstud book was created in France in 1883.Before World War I, thousands of Percherons were shipped from France to the United States, but after the warbegan, an embargo stopped shipping. The breed was used extensively in Europe during the war, with some horsesbeing shipped from the US back to France to help in the fighting. Beginning in 1918, Percherons began to be bred inGreat Britain, and in 1918 the British Percheron Horse Society was formed. After a series of name and studbookownership changes, the current US Percheron registry was created in 1934. In the 1930s, Percherons accounted for70 percent of the draft horse population in the United States, but their numbers declined substantially after WorldWar II. However, the population began to recover and as of 2009, around 2,500 horses were registered annually inthe United States alone. The breed is still used extensively for draft work, and in France they are used for food. Theyhave been crossed with several light horse breeds, such as the Criollo, to produce horses for range work andcompetition. Purebred Percherons are used for forestry work and pulling carriages, as well as work under saddle,including competition in English riding disciplines such as show jumping.

Percheron 103

CharacteristicsThe ideal size for the Percheron varies between countries. In France, height ranges from 15.1 to 18.1 hands (61 to73 inches, 155 to 185 cm) and weight from 1,100 to 2,600 pounds (500 to 1,200 kg). Percherons in the United Statesgenerally stand between 16.2 and 17.3 hands (66 and 71 inches, 168 and 180 cm), with a range of 15 and 19 hands(60 and 76 inches, 152 and 193 cm). American Percherons average 1,900 pounds (860 kg), and their top weight isaround 2,600 pounds (1,200 kg). In Great Britain, 16.2 hands (66 inches, 168 cm) is the shortest acceptable heightfor stallions and 16.1 hands (65 inches, 165 cm) for mares, while weights range from around 2,000 to 2,200 pounds(910 to 1,000 kg) for stallions and 1,800 to 2,000 pounds (820 to 910 kg) for mares. They are generally gray or blackin coloring, although the American registry also allows the registration of roan, bay and chestnut horses. Only grayor black horses may be registered in France and Britain. Many horses have white markings on their heads and legs,but registries consider excessive white to be undesirable. The head has a straight profile, broad forehead, large eyesand small ears. The chest is deep and wide and the croup long and level. The feet and legs are clean and heavilymuscled. The overall impression of the Percheron is one of power and ruggedness. Enthusiasts describe thetemperament as proud and alert, and members of the breed are considered intelligent, willing workers with gooddispositions. They are considered easy keepers and adapt well to many conditions and climates. In the 19th century,they were known to travel up to 60 kilometres (37 mi) a day at a trot.[4] Horses in the French registry are branded onthe neck with the intertwined letters "SP", the initials of the Société Hippique Percheronne.

History

A four-in-hand team

The Percheron breed originated in the Huisne river valley in France,[5]

which arises in Orne, part of the former Perche province, from whichthe breed gets its name. Several theories have been put forth as to theancestry of the breed, though its exact origins are unknown. Onesource of foundation bloodstock may have been mares captured byClovis I from the Bretons some time after 496 AD, and another mayhave been Arabian stallions brought to the area by Muslim invaders inthe 8th century. Other possibilities are captured Moorish cavalry horsesfrom the Battle of Poitiers in 732 AD, some of which were taken bywarriors from Perche. A final theory posits that the Percheron and theBoulonnais breed are closely related, and that the Boulonnaisinfluenced the Percheron when they were brought to Brittany asreinforcements for the legions of Caesar. It is known that during the8th century, Arabian stallions were crossed with mares native to the area, and more Oriental horse blood wasintroduced by the Comte de Perche upon his return from the Crusades and expeditions into territory claimed bySpain. Blood from Spanish breeds was added when the Comte de Rotrou imported horses from Castile.[6] No matterthe theory of origin, breed historians agree that the terrain and climate of the Perche area had the greatest influenceon the development of the breed.[7] A possible reference to the horse is made in the 13th-century romance Guillaumede Dole, in which the titular character asks for "the Count of Perche's horse" to be made ready, possibly indicatingthe "'great horse,' which could accommodate an armored knight" and was bred in the geographical setting of thepoem.[8]

During the 17th century, horses from Perche, the ancestors of the current Percheron, were smaller, standing between 15 and 16 hands (60 and 64 inches, 152 and 163 cm) high, and more agile. These horses were almost uniformly gray; paintings and drawings from the Middle Ages generally show French knights on mounts of this color. After the days of the armored knight, the emphasis in horse breeding was shifted so as to develop horses better able to pull heavy stage coaches at a fast trot. Gray horses were preferred because their light coloring was more visible at night. This

Percheron 104

new type of horse was called the "Diligence Horse", because the stage coaches they pulled were named "diligences".After the stage coach was replaced by rail, the modern Percheron type arose as a slightly heavier horse for use inagriculture and heavy hauling work moving goods from docks to railway terminals.

19th century

A mid-1800s painting by Rosa Bonheur, depicting a French horse fair thatincludes Percherons

Arabian stallions were made available to Percheronbreeders for use in breeding army mounts,beginning in 1760 at the royal stud at Le Pin.[9]

Between 1789 and the early 1800s, the Percheronwas in danger of becoming extinct as horsebreeding was suppressed during the FrenchRevolution and its aftermath. Early histories of thebreed point to two gray Arabian stallions from LePin, Godolphin and Gallipoly, as the blood thathelped to restart Percheron breeding. However,later research found that Godolphin was a chestnutArabian of ordinary conformation and no special worth, while Gallipoly was a gray saddle horse of unknownbreeding. Modern breed historians contest that there was enough breeding stock left after the early 19th century torestart the breed without further Arabian influence, and state that it is unlikely that two horses of unremarkablebreeding and conformation had a significant influence on the breed.[10] Jean le Blanc, a founding stallion of thePercheron breed, was foaled in 1823. Today, all Percherons trace their ancestry to this stallion. At this time the breedalso became larger, with horses from other French districts being imported to Perche to change the Percheron from acoach horse averaging 1,200 to 1,400 pounds (540 to 640 kg) to a draft horse averaging 2,000 pounds (910 kg). In1893, the first Percheron stud book was created in France. By 1910, French registrations had risen to almost 32,000horses. Between 1880 and 1920, Percheron breeders in France exported horses all over the world, including SouthAfrica, South America, Australia and North America.

In the United States and Great Britain

Percherons were first imported into the United States in 1839, although only one of the initial four horses survivedthe ocean trip. Soon after, two stallions and two mares were imported; one mare died shortly after arrival and onestallion went blind and was retired within a year. Although the first importations of Percherons were less thansuccessful, the remaining stallion, named Diligence, was credited with siring almost 400 foals. In 1851, threestallions were imported: Normandy 351, Louis Napoleon 281 and Gray Billy. Throughout their stud careers, eachhad significant influence on United States draft horse stock.[11] In the mid-19th century in the United States,Percheron stallions were crossed with homebred mares to improve the local stock, resulting in thousands ofcrossbred horses.[12] After the American Civil War in the 1860s greatly reduced the number of horses, there was asignificant need for large draft horses, especially in growing cities and in the expanding West. Large numbers ofPercherons were imported to the United States beginning in the early 1870s, and they became popular with drafthorse breeders and owners. In the 1880s, approximately 7,500 horses were exported to the United States. Thisextensive importation lasted until 1893, when the US experienced a financial panic, and virtually no Percheronimports occurred between 1894 and 1898. In addition, many existing horses were lost as people were too poor topurchase or care for large draft horses. In 1898, importations began again as abruptly as they had ceased, with anaverage of 700 horses a year imported between 1898 and 1905. In 1906 alone, over 13,000 horses were imported tothe United States from France. In the American traveling circuses of the late 1800s and early 1900s, the Percheronwas the most frequently seen draft horse. Drivers appreciated the breed's agility, stamina and quick-footed gait.[13]

Percheron 105

A 1904 drawing of a Percheron

In 1876, the Norman-Percheron Association was formed by a group ofPercheron breeders in Chicago, Illinois, and at the same time the studbook was begun. The Norman-Percheron Association was the UnitedStates' first purebred livestock association. In 1877, the word"Norman" was dropped from the name. Later, in the panic of 1893, thePercheron Association went bankrupt and ceased to function. In 1905,also in Chicago, Percheron breeders met again to reform as thePercheron Society of America. Since 1934, the group has been knownas the Percheron Horse Association of America. At its height, theorganization was the largest draft horse association in the world, in theearly 20th century registering over 10,000 horses annually.

In the late 19th century, Percherons also began to be exported from the United States to Great Britain, where theywere used to pull horse-drawn buses in large cities. The first Percherons imported to Britain included some of thethousands of crossbreds from the United States. In Britain, many of the horses, once they finished their bus-pullingcareer, were sold to farmers. Other imported horses were sold to the British Army, and in 1900, 325 horses wereshipped to South Africa for use in the Boer War.

20th and 21st centuriesIn 1911, the French society restricted registration to horses with both parents already registered with the society.[14]

In the early 20th century, the Percheron was one of the four major draft horse breeds, along with the Belgian, theClydesdale and the Shire. Breeders could sell their horses for significant amounts of money, especially in the UnitedStates and Canada, where breeding stock brought a premium price.[15]

In harness with a small carriage

Prior to World War I, a flourishing trade route for Percherons existedbetween Nogent-le-Rotrou, Le Havre and the United States.[16]

However, after the war began, an embargo was placed on FrenchPercherons, disallowing them from exportation. Other than anexception in April 1916 to allow 59 horses to be shipped from Franceto the US, this embargo remained in place until the end of the war. Thewar took its toll on the Percheron breed as horses, fodder, and handlerswere requisitioned for the fighting, and even after the embargo waslifted France did not have the quality or quantity of stock to fulfill theneeds of American breeders. The embargo created a breeding boom inthe US, replacing the previous practice of importing the majority of

Percherons from France, and late in the war horses were shipped the other way – from the US to Europe – to supplythose needed in the war.[17] The lack of feathering on the Percheron's lower legs made them easier to care for in themud that they often worked in during wartime. Their quick trot on paved roads made them more versatile thanmotorized vehicles, and they were useful for work with guns and in forward units due to their calm temperaments.

Between 1918 and 1922, over 350 Percherons were imported to Britain from France and, combined with stock fromthe US and Canada, were used as breeding stock to establish the breed in the country. In 1918, the British PercheronHorse Society was formed. British breeders and owners continue to import Percherons from France, and alsooccasionally from Canada, when not prohibitively expensive.By the 1930s, Percherons accounted for over 70 percent of the purebred draft horses in the United States, and all of the major land grant universities maintained stables of Percherons. A 1930 census of horses found over 33,000 Percherons in the United States, with the next most popular breed, the Belgian, having a population of less than 10,000. One Percheron historian attributes this popularity to the breed's "strength, energy, activity, robustness and

Percheron 106

endurance".[18] After World War II, increasing mechanization prompted a decline in the Percheron population. In1954, only 85 Percherons were registered in the US, a record low. The 1950s, 1960s and early 1970s were bad yearsfor the US Percheron population, and breeding was reduced to only a few farms. These breeders kept the Americanpopulation alive through these years, however, and the 1980s saw renewed interest in the breed.[19]

A stallion led out for inspection at a French stud

In 1966, the French stud book was changed to include draft types fromother areas of France that were closely related to the Percheron –including horses from Berrichon, Nivernais, Marne, Augeron,Bourbonnais, Loire and Saone-et-Loire. French Percherons were alsohit hard by the advent of mechanization, and between 1970 and 1990focus was placed on breeding horses of greater mass for the meatmarket. The largest and heaviest stallions were selected forbreeding.[20] Beginning at the 1989 World Percheron Congress, Frenchbreeders realized that they needed a lighter breed for tourism, export toJapan for draft work, and other markets.[21] In 1993, a trend ofimporting American stallions to France was started with the gray

stallion Silver Shadows Sheik. This stallion and others were used to create a more elegant, smaller and sleeker lookin the French Percheron, while still retaining the traditional bone and foot structure. All other imported stallions wereblack, reviving the popularity of black Percherons in France. French breeders continue to import American-bredPercheron stallions in order to produce lighter foals, moving away from the heavier meat-type horses of the late 20thcentury.[22] Also in 1993, the Société Hippique Percheronne anticipated the increasing tourist and exportationmarkets by prohibiting docking, which was not prohibited for other draft breeds until 1996. This was partly at therequest of the Germans, and partly due to the influence of magazines such as Cheval.[23]

In 1988 there were 1,088 Percherons in the United States, rising to 2,257 by 1998. As of 2009, the Percheron HorseAssociation of America had horses registered in all 50 states, and had nearly 3,000 members, with around 2,500 newhorses being registered annually. The French Société Hippique Percheronne de France (Percheron Horse Society ofFrance) registered between 750 and 885 horses in each year between 2007 and 2010. As of 2012, the AmericanLivestock Breeds Conservancy considers the Percheron to be "recovering", meaning that the breed has exceeded thenumbers required to be in one of the "watch" categories, but still needs to be monitored.

AugeronThe Augeron, also known as Caen or Virois, was developed from the Percheron during the 19th century and wasmerged back into the Percheron in the 1960s. Bred mainly in the Pays d'Auge region, it previously had its ownstudbook, registered by the Société hippique du trait augeron. The status of the subtype has been repeatedly debatedbecause of its origin from Percherons bred in Pays d'Auge, a breeding group that was modified from the originalbreed standard due to the influence of soil and climate over the years, creating the Augeron type. Augerons are lightgray in color, tall, strong, well-built, and energetic. They stand between 158–170 cm (15.2–16.3 hands) in height,but those horses bred in Vire are known to be smaller than the standard.In the 19th century, the existence of the Augeron population was, despite its popularity, generally ignored byauthors.[24] In Paris, they were named "Caen" and "Virois", after their region of origin, although specialists includedthe "Caen Virois" breed with the Augeron in a 1904 text. In the 19th century, these horses were sold at fairs inArgences and Bayeux in Lower Normandy. They were noticed several times for their homogeneity, beauty, and highvalue. In 1858, Augerons were sold for between 600 and 1200 francs.The Société hippique du trait augeron, or Augeron Horse Society, was formed in 1913 by breeders in Auge to record these horses in a breed registry. One reason for this lay in the desire to protect the cradle of breeding Percheron horses: only animals born near the Perche were entitled to registration in the studbook, and hence to use the name of "Percheron". This limitation excluded several nearby populations of horses foaled outside of Perche, such as the

Percheron 107

Maine and the Augeron.

Uses

The breed is sometimes used under saddle

The Percheron is the most famous and populous of all French draftbreeds in the world today.[25] They were used to improve both theArdennes and Vladimir Heavy Draft horses,[26] and to create theSpanish-Norman breed, a cross between the Andalusian and thePercheron. By the end of the 19th century, Percherons made up themajority of driving horses in Paris.[27] The Percheron is still usedextensively for draft work and, like other draft breeds, it is also used inFrance for meat production. Around the world, Percherons are used forparades, sleigh rides and hayrides, as well as being used to pullcarriages in large cities. The largest team of working Percherons in

Europe is found at Disneyland Paris, where the breed makes up 30 percent of the horses in the park and the horseswork to pull trams on the main park street.[28] One of the most famous horse teams in the United States is the Heinzhitch of Percherons, having appeared multiple times at the Tournament of Roses Parade.

In Great Britain, the Percheron is used for advertising and publicity, as well as forestry and farm work. They arecrossbred with lighter horses by breeders of heavy hunters in order to increase size and improve disposition.Purebred Percherons are also ridden, and some have proven useful at show jumping. Crossbred Percherons havebeen used successfully in dressage. In both the Falkland Islands and northern Australia, Percherons have beencrossed with local mares, primarily Criollos in the Falklands, to produce larger stock horses with greater stamina.These crossbred horses are used extensively in both the sub-Antarctic climate of the Falklands and the sub-tropicalclimate of Australia for working stock. In Australia they are also crossed with Thoroughbreds for use as mountedpolice horses.In 1978, the first World Percheron Congress was held in Great Britain, and has been held annually ever since.Although the majority of the shows have been held in North America, four – in 1980, 1989, 2001 and 2011 – havebeen held in France. Each year, in July, the French national breed show is held in Haras du Pin.[29]

Notes[1] http:/ / www. haras-nationaux. fr/ fileadmin/ bibliotheque/ Reglementation/ Stud-books/ Chevaux_de_trait/

Reglement_Percheron-01-04-2011. pdf[2] http:/ / www. percheronhorse. org[3] http:/ / www. percheron. org. uk[4] Dal'Secco, Les chevaux de trait, p. 28[5] Dugast, Sur les traces du cheval percheron, cover copy[6] Hendricks, International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds, pp. 335–337[7] Mavré, Attelages et attelées, p. 40[8] Terry and Durling, The Romance of the Rose or Guillaume de Dole, pp. 32, 96[9] Edwards, The Encyclopedia of the Horse, pp. 94–95[10] Mischka, The Percheron Horse in America, pp. 30–31[11] Mischka, The Percheron Horse in America, pp. 34–35[12] McDermott, The Working Horse Manual, pp. 22–23[13] Fox, Circus Baggage Stock, pp. 3–4[14] Bongianni, Simon & Schuster's Guide to Horses and Ponies, Entry 87[15] Mavré, Attelages et attelées, p. 80[16] Dal'Secco, Les chevaux de trait, p. 42[17] Mischka, The Percheron Horse in America, pp. 4–6[18] Mischka, The Percheron Horse in America, pp. 14–16[19] Mischka, The Percheron Horse in America, p. 21

Percheron 108

[20] Mavré, Attelages et attelées, p. 31[21] Audiot, Races d'hier pour l'élevage de demain, p. 26[22] Mavré, Attelages et attelées, p. 36[23] Roger & Beaune, Maîtres et protecteurs de la nature, p. 292[24] Original quote in French: "généralement passée sous silence par les auteurs"[25] Edwards, Les chevaux, p. 192[26] Edwards, The Encyclopedia of the Horse, pp. 262, 276[27] Dal'Secco, Les chevaux de trait, p. 59[28] Dal'Secco, Les chevaux de trait, p. 9[29] Dal'Secco, Les chevaux de trait, p. 108

References• Audiot, Annick (1995). Races d'hier pour l'élevage de demain: Espaces ruraux (in French). Éditions Quae.

ISBN 978-2-7380-0581-6.• Bongianni, Maurizio (editor) (1988). Simon & Schuster's Guide to Horses and Ponies. Simon & Schuster, Inc.

ISBN 0-671-66068-3.• Dal'Secco, Emmanuelle (2006). Les chevaux de trait (in French). Artemis Éditions. ISBN 978-2-84416-459-9.• Dugast, Jean-Léo (2007). Sur les traces du cheval percheron. L'Étrave. ISBN 2-909599-80-9.• Edwards, Elwyn Hartley (2006). Les chevaux (in French). De Borée. ISBN 978-2-84494-449-8.• Edwards, Elwyn Hartley (1994). The Encyclopedia of the Horse (1st American ed.). Dorling Kindersley.

ISBN 1-56458-614-6.• Fox, Charles Philip (1983). Circus Baggage Stock: A Tribute to the Percheron. Heart Prairie Press.

ISBN 0962266302.• Hendricks, Bonnie (2007). International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds. University of Oklahoma Press.

ISBN 978-0-8061-3884-8.• Mavré, Marcel (2004). Attelages et attelées : un siècle d'utilisation du cheval de trait (in French). France Agricole

Éditions. ISBN 978-2-85557-115-7.• McDermott, Rowena (1998). "The British Percheron". The Working Horse Manual. Farming Press.

ISBN 0-85236-401-6.• Mischka, Joseph (1991). The Percheron Horse in America. Heart Prairie Press. ISBN 0-9622663-5-3.• Roger, Alain and Beaune, Jean-Claude (1991). Maîtres et protecteurs de la nature. Éditions Champ Vallon.

ISBN 2-87673-099-5.• Terry, Patricia; Nancy Vine Durling (1993). The Romance of the Rose or Guillaume De Dole. University of

Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-1388-2.

External links• Société hippique Percheronne de France (http:/ / www. percheron-france. org/ )• Percheron Horse Association of America (http:/ / www. percheronhorse. org/ )• British Percheron Horse Society (http:/ / www. percheron. org. uk/ )• Percheron Horse Breeders Association of Australia (http:/ / www. percheron. com. au/ )

Australian Draught Horse 109

Australian Draught Horse

Australian Draught Horse

Australian Draught Horse competition, Woolbrook, NSW

Country of origin Australia


The Australian Draught Horse is a hardy breed of Australian draught horse noted for its strength and a goodtemperament.

CharacteristicsThe Australian Draught Horse was developed over the years as a result of the crossbreeding of the four recognizedpure draught horse breeds which were in Australia since the colonial days. These breeds are the Clydesdale,Percheron, Shire, Suffolk Punch, (plus the later imported Belgians) and occasionally some light horse bloodlines, asseen in the part draughts.[1] [2]

The characteristics of these breeds can be found in the Australian Draught Horse, which has produced many coloursand types within the breed. All solid colours are accepted, excessive white is not favoured on the face or body, whitebelow the knee is acceptable.[3]

History

A team of Australian draught horses with a record loadof 150 bales of wool.

The roots of the Australian Draught Horse date back to the c.1854importation of stallions and mares of various English and Flemishcart breeds to Australia. Van Diemen's Land (now Tasmania) wasat the forefront of breeding cart and farm horses with the partplayed by the Van Diemen’s Land Company. This company alsoimported Shire Horses which were later imported to WesternAustralia and South Australia in the late 1830s.

Bullocks did most of the heavy draught work until the 1850s. Thedevelopment of the agricultural industry after the gold rushesrequired a ready of draught horses to provide faster loadmovements. Scottish settlers did much to promote the use of theClydesdale horses owing to their familiarity with them.

Weinholt Brothers formed a notable draught horse stud at Maryvale, Queensland in 1885. Most states preferred Shire horses, but in Victoria the Clydesdale was more popular. Suffolk Punch horses were favoured in northern NSW and

Australian Draught Horse 110

on the black soil country.The Clydesdale Stud Book was established in Australia in 1915, prior to which breeding was somewhat haphazard.After 1918 tractors were rapidly replacing draught horses until the 1930s depression when there was renewedinterest in them. By 1950 tractors had virtually replaced the draught horse on rural properties in Australia.The Australian Draught Horse Stud Book Society was established in c.1979 to promote these horses and breedingprograms. Today the Australian Draught Horse used in led, novelty, ridden and draught competitions and is stillvalued as a working horse on small farms throughout Australia.[4] [5]

References[1] Draught Horses (http:/ / www. breedersales. com/ Learn/ Horse/ Draught-Horses. html) Retrieved 2010-6-12[2] Horse Breeds: The Australian Draught Horse (http:/ / www. gattonheavyhorses. com/ ?page_id=5) Retrieved 2010-6-12[3] Australian Draught Horse (http:/ / www. gattonheavyhorses. com/ AustralianDraught. htm) Retrieved on 15 October 2008[4] Draught Horses (http:/ / www. breedersales. com/ Learn/ Horse/ Draught-Horses. html) Retrieved 2010-6-12[5] Horse Breeds: The Australian Draught Horse (http:/ / www. gattonheavyhorses. com/ ?page_id=5) Retrieved 2010-6-12

External links• Australian Draught Horse (http:/ / australiandraught. pbwiki. com)

Australian Stock Horse 111

Australian Stock Horse




Breed standards

Australian Stock Horse Society Breed standards [1]


The Australian Stock Horse (or Stockhorse), has been especially bred for Australian conditions. It is a hardy breedof horse noted for endurance, agility and a good temperament. Its ancestry dates to the arrival of the first horses inAustralia, brought from Europe, Africa and Asia. It is used today in a wide variety of disciplines, and is still valuedas a working horse by stockmen throughout Australia.

HistoryThe roots of the Australian Stock Horse date back to the earliest importation of nine horses to Australia, with thearrival of the First Fleet in Botany Bay in January, 1788.[2] Some of the original horse breeds in these early importsincluded the Thoroughbred, Cape of Good Hope Horse (largely descended from the Barb and Spanish horse),Arabian, Timor Pony and Welsh Mountain pony.[3]

Horses in Australia were bred for their stamina and strength, with weaker animals culled and only the strongestallowed to breed on. In the 1830s, additional Thoroughbreds were imported into Australia to improve the localstrains, and the mid-20th century saw infusions from the American Quarter Horse.The Australian Stock Horse and the Waler horse come from similar roots, though today they are separate breeds. The"station horse" that was an ancestor of both breeds was used by the Australian Army in the First World War and wasrenowned for its toughness and endurance.[4]

However, the modern Australian Stock Horse differs from the Waler horse in that it is not as big. The horses shippedabroad to fight in war and kept at home to be bred on as Walers were the larger animals, as they were required tocarry a rider with the considerable extra weight of weapons and a full pack. Some of the heaviest animals were alsorequired pull water carts and carriages. However, the characteristics of toughness and endurance remain with theAustralian Stock Horse of today.Formal recognition of Australian Stock Horses as a distinct breed began in June 1971 when over 100 campdrafters and horse breeders met in Tamworth, New South Wales, to form the Australian Stock Horse Society. Many of these people bred stock horses using bloodlines tracing back to native stock, along with some Arabians, Thoroughbreds, and a few ponies of outstanding merit. Most of the early ASH registrations were of horses bred with bloodlines that


excelled at both campdrafting and cattle work in the rugged Great Dividing Range.Initially, horses were inspected for registraton by three classifiers who assessed them for conformation, breeding andathletic ability. The best were accepted for inclusion in the Stud Book, some were approved for the registryappendix, and those not meeting the criteria for registration were rejected.Fourteen specific foundation sires are responsible for most of the bloodlines accepted into the Society Australia-wideand most well-bred Australian Stock Horses trace to one of these foundation sires. These included horses bred fromcolonial stock: Saladin, Cecil and his son Radium, Medlow and Bobbie Bruce. The others were Thoroughbreds:Rivoli, Commandant, Panzer, Midstream, Young Valais, Gibbergunyah, Bushfire, Silvius and Deo Juvante alsoexerted considerable influence. Since then Rivoli Ray, Blue Moon Mystic, Eliotts Creek Cadet, Warrenbri Romeoand some American Quarter Horses have also had a large influence on the breed.The use of Quarter Horse bloodlines is somewhat controversial, with some breeders preferring to stay with olderlines. Those who wish to bring in outside blood are required to pay very high fees to the Society, thus providing anincentive for breeders to only bring in worthwhile horses.

Characteristics

An Australian Stock Horse

The Australian Stock Horse is bred for intelligence,courage, toughness and stamina. The horse will besound, agile and quick moving with a surefooted walk.It will have a calm, responsive temperament. Allcolours are acceptable. Height ranges from 14 hands to16.2 hands.

The ideal Australian Stock Horse is well proportionedin all respects according to its size. Desired traitsinclude a finely cut, expressive head with large eye anda broad forehead. The neck is long, arched, with headwell set on. The withers should be well defined.Overall conformation is well-muscled but not bulky, with correct conformation that includes a deep chest,well-sprung ribs, strong and broad back, and powerful hindquarters. The hooves are hard and well-conformed.


Breed today

An Australian Stock Horse competing ineventing.

There are approximately 170,000 Australian Stock Horses registered or foalsrecorded with the Australian Stock Horse Society. The Stock Horse is used inmany competitive disciplines, including polo, polocrosse, dressage,campdrafting, show jumping, eventing and endurance riding. It is also usedfor stockman challenges, Pony Club activities, general hacking, and stockwork on cattle stations.

While horses are now often being replaced in the flatter Outback and Top Endby motorcycles and helicopters, they are still necessary today for mustering(roundups) in rugged mountain terrain.

International publicity

There was a tribute to the Australian Stock Horse during the 2000 SydneyOlympics Opening Ceremony when an Australian Stock Horse reared andthen a further 120 Stock Horses were ridden into the Stadium and performedintricate maneuvers to the music of the specially-written Olympics version of the main theme of the film The Manfrom Snowy River by Australian composer Bruce Rowland. The Australian Stock Horse Crown Law has representedAustralia in World Championship and Olympic dressage competition.

The Australian Outback Spectacular uses 42 Australian Stock Horses in its show on the Gold Coast, Queensland, 31of which are used in a show on a rotational basis.[5]

References[1] http:/ / www. ashs. com. au/ horses/ standard. asp[2][2] Keith R. Binney, Horsemen of the First Frontier (1788-1900) and the Serpents Legacy, Volcanic Productions, Sydney, 2005, ISBN

0-646-44865-X[3] Gower, Jeanette. "Australian Stock Horse History" (http:/ / chalani. net/ ashistory. php)[4] "Australian Stock Horse Society" (http:/ / www. ashs. com. au/ horses/ default. asp#Statistics)[5][5] "Horsewyse, March 2008, p.8

• Australian Stock Horse Society: Horses of Significance (PDF) (http:/ / www. ashs. com. au/ downloads/Horsesofsignifcance. pdf)

• Gower, Peter. Australian Stock Horse - Stallion Pedigree Book, Vol. 1• Starr, Joan. The Horse that Calls Australia Home

External links• Australian Stock Horse or Waler (http:/ / imh. org/ imh/ bw/ austock. html)• Australian Stock Horse (http:/ / www. ashs. com. au) Australian Stock Horse Society• History of the Australian Stock Horse Society (http:/ / www. ozpets. com. au/ horses/ articles/ HH10003. shtml) at

the OzPets website

Austrian Warmblood 114

Austrian Warmblood

Austrian Warmblood

Distinguishing features Warmblood type suitable for competitive dressage or show jumping, as well as recreationalriding.

Country of origin Austria

Breed standards

Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Warmblutzucht inÖsterreich

Breed standards [1]


An Austrian Warmblood is a warmblood type of horse registered with the Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Warmblutzuchtin Österreich (Association of Warmblood Breeding in Austria (AWÖ)). Although the studbook is made up ofjumping and dressage horses from many other countries, the mare base consists of native horses with a long history.The AWÖ keeps an open studbook, in which mares and stallions must pass rigorous inspections before becomingbreeding stock.

CharacteristicsAccording to the written standard, the Austrian Warmblood is built on a mare base of old Austrian cavalry horsessuch as the Nonius, Furioso-North Star, Shagya and Gidran. Foreign warmblood sport horse bloodlines have beenand will continue to be used to produce a horse more suitable for modern-day dressage and show jumping.Refinement comes from Thoroughbred, Shagya Arabian and Trakehner blood. The combination of the plain Noniustype and the Arabian-influenced Shagya and Gidran suggest a broad range of distinctive types, particularly about thehead. Stock breeds such as Quarter Horses, Lipizzaners, Kladrubers, ponies, trotters, gaited horses and otherspecialty breeds are not permitted in the pedigrees of Austrian Warmbloods.The Austrian Warmblood is bred for dressage and show jumping, but also for recreational riding by amateurs,following strict selection procedures that keep horses that do not fit the standard from breeding. The standard reads:

"Desirable is a noble, long-lined, correct and powerful Warmblood horse with good movement andjumping ability, suited to any type of recreational riding. The breeding aim shall be achieved through acomprehensive system of performance tests for mares and stallions, leading to improved selection fordressage or jumping qualities. Of great importance for the Austrian Warmblood breeders are rideability,good character, willingness, and balanced temperament."

While all breeding stock must measure at least 158 cm (15.2 hands high) at the withers, the ideal height is from 164to 168 cm (16.0 to 16.2hh). Shagya Arabians are an exception, as they are permitted so long as they reach 150 cm(14.3hh). The ideal cannon bone circumference is 20 to 22 cm (7.9" to 8.7").While the AWÖ does not disallow any colors or markings, the Old Austrian Warmbloods tended to be of uniformcolor, allowing them to be matched better in harness configurations. For instance, the Nonius is almost uniformlydark and unmarked, the Gidran is entirely chestnut, the Shagya largely grey, and so on. Therefore, coat colors apartfrom the usual black, brown, bay, chestnut, and grey would likely need to be introduced from an outside source.While there is a Pinto studbook under the ZAP, none of the stallions presently standing for Austria are of unusualcoat colors.In the past, Austrian horses had little variation in registered names. Most horses had their family's name (Furioso, for example) and a combination of Roman and Arabic numbers. Today, an Austrian Warmblood colt has a name beginning with the same letter as his sire's name (Belmondo by Belluno), and a filly has a name beginning with the


same letter as her dam's name (Dragona out of Dravida).The most reliable way to recognize an Austrian Warmblood is by the brand, which is given to foals on their left hipand is in the form of a stylized "A".

History

FoundationThe Austro-Hungarian empire was known for its horse breeding programs which were based on a number ofimperial stud farms. The role of these farms was to produce farm horses for the citizens, riding and carriage horsesfor the nobility, cavalry mounts and artillery horses for the military. Although the former empire is also famed forproducing the Kladruber and Lipizzaner, prominent among these stud farms were those located at Mezőhegyes andBábolna. The former was founded in 1785, the latter was purchased by the government in 1789, and both are locatedin modern-day Hungary. Mezőhegyes produced the Nonius, which was similar to the western Heavy Warmbloods,used for light agricultural work and for pulling artillery wagons. Beginning in the 1840s, Thoroughbred stallions -Furioso and North Star prominent among them - were bred to the Nonius mares to produce strains of more refinedcavalry mounts and carriage horses. Bábolna was originally an extension of Mezőhegyes, but in 1816 theadministration decided to use only Arabian and Arab-bred stallions to achieve their cavalry goals. Born in Syria in1830, the part-Arabian horse Shagya became the most famous of these Arabian-bred stallions. He came to Bábolnain 1836 and founded a strain of light cavalry and carriage horses which were taller and heavier than purebredArabians, but which retained distinct Arabian type. A chestnut Arabian named Gidran followed soon after, crossedon mares who were more Thoroughbred in type. Respectively, these two sires founded the Shagya Arabian andGidran Anglo-Arabian breeds.The Nonius, Furioso-North Star, Shagya, Gidran, and several other strains are often collectively referred to as theAltösterreichische Pferderassen ("Old-Austrian Horse Breeds"). These horses formed the native mare base on whichthe Austrian Warmblood was founded.

RegistryMechanization set in on the heels of World War II, making the use of horses in agriculture and transportation largelyobsolete. The notion of changing to the breeding of recreational riding horses germinated at the Federal Stud Farm ofPiber. The Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Warmblutzucht in Österreich (AWÖ) or Association for Warmblood Breedingin Austria was founded in 1964. Today it operates under the Zentralen Arbeitsgemeinschaft ÖsterreichischerPferdezüchter (ZAP) or Central Association of Austrian Horse Breeders, and is composed of regional memberassociations.The stallion licensing for Austrian Warmbloods occurs in Stadl-Paura during February. It follows closely theprocedures used in Germany; exceptional young stallions are given the title Prämienhengst (Premium Stallion), achampion and reserve champion are awarded, and the announcement of results is followed by an auction. Theperformance test is also held in Stadl-Paura, commencing in June. Mare and foal shows are held by the regionalmember associations. Mares that exceed the standard in terms of pedigree, conformation, movement, andperformance in Austria can also earn the Staatsprämienstute (States Premium Mare) title. The "premium" wasformerly awarded to bribe breeders into keeping their top mares in the region.Though the AWÖ is a young registry, their history of amending the criteria for breeding stock suggests a progressiveattitude towards producing the best riding horse possible. The AWÖ is a member of the World Breeding Federationfor Sport Horses (WBFSH).The studbooks comprise about 2,500 mares and 80 stallions.


UsesThe Austrian Warmblood is bred specifically as a recreational riding horse, and competitive dressage and showjumping horse. As yet, the AWÖ is unranked in the WBFSH standings for Jumping, Dressage, or Eventing, likelydue to the small size of their breeding population. However, the 1995 grey mare Amanita and 1997 bay mareWestminster both compete on the international scene in show jumping (for Poland and Italy, respectively). Laredo, a1994 chestnut gelding competes under a German rider in dressages' Big Tour.The best place to see Austrian Warmbloods is in Austria. In addition to the auction of young stallion candidates andgelding prospects that follows the stallion licensing, there are a number of auctions for foals, riding horses, and elitehorses throughout the year, usually in Stadl-Paura.

Medical issuesLike other warmblood registries, the AWÖ does not give breeding licenses to stallions with congenital disordersincluding cryptorchidism, malocclusion, osteochondritis, or impaired breathing. As a result, Austrian Warmbloodsare healthy and robust.

See related•• Dutch Warmblood•• Belgian Warmblood•• Holstein (horse)•• Hanoverian (horse)•• Westphalian (horse)•• Oldenburg (horse)•• Bavarian Warmblood•• Trakehner•• Thoroughbred•• Shagya Arabian

References[1] http:/ / www. pferdezucht-austria. at/ download/ text/ 1766/ zbo-2007. pdf

Auvergne horse 117

Auvergne horse

Auvergne horse

Auvergne horse

Alternative names Cheval d'Auvergne (French)

Country of origin Auvergne region of France

Breed standards

Association Nationale du Cheval de Race Auvergne Breed standards [1]


The Auvergne horse (French cheval d'Auvergne) is a breed of light draught horse from the Auvergne region ofsouth central France. It stands 143 to 147 centimetres (14.0 to 14.2 hands) at the withers, and weighs 450–650kilograms (990–1,430 lb). Coat colours are bay or seal brown. It is used mainly for trekking. It is not recognised as abreed by the Haras Nationaux, the French association of horse breeders. The standard is published by a breeders'association, the Association Nationale du Cheval de Race Auvergne.

This breed has been crossbred several times throughout its history, with several distinct breeds sharing the name"Auvergne horse". A small riding horse known as the "half-blood of Auvergne" was primarily ridden by the cavalryat the beginning of the 19th century, but has since disappeared. Other work horses of Auvergne were used as ameans of transportation before the advent of modern roads. The work horse was crossbred to become a light draughthorse and subsequent ancestor of the modern Auvergne horse. It was used for varying field work by the inhabitantsof the region.As with most of Europe's draught breeds, the Auvergne almost disappeared with the spread of mechanizedtransportation in the 1960s and 70s. It was crossed with other draught horses, such as the Comtois horse, and wasused as a source of horsemeat. In 1994, an association was created to save the last remaining animals and to fight forthe recognition of the breed in France. Since then, several actions have been levied to promote the continuedexistence of the Auvergne horse. However, the breed is still extremely rare outside of Auvergne. 200 wererepresented in a census at the beginning of the 21st century.

Auvergne horse 118

HistoryAs with other local draught horses, the use of the Auvergne horse has declined with the rise of mechanized travel.Defining the horse is difficult in the absence of recent scientific publications and official recognition. Documentsmentioning the "cheval d'Auvergne" in fact speak of many different breeds which have rarely, or never, beenrecognized as an independent breed throughout their history.

OriginNo scientific studies exist concerning the origin of the Auvergne horse, but there are several theories:• According to the Association of the Auvergne Breed, the breed is the distant descendant of the oriental races

abandoned by the Saracens in the plains of Vouillé circa 732. Their horses remained in the same area (thedepartments of Corrèze, of Creuse, and of Haute-Vienne) until the barons of the country took possession of them.The horses would presumably been the root of those which had spread over the course of the following centuriesinto all of Limousin, followed by Auvergne, to become the ancestors of the Limousin horse, a close relative of theAuvergne horse.

• According to Lætitia Bataille, a specialist in equine management in France, the Auvergne horse was the productof the ancient Navarrin horse's crossbreeding with the Thoroughbred.

•• According to the inhabitants of the Auvergne region, the breed is native to the region, and lived there "depuis lanuit des temps" (since the dawn of time.) According to their theory, it is descended from prehistoric animals whohad simply wandered into the region.

There seems to have been two types of Auvergnal horses throughout the region's history: the smaller horse, or"half-blood Auvergnal", was a riding horse destined to the light cavalry; the common, "all-purpose" horse was usedby locals until the improvement of automobile roads, at which time it was crossbred again to better handle diversagricultural duties.

Antiquity to 17th centuryIf one believes the inhabitants of Auvergne, Vercingetorix used a "Auvergnat cob" for his battles. True or not, theAuvergne horse seems to have been popular in the Middle Ages.In 1577, the Duke of Bouillon mentions, in a Classical French text, that he rode an animal from Auvergne in leavingTurenne: "I'm leaving Turenne, and I'm coming to sleep at M. de Beynac's home with Bousolles, Alagnac, LaVilatte, and Annal to whom I have given pages, Bouschant of Auvergne, all without any arms other than our swords,and all having this strong, bad horse; Bouschant had a little, rather good horse from Auvergne; my horse went with alarge gate, not knowing how to turn and even less how to run ...."The existence of the Auvergne horse is suggested in the documents from the 18th century which describe a little,rustic, mountain horse of oriental build and rather closely related to oriental breeds. Under the rule of Henry IV, the"barbe auvergnat" was a prized mount of cavaliers, and according to tradition, the famous white horse of the kinghimself came from a farm in Barra, near Aurillac.It was Louis XIV who, with the creation of the French National Breeding Farm during the 17th century, tried tobetter the horse in the hopes of using it in his cavalry. To breed the horse, he called upon stallions of Turkish andBarbary descent, and upon the Frisian and Dutch stallions. But, the cross-breeding was largely unsuccessful, mostlybecause of the poor breeding management.

Auvergne horse 119

References[1] http:/ / www. chevalauvergne. fr/ race/ 238

Auxois

Auxois

An Auxois horse at the Salon International de l'Agriculture 2013 in Paris


Breed standards

Centre de promotion de la race du cheval de trait auxois Breed standards [1]


The Auxois is a horse breed from eastern France. It is a large breed, with some individuals weighing over 910kilograms (2,010 lb), bred for horse meat, agricultural work and leisure pursuits. Overall, members of the breed aresolid and muscular in appearance. They are usually bay or bay roan in color, although some other colors are acceptedby the breed registry, and are known for their power and docility.The Auxois is a direct descendant of the Bourguignon of the Middle Ages. In the 19th century, blood was addedfrom other French draft breeds before the creation of a stud book in 1912. After the creation of the stud book, onlypurebred Auxois or Ardennais and Trait du Nord crosses could be registered. World War I interrupted efforts to setthe breed standard, but testing resumed in 1920, and between then and World War II the Auxois was the pride ofregional farmers. The breed reached its peak in the 1930s, but by the 1960s began to decline with the advent ofmechanization.By the 1970s, the Auxois had almost become extinct, and the French government began pushing the breeding of allnative draft horses for meat production, as opposed to agricultural usage. However, the meat of the Auxois was notconsidered high quality, and this, combined with a lower-than-expected market for meat, led to a continued declinein French draft horse populations. In the 1990s, the French government reversed its position on breeding for meat,and began promoting draft breeds for leisure pursuits. The Auxois continues to be rare, having the eighth-smallestpopulation numbers of the nine native French draft breeds. An annual breed show is held in Semur-en-Auxois, andthe Auxois is frequently seen at the Paris International Agricultural Show.

Auxois 120


The head and neck of an Auxois at the ClunyStud

The Auxois is a horse of great size, larger than the Ardennais andalmost as large as the Trait du Nord. It is massively muscular in build,built for heavy pulling. The average height is 15.3 to 16.3 hands (63 to67 inches, 160 to 170 cm), with an ideal height of 16.1 hands(65 inches, 165 cm) to 16.33⁄4 hands (67.75 inches, 172 cm) forstallions and 16 to 16.3 hands (64 to 67 inches, 163 to 170 cm) formares. They weigh from 700 kilograms (1,500 lb) to more than 910kilograms (2,010 lb), depending on whether an individual horse is bredfor meat, agricultural work or leisure pursuits.

The head is relatively short, with a wide forehead. The neck is alsorelatively short and muscular, the shoulders long and sloping and thechest wide and deep. The body is solid, with a broad, short back and loins. The hindquarters are well-muscled. Thelegs are robust, although they can appear small in relation to the mass of the body. They usually have less featheringon the legs than other French draft horse breeds. Horses registered with the studbook may be branded on the left sideof the neck with the letters "TX". This brand is generally applied during breed competitions, and only after the age oftwo.

Auxois horses are usually bay or bay roan in color, although they can also be chestnut or red roan, similar to theArdennais.[2] gray and seal brown (the latter called black pangaré by the breed registry, although these horses aregenetically brown, not black with pangaré markings) are also accepted for registration; all other colors are excluded.The Auxois is known for its power and docility, having a calm and gentle temperament. Like the Ardennais, it is aneasy keeper, able to survive outdoors in all seasons, even in the harsh climatic conditions sometimes seen in Morvanand Nievre.The majority of Auxois are still bred for meat production, and in 2001, 50% of the horses bred were intended forslaughter. However, the power and gaits of the breed make them valued for competitive and leisure driving, as wellas equestrian tourism. The smaller horses of the breed are used for milk production. The Auxois is used forcelebrations, such as weddings, and historical reenactments. It is also used for logging, and in recent years, has beenincreasingly used in agriculture, being found in vineyards, gardens and farms. The use of them for the maintenanceof rural roads is also in planning.[3]

History

An Ardennais horse, one of the breeds used tocreate the Auxois

The history of the Auxois is closely tied to its homeland, for which it isnamed. The rich pastures of the Auxois area, including the FrenchGold Coast, parts of Yonne, the Saone-et-Loire and northern Nievre,are conducive to the breeding of large draft horses.[][4] The recognitionof the Auxois dates back to the early 20th century, making it relativelynew compared to other French draft breeds.[5]

The Auxois is a direct descendant of the Bourguignon of the MiddleAges, a small, robust, tough horse used for riding and driving. Anow-discredited theory once held that the Auxois was a descendant ofthe even older Solutre horse, the bones of which were found in the areawhere the breed was developed.[] Originally the Morvan horse alsoexisted in the same area, but was absorbed into the Auxois after extensive crossbreeding. During the 1840s,

Auxois 121

Percheron blood was introduced to the breed, followed by Boulonnais blood in the 1860s and Ardennais andpossibly Nivernais blood in the late 19th century. Care was not taken to fix a specific breed type, though, and so thephysical characteristics were variable.[6]

Breeders introduced foreign stallions before creating a stud book for the breed. The breed took its name from the"rich valley of Auxois", where the crossbreeding and selection for the new breed took place.[7] The local marescreated from 19th century breeding were crossed with Ardennais and Trait du Nord stallions, sought after for theirlarge size and power, which made them valuable for agricultural work. The birthplace of the breed is around theCluny Stud, and it was originally considered to be a sub-type of the Ardennais breed.[8]

The first attempts to create a breed registry in 1903 and 1904 failed. In 1912, another attempt was made, this timesuccessful, and a stud book was created in Dijon in 1913. With the creation of the stud book, only purebred Auxoisor Ardennais and Trait du Nord crosses could be registered.[9] However, by 1917, the physical characteristics of thebreed were still not fixed, and leaders of the equine community were critical, and doubtful of whether the Auxoiswas a breed in its own right or still merely a subtype of the Ardennais. They were also unsure whether it was a goodidea to accept the recognition of another regional breed, of which France had many.[10]

World War I and World War IIWorld War I interrupted the efforts to secure a breed standard, with stud book selection not resuming until 1920.Within a few years, the ideal height was set around 15.3 hands (63 inches, 160 cm), and its breeding spreadthroughout Auxois and neighboring regions.Between World War I and World War II, the Auxois was the pride of regional farmers. Before the advent ofmotorization, it was the preferred pulling animal, even for slow work, winning out over the local Charolais cattlebreed used as oxen. The Auxois was bred solely for agricultural work, and used exclusively for this purpose.[] Thestrongest horses were used for multi-horse hitches in the fields and for logging. The Auxois competed in popularitywith the Nivernais horse, and it was not uncommon for farmers in the region to have both the black-coated Nivernaisand the red-coated Ardennais and Auxois to satisfy the color preferences of all potential buyers.[11]

In the early 1930s the Auxois reached the peak of its physical development.[12] It was described, like the Ardennaisand the Trait du Nord, as a born plowhorse, with a neck naturally held so low that the nose almost touched theground. It was developed entirely for traction, and its conformation allowed it to move huge weights over shortdistances.[13] At the same time, it became more popular than the Nivernais, and was considered a southernrepresentation of the Ardennais breed. Merchants visiting Burgandy horse fairs appreciated the breed, and deemed itsbay coloration better able to hide dirt than that of the light gray Percheron or black Nivernais.[14] The peakpopulations and usage of the Auxois and other French draft horses was short due to the advent of mechanization inthe 1960s.[15]

Post-war to 1990sDuring World War II, fuel stocks were used by the armies, and were unavailable to farmers. This allowed horses toremain a key aspect of agriculture and transportation until the end of the war.[16] After the war, farmers rapidlymechanized their operations. The Auxois and other draft breeds were quickly abandoned in favor of machines, andpopulation numbers began to fall in the early 1950s and collapsed completely in the 1960s.[17] By the 1970s, theAuxois had almost disappeared, although many villages in the breed's homeland retained a small number of maresfor traditional competitions.In the early 1970s, Henry Blanc was appointed as the new director of the French National Stud, and began the conversion of French draft breeds into animals bred for slaughter into horse meat. The stud encouraged farmers who could no longer find buyers for their animals to fatten them for resale to the slaughter markets. Breeding for the production of meat helped to safeguard the Auxois breed by keeping its gene pool intact, but also transformed the previously powerful breed into one bred solely for weight — the main consideration in pricing at slaughter. In 1976,

Auxois 122

an official French decree changed the name of the category in which the Auxois fit from "draft horses" to "heavyhorses" and encouraged farmers to select the heaviest breeding stallions possible, to increase the average weight ofthe breed. The National Stud approved this change,[18] and between the 1950s and the 1980s, the average weight ofthe Auxois increased from 650 to 800 kilograms (1,430 to 1,760 lb) to 800 to 1,000 kilograms (1,800 to 2,200 lb) ormore.[19]

In ridden competition at the 2011 SalonInternational de l'Agriculture

The conversion to meat was unfavorable for the Auxois, however. ThePercheron was preferred for the quality of the meat and the Ardennaisand closely related Auxois were considered to have some of the lowestquality meat.[20] In addition, the promised market for horse meat didnot materialize, and French slaughterhouses were overwhelmed byimports of cheap horses from the Americas and Eastern Europe.Because of this lack of profitability, the population of most Frenchbreeds, including the Auxois, continued to decline until 1994. Thecollapse in prices then forced the National Stud to redirect its drafthorse-related activities.[21]

In the early 1990s, recreational riding enjoyed a revival in France,while the consumption of horse meat dropped. In 1991, the Agricultural College in Semur-en-Auxois began theproduction of horse milk using Auxois mares in Bierre-les-Semur. In 1994, the French Official Journal published adecree restoring the name of "draft horse" from the almost 20-year use of "heavy horse". In 1996, another decreeprohibited the docking of tails of all French horses. French farmers moved towards the production of animals forrecreation or agricultural uses, and the National Stud began supporting this aim. In July 1998, a promotional centerfor the Auxois opened in Bierre-les-Semur, through regional and departmental grants and using the National Stud topromote the breed. It focuses mainly on the training of young horses for riding and driving, and showcases variousperformances, as well as providing shoeing services and birthing assistance. In 1999, a study was undertaken ofAuxois breeders, which showed opposition to changes in the breed. The author recommended expanding the breedstandard to open new markets and save the Auxois from extinction.

Present

A stallion being driven at the Cluny Stud

As it has been since the creation of the Auxois stud book, onlypurebred horses and Ardennes and Trait du Nord crosses are allowed tobe registered. This is to ensure selection for the desired breedcharacteristics, which are now a lighter and more active horse than wasseen during the time of breeding for horse meat. Horses bred throughartificial insemination and embryo transfer are allowed to beregistered; those potentially bred through cloning are not. The Syndicatdu Cheval de Trait Auxois (Auxois Draft Horse Association) is thenational registry, managing the stud book, breed standard andpromotion of the breed. An annual breed competition is held inSeptember in Semur-en-Auxois. The Burgandy region continues tocelebrate the breed, and there is a museum dedicated to it in Bierre-les-Semur. The Auxois is also regularly seen atthe International Agriculture Show in Paris.

The population of Auxois is very low, and it is one of the rarest of the nine French draft horse breeds. In 2001, it had the eighth-smallest population of the nine breeds, making the threats of inbreeding and extinction very real. In 2006, 250 active breeding mares and 32 stallions were reported, with 125 breeders[22] (the term breeder applying to any person owning at least one active breeding mare). The Auxois represented 1 percent of total French draft horse

Auxois 123

registrations in 2007. Burgandy is by far the main breeding area, with a few horses in the Rhone-Alpes andAuvergne regions. There are no known registered Auxois living outside of France, and it is almost unknown outsideof its home region, even within the rest of France. Of the nine French draft horse breeds, the Auxois is the only onethat is not exported. Between 1992 and 2011, between 80 and 146 foals were born each year, with numbers rangingfrom 105 to 128 between 2007 and 2011.

Notes[1] http:/ / www. haras-nationaux. fr/ information/ accueil-equipaedia/ races-dequides/ chevaux-de-trait/ auxois. html[2][2] Collective 1951, p. 151[3][3] Collective 2002, p. 109[4][4] Sourdillat, p. 330[5][5] Sourdillat, p. 332[6][6] Sourdillat, p. 336[7][7] Lizet, p. 232[8][8] Bataille, p. 135[9][9] Collective 1951, p. 152[10][10] Lizet, p. 233[11] Lizet, pp. 234–236[12][12] Mavre, p. 38[13][13] Mavre, p. 42[14][14] Lizet, p. 260[15][15] Mavre, p. 43[16][16] Mavre, p. 66[17] Mavre, pp. 34–35[18][18] Mavre, p. 31[19][19] Mavre, p. 150[20][20] Lizet, p. 263[21] Collective 2002, pp. 106–107[22][22] Bataille, p. 138

References• Bataille, Lætitia (2008). Races équines de France [Equine breeds of France] (in French). France Agricole

Éditions. ISBN 978-2-85557-154-6.• Collective (1951). La Revue de l'élevage [The magazine of breeding] (http:/ / books. google. com/

books?id=mcZGAAAAYAAJ) (in French) 6. Revue de l'élevage.• Collective (2002). Chevaux et poneys [Horses and ponies] (in French). Éditions Artemis. ISBN 2-84416-338-6.• Lizet, Bernadette (1989). La bête noire: à la recherche du cheval parfait [The black beast, in search of the perfect

horse] (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=as-LaWSon8EC& dq=Cheval+ du+ Morvan). France Mission dupatrimoine ethnologique (in French). Éditions MSH. ISBN 2-7351-0317-X.

• Mavré, Marcel (2004). Attelages et attelées : un siècle d'utilisation du cheval de trait (http:/ / books. google. com/?id=Vc9jtpoFM-IC& lpg=PA203& dq=trait Auxois& pg=PA150#v=onepage& q=trait du Nord& f=false) (inFrench). France Agricole Editions. ISBN 978-2-85557-115-7.

• Sourdillat, Jean-Marie (1929). "Un pays d'élevage : l'Auxois" [A land for breeding : The Auxois] (http:/ / www.persee. fr/ web/ revues/ home/ prescript/ article/ geo_0003-4010_1929_num_38_214_9760). Annales deGéographie (in French) 3 (214): 330–338. doi: 10.3406 (http:/ / dx. doi. org/ 10. 3406). Retrieved 2013-04-10.

Azerbaijan horse 124

Azerbaijan horse

Azerbaijan Horse

Karabakh horse. Nikolay Sverchkov, 1865

Country of origin Azerbaijan


The Azerbaijan horse (Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan atı) is a mountain-steppe racing and riding horse. It is named afterthe geographic region where the horse was originally developed, Azerbaijan in the Caucasus. The average speed byrunning of Azerbaijan horse is 1600 metres in 2 minute, 66 seconds.

Features•• Height - 138 cm•• Length of the body - 139 cm•• Chest circumference - 161 cm• Live weight - 280–350 kg. Under packs 120–140 kg Azerbaijani horses are 60–70 km per day.• Maximum capacity - 3000–3200 kg.•• Average agility-year-olds at a distance of 1600 m - 2 minutes 22.6 seconds.

Types

Daliboz horse on Azerbaijan's stamp

• Karabakh horse, is named after the geographic region wherethe horse was originally developed, Karabakh.

• Daliboz, formed in the Qazakh, Agstafa and Tovuz regions ofAzerbaijan. Some early sources describe it as the "Kazakh"horse. The Daliboz types has a clean, short head with a broadforehead and narrow nose, a compact heavy neck, a ribbedmassive body with a good top line and an even, long back andloin. Legs are clean and well proportioned and the cannonbone girth is larger than that of other horses. They usuallyhave a pacing or racking gait. A unique feature is a peculiarlengthwise fold on the tongue giving the impression of aforked tongue. Average withers height is 152 cm, chest girth172 cm and cannon bone girth 19.4 They are often used as riding and racing horses.

Azerbaijan horse 125

•• Quba horse.•• Shirvan horse.

Karabakh horses on Azerbaijan's stamps

Khan. 1867 Zaman. 1952 Servan. 1987 Gar-gar. 2001

Source• Azerbaijan horse [1] in Big Soviet Encyclopedia.

References[1] http:/ / slovari. yandex. ru/ ~книги/ БСЭ/ Азербайджанская%20лошадь/

Azteca horse 126

Azteca horse

Azteca

Azteca horse

Country of origin Mexico


The Azteca is a horse breed from Mexico, with a subtype, called the "American Azteca", found in the United States.They are well-muscled horses that may be of any solid color, and the American Azteca may also have pintocoloration. Aztecas are known to compete in many western riding and some English riding disciplines. The Mexicanregistry for the original Azteca and the United States registries for the American Azteca have registration rules thatvary in several key aspects, including ancestral bloodlines and requirements for physical inspections. The Aztecawas first developed in Mexico in 1972, from a blend of Andalusian, American Quarter Horse and Mexican Criollobloodlines. From there, they spread to the United States, where American Paint Horse blood was added.

Breed characteristicsThe three foundation breeds of the Azteca are the Andalusian (defined by the Mexican registry as either Pura RazaEspañola or Lusitano), American Quarter Horse, and Mexican Criollo or Criollo militar.[1] They were chosen toproduce a breed that combined athletic ability with a good temperament and certain physical characteristics. Aztecastallions and geldings measure between 15 and 16.1 hands (60 and 65 inches, 152 and 165 cm) at the withers, whilemares stand between 14.3 and 16 hands (59 and 64 inches, 150 and 163 cm).[2] The ideal height is 14.3–15.1 hands(59–61 inches, 150–155 cm).[3] Both sexes usually weigh from 1,000 to 1,200 pounds (450 to 540 kg). The facialprofile of the breed is straight or convex and the neck slightly arched. Overall, they are well-muscled horses, withbroad croup and chest, as well as long, sloping shoulders. Gaits are free and mobile, with natural collection derivedfrom the Andalusian ancestry of the breed. The breed is found in all solid colors, although gray is most often seen.White markings are allowed on the face and lower legs by breed associations.[] The American Azteca registry alsoallows non-solid pinto coloration.[]

Azteca horse 127

Side view

Registration

According to the breed standard of the Mexican registry, Azteca horsescannot have more than 75 percent of their parentage from any one ofthe foundation breeds (Andalusian, Quarter Horse and MexicanCriollo); Criollo blood may be no more than 50%, and only fromunregistered mares within Mexico. Horses are classified in one of sixregistration categories, designated with letters A through F, dependingon their parentage. Only certain crosses between the different classesare permitted.[4] In Mexico, Azteca horses must conform to a strictphenotype standard established by the Secretaría de Agricultura, Ganadería, Desarrollo Rural, Pesca y Alimentación(SAGARPA), the Mexican agriculture ministry, which requires inspection of foals at seven months for the issue of a"birth certificate"; a foal that does not meet the breed standards may be denied registration even if both parents areregistered Aztecas approved for breeding. Full registration and approval for breeding are subject to a second andmore detailed inspection at age three or more, and granted only to those horses that fully satisfy the requirements ofthe standard.[5]

In the American Azteca registry, horses with American Paint Horse (APHA) breeding are also allowed. However,horses with more than 25 percent Thoroughbred blood in their pedigrees (common in many Paints and QuarterHorses) within four generations cannot be registered. American Aztecas have four categories of registration based onthe relative degree of blood from each foundation breed, seeking an ideal blend of 3/8 Quarter Horse and 5/8Andalusian. Unlike their Mexican counterparts, they do not have to go through physical inspections before beingregistered.

History

An Azteca under saddle

The Azteca was first bred in 1972 as a horse for charros, the traditionalhorsemen of Mexico. Antonio Ariza Cañadilla, along with others, wasinstrumental in the creation of the Azteca horse as the national horse ofMexico and with its official recognition by the Mexican Department ofAgriculture on November 4, 1982. Ariza used imported Andalusians,crossed with Quarter Horses and Criollos and began to breed thefoundation horses of the Azteca breed at Rancho San Antonio nearTexcoco, Mexico. Early in the Azteca's history, breeders realized theneed for a unified breeding program in order to produce horses thatmet the required characteristics. The Azteca Horse Research Centerwas created at Lake Texcoco, and in partnership with breedersdeveloped the phenotype of the breed today. The first official Aztecawas a stallion named Casarejo, who was a cross between an Andalusian stallion named Ocultado and a QuarterHorse mare named Americana. He was foaled at the Centro de Reproduccion Caballar Domecq in 1972.

The Associacion Mexicana de Criadores de Caballos de Raza Azteca, or Mexican Breeders Association for theAzteca Horse, is the original breed registry and still maintains the international registry. The International AztecaHorse Association and its regional affiliates was formed in 1992. The majority of Aztecas are found in Mexico, andthe Mexican association had registered between 10,000 and 15,000 horses as of 2005, according to the TexasDepartment of Agriculture. The Mexican registry adds approximately 1,000 horses per year.The Azteca Horse Registry of America was formed in 1989 for registering the US portion of the breed, followed by the Azteca Horse Owners Association in 1996 as an owners association.[6] This registry has slightly different

Azteca horse 128

registration and breeding rules, and is not approved by the Mexican government to register Azteca horses. TheAmerican registry, now called the American Azteca Horse International Association, allows the use of AmericanPaint horses, which are essentially Quarter Horses with pinto coloration, if they have less than 25 percentThoroughbred breeding. However, the US registry does not incorporate Criollo bloodlines. The Mexican registryallows only the blood of Quarter Horses, Andalusians and Criollos in its registered Aztecas.

UsesBecause of the breeds that make up the Azteca, they are known for their athleticism. They have been seen incompetition in western riding events such as reining, cutting, team penning and roping, as well as English ridingevents such as dressage and other events such as polo and bullfighting. They are also used for pleasure riding.

Notes[1] Estandár (http:/ / www. caballoazteca. org. mx/ estandar. html) (in Spanish) AMCCRA Asociación Mexicana de Criadores de Caballos de

Raza Azteca, A.C. Retrieved 2010-01-03. "Standard".[2] Caskie, Donald M. (Azteca Horse Association of Canada) Azteca: a horse custom-built for performance, style and tradition (http:/ / www.

equiworld. net/ breeds/ azteca/ index. htm) Retrieved 2012-01-04.[3] El Caballo Azteca (http:/ / www. alta-escuela. com/ cels/ c_azteca. html) (in Spanish) Alta Escuela Mexicana de Jinetes Domecq, 2010.

Retrieved 2012-01-04. "The Azteca horse".[4] Esquema de cruzamiento para el caballo azteca (http:/ / www. caballoazteca. org/ IMG/ doc/

Esquema_OFICIAL_de_cruzamiento_AMCCRA. doc) (in Spanish) Asociación Mexicana de Criadores de Caballos de Raza Azteca, A.C., yA.G. Retrieved 2012-01-04. "Official cross-breeding chart for the Azteca horse"

[5] Documentación (http:/ / www. caballoazteca. org/ spip. php?article3) (in Spanish) Caballo Azteca Europa. Retrieved 2012-01-06."Documentation"

[6][6] Harris and Langrish, p. 65

References• Dutson, Judith (2005). Storey's Illustrated Guide to 96 Horse Breeds of North America. Storey Publishing.

ISBN 1-58017-613-5.• Harris, Moira C. and Bob Langrish (2006). America's Horses: A Celebration of the Horse Breeds Born in the

U.S.A (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=-M-lPnkMRe8C& pg=PA65& dq=azteca+ horse& hl=en&ei=SvjiTZ2rJo7RiAL45KzHBg& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=2&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage& q=azteca horse& f=false). Globe Pequot. ISBN 1-59228-893-6.

• Lynghaug, Fran (2009). The Official Horse Breeds Standards Guide: The Complete Guide to the Standards of AllNorth American Equine Breed Associations (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=r1baD0KOFPcC&pg=PA146& dq=azteca+ horse& hl=en& ei=SvjiTZ2rJo7RiAL45KzHBg& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result&resnum=5& ved=0CEQQ6AEwBA#v=onepage& q=azteca horse& f=false). Voyageur Press.ISBN 0-7603-3499-4.

External links• American Azteca Horse International Association (http:/ / www. americanazteca. com/ )• Asociación Mexicana de Criadores de Caballos de Raza Azteca (http:/ / caballoazteca. org. mx/ ) (in Spanish)• - Caballo Azteca Europa (http:/ / www. caballoazteca. org/ ) (in Spanish)

Baise horse 129

Baise horse

Baise horse

Distinguishing features Small, but both strong and quick; thrives at high altitudes

Alternative names Guangxi

Country of origin China


The Baise horse (also known as the Guangxi) is a pony-sized horse breed native to the autonomous region ofGuangxi, in southeastern China. Like other Asian breeds (the Mongolian horse in particular), it thrives at highaltitudes and roams freely when not working. Guangxi's mild climate has long favored horse breeding; bronze statuesfrom the third to the first centuries BCE exist of horses very similar in conformation to the Baise.

Breed characteristicsThe Baise horse is small, with an average height of 11 to 11.2 hands (44 to 46 inches, 112 to 117 cm); it is smallerthan other breeds in northern and western China. Its head is heavy, with a straight profile and wide jaw; it has amedium-length neck, running down to straight shoulders. Its legs are strong and well-developed, with strong hoovesThe usual coat colors are black, chestnut, gray and bay. The Baise is strong and quick with a willing, abletemperament. It is used as a riding and pack horse for tourism, on the farm and in harness; it is also used for meat.[1]

Baise horses are an important part of Guangxi village life, and are included in traditional wedding celebrations. TheNational Baise Horse Genetic Resources Conservation Area is a protected area in Guangxi.[2]

References[1][1] Ling 2010, p. 642.[2] Baise Horse profile. (http:/ / www. theequinest. com/ breeds/ baise/ ) Retrieved February 23, 2011.

Balearic horse 130

Balearic horseBalearic horse is a horse breed or breeds originating in the Balearic Islands. A number of works include a breedentry or grouping called the "Balearic horse" or "Balearic pony."[1][2][3][4][5] However, these sources are unclearwhat specific breeds are in this grouping and may or may not include the following breeds found in these islands:• The Mallorquín horse• The Menorquín horse

References[1] Lydekker, Richard. The horse and its relatives - Page 137-138 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=3ctEAAAAIAAJ& q="balearic+

horse"& dq="balearic+ horse"& hl=en& ei=Xl_BTtz8GM6IhQfm082aDQ& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=2&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAQ#v=snippet& q="balearic"& f=false)

[2] Bauer, Mary Ellen. Which Horse of Course p. 61 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=kzM_To2eC5wC& pg=PT61& dq=balearic+ +horse& hl=en& ei=_OPCTr6iC-iJiALr5qiRDA& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=2& ved=0CDMQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=balearic + horse& f=false)

[3] Walker, Stella A. Summerhays' Encyclopaedia for horsemen, p. 23 (1975) (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=6MgSAQAAMAAJ&q=balearic#search_anchor)

[4] Sliver, Caroline. Guide to the Horses of the World, Chartwell Books, 1991 (http:/ / books. google. com/books?ei=zuPCTp-XKqmYiALMwIyJDA& ct=result& id=an8uNRhI3j4C& dq=balearic+ horse& q=balearic+ horse#search_anchor) andIllustrated Guide to Horses of the World, Longmeadow Press, 1993 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?ei=zuPCTp-XKqmYiALMwIyJDA&ct=result& id=g3vYtUsCV74C& dq=balearic+ horse& q=balearic#search_anchor) appear to be the same book, p. 102

[5] Nendricks, Bonnie L and Anthony A. Dent. International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds, p. 60 (http:/ / books. google. com/books?id=CdJg3qXssWYC& pg=PA60& dq=balearic+ horse& hl=en& ei=zuPCTp-XKqmYiALMwIyJDA& sa=X& oi=book_result&ct=result& resnum=3& ved=0CDkQ6AEwAg#v=onepage& q=balearic horse& f=false)

Balikun horse 131

Balikun horse

Balikun

Country of origin China


The Balikun horse is a light horse breed from China, used for riding, light draft, and pack work.

CharacteristicsThe Balikun breed stands at 14 hands high or more, and is most commonly bay or chestnut.[1] They have heavyheads with small ears; the neck is thick, short, and well muscled; withers may be somewhat low; the back is short,flat, and very strong; the croup is sloped with a low-set tail. The shoulder is somewhat straight but muscular. Thisbreed has powerful quarters and strong legs with good feet. The coat is very dense and thick, and the Balikun is ableto live on steppe pasture, even at temperatures under -40F.

Breed historyThe Balikun comes from the Xinjiang Autonomous Region of China, and descends from Kazakh and Mongolianhorses. In selective breeding for over 200 years, the Balikun became a special breed.

UsesThis pony is very tough and well adapted to its habitat, which is frequently harsh. It is used extensively in the areafor transport, but is also used as a light riding and draft pony. [2] The Balikun can easily carry a pack weighing 220pounds up to fifty miles in a day. It is considered a native breed in China.

References[1] "Balikun" (http:/ / www. equinekingdom. com/ breeds/ light_horses/ balikun. htm). Equine Kingdom. Referenced January 12, 2008.[2] International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds. Hendricks, Bonnie. University of Oklahoma Press, 1996. Page 61. ISBN 0-8061-2753-8

Baluchi horse 132

Baluchi horse

Baluchi horse

Distinguishing features Long neck, strong but fine legs, curved ears

Country of origin Pakistan


The Baluchi horse is a breed of horse native to the Baluchistan, Sindh and Punjab Provinces in Pakistan.[1] They arebest recognized by their turned in ears, which resemble those of the Marwari horse from nearby Marwar, India.[2]

CharacteristicsThe Baluchi horse is usually bay, chestnut, or gray. They are light in build and generally have a fine head, long neck,strong but fine legs and ears that curve in so the tips of the ears touch. The Baluchi somewhat resembles the IndianKathiawari breed. They are also thought to be related to the Barb through the Malian breed known as theBeledougou or Banamba. Their average height is 14 hands. Due to diluted bloodlines, horses of pure Baluchi lineageare extremely rare today.

UsesThey are used for riding, light draft work, and pulling tangas.[3]

References[1] "Baluchi" (http:/ / www. ansi. okstate. edu/ breeds/ horses/ baluchi/ index. htm). Oklahoma State University. Referenced 5/16/08.[2] TheEquinest.com (http:/ / www. theequinest. com/ breeds/ baluchi-horse/ )[3] TheHorseGuide.com (http:/ / www. thehorseguide. com/ HorseBreeds/ BaluchiHorse. htm)

Ban'ei 133

Ban'ei

Ban'ei

Ban'ei horses in Obihiro Racecourse

Country of origin Japan


Ban'ei (輓曳 or ばんえいHelp:Installing Japanese character sets) is a form of horse racing, unique to theTokachi area of Hokkaido, Japan. Powerfully-built horses compete by pulling heavily-weighted sleds up sand rampswhile being urged on by jockeys sitting on top of the sleds.The horses used in the races are Percheron, Breton, and Belgian breeds.Formerly held in a number of places, ban'ei races are now only held at the Obihiro Racecourse. The popularity of theraces has waned in recent years and the Obihiro racecourse nearly closed before Softbank, a Japanese mobile phonecompany known for its tie-up with Apple and the iPhone, provided funds for the races to continue. Formerracehorses are usually sold for meat rather than put out to pasture until old age.[1]

HistoryBan’ei has its probable origin in agricultural work, when horses were used to cultivate crops and pull sleds of wood.Eventually, the horses were tested for speed in festivals of the late Meiji Era.The popularity of ban’ei grew, and in 1953, Hokkaido’s four cities (Kitami, Asahikawa, Iwamizawa, and Obihiro)began to manage ban’ei. They ran the races until three of them closed operations in 2007 due to declining revenues.Obihiro racecourse is the only one currently active.

Ban'ei 134

Course

Separated course by lines

The course consists of a flat dirt track, 200 meters long. Two cants arein the course; the second one is called the “Ban’ei Point”, and turnsvery sharply. Horses run the course in their own tracks, separated bylines. Horses haul sledges which, including jockeys, weigh more than400kg or even 1t in big races like the “Ban’ei Kinen” (domestic Ban’eiGrade 1 (BG1)). Thus the winning time of big races is often slowerthan lower class races.

Unique Points

There are some differences between a standard flat race and ban’ei. Inban’ei, a horse has not finished the race until the end of the sledge passes the finish line. Second, horses can stopafter passing the first cant. Sometimes, jockeys make their horses stop to give them a rest before climbing the secondcant. Third, jockeys do not ride the horse. They sit on the sledge. Fourth, jockeys do not have a riding crop orhorsewhip. They use only the reins for control and to urge the horses.

Horses

A Ban'ei Horse

Ban’ei horses are larger than other types of racehorses. They were bred bysome heavy or robust breeds: Percheron, Breton, and Belgian and their weightcan surpass 1 metric ton; twice that of a thoroughbred. Today, they areregistered as Nihon Bankei Shu by Japan Equine Affairs Association.

Valuable horses

• Kintaro (1977 - 1992) won 32 races, winning 116,725,000 yen.•• Takara Fuji (1981 - ) won 27 races, winning 103,490,000 yen.

•• Hikaru Tenryu (1983 - ) won 27 races, winning 104,611,000 yen.•• Asagiri (1985 - ) won 41 races, winning 102,512,000 yen.•• Maruzen Burgi (1986 - ) won 22 races, winning 107,517,000 yen.•• Fukuichi (1989 - ) won 30 races, winning 111,481,000 yen.•• Super Pegasus (1996 - 2007) won 42 races, winning 100,739,000 yen.

Ban'ei 135

Famous jockeyAkihiko Kanayama is a former Ban'ei jockey. He won 3,299 races, and became known by the name of "Mr. Ban'ei".He is now a Ban'ei horse trainer.

Races (Ban'ei grade race)All held in Obihiro, over 200 metres.

Two-year-oldsBG1

The Irene Kinen (イレネー記念)BG2

The Kuroyuri Sho (黒ユリ賞)BG3

The Nanakamado Sho (ナナカマド賞)The Young Championship (ヤングチャンピオンシップ)

Three-year-oldsBG1

The Ban'ei Derby (ばんえいダービー)The Ban'ei Oaks (ばんえいオークス)

BG2

The Ban'ei Kikka Sho (ばんえい菊花賞)BG3

The Ban'ei Daishoten (ばんえい大賞典)

Four-year-oldsBG1

The Temma Sho (天馬賞)BG2

The Ginga Sho (銀河賞)BG3

The Hakurin Sho (柏林賞)The Queen Cup (クインカップ)

Ban'ei 136

Three and Four-year-oldsBG3

The Hamanasu Sho (はまなす賞)The Poplar Sho (ポプラ賞)

Three-year-olds and upBG1

The Ban'ei Grand Prix (ばんえいグランプリ)The Obihiro Kinen (帯広記念)The Ban'ei Kinen (ばんえい記念)

BG2

The Ban'ei Tokachi Oddspark Hai (ばんえい十勝オッズパーク杯)The Iwamizawa Kinen (岩見沢記念)The Kitami Kinen (北見記念)The Heroines Cup (ヒロインズカップ)The Champion Cup (チャンピオンカップ)

BG3

The Asahikawa Kinen (旭川記念)The Hokuto Sho (北斗賞)The Dream Age Cup (ドリームエイジカップ)

ReferencesNotes[1] New York Times article on Ban'ei racing published 25 December 2006, accessed 24 October 2011 (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2006/ 12/ 25/

world/ asia/ 25japan. html)

External links• Official (http:/ / www. banei-keiba. or. jp/ language/ english. html)• The National Association of Racing (NAR) (http:/ / www. keiba. go. jp/ guide/ english/ index. html)• Horse Racing in Japan (http:/ / japanracing. jp/ )

Banker horse 137

Banker horse

Banker horse

Horses on Corolla Island

Distinguishing features Small, compact conformation



The Banker horse is a breed of feral horse (Equus ferus caballus) living on the islands of North Carolina's OuterBanks. It is small, hardy, and has a docile temperament. Descended from domesticated Spanish horses and possiblybrought to the Americas in the 16th century, the ancestral foundation bloodstock may have become feral aftersurviving shipwrecks or being abandoned on the islands by one of the exploratory expeditions led by Lucas Vázquezde Ayllón or Sir Richard Grenville. Populations are found on Ocracoke Island, Shackleford Banks, Currituck Banks,and in the Rachel Carson Estuarine Sanctuary.Although they can trample plants and ground-nesting animals, and are not considered to be indigenous to the islands,Bankers are allowed to remain because of their historical significance. They survive by grazing on marsh grasses,which supply them with water as well as food, supplemented by temporary freshwater pools.To prevent overpopulation and inbreeding, and to protect their habitat from being overgrazed, the horses aremanaged by the National Park Service, the State of North Carolina, and several private organizations. The horses aremonitored for diseases such as equine infectious anemia, an outbreak of which was discovered and subsequentlyeliminated on Shackleford in 1996. They are safeguarded from traffic on the North Carolina Highway 12. Islandpopulations are limited by adoptions and by birth control. Bankers taken from the wild and trained have been usedfor trail riding, driving, and occasionally for mounted patrols.

Banker horse 138

Characteristics

A map showing herd locations

The typical Banker is relatively small, standing between 13.0 and14.3 hands (52 and 59 inches, 132 and 150 cm) high at the withers[1]

and weighing 800 to 1,000 pounds (360 to 450 kg). The forehead isbroad and the facial profile tends to be straight or slightly convex. Thechest is deep and narrow and the back is short with a sloped croup andlow-set tail. Legs have an oval-shaped cannon bone, a trait consideredindicative of "strong bone" or soundness. The callousities known aschestnuts are small, on some so tiny that they are barely detectable.Most Bankers have no chestnuts on the hind legs. The coat can be anycolor, but is most often brown, bay, dun, or chestnut. Bankers havelong-strided gaits and many are able to pace and amble. They are easykeepers and are hardy, friendly, and docile.[2]

Several of the Bankers' characteristics indicate that they share ancestrywith other Colonial Spanish Horse breeds. The presence of the geneticmarker "Q-ac" suggests that the horses share common ancestry withtwo other breeds of Spanish descent, the Pryor Mountain Mustang andPaso Fino. These breeds diverged from one another 400 years ago. Thebreed shares skeletal traits of other Colonial Spanish horses: the wingsof the atlas are lobed, rather than semi-circular; and they areshort-backed, with some individuals possessing five instead of sixlumbar vertebrae. No changes in function result from these spinal differences. The convex facial profile common tothe breed also indicates Spanish ancestry.

Breed historySince they are free-roaming, Bankers are often referred to as "wild" horses; however, because they descend fromdomesticated ancestors, they are feral horses.[3] It is thought that the Bankers arrived on the barrier islands during the16th century. Several hypotheses have been advanced to explain the horses' origins, but none have yet been fullyverified.

Aerial view of a barrier island in theNorth Carolina Outer Banks

One theory is that ancestors of the Banker swam ashore from wrecked Spanishgalleons. Ships returning to Spain from the Americas often took advantage ofboth the Gulf Stream and continental trade winds, on a route that brought themwithin 20 miles (32 km) of the Outer Banks. Hidden shoals claimed manyvictims, and earned this region the name of "Graveyard of the Atlantic". At leasteight shipwrecks discovered in the area are of Spanish origin, dating between1528 and 1564. These ships sank close enough to land for the horses to havemade the shores. Alternatively, during hazardous weather, ships may have takenrefuge close to shore, where the horses may have been turned loose. However,the presence of horses on Spanish treasure ships has not been confirmed—cargospace was primarily intended for transporting riches such as gold and silver.[4]

Another conjecture is that the breed is descended from the 89 horses brought tothe islands in 1526 by Spanish explorer Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón. His attempted colonization of San Miguel deGualdape (near the Santee River in South Carolina) failed, forcing the colonists to move, possibly to North Carolina.

Banker horse 139

Vázquez de Ayllón and about 450 of the original 600 colonists subsequently died, as a result of desertion, disease,and an early frost. Lacking effective leadership, the new settlement lasted for only two months; the survivorsabandoned the colony and fled to Hispaniola, leaving their horses behind.[5]

A similar theory is that Sir Richard Grenville brought horses to the islands in 1585, during an attempt to establish anEnglish naval base. All five of the expedition's vessels ran aground at Wococon (present-day Ocracoke).[6]

Documents indicate that the ships carried various types of livestock obtained through trade in Hispaniola, including"mares, kyne [cattle], buls, goates, swine [and] sheep."[7] While the smaller vessels were easily refloated, one ofGrenville's larger ships, the Tiger, was nearly destroyed. Scholars believe that as the crew attempted to lighten theship, they either unloaded the horses or forced them overboard, letting them swim to shore. In a letter to Sir FrancisWalsingham that same year, Grenville suggested that livestock survived on the island after the grounding of hisships.[6]

Life on the barrier islands

Drinking from a horse-dug water hole onShackleford Banks

About 400 Bankers inhabit the long, narrow barrier islands of NorthCarolina's Outer Banks. These islands are offshore sediment depositsseparated from the mainland by a body of water such as an estuary orsound.[1] The islands can be up to 30 miles (48 km) from the shore;most are less than one mile (1.6 km) wide. Vegetation is sparse andconsists mainly of coarse grasses and a few stunted trees.[8] Each islandin the chain is separated from the next by a tidal inlet.

The Bankers' small stature can be attributed, in part, to limitednutrients in their diet.[9] They graze mostly on Spartina grasses, butwill feed on other plants such as bulrush (Typha latifolia), sea oats,[10]

and even poison ivy.[11] Horses living closer to human habitation, suchas those on Currituck Banks, have sometimes grazed on residential lawns and landscaping.[10] Domesticated Bankersraised on manufactured horse feed from an early age tend to exhibit slightly larger frames.[9]

Water is a limiting resource for Bankers, as the islands are surrounded by salt water and have no freshwater springsor permanent ponds.[8] The horses are dependent on ephemeral pools of rainwater and moisture in the vegetationthey consume.[10] Bankers will dig shallow holes, ranging from 2.5 to 4 feet (0.76 to 1.22 m) in depth, to reach freshgroundwater.[8] Occasionally, they may resort to drinking seawater. This gives them a bloated appearance, aconsequence of water retention caused by the body's effort to maintain osmotic balance.[12]

Land use controversiesThe National Park Service (NPS) is concerned about the impact of Bankers on the environmental health of NorthCarolina's barrier islands. Initially, the NPS believed that the non-native Bankers would completely consume theSpartina alterniflora grasses and the maritime forests, as both were thought to be essential to their survival.[12]

Research in 1987 provided information on the horses' diet that suggested otherwise. Half of their diet consisted ofSpartina, while only 4% of their nutrients came from the maritime forest. The study concluded that sufficientnutrients were replenished with each ocean tide to prevent a decline in vegetative growth from overgrazing.[13] A2004 study declared that the greatest impact on plant life was not from grazing but from the damage plants sustainedwhen trampled by the horses' hooves.[10] Bankers pose a threat to ground-nesting animals such as sea turtles andshorebirds. Feral horses interrupt nesting activities, and can crush the young.[12]

Banker horse 140

Management and adoptionAs the Bankers are seen as a part of North Carolina's coastal heritage, they have been allowed to remain on thebarrier islands.[14] To cope with the expanding population, prevent inbreeding and attempt to minimizeenvironmental damage, several organizations partner in managing the herds.

Ocracoke

A banker horse on Ocracoke Island

Since 1959, Bankers on Ocracoke Island have been confined to fencedareas of approximately 180 acres (0.73 km2; 0.28 sq mi). The areasprotect the horses from the traffic of North Carolina Highway 12, aswell as safeguarding the island from overgrazing. The NPS, theauthority managing the Ocracoke herd, supplements the horses' dietwith additional hay and grain. In 2006, as a precaution againstinbreeding, two colts from the Shackleford herd were transported toOcracoke.[15]

Shackleford

Public Law 105-229, commonly referred to as the Shackleford Banks Wild Horses Protection Act, states that theBankers on Shackleford Island are to be jointly managed by the National Park Service and another qualifiednonprofit entity (currently the Foundation for Shackleford Horses). The herd is limited to 120–130 horses.Population management is achieved through adoption and by administering the contraceptive vaccine Porcine zonapellucida (PZP) to individual mares via dart. The island's horse population is monitored by freeze branding numbersonto each animal's left hindquarter. The identification of individuals allows the National Park Service to ensurecorrect gender ratios and to select which mares to inject with PZP.

Since 2000, adoptions of Bankers from Shackleford have been managed by the Foundation for Shackleford Horses.As of 2007, 56 horses had found new homes, 10 resided with another herd on Cedar Island, and two had been movedto the Ocracoke herd.[16]

A freeze branded mare on Shackleford

On November 12, 1996, the Shackleford horses were rounded up bythe North Carolina Department of Agriculture's Veterinary Divisionand tested for equine infectious anemia (EIA). EIA is a potentiallylethal disease, a lentivirus transmitted by bodily fluids and insects.Seventy-six of the 184 captured horses tested positive. Those thattested negative were allowed to remain on the island and those with thedisease were transported to a temporary quarantine facility. Finding apermanent, isolated area for such a large number of Bankers was achallenging task for the Foundation; eight days later the state declaredall proposed locations for the herd unsuitable. It ordered theeuthanization of the 76 infected horses. Two more horses died in the

process—one which was fatally injured during the roundup, and an uninfected foal that slipped into the quarantinedherd to be with its mother.[17]

Banker horse 141

Currituck BanksAs a consequence of Corolla's development in the 1980s, horses on Currituck Banks came into contact with humansmore frequently. By 1989, eleven Bankers had been killed by cars on the newly constructed Highway 12. That sameyear, the Corolla Wild Horse Fund, a nonprofit organization, was created to protect the horses from humaninterference. As a result of its efforts, the remainder of the herd was moved to a more remote part of the island,where they were fenced into 1,800 acres (7.28 km2; 2.81 sq mi) of combined federal and privately donated land.Corolla commissioners declared the site a feral horse sanctuary.[12] The population is now managed by adopting outyearlings, both fillies and gelded colts. Conflicts over the preservation of the wild horses continued into 2012. In2013, legislation was introduced to help preserve the herd on Carrituck.

Rachel Carson Site, North Carolina National Estuarine Research ReserveA herd lives on the Rachel Carson component of the North Carolina National Estuarine Research Reserve, a series offive small islands and several salt marshes. There were no horses at the Sanctuary until the 1940s. It is unclearwhether the Bankers swam over from nearby Shackleford[18] or if they were left by residents who had used theislands to graze livestock. They are owned and managed by the State of North Carolina and regarded as a culturalresource.No management action was taken until the late 1980s and early 1990s, when after years of flourishing population,the island's carrying capacity was exceeded. Malnourishment caused by overcrowding resulted in the deaths ofseveral horses; the reserve's staff instituted a birth control program to regulate the herd to about 40 animals.

UsesAdopted Bankers are often used for pleasure riding and driving.[14] As they have a calm disposition,[18] they are usedas children's mounts.[14] The breed has also been used in several mounted patrols.[18]

Before 1915, the United States Lifesaving Service used horses for beach watches and rescues. In addition to carryingpark rangers on patrols,[19] the horses hauled equipment to and from shipwreck sites. During World War II, the CoastGuard used them for patrols. In the 1980s Bankers were used for beach duty at Cape Hatteras National Seashore.[19]

In 1955, ten horses were taken from the Ocracoke herd as a project for Boy Scout Troop 290. After taming andbranding the horses, the scouts trained them for public service activities. The Bankers were ridden in parades andused as mounts during programs to spray mosquito-ridden salt marshes.[19]

ReferencesNotes

[1][1] Hendricks 1995, p. 63.[2] Hendricks 1995, pp. 64–65.[3] Prioli 2007, pp. 12–13.[4][4] Prioli 2007, p. 21.[5] Prioli 2007, pp. 16–20.[6] Prioli 2007, pp. 25–27.[7][7] Quinn 1955, p. 187.[8] Blythe & Egeblad 1983, pp. 63–72.[9][9] Prioli 2007, p. 12.[10] Rheinhardt & Rheinhardt 2004, pp. 253–258.[11] Harrison 2003, pp. 211–213.[12] Dohner 2001, pp. 400–401.[13] Wood, Mengak & Murphy 2004, pp. 236–244.[14] Dutson 2005, pp. 323–325.[15][15] Prioli 2007, p. 77.[16] Prioli 2007, pp. 65–83.

Banker horse 142

[17] Prioli 2007, pp. 61–63.[18][18] Hendricks 1995, p. 65.[19][19] Prioli 2007, p. 48.

Bibliography

• Blythe, William B.; Egeblad, K. (1983). "The banker ponies of North Carolina and the Ghyben-Herzbergprinciple" (http:/ / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/ pmc/ articles/ PMC2279567). Transactions of the American Clinicaland Climatological Association 94 (6): 63–72. PMC 2279567 (http:/ / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/ pmc/ articles/PMC2279567). PMID 7186237 (http:/ / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/ pubmed/ 7186237).

• Dohner, Janet Vorwald (2001). "Equines: Banker". Historic and Endangered Livestock and Poultry Breeds.Topeka, Kansas: Yale University Press. pp. 400–401. ISBN 978-0-300-08880-9.

• Dutson, Judith (2005). Storey's Illustrated Guide to 96 Horse Breeds of North America. Storey Publishing.pp. 323–325. ISBN 978-1-58017-612-5.

• Harrison, Molly (August 1, 2003). Exploring Cape Hatteras and Cape Lookout National Seashores. GlobePequot. pp. 211–213. ISBN 978-0-7627-2609-7.

• Hendricks, Bonnie Lou (1995). International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds. University of Oklahoma Press.pp. 63–65. ISBN 978-0-8061-2753-8.

• Prioli, Carmine (2007). The Wild Horses of Shackleford Banks. Winston-Salem, N.C.: John F. Blair. pp. 15–27.ISBN 978-0-89587-334-7.

• Quinn, David, ed. (1955). The Roanoke Voyages: 1584–1590. London: Hakluyt Society. p. 187.ISBN 978-0-486-26513-1.

• Rheinhardt, Richard; Rheinhardt, Martha (May 2004). "Feral Horse Seasonal Habitat Use on a Coastal BarrierSpit". Journal of Range Management 57 (3): 253–258. doi:10.2111/1551-5028(2004)057[0253:FHSHUO]2.0.CO;2 (http:/ / dx. doi. org/ 10. 2111/1551-5028(2004)057[0253:FHSHUO]2. 0. CO;2). ISSN 1551-5028 (http:/ / www. worldcat. org/ issn/1551-5028).

• Wood, Gene W.; Mengak, Michael T.; Murphy, Mark (2004). "Ecological Importance of Feral Ungulates atShackleford Banks, North Carolina". American Midland Naturalist 118 (2): 236–244. doi: 10.2307/2425780(http:/ / dx. doi. org/ 10. 2307/ 2425780).

Barb horse 143

Barb horse

Barb

Berber warriors mounted on Barbs

Country of origin North Africa


Barb horse or Berber horse (Arabic: حصان بربري) is a northern African breed with great hardiness and stamina. TheBarb generally possesses a fiery temperament and an atypical sport-horse conformation, but nevertheless hasinfluenced modern breeds.

CharacteristicsThe Barb is a light riding horse noted for its stamina. It has a powerful front end, high withers, short back, a slopingcroup, and carries its tail low. It is hardy with clean legs and sound hooves. It does not have particularly good gaits,but gallops like a sprinter. It was used as breeding stock to develop racing breeds such as the Thoroughbred,American Quarter Horse, and Standardbred.[1]

The predominant color is gray, but bay, black, chestnut, and brown horses are also found. The Barb stands 1.47–1.57metres (14.2–15.2 hands) at the withers.[2]

Breed historyIt is not known where the Barb horse developed; some believe the breed originated in northern Africa during the 8thcentury, about the time that Muslim invaders reached the region. There is controversy over whether the Barb andArabian horses share a common ancestor, or if the Arabian was a predecessor of the Barb. Native horses of theregion may have been influenced by the crossing of "oriental" breeds, including the Arabian horse, Turkmenian orAkhal-Teke, and Caspian horse, with Iberian horses brought back from Europe by the Berber invaders after theyconquered southern Spain.[3] Today the several varieties of Barb include the Algerian, Moroccan, and Tunisian.When imported to Europe, the Barbs were sometimes mistaken for Arabians, although they have distinctly differentphysical characteristics. The Europeans saw that their size was similar and their handlers were Berber Muslims whospoke Arabic. An example of such confusion is that the Godolphin Arabian, one of the foundation sires of theThoroughbred, was an Arabian stallion but, due to his Moroccan origins, was referred to as the "Godolphin Barb."[4]

The Barb is now bred primarily in Morocco, Algeria, Spain and southern France. Due to difficult economic times inNorth Africa, the number of purebred Barbs is decreasing. The World Organization of the Barb Horse, founded inAlgeria in 1987, was formed to promote and preserve the breed.

Barb horse 144

Influence on other breeds

Conformation of the Barb

The Barb may have had more influence on the racingbreeds throughout the world than any other horseexcept the Arabian.[5] Berber invaders from NorthAfrica took their horses, the forerunners of today'sBarbs, to Europe from the early eighth centuryonwards. Once established with settlers on the Iberianpeninsula, the Barb horse was bred with Spanish stockunder 300 years of Umayyad patronage to develop theAndalusian (and the Lusitano). The Andalusian washighly prized and it was used for major developmentstock in horse breeding all over the world.[6]

Historical references to "Barbary" horses include RoanBarbary, owned by King Richard II of England in the14th century. The Barb horses were valued by other Europeans, including the Italians, whose noble familiesestablished large racing stables. During the 16th century, Henry VIII purchased a number of Barbary horses fromFederico Gonzaga of Mantua, importing seven mares and a stallion. He continued to buy other Barbs andAndalusians. After the Royal Stables were sold off under Cromwell, private owners in England continued to valuethe Barbs and used them to develop the Thoroughbred. The influence of the Barb is also evident in the ArgentinianCriollo, the Paso Fino, and many other Western Hemisphere breeds, including the American Quarter Horse, theMustang and the Appaloosa.

Despite its importance as a progenitor of other breeds, the Barb has less renown than the Arab, possibly because itwas considered a less attractive-looking breed. In other important qualities, the Barb has the same stamina andendurance, the same ability to thrive on meager rations, and the same sure-footedness and speed over short distances.The Barb also was valued for its "strong, short-coupled body, perfect for collection— the posture that makesweight-bearing easiest for the horse—its eagerness to learn and its gentle nature." Because of these characteristics,beginning in the 16th century, the horses were also trained for dressage, in Paris and other European capitals.Sixteenth-century and later portraits of royalty on horses frequently portrayed the latter in dressage positions.

Abaco Barbs

Capella the Abaco Barb Breyer Horse

The Abaco Barb is an endangered strain of the Spanish Barb horsebreed found on Great Abaco Island in the Bahamas. The Abaco Barb issaid to be descended from horses that were shipwrecked on the islandduring the Spanish colonization of the Americas and the Caribbean.The population of wild Abaco Barbs that run free on Great Abaco oncenumbered over 200 horses. The Abaco Barb is found in colors that aredifferent from those of the European/African Barb, including pinto(including the relatively uncommon splashed white), roan, chestnut,black and other colors. They range between 1.32 to 1.47 m (13.0 to14.2 h).

Beginning in the 1960s, several events led to a decline of the breed to just three horses: the paving of new roadsthrough or near their territory, which caused more conflict with humans; wild dog attacks on foals; and, most fatally,natives killing off the horses because of an accident involving a child.[7]

Barb horse 145

Some Abaconians intervened and brought the three surviving horses to a farm near Treasure Cay. The herd increasedto 35. Since 1992, however, over half the horses have died. No foals have been born since 1998. (There was onespontaneous abortion and one fetus aborted for unknown reasons.) By early 2010, the herd had diminished to six. Asof August 2013, only one horse remained: one mare living inside the preserve.[8]

Recently the government joined the renewed effort to preserve the breed. No Abaco Barb horses will be sold on thecommercial market; the remaining herd will run free on the 3,800-acre (15 km2) preserve on Abaco.An Abaco Barb stallion, Capella, was the model for a 2005 sculpture honoring the breed, as part of a broad-basedpublicity campaign to build support for preservation.

References[1] Reddick, Kate, Horses. New York: Ridge Press, 1976, p. 60.[2] Edwards, Elwyn Hartley (1994). The Encyclopedia of the Horse, London: Dorling Kindersley ISBN 0-7513-0115-9 p.67[3] Nissen, Jasper, The Young Specialist Looks At Horses. London: Burke Publishing Co. Ltd, 1963, p. 46.[4] Wentworth, Judith Anne Dorothea Blunt-Lytton. The Authentic Arabian Horse, 3rd ed. George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1979.[5] Jane Waldron Grutz, "The Barb" (http:/ / www. saudiaramcoworld. com/ issue/ 200701/ the. barb. htm), Saudi Aramco World,

January-February 2007, Retrieved 23 February 2011[6][6] Nissen, p. 41.[7] "Preserving the Abaco Barb horse" (http:/ / www. infohorse. com/ wildhorses. asp), Retrieved February 23, 2011.[8] "The world's most endangered horse" (http:/ / arkwild. org/ blog/ ), ArkWild. Retrieved November 18, 2013.

External links• Arkwild.org - The Abaco Wild Horse Fund (http:/ / www. arkwild. org/ )• Aramco World Article - The Barb (http:/ / www. saudiaramcoworld. com/ issue/ 200701/ the. barb. htm)• "The Barb or The Berber". http:/ / www. stablemade. com/ horsecare/ horsebreeds/ barb. htm''• "Preserving the Rare Beauty of the Abaco Barb". http:/ / www. infohorse. com/ wildhorses. asp''

Further reading• Draper, Judith, The Book of Horses and Horse Care

Bardigiano 146

Bardigiano

Bardigiano

Bardigiano

Alternative names Bardi Horse

Country of origin Italy, native to Emilia Romagna

Breed standards

Associazione Provinciale Allevatori, Parma Breed standards [1]


The Bardigiano is a breed of small horse from the Emilia Romagna region of Italy. It takes its name from the townof Bardi, in the Apennines of Parma, and is principally associated with the surrounding area and the Valle del Ceno.The mountain environment and steep, rough terrain of the area have contributed to produce a robust, hardy breed,agile and sure-footed over difficult ground. Although some males and all females are under 14.2 hands (58 inches,147 cm),[2] the Bardigiano is always considered a horse in its home country. The stud book was established in 1977,and is held by the Associazione Provinciale Allevatori, the regional animal breeders' association, of Parma. Thebreed is widely distributed in Italy, with breeders in 26 Italian provinces; a recent study examined 3556 stud bookentries for living horses. Due to these relatively large numbers, the breed is not considered to be at risk of extinction,but is classed as "vulnerable".[3]

The Bardigiano is used for activities that range from farm work to competitive driving and riding. They are also usedextensively for pony trekking. In 1994, the breed standard was modified with the intention of increasing thesuitability of the Bardigiano as a saddle horse while preserving its character.

Bardigiano 147


Bardigiano ponies in harness.

The height range for the Bardigiano is fixedat 138–149 cm for males and 135–147 cmfor females; horses outside these ranges arenot admitted for registration. The onlyrecognized coat colour is bay, and dark bayis preferred. Chestnuts and light bays are notrecognized. Limited rabicano and whitemarkings on the legs and face are allowed,but white facial markings with excessivelateral extension (commonly referred to as"bald-faced") are not. Physicalcharacteristics of the breed include a small head with a straight or concave profile, low withers, straight back, deepgirth, and overall a muscular appearance.

Breed HistoryThe Bardigiano appears to have descended from the horses ridden by Belgian Gauls during their invasions into Italyduring Roman times. This is the same ancestor from which the Haflinger appears to have developed. Over thecenturies, the Bardigiano has adapted to the rough, mountainous habitat in the Northern Apennine region of Italy.As well as having some relationship to the Haflinger, the breed also bears characteristics similar to the EnglishExmoor and Dales ponies as well as the Asturcon.During World War I and World War II, Bardigiano mares were used to produce first-class mules, and in the processthe number of purebred Bardigianos was significantly reduced. After World War II, in a move that is now widelyconsidered a mistake, a diverse range of stallions from various breeds were introduced to reestablish the breed.However, this caused the breed to deteriorate and begin to lose its defining characteristics. Thus, in 1972, acommittee was formed that has since successfully reestablished the Bardigiano breed.

References[1] http:/ / www. bardigiano. it/ home/ images/ stories/ documenti/ disciplinare. pdf[2] Breed standard, in Italian (http:/ / www. bardigiano. it/ home/ images/ stories/ documenti/ disciplinare. pdf)[3] Sabbioni A. and others (n.d.) Caratterizzazione demografica e variabilità genetica nel cavallo Bardigiano attraverso l'analisi dati genealogici

(http:/ / www. bardigiano. it/ home/ images/ stories/ documenti/ Caratterizzazione-demografica. pdf), in Italian with English summary,accessed Mar 2011

Basque mountain horse 148

Basque mountain horse

Basque Mountain Horse

Basque Mountain Horse mares

Alternative names Basque: Euskal Herriko Mendiko Zaldia, Spanish: Caballo de Monte del País Vasco

Country of origin Spain, France


The Basque Mountain Horse (Spanish: Caballo de Monte del País Vasco or Basque: 'Euskal Herriko MendikoZaldia) is a breed of horse from the Basque Country of Spain and France. It is listed in the Catálogo Oficial deRazas de Ganado de España in the group of autochthonous breeds in danger of extinction.

References

Bavarian Warmblood 149

Bavarian Warmblood

Bavarian Warmblood

Bay Bavarian Warmblood mare.

Distinguishing features Warmblood riding horse bred for competition in the Olympic disciplines and recreationalriding.

Alternative names Bayerisches Warmblut

Country of origin Germany (south)

Breed standards

Landesverband Bayerischer Pferdezuechtere.V.

Breed standards [1]


The Bavarian Warmblood is a horse breed of southern Germany that developed from an older Bavarian heavywarmblood breed called the Rottaler. Since mechanization in the mid-20th century, the Bavarian Regional HorseBreeders' Society has concentrated on producing a riding horse for the Olympic disciplines and recreational ridingbased on other European warmblood bloodlines.

CharacteristicsThe easiest way to recognize a Bavarian Warmblood is by the brand on the left thigh, which is a crowned shieldoutside the letter "B". All colors are permitted, though dark, solid colors are preferred. The ideal height is between158 and 170 cm tall at the withers (15.2-16.2 hands).Bavarian Warmbloods are similar to other German warmbloods in type, conformation, movement, jumping abilityand interior qualities. Desirable type includes an elegant, attractive horse with dry limbs and head and clear sexexpression. Conformation reflects the stamp of a correct sport horse. Correct movement includes three rhythmic gaitscharacterized by energy, a long stride, natural self-carriage and elasticity, with some knee action. Selection processesaim for enthusiastic, capable jumpers with "bascule" (arc over the fence), "scope" (ability to respond to changes inthe environment), and "tact" (carefully pulling the legs out of the way). Horses that are difficult, nervous, oraggressive are identified and typically are not allowed to breed.Breeding stallions and mares are chosen by thorough studbook selection, which eliminates horses that do not fit thebreeding goal from the breeding studbooks. The Bavarian Warmblood is by no means set in type and recognizablethe way that breeds from closed studbooks are; instead, they are recognizable by their athletic ability andtemperament.


BloodlinesCurrently, the stallion roster is 45% Bavarian Warmblood stallions. Holsteiner stallions make up a further 42%.Other German warmbloods - Hanoverians, Oldenburgs, Westphalians, Wuerttembergers, Rhinelanders, Thuringians,and German Warmbloods, (Zuchtverband fur deutsche Pferde or ZfDP) - make up 24%.There are a handful of Dutch Warmblood, Trakehner and Thoroughbred stallions as well, though the Bavarianstudbook is rather unusual for including a Russian Warmblood and two Budyonny stallions.Of the Bavarian-bred stallions, a few had Bavarian sires, though most were sired by a Hanoverian, Westphalian,Oldenburg, or Holsteiner. Several Selle Francais sires also have sons in the Bavarian studbook, and oneBavarian-bred stallion each is by a Trakehner, Thoroughbred, and Anglo-Arabian.

HistoryThe predecessor of the Bavarian Warmblood is the Rottaler, an all-purpose horse very similar to other heavywarmbloods. The best Rottalers were calm, substantial horses suitable for plowing, carriage driving, andnon-competitive riding. In 1907 a registry for Rottalers was founded. The riding horse direction began in 1963 andthe Rottaler was renamed "Bavarian Warmblood."Stallions with the old type were replaced by Hanoverians, Westphalians, Holsteiners, Trakehners, andThoroughbreds. The Rottaler blood was soon diluted and today comprises the mother line of some approvedstallions. To save the old type from extinction, a preservation society was formed in 1994.Today, Bavarian Warmblood pedigrees are made up of blood from other German warmbloods, particularlyHolsteiners, Hanoverians, Westphalians, Oldenburgs, Württembergers, Rhinelanders, and Saxony-ThuringianWarmbloods, plus a number of approved Dutch Warmbloods, Thoroughbreds, Trakehners, and even Budyonnystallions.In recent years, the Bavarian Regional Horse Breeders' Society has begun co-hosting a stallion licensing event withthe Horse Breeding Societies of Baden-Wuerttemberg, Rheinland-Pfalz Saar, and Saxony-Thueringen. TheSouth-German Stallion Licensing is held in Munich. They also hold elite foal auctions and free jumpingcompetitions for young horses. Together, all four registries have nearly 500 stallions and over 11,000 mares. Thereare about 150 Bavarian Warmblood stallions and almost 4,000 broodmares.

UsesThe Bavarian Warmblood is seen in international sport horse competition, including eventing, show jumping anddressage. In the 2006 final standings in international sport, the Bavarian Warmblood was ranked 13th in showjumping, 15th in dressage, and 12th in eventing.Bavarian Warmbloods are also popular choices in the sport of combined driving and have been part of several WorldCup teams. In the United States, there are several prominent show hunters with the Bavarian brand.


Medical issuesThorough health-screening of breeding stallions before they stand stud has resulted in a population largely free ofcongenital diseases. The size and growth rate of warmbloods in general has made Osteochondrosis (OCD) theprimary health concern.

References[1] http:/ / www. bayerns-pferde. de/ landesverband_pferde/ mambo/ content/ view/ 124/ 127/

• "Landesverband Bayerischer Pferdezuechter e.V." (http:/ / www. bayerns-pferde. de/ ) (in German). Archived(http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20071229000004/ http:/ / www. bayerns-pferde. de/ ) from the original on 29December 2007. Retrieved 2008-01-03.

• "Central Documentation for Animal Biological Diversity in Germany" (http:/ / www. genres. de/ CF/ tgrdeu/ ) (inGerman). Retrieved 2008-01-03.

• "Sueddeutsche Pferdezuchtverbande" (http:/ / www. sueddeutsche-hengsttage. de/ ) (in German). Archived (http:// web. archive. org/ web/ 20080109104649/ http:/ / www. sueddeutsche-hengsttage. de/ ) from the original on 9January 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-03.

• "World Breeding Federation for Sport Horses" (http:/ / www. wbfsh. org/ ). Archived (http:/ / web. archive. org/web/ 20080105190745/ http:/ / www. wbfsh. org/ ) from the original on 5 January 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-03.

• "United States Equestrian Federation" (http:/ / www. usef. org/ ). Retrieved 2008-01-03.

External links• http:/ / www. tiho-hannover. de/ einricht/ zucht/ eaap/ descript/ 1451. htm• http:/ / www. equiworld. net/ UK/ HORSECARE/ BREEDS/ bavarian/ index. htm

Belgian horse 152

Belgian horse

Belgian

Belgian draft horse

Distinguishing features Small head, thick and muscular neck, powerful shoulders and quarters, short legs with small amount of feathering.Chestnut or red roan in colour

Alternative names Brabants trekpaardCheval de trait belgeBrabançonBelgian Heavy DraftBelgisch Trekpaard

Country of origin Belgium


The Belgian horse or Belgian draft horse, also known as Belgian Heavy Horse, Brabançon,[1] or Brabant, is a drafthorse breed from the Brabant region of modern Belgium, where it is called the Cheval de trait belge or Flemish:Belgisch Trekpaard or Brabants Trekpaard or Brabander. It is one of the strongest of the heavy breeds. The breedassociations are the Société Royale Le Cheval de Trait Belge/ Koninklijke Maatschappij het Belgisch Trekpaard andthe Eleveurs Wallons du Cheval de Trait Belge/ Vlaamse Fokkers van het Belgisch Trekpaard.

CharacteristicsThe Belgian Heavy Draft horse stands between 16.2 and 17 hands (66 and 68 inches, 168 and 173 cm). On averagethe Belgian grows to weigh slightly over 900 kilograms (2,000 pounds). Most American Belgians are a light chestnutwith a flaxen mane and tail. The head is relatively small and well-shaped. American Belgians in North American arenot as large as the European Brabant but is of a similar build.Currently, the world's tallest Belgian Draft is Radar, a gelding foaled in 1998 in Iowa. He stands at 19.3½ hands(2.02 metres) at the withers, and weighs over 2,400 pounds (1,100 kg). The world's largest horse was a Belgian Draftnamed Brooklyn Supreme, who weighed 3,200 lb (1,500 kg) and stood at 19.2 hands (1.98 m).Belgians have a high occurrence of junctional epidermolysis bullosa (JEB), an inherited genetic disorder that causes newborn foals to lose large areas of skin and have other abnormalities, normally resulting in euthanasia. A study conducted in 2001-2003 found that 17.1% of tested Belgians in the US and Canada were carriers, including 13.5% of stallions and 28.9% of mares. If carriers are not mated, JEB can be avoided, and scientists are studying the disease further in the hope of completely eliminating it. The US Belgian breed registry requires JEB testing. Belgians have also been identified to be at risk for chronic progressive lymphedema, a chronic progressive disease that includes

Belgian horse 153

symptoms of progressive swelling, hyperkeratosis and fibrosis of distal limbs. The disease is similar to chroniclymphedema in humans.

Breed historyHistorically, it is theoretically possible the Belgian may have had ancestors who were destriers in the Middle Ages,although there is no independent evidence to support this claim. The foundation stock for the Belgian was originallyknown as the Brabant. Other names for essentially the same breed include the Cheval de trait Belge, Brabançon, andBelgisch Trekpaard. Until the 1940s, the Belgian and the Brabant were essentially the same breed. Following WorldWar II, the Brabant in Europe was selectively bred to be thicker bodied and heavier, while in the United States theBelgian was bred to be somewhat taller and lighter bodied. The main use was as a farm horse. Closely related breedsinclude the Trait du Nord and Nederlands Trekpaard.In 1887, the American Association of Importers and Breeders of Belgian Draft Horses was founded in Wabash,Indiana to register and keep track of all Belgian Draft Horses.[2] Today, the Belgian is the most numerous breed ofdraft horse in the United States.Importation of Belgians to the USA ended in bulk after the beginning of the Second World War with Erwin F.Dygert transporting the last Belgians out of Europe as the war was beginning.Wikipedia:Disputed statement[3]

Uses

Brabant draft horsespainting by Henry Schouten (1857-1927)

Belgians are still used as working animals, but have alsobecome popular as show horses, and pleasure riding horses.The Brabant and related breeds remaining in Belgium todayare also desirable for horse meat, producing a tender meatthat is considered a delicacy.[4]

Belgian horses are able to pull tremendous weights. At theNational Western Stock Show in Denver, Colorado, a teamof two horses in the Heavyweight class pulled 17,000 poundsa distance of 7 ft 2 in (7,700 kg a distance of 2.18 m). Theteam of Belgians weighed 4,800 pounds (2,200 kg). At theIowa State fair, the heavyweight champions in the pullingcontest pulled 14,600 pounds the complete distance of 15 ft(6,690 kg, 4.6 m). The team consisted of one Belgian andone Percheron and weighed 3,600 pounds (1,600 kg).[citation

needed]

Belgian horse 154

Other meaningsIn Britain, "Belgian Black" is a colloquialism used to describe a Friesian horse.

References[1] Summerhayes, RS; "Horses & Ponies", Warne & Co, 1948[2] Self, Margaret C. The Horseman's Encyclopedia. New York: Barnes & Company Inc, 1963.[3] Belgian Draft Horse at International Horse Museum (http:/ / www. imh. org/ museum/ breeds. php?pageid=8& breed=15& alpha=One)[4] Brady, Irene. America's Horses and Ponies. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1969.

External links• Breed Profile: Belgian Draft Horse (http:/ / equisearch. com/ breeds/ belgianprofile/ ) by Jayne D. Wilson• Belgian Draft Horse Corporation of America (http:/ / www. belgiancorp. com/ )• The American Brabant Association (http:/ / www. theamericanbrabantassociation. com/ )

Belgian Warmblood 155

Belgian Warmblood

Belgian Warmblood

Darco, a Belgian Warmblood stallion at the 1992 Barcelona Olympics

Distinguishing features Modern riding horse type especially suitable for show jumping.

Alternative names in error, "Belgium" Warmblood

Country of origin Belgium

Breed standards

BWP-North American District Breed standards [1]


A Belgian Warmblood is a warmblood type of horse registered with the Belgisch Warmbloed Paard vzw (BelgianWarmblood Studbook (BWP)) or Studbook sBs. The traits given the greatest importance in the breeding aim of theBelgian Warmblood are performance in show jumping and dressage, as well as subjective conformationalcorrectness and robust health.

HistoryHorse breeders in the Netherlands, Germany, and France had been producing elegant saddle horses for hundreds ofyears. However, because the Belgian government was concerned about protecting the bloodlines of the Brabant(Belgian draft horse), it wasn't until the 1950s that breeders in Belgium were allowed to breed lighter saddle horses.The foundation stock of the Belgian Warmblood included jumping horses from France and the Netherlands, as wellas Hanoverians and Holsteiners from Germany. Through studbook selection, Belgian breeders were able to directbreeding towards their own goals.The first stallion show for riding horses in Belgium took place, illegally, in 1953; the BWP was founded in 1955.Without native riding horses or all-purpose heavy warmbloods, Belgian breeders had to import stallions and mares.Over the course of 50 years, the BWP accrued a mare base of over 3,500 broodmares and produced a significantnumber of international-quality show jumpers. In 2010, the BWP was ranked 4th in the FEI/WBFSH InternationalShow Jumping standings, below only the KWPN-Dutch Warmblood, Selle Francais and Holsteiner studbooks.


Breed characteristicsAs a warmblood horse, the Belgian Warmblood is characterized not by uniformity of coat color, appearance orpedigree chart, but by uniformity of purpose. Like other warmbloods, Belgian Warmblood breeding horses aresubjected to rigorous studbook selection.

The studbook brand, which features a "pinwheel"of horse heads, is given to all Belgian

Warmbloods

The most reliable way to positively identify a Belgian Warmblood isby the brand on the left thigh. Belgian Warmblood foals receive thisbrand during their foal inspection, when they are given a passport anddeemed free of obvious defects.Between the ages of three and four years old, Belgian Warmbloodstallions are presented to a jury in a "Hengstenkeuring" or stallionlicensing test. The licensing test consists of a veterinary inspection,subjective evaluation of the stallion's conformation and jumping abilitywithout a rider, and evaluation of the stallion's qualities under saddle.Stallions that do not achieve the desired marks in the licensing test arenot eligible for the studbook. To retain status in the studbook, stallionsmust participate in competitions for young show jumping horses called

the "Classic Cycle." Mares take part in similar conformational evaluations, however judgement of a mare's qualitiesas a riding horse are elective.

The published breeding aim for the Belgian Warmblood reads as follows:"A noble modern and correctly-built warmblood horse with a rectangular frame, big outlines and goodbasic paces. The horse should be pleasant to ride and have an unobjectionable character, so that it can beused by any rider, both as pleasure horse and as a performance horse on national and international level.There has to be a balance between conformation, performance and health."

Belgian Warmbloods range in size and substance, but the ideal size for a stallion is between 16 and 17 hands high atthe withers. Mares are not eligible for breeding rights unless they exceed 15.1 hands high. In type, the BelgianWarmblood is similar to the Holsteiner, Selle Francais, Dutch Warmblood, and Hanoverian, and less like theTrakehner.The BWP does not hold any regulations barring horses of certain coat colors; however, the most common coat colorsare chestnut ("vos"), bay ("bruin"), brown ("zwartbruin"), black ("zwart"), and grey ("schimmel"). The modifier"donker" means a dark shade, "licht" means light. Modifiers on "schimmel" often indicate the horse's color at birth,for example "bruinschimmel" means a grey born bay. There are also tobiano patterned pinto ("bont") BelgianWarmbloods, though they are uncommon.Belgian Warmbloods present a unique case in that there is no indigenous warmblood mare base. Of the 181 approvedstallions listed, half were themselves Belgian Warmbloods. The remaining half were primarily Holsteiners, SelleFrancais, Dutch Warmblood, or Hanoverian; there were a handful of Oldenburg, Thoroughbred, Westphalian,Belgian Sport Horse and Rhinelander stallions as well.Of the Belgian stallions, about a quarter had a Belgian sire. Another quarter had a Selle Francais sire, while a further42% had Dutch, Holsteiner, or Hanoverian sires. The remaining sires were Westphalian, Rhinelander, Swedish,Belgian Sport Horse, Oldenburg, or Thoroughbred.


Uses

Denis Lynch and Nabab’s Son, Dublin HorseShow 2008

The slogan of the BWP is "Bred to perform," which accuratelydescribes the aim of the registry. Belgian Warmbloods are best knownfor their jumping abilities. Olympic show jumpers with the BWP brandinclude Big Ben (1984), Darco (1992), Egano (1992), Jus De Pomme(1992), Joli Couer (1996), Sapphire (2008).

Over the past 20 years, research has supported observations regardingthe high heritability of jumping ability compared with that ofdressage-quality gaits. Therefore, horse breeders may reliably produceexceptional jumpers in few generations, which is exactly whatoccurred in Belgium. The aim of the BWP has been, from day one,"'always jumping horses'".[]

The influence of French horses has also given the Belgian Warmbloodthe ability to be competitive in eventing. Britt was a Belgian Warmblood Olympian in eventing in 1992. In 2006 thestudbook as a whole was ranked 15th in eventing by FEI results.

Belgian Warmbloods also appear increasingly in dressage. The FEI and World Breeding Federation for Sport Horsesranked them 11th in 2006. There are strong numbers of Belgian Warmblood show hunters in North America, thoughtheir suitability for it depends very much on the individual horse.

Medical issuesThe BWP is known for its progressive attitude towards eradicating osteochondritis (OCD) from their population.Stallions undergo radiographing of the feet, fetlocks, knees, hocks, and stifles as a part of the approval process, andare not permitted to breed if they may become unsound. Furthermore, any stallion that later showed signs - throughhis offspring or otherwise - of carrying a genetic disorder would lose his breeding approval.As a result, Belgian Warmbloods are not subject to the disorders that affect closed-studbook registries, and progressis being made to make Belgians Warmbloods - as other warmbloods - more sound than ever.

Belgian sport horseThe linguistic and cultural division of Belgium is reflected in the use of two separate warmblood breedingassociations. The Belgian Sport Horse differs from the Belgian Warmblood only by location: breeders in northernBelgium typically register with the BWP, while those in the southern part of the country registry with the sBs.[]

Studbook sBs was originally founded in 1920 as Societe d’Encourgement pour L’Elevage du Cheval d’Armes or"Society for the Encouragement of Breeding Army Horses," and produced cavalry horses and remounts for theBelgian army, which at the time were primarily imported from France. Within 10 years, the use of cavalry horseshad given way to demand for leisure horses, and the name of the registry was changed to Demi-Sang Belge or"Belgian Half-bred", reflecting the increased use of refined, Thoroughbred-influenced sires.[2] Following World WarII, breeders imported substantial numbers of riding horses from France, as well as some from England, Ireland,Germany and the Netherlands. These horses were the foundation of sport horse breeding in the region. Success inbreeding warranted another name change in 1967: the "Royal Belgian Sport Horse Society", better known as"Studbook sBs".[3]


External links• Belgian Warmblood Association of North America (BWP-North America) [4]

• Studbook Zangersheide [5]

References[1] http:/ / www. belgianwarmblood. com/ about. htm[2][2] sBs History. "As of 1930 army and transportation are motorised and this reduces the outlets. At the same time the Association changes name

and becomes «the Belgian Half-Blood» which will promote the breeding of lighter saddle horses, more elegant, by using sires closer byblood."

[3][3] sBs History. "The "Royal Belgian Sports Horse Society", better known since 1991 under the name of «Stud-Book sBs»"[4] http:/ / www. belgianwarmblood. com/[5] http:/ / www. zangersheide. com/ en/

Black Forest Horse 159

Black Forest Horse

Black Forest Horse

Black Forest Horses

Distinguishing features Small to medium sized draft horse breed, has a dark coat with flaxen mane and tail.

Alternative names Schwarzwälder Kaltblut; Black Forest cold blood



The Black Forest Horse

The Black Forest Horse, also called the Black Forest cold blood orSchwarzwälder Kaltblut, is a rare draft horse breed originating insouthern Germany.

Characteristics

Features of the Black Forest Horse include a dark chestnut coat with aflaxen mane and tail, a short head, strong neck, well laid backshoulders, wide croup (hindquarters) and expansive gaits. It standsfrom 14.2 to 15.3 hands high (148-160 cm) and weighs approximately500 kg. It has very strong hooves and joints.

Breed historyDeveloped in Germany, today a major center of breeding is the Marbach stud.

UsesBlack Forest Horses were originally used for work in the forest and pulling carriages and carts. They aregood-natured and gentle and recently have become popular riding horses.

References

Further reading• (German) Black Forest Cold Bloods - History and Stories, Volume I by Thomas Armbruster, Wolf Brodauf and

Gerhard Schröder, Schillinger-Verlag, 2007 Freiburg, ISBN 978-3-89155-333-6

Black Forest Horse 160

External links• Herzlich willkommen (http:/ / www. schwarzwaelder-kaltblut. de)

Blazer horse

Blazer Horse

Distinguishing features Refined head, sloped shoulders, short back.



The Blazer Horse is a horse breed developed in the 1950s and '60s in northwestern United States. Tracing back toone founding stallion, this breed of horse was bred to meet demands of daily ranch work, while still being gentle.Blazers are known for being versatile at any sport competition and having gentle and intelligent dispositions.

Breed HistoryThe Blazer horse traces back to the chestnut stallion Little Blaze, who was foaled in 1959. Little Blaze was bred andowned by F. Neil Hinck, an American horse trainer from Bedford, Wyoming. The descendant of Mormon pioneersand Danish horsemen, Hinck came from a ranch family and had extensive experience with most breeds of the day. [1]

He produced the Blazer by combining the American Quarter Horse and the Morgan Horse with blood of the ShetlandPony, and Thoroughbred.The Blazer Horse Association was incorporated in 1967 at Star, Idaho. In 2006 it was renamed the American BlazerHorse Association and became a nonprofit, dedicated to the preserving the breed and maintaining its history. Theheadquarters was moved to Nampa, Idaho the same year.Registered Blazer horses in stud book must pass a veterinary inspection and have at least one parent withdocumented linage to the stallion Little Blaze.

Breed CharacteristicsBlazer horses are not smaller than 13 hands nor taller than 15 hands at full maturity, and it is the standard height forthe registry. Their colors include black, bay and chestnut, as well as buckskin, palomino and many shades of dun.They have a refined head, bold eyes, extreme sloping of the shoulders, short backs, round croups, long hips, andhave thick bone for strength and durability. They must also have a good disposition. The American Blazer HorseAssociation is one of the few Associations that mandate a gentle disposition as a registerable trait.

References[1] http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GSln=hinck& GSmid=46588789& GRid=36361619&

Boulonnais horse 161

Boulonnais horse

Boulonnais

Young Boulonnais stallion

Distinguishing features Elegant heavy horse, found in many colors


Common nicknames White Marble Horse

Breed standards

Les Haras Nationaux (French National Stud) Breed standards [1]


The Boulonnais, also known as the "White Marble Horse", is a draft horse breed. It is known for its large but elegantappearance and is usually gray, although chestnut and black are also allowed by the French breed registry. Originallythere were several sub-types, but they were crossbred until only one is seen today. The breed's origins trace to aperiod before the Crusades and, during the 17th century, Spanish Barb, Arabian, and Andalusian blood were addedto create the modern type.During the early 1900s, the Boulonnais were imported in large numbers to the United States and were quite popularin France; however, the European population suffered severe decreases during 20th-century wars. The breed nearlybecame extinct following World War II, but rebounded in France in the 1970s as a popular breed for horse meat.Breed numbers remain low; it is estimated that fewer than 1,000 horses remain in Europe, mostly in France, with afew in other nations. Studies as early as 1983 indicated a danger of inbreeding within the Boulonnais population, anda 2009 report suggested that the breed should be a priority for conservation within France. The smallest type ofBoulonnais was originally used to pull carts full of fresh fish from Boulogne to Paris, while the larger varietiesperformed heavy draft work, both on farms and in the cities. The Boulonnais was also crossbred to create and refineseveral other draft breeds.



The characteristic facial profile of the breed

The Boulonnais today stands from 14.3 to 16.3 hands (59 to 67 inches,150 to 170 cm) or more. It has a short, elegant head with a broadforehead and a short, muscular neck. Members of the breed have fullchests, rounded rib cages and sloping shoulders. The legs are fairlyshort but robust and strong. Unlike other draft breeds such as the Shireor Clydesdale, it has no heavy feathering on its lower legs. The breed isgenerally branded with a small anchor mark on the left side of theneck. Due mostly to the many additions of Oriental blood, theBoulonnais has an elegant appearance that is not often seen in heavydraft breeds and it has been called "Europe's noblest draft horse".[2]

The fineness of the skin and delicate appearance of the veins hasallowed the horse to be described as looking "like polished marble",leading to its "White Marble Horse" nickname.

In 1778, the French National Stud performed an initial survey of thebreed and found that most were black or dark bay. During the 1800s,gray horses began to appear, and it was the predominating color by theend of the century. Gray became a popular color during this time dueto the use of the horses to haul fish at night – gray horses were more visible in the dark, and therefore more valuable.In the later years of the 20th century, breeders again began to prefer darker colors such as bay and chestnut. Today,chestnut, gray and black are the only colors allowed by the French breed registry, with the vast majority of horsesbeing gray – a popular phrase says that the horses have coats "the color of the clouds from the coast".

Sub-typesThere were originally several types of Boulonnais. The Petit Boulonnais, Mareyeuse or Mareyeur was used in therapid transport of cartloads of fresh fish (la marée) from the Pas-de-Calais to Paris; it stood 15.1 to 15.3 hands (61 to63 inches, 155 to 160 cm) and weighed 1,210 to 1,430 pounds (550 to 650 kg). The Picard draft came from thePicardy region,[3] and was called the "horse of the bad land", in comparison to the Cauchoix horse from the Pays deCaux area, which was called the "horse of the good land". The "grand Boulonnais", which stood 15.3 to 16.3 hands(63 to 67 inches, 160 to 170 cm) high and weighed 1,430 to 1,650 pounds (650 to 750 kg), was bred in the 19thcentury for farm work in the sugar beet fields. All of these types were bred together to create the modern Boulonnaishorse.

History

Engraving of a Boulonnais, 1861

One theory states that the origins of the Boulonnais breed emergedfrom the crossbreeding of native French mares and stallions brought bythe Numidian army in 55–54 BC. However, many equine scholars areskeptical of this theory, and state that, whatever the early origins, thelater selective breeding and local climate and soil types had a greaterinfluence on the breed than any early Oriental blood.[4] During theCrusades, two breeders, Eustache, Comte de Boulogne, and laterRobert, Comte d'Artois, wanted to create a fast, agile, and strongwarhorse for knights to ride in battle. They crossed the existing heavy


French stallions with German Mecklenberg mares, similar to modern-day Hanoverians. During the 17th-centurySpanish occupation of Flanders, a mixture of Spanish Barb, Arabian, and Andalusian blood was added to the breed,to create the modern Boulonnais. By the 17th century, horse dealers were coming into the Boulonnais district fromPicardy and Upper Normandy to buy local horses, which enjoyed a good reputation among breeders. From the late18th through the mid-19th century, the Boulonnais spread across France and Europe; during this time, the breedincreased in size as the Industrial Revolution called for larger horses that retained the active movement of theoriginal type.[5] Beginning in the 1830s, it was proposed to cross the Arabian with the Boulonnais to create a newtype of cavalry horse, and in the 1860s, calls were put forth to add Thoroughbred blood for the same reason.[6]

However, breeders rejected these calls, stating that using the breed to create cavalry horses would make them poorerdraft horses.[7] Breed societies also discouraged crosses between the Boulonnais and the Brabant. In June 1886, astudbook was created for the breed in France, and placed under the jurisdiction of the Syndicat Hippique Boulonnais(SHB) in 1902.[]

During the early 20th century, the Boulonnais was imported into the United States in large numbers, where it wasregistered along with other French heavy horse breeds as the "French draft horse". Breed members in the UnitedStates were registered with the Anglo-Norman Horse Association (or National Norman Horse Association)beginning in 1876, an association that was renamed the National French Draft Association in 1885. This associationdeclared in 1876 that the Boulonnais, Norman, Percheron and Picardy breeds were all essentially the same, andshould all be known as the "Norman horse". They later declared that all of the "Norman horses" were in fact"Percherons", regardless of actual breeding. This was mostly designed to sell mixed breed draft horses to Americanconsumers at higher prices, and the Illinois Board of Agriculture soon ruled that only those Percherons who camefrom proven Percheron stock were to be registered as such, and all other breeds, including the Boulonnais, were tobe considered separately. Boulonnais were exported from France to Austria, although they saw little success there,and breeding stallions were sent to Argentina.

20th century and today

A modern Boulonnais, shown in-hand, 2011

The Boulonnais was once a popular workhorse in France, with anestimated population of over 600,000 in the early 1900s. World War Iand World War II almost destroyed the breed, as its home area sawheavy combat in both wars and the bands of broodmares werescattered. Between World War II and the 1970s, the breed almostbecame extinct, and only a few breeders kept it alive. In the 1970s, itbecame popular for horse meat, and consumers considered it to besome of the best meat available. However, by this point, there werefewer than 1,000 mares remaining. During the mid-20th century, thestallions Fréthun (foaled in 1949), Select (1962), Trésor (1963),Astérix (1966) and Prince (1981) had a strong influence on the breed,although this contributed to the problem of inbreeding. Fréthun genesare found in 14 percent of the pedigrees of Boulonnais living today. Inthe early 1970s, Henry Blanc, the newly appointed director of theFrench National Stud, proposed that nine draft horse breeds, includingthe Boulonnais, be recategorized from pulling horses to meat horses.When enacted, this recategorization helped to preserve the gene pool ofthe Boulonnais by encouraging breeding, but it also changed itsprimary purpose, resulting in a dramatic weight increase by the1980s.[8]


The Boulonnais is still bred in small numbers, with the American Boulonnais Horse Association estimating apopulation of fewer than 1,000 animals remaining in Europe. Many studs are government-funded, to prevent thebreed from dying out. The majority of the breed, 95 percent, are located in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais and Normandyregions and 75 percent in just the Pas-de-Calais department of Nord-Pas-de-Calais alone. Although most Boulonnaisare in France, a few are exported. In 1999, fifteen foals were exported to Brazil and one stallion to Argentina. Onaverage, a little over a dozen horses a year are exported, mainly to Brazil and Belgium for breeding and to Germanyfor forestry work. A few horses live in the Netherlands, Switzerland and Luxembourg, as well as in North America.Since 2006, twenty horses, including two registry-approved breeding stallions, have been exported from France toDenmark to create a stud farm in that country.The French national stud, Haras Nationaux, allows the registration of horses bred using artificial insemination andembryo transfer, but does not allow the registration of cloned horses. It considers the breed to be endangered, alongwith several other French draft breeds. A 2009 study of French equine genetics proposed that the Boulonnais, alongwith four other French breeds, should be a conservation priority, with a goal of maintaining maximum geneticvariability in France's native horse population. This follows from studies done as early as 1983 that showedinbreeding and a lack of genetic diversity in the breed.

Uses

Boulonnais horses at pasture in Le Titre, Somme, France

During the 17th century, the smaller Mareyeusetype was used for transporting fresh fish fromBoulogne to Paris, a distance of almost 200 miles,in under 18 hours. This journey is rememberedannually in the Route du Poisson race. Only marespulled small carts full of ice and fish on therelay-style trip. By 1884, the Boulonnais wascalled the "largest and most valuable of that kindof horse in France". At that time, they were used tomove heavy blocks of building stone in Paris, withsix to eight horses drawing blocks of several tons.During the 20th century, the larger Boulonnaistype was utilized by the French army, and highlyregarded for its ability to pull artillery and supplywagons. Falling demand for the breed means thattoday it is bred mainly for horsemeat. In 2010, 60 percent of Boulonnais horses bred in France were intended forslaughter, and 80 percent of these were exported, mainly to Italy, to be fattened before being sent to slaughterhouses.However, the sector is in crisis due to falling prices, controversy and the importation of cheap meat;[9] despite aresurgence following the Mad Cow scares of the 1990s, the consumption of horse meat has fallen sharply, althoughthe Nord-Pas-de-Calais region remains the largest consumer of horse meat in France.

The Boulonnais provided part of the base for the Anglo-Norman breed, which was later to play a large role in thecreation of the Selle Francais. It was also used in the creation and refinement of the Italian Heavy Draft,[10] thepost-World War II improvement of the Schleswig horse,[11] and the creation of the early 19th-century Ardennes.Some equine scholars theorize that if the smaller Mareyeur had survived, it would have been an ideal horse to crosswith the Thoroughbred or Anglo-Arabian to produce a warmblood for competition. In France, a breeding programhas been developed by the National Stud to cross Boulonnais and Arabian horses to create a fast, alert driving horse,called the Araboulonnais. This breeding program also brings new blood into the Boulonnais line as, if anAraboulonnais mare is bred to a Boulonnais stallion, and a resulting filly is bred to another Boulonnais stallion, thethird generation horse may be inducted into the purebred Boulonnais studbook if it passes an inspection.


Notes[1] http:/ / www. haras-nationaux. fr/ information/ accueil-equipaedia/ races-dequides/ chevaux-de-trait/ boulonnais. html[2] Edwards, pp. 264–265.[3] Moll & Gayot, p. 524.[4][4] Mavré, p. 40.[5][5] Mavré, p. 41;[6] ; Moll & Gayot, p. 526.[7] Moll & Gayot, p. 527.[8][8] Mavré, p. 150.[9][9] Collective, p. 111.[10][10] Edwards, p. 258.[11][11] Edwards, p. 275.

References• Collective (2002). Chevaux et poneys (in French). Éditions Artemis. ISBN 978-2-84416-025-6.• Edwards, Elwyn Hartley (1994). The Encyclopedia of the Horse (1st American ed.). Dorling Kindersley.

ISBN 978-1-56458-614-8.• Mavré, Marcel (2004). Attelages et attelées : un siècle d'utilisation du cheval de trait (in French). France Agricole

Éditions. ISBN 978-2-85557-115-7.• Moll, Louis; Gayot, Eugène Nicolas (1861). La connaissance générale du cheval : études de zootechnie pratique,

avec un atlas de 160 pages et de 103 figures (in French). Didot.

Brandenburger 166

Brandenburger

Brandenburger

Brandenburger



The Brandenburger is a warmblood horse breed originating in Germany.

CharacteristicsThe Brandenburger is a well-balanced horse with a lively temperament, an easy to get along with character and littletendency to nervousness.

HistoryHorse breeding was first mentioned in documents in the Brandenburg March in the 15th century although at thatpoint, there was not a uniform or standardized breed.The development of the modern Brandenburger sport horse during the mid-20th century was achieved by utilizingTrakehners, Hanoveranians and English Thoroughbreds. The national and state stud of Neustadt/Dosse, which wasfounded by King Frederick Wilhelm II in 1788, had substantial influence on the development of the Brandenburger.

Brandenburger 167

Bloodlines, breeding, and prominent sires

The Brandenburger brand.

Following reunification with the former German DemocraticRepublic (East Germany), stallions from Hanoverian bloodlinesand lines which came via Redefin gained a big influence on theBrandenburg breed. These included inter alia the:

•• Detektiv line (via Duell by Duellant, Dollarprinz by Dollart,Dispondeus by Direx),

•• Goldschaum xx line (via Gottland by Goldstein),•• Adept line (via Abendwind by Adept, Akzento by Arzano).The stallion Komet who came from Mecklenburg, and whomiraculously escaped the enforced castration that was the rule forunapproved stallions in East Germany at that time, later became agreat sire and produced a series of successful showjumping sires such as Kolibri by Kobold and Kogani I by KoboldI.

A comprehensive blood rejuvenation has taken place since 1990, through the newly founded breeders' association.Since then, mainly Holsteiners from the Ladykiller xx line and the Cor-de-la-Bryère-SF lines, but also stallions fromOldenburg have gained predominance.In 1999, the breeding stock encompassed 1,927 registered broodmares and 76 sires. The Neustadt/Dosse state stud isthe breeding centre. This is where the stallion approval takes place in October every year.

UsesBrandenburgers are to be found in all spheres of riding and driving sports as well as in pleasure riding. Poetin, aBrandenburger mare, was a successful dressage horse and sold for a record amount at auction: 2.5 million Euros.

References• Brandenburger Horse (http:/ / www. brandenburger-pferd. de/ index. htm)

Brazilian Sport Horse 168

Brazilian Sport Horse

Brazilian Sport Horse

Country of origin Brazil


The Brazilian Sport Horse is a horse bred for the equestrian sports, especially for show jumping, dressage andeventing.

UsesDespite the breed's youth, five Brazilian Sport Horses have competed in the Olympic Games: Aspen, Calei Joter,Cassiana Joter and Adelfos at Atlanta (1996) and Aspen, Calei Joter and Marco Metodo at Sydney (2000).In 2000, Singular Joter II (full brother of Singular Joter, an approved stallion in Germany) took third place at theWorld Breeding Championships for Young Horses at Lanaken, Belgium, and Bacchus Tok was second place at theAmerican Championship for Young Horses at Monterrey, Mexico.Around 50 Brazilian Sport horses are exported every year to the Americas and many European countries.

Breton horse 169

Breton horse

Breton

Breton horse


Breed standards

Syndicat des Eleveurs de Cheval Breton Breed standards [1]


The Breton is a breed of draft horse. It was developed in Brittany, a province in northwest France, from nativeancestral stock dating back thousands of years. The Breton was created through the crossbreeding of many differentEuropean and Oriental breeds. In 1909, a stud book was created, and in 1951 it was officially closed. The breed isoften chestnut in color, and is strong and muscular. There are three distinct subtypes of the Breton, each comingfrom a different area of Brittany. The Corlay Breton is the smallest type, and is generally used for light draft andunder saddle work. The Postier Breton is used for harness and light farm work. The Heavy Draft Breton is the largestsubtype, and is generally used for the hardest draft work. This horse breed has been used in military, draft andagricultural capacities. It also has been used to improve and create many other draft breeds, and to produce mules.

CharacteristicsBreton horses are usually about 1.58 metres (15.2 hands) tall, but may range from 1.55 to 1.63 m (15.1 to 16.0hands), depending on type. They usually have a chestnut coat, often with a flaxen mane and tail, but can also be bay,grey, or red or blue roan. Bretons have a well-proportioned head of medium volume with a straight profile and astrong, short neck well-set into muscular withers. The shoulder is long and sloping, the chest broad and muscular, theback short and wide, and the croup sloping. The legs are well-feathered, short but powerful, with broad joints andwell-formed hooves.

Breton horse 170

SubcategoriesThere are several subtypes of the Breton breed. Two, the Trait Breton and the Postier Breton, are officiallyrecognised,[] while others such as the Corlais or Cheval de Corlay and the Centre-montagne or Central MountainBreton are not. Older types that have disappeared include the Grand Breton and the Bidet Breton or Bidet d'Allure.

Postier Bretons at pasture

The Corlay Breton is derived from crossbreeding native stock with theArabian and Thoroughbred, and is considered the real descendant ofthe original Breton. It has the same general features as the draft typebut is smaller with a more dished face. It was used mainly for lightdraft work that required speed and under saddle, and its numbers havebeen decreasing in recent years. The type is also known as the Chevalde Corlay, and is now extremely rare. It was also used in local racesbecause of its speed, which it inherited from its Arabian andThoroughbred ancestors.

Postier Bretons were developed as a result of crossbreeding with the Norfolk Trotter and the Hackney during the19th century. This type is bred mainly in central Brittany, has a very attractive gait, is a good coach horse, andcapable of light farming work. Its name originates from its use in pulling mail coaches. The Postier was usedextensively by the French Horse Artillery, and it has been described as a lighter version of the Suffolk Punch draftbreed from Great Britain.The Heavy Draft Breton is derived from an infusion of Ardennes and Percheron blood. It is very strong relative to itssize and has short but muscular legs. It is bred in the northern coastal area of Brittany, in Merléac. This type hasabsorbed another, older type, called the Grand Breton, a heavier horse that was used to improve many other draftbreeds. The Centre-montagne or Central Mountain Breton is a smaller draft type.

Breed historyBretons were originally bred for great strength and durability. Horses have been present in the Breton mountains forthousands of years, but nobody knows how they first arrived.[] One theory is that they were brought to Europe duringthe Aryan migration from Asia over 4,000 years ago, while another school of thought has them descending fromhorses bred by Celtic warriors before their conquest of Great Britain.[2]

Postier Bretons at rest in pasture

The original ancestors of the Breton were a population of horses thatthat lived in the Breton mountains, possibly descended from steppehorses ridden by Celts. During the Crusades, these mountain horseswere crossed with oriental horses to create a type known as the BidetBreton. In the Middle Ages, the ancestral Breton horse was sought bymilitary leaders, partly because of its comfortable gait, which was saidto be partway between a brisk trot and an amble. Due to its gaits andthe fact that it only stood about 1.40 m (13.3 hands) high, it wasnicknamed the Bidet d'Allure or Bidet Breton. Horses of otherbloodlines brought back to Europe during the Crusades had a stronginfluence on the Breton, and two types subsequently developed.[14] TheSommier was the common, heavier type, used mainly as a pack horse and for farm and draft work. From theSommier, the Roussin was developed, was used mainly in wars and on long journeys. The Roussin's natural amblinggait made it popular as a lighter riding horse.

The breed retained its mountain roots with its main stud, the National Provincial Stud, being located in the mountain country of Langonnet. It was at this time that Arabian and Thoroughbred blood was added to the breed, creating the Corlay subtype. From the Middle Ages until the early 1900s, the Breton was crossed with various horses, both native

Breton horse 171

and foreign, including the Boulonnais, Percheron and Ardennes breeds. In the 19th century it was crossbred with theNorfolk Trotter, which resulted in a lighter weight type of Breton, the Postier subtype. Today, the Breton breed iscontrolled by the Syndicat des Éleveurs de Cheval Breton, an organization dating its studbook to 1909 when it wascreated, with separate books for the Heavy Draft and Postier types. In 1912, the books were combined but separatesections were used for each type, and in 1926 the sections were combined so that all types of Bretons are nowregistered together. Postier Bretons must be of documented Posteir bloodstock and pass in-harness performancetests. In 1920, the decision was made to permit no new outside blood into the studbook, and in 1951 the studbookwas officially closed to outside horses. Breton horses are only eligible to be registered if they were foaled in thepresent-day region of Brittany or in the Loire-Atlantique department, formerly part of Brittany. Registered foals arebranded with a "cross surmounting a splayed, upturned V" on the left side of the neck. Despite the registrationrestrictions, breeding of the Breton horse has spread across France, and around the world. Today in France, theBreton is bred mainly at studs in Lamballe, Hennebont, and parts of La Roche-sur-Yon.

Crossbreeding

In harness

For a time, there was a trend to increase the size of draft horse breedsto gain more power and bulk through crossbreeding. However, due toits endurance and gaits, the Breton was an exception. Crossbreedingwas shown to reduce the breed's unique qualities, and so in the 1930s,infusions of other blood were abandoned, and this decision led to thepreservation of the breed's purity.

Therefore, rather than being subject to crossbreeding itself, the Bretonhas instead been used to improve many other breeds. Buyers come toFrance from all over the world to buy Bretons for use in improvingtheir native draft horses. The Breton had a significant influence on theCanadian Horse, after members of the breed were sent to New France (Canada) during the 17th century. They havealso been used to create the Swiss Freiberger, as well as other heavy draft breeds. Bretons were used in India toproduce mules, and at the Saharanpur breeding farm were crossed with the Anglo-Arabian stallion Mystère toproduce carriage horses. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, Italian farmers attempted to use the Brabant to improvelocal stock, but the offspring proved to be too heavy and slow for the lighter, more general draft work required. Inthe 1930s, the Hispano-Bretón breed was developed in Spain by crossing imported Breton stallions with local mares.Today, the breed population is small, but has been noted by researchers for its rich genetic diversity. After WorldWar II, a Breton stallion was used to improve the Schleswig breed of Germany.

UsesThe Breton is used in many capacities, due to the various sub-types of the breed. Smaller types can be used undersaddle and for fast, light draft work, while larger types are ideal for heavy draft and agricultural work. They are alsocommonly used to improve other breeds through crossbreeding. Today, the breed is used as a draft horse on smallfarms, and is also used to gather seaweed. It is also bred for meat production; horse meat is a dietary staple in manyEuropean countries, including France, Belgium, Germany and Switzerland.

Breton horse 172

References[1] http:/ / www. cheval-breton. fr/ trait-postier/ standard-cheval-breton. html[2] "Breton" (http:/ / www. ansi. okstate. edu/ breeds/ horses/ breton). Oklahoma State University. Referenced January 6, 2008.

External links• Site officiel du Syndicat des Éleveurs de Chevaux Bretons (http:/ / www. cheval-breton. fr)• Le règlement français du Stud-Book de la race (http:/ / www. haras-nationaux. fr/ fileadmin/ bibliotheque/

Reglementation/ Stud-books/ Chevaux_de_trait/ Reglement_Breton-26-05-2011. pdf)• Le Trait Breton (http:/ / www. haraspatrimoine. com/ content/ view/ 4/ 3/ ) sur le site du Haras de Lamballe

Brumby 173

Brumby

Brumby

Brumbies near the Sandover Highway in the Northern Territory, 2006



A Brumby is a free-roaming feral horse in Australia. Although found in many areas around the country, thebest-known brumbies are found in the Australian Alps region in south-eastern Australia. Today, most of them arefound in the Northern Territory, with the second largest population in Queensland. A group of Brumbies is known asa "mob" or "band".Brumbies are the descendants of escaped or lost horses, dating back in some cases to those belonging to the earlyEuropean settlers, including the "Capers" from South Africa, Timor Ponies from Indonesia, British pony and draughthorse breeds, and a significant number of Thoroughbreds and Arabians.Today they live in many places, including some National Parks. Occasionally they are mustered and domesticatedfor use as campdrafters, working stock horses on farms or stations, but also as trail horses, show horses, Pony Clubmounts and pleasure horses.[1] They are the subject of some controversy—regarded as a pest and threat to nativeecosystems by environmentalists and the government, but also valued by others as part of Australia's heritage, withsupporters working to prevent inhumane treatment or extermination, and rehoming Brumbies who have beencaptured.

History

Origin of the termThe term brumby refers to a feral horse in Australia. Its first recorded use in print is in the Australasian magazinefrom Melbourne in 1880, which said that brumbies were the bush name in Queensland for 'wild' horses. In 1885, theOnce a Month magazine suggested that brumbies was a New South Wales term, and the poet Banjo Paterson statedin the introduction for his poem Brumby's Run published in the Bulletin in 1894 that Brumby was the word forfree-roaming horses. Its derivation is obscure, and may have come about from one or more of the followingpossibilities:1. Horses left behind by Sergeant James Brumby from his property at Mulgrave Place in New South Wales, when

he left for Tasmania in 1804.[2]

2. An Aboriginal word baroomby meaning "wild" in the language of the Pitjara Indigenous Australians on theWarrego and Nogoa Rivers in southern Queensland.[3]

Brumby 174

3. A letter in 1896 to the Sydney Morning Herald says that baroombie is the word for horse among the Aboriginalpeople of the Balonne, Nebine, Warrego and Bulloo Rivers.

4. Baramba, which was the name of a creek and station in the Queensland district of Burnett, established in the1840s and later abandoned, leaving many of the horses to escape into the wild.

5. It has also been suggested that the name derives from the Irish word bromach or bromaigh.

Early horse importsHorses first arrived in Australia in 1788 with the First Fleet. They were imported for farm and utility work;recreational riding and racing were not major activities. By 1800, only about 200 horses are thought to have reachedAustralia. Horse racing became popular around 1810, resulting in an influx of Thoroughbred imports, mostly fromEngland. Roughly 3,500 horses were living in Australia by 1820, and this number had grown to 160,000 by 1850,largely due to natural increase.[4] The long journey by sea from England, Europe, and Asia meant that only thestrongest horses survived the trip, making for a particularly healthy and strong Australian stock, which aided in theirability to flourish.[5]

Origin of feral herds

A Brumby that was caught in the Apsley RiverGorge.

Horses were likely confined primarily to the Sydney region until theearly 19th century, when settlers first crossed the Blue Mountains andopened expansion inland. Horses were required for travel, and forcattle and sheep droving as the pastoral industry grew. The first reportof an escaped horse is in 1804, and by the 1840s some horses hadescaped from settled regions of Australia. It is likely that some escapedbecause fences were not properly installed, when fences existed at all,[]

but it is believed that most Australian horses became feral because theywere released into the wild and left to fend for themselves.[6] This mayhave been the result of pastoralists abandoning their settlements, andthus their horses, due to the arid conditions and unfamiliar land thatcombined to make farming in Australia especially difficult. After World War I, the demand for horses by defenceforces declined with the growth in mechanization, which led to a growth in the number of unwanted animals thatwere often set free. Throughout the 20th century, the replacement of horses with machines in farming led to furtherfalls in demand, and therefore may have also contributed to increases in feral populations.[7]

Currently, Australia has at least 400,000 horses roaming the continent.[8] It is also estimated that, during non-droughtperiods, the feral horse population increases at a rate of 20 percent per year.[9] Drought conditions and brushfires arenatural threats. Despite population numbers, feral horses are generally considered to be a moderate pest.[10] Wherethey are allowed to damage vegetation and cause erosion, the impact on the environment can be detrimental, and forthat reason can be considered a serious environmental threat. However, because they also have cultural and potentialeconomic value, the management of Brumbies presents a complex issue.Brumbies roaming in the Australian Alps of south-eastern Australia are thought to be descendants of horses whichwere owned by the pastoralist and pioneer, Benjamin Boyd.[]

Brumby 175

Pangaré BrumbiesOn the coast south of Geraldton, Western Australia the Brumbies there are known as ‘Pangare Ponies’, as they appearto carry the rare Pangaré gene. This colouring is commonly known as mealy and is seen mainly in a number of oldbreeds such as British Ponies, Timor Ponies, Haflingers and even Belgian Draught Horses. The gene causeslightening in parts of a horse’s coat, resulting in a mealy coloured muzzle, forearms, flanks, and the belly. It issometimes seen in chestnut horses with flaxen coloured manes and tails.[11]

The Pangaré Brumbies appear have adapted well to their coastal environment, where they are consuming saltbush,which they do not appear to be damaging. The Department of Environment and Conservation and the OutbackHeritage Horse Association of Western Australia (OHHAWA) are monitoring these particular Brumbies to ensurethe careful management of these unusual feral horses.[12]

Uses

This Brumby was used as a safe and reliablemount for a rider who was in her 70s.

Brumbies have been captured, fitted with GPS tracking collars, andused in extensive comparative research into the effect of terrain on themorphology and health of different horses’ hooves. They have theirpaths of movement, diet, watering patterns, and mob structure trackedand recorded.[13] [14]

Captured Brumbies can be trained as stock horses and other saddlehorses. Encouraging viewing of feral herds may also have potential asa tourist attraction. Brumbies are sometimes sold into the Europeanhorse meat market after their capture, and contribute millions of dollarsto the Australian economy. Approximately 30% of horses for meatexport originates from the feral population. The hides and hair of thesehorses are also used and sold.

Wild Brumbies are used in Brumby training camps by organisations that promote positive interaction betweentroubled, high-risk youths. These camps usually last several weeks, allowing youths to train a wild Brumby tobecome a quiet, willing saddle horse while improving the youths’ self-esteem.[15]

Wild Brumbies are also used in the Brumby catch and handle event in stockman’s challenge competitions, whereriders are required to catch a free running Brumby from their horse within a time limit of a few minutes. Sectionalpoints are awarded for the stockman’s challenge for care and skill in catching the Brumby and their ability to teachthem to lead. These demanding challenges for riders are held in New South Wales at Dalgety, Tamworth andMurrurundi[16] plus The Man From Snowy River Challenge in Corryong, Victoria.[17] Several New South Walesshow societies, including Walcha, Bellingen and Dorrigo hold special classes for registered Brumbies at their annualagricultural shows.[18]

Brumby 176

Environmental impact

Brumbies grazing on Alpine Way near DeadHorse Gap

Horses were first described as pests in Australia in the 1860s.[19] Theirenvironmental impact may include soil loss, compaction, and erosion;trampling of vegetation; reduction in the vastness of plants; increasedtree deaths by chewing on bark; damage to bog habitats andwaterholes; spreading of invasive weeds; and various detrimentaleffects on population of native species. In some cases, when feralhorses are startled, they may damage infrastructure, including troughs,pipes, and fences. However, Brumbies are also credited for helpkeeping tracks and trails clear for bush walkers and service vehicles insome areas.[20]

The distribution of Brumbies in Australia

In some habitats, hooves of free-roaming horses compact the soil, andwhen the soil is compacted, air spaces are minimized, leaving nowherefor water to collect.[21] When this occurs, soil in areas where horses areprevalent has a water penetration resistance over 15 times higher thanthat in areas without horses.[22] Trampling also causes soil erosion anddamages vegetation, and because the soil cannot hold water, plantregrowth is hindered. Horse trampling also has the potential to damagewaterways and bog habitats. Trampling near streams increases runoff,reducing the quality of the water and causing harm to the ecosystem ofthe waterway.[23] Horse excrement tends to foul these waterways, asdoes the accumulation of carcasses that result when feral horses perish,adding to the negative environmental impact of this exotic species inAustralia.

Alpine areas, such as those of Kosciuszko National Park, are at particular risk; low-growing alpine flora is highlyvulnerable to trampling, and the short summers mean little time for plants to grow and recover from damage. Thebiodiversity there is high, with 853 species of plant, 21 of which are found nowhere else. Erosion in the limestonekarst areas leads to runoff and silting. Sphagnum moss is an important component of highland bogs, and is trampledby horses seeking water.[24]

Feral horses may also reduce the richness of plant species. Exposure of soil caused by trampling and vegetationremoval via grazing, combined with increased nutrients being recycled by horse dung, favour weed species, whichthen invade the region and overtake native species, diminishing their diversity. The dispersal of weeds is aided bythe attachment of seeds to the horses’ manes and tails, and are also transferred via horse dung after consumption ofweeds in one location and excrement in another. Although the effects of the weeds that actually germinate aftertransfer via dung is debated, the fact that a large number of weed species are dispersed via this method is of concernto those interested in the survival of native plant species in Australia. The effect on plants and plant habitats are morepronounced during droughts, when horses travel greater distances to find food and water. They consume the alreadythreatened and limited vegetation, and their negative influences are more widespread. Feral horses may also chewthe bark of trees, which may leave some trees vulnerable to external threats. This has occurred during drought,among eucalyptus species on the Red Range plateau.[25] It appears as though feral horses may prefer these species.

Brumby 177

Interaction with other animal speciesThe changes in vegetation that result when feral horses overpopulate a region affects bird species by removing plantsupon which they feed, as well as altering the habitat of the birds and their prey. Feral horse grazing is also linked to adecline in reptiles and amphibians due to habitat loss. In addition, the grazing and trampling near waterwaysinfluences aquatic fauna. In areas frequented by horses, crab densities are higher, increasing the propensity forpredation on fish. As a result, fish densities decline as the removal of vegetation renders them more susceptible topredation.In areas where horses are abundant, macropod populations are less prevalent. This is most likely due to the horses’consumption of vegetation upon which the macropods normally feed. When horses are removed, signs of thepresence of various macropods, specifically the black-footed rock wallaby, increase. Thus, competition with horsesmay be the reason for the decline in macropod populations in certain areas.[26]

Brumby populations also may have the potential to pass exotic diseases, such as equine influenza and African horsesickness to domestic horses.[27] They also may carry tick fever, which can be passed to both horses and cattle. Thiscan lead to high fatalities among domestic populations, causing many farmers to call for the management of feralhorses.Like all livestock, brumbies can carry the parasite Cryptosporidium parvum, which can result in seriousgastroenteritis in people drinking contaminated drinking water.[28]

Population management

Brumbies, Kakadu National Park

Although poor management of feral horses may pose an ecologicaland environmental threat in some parts of Australia, theirmanagement is made difficult by issues of feasibility and publicconcern. Currently, management attempts vary, as feral horses areconsidered pests in some states, such as South Australia, but notothers, including Queensland. There is also controversy overremoval of Brumbies from National Parks. The primary argumentin favour of the removal of Brumbies is that they impact on fragileecosystems and damage and destroy endangered native flora andfauna.

Public concern is a major issue in control efforts [29] as manyadvocate for the protection of Brumbies, including the Aboriginal people, who believe feral horses belong to thecountry. Other horse interest groups resent the labelling of horses as “feral” and are completely opposed to anymeasures that threaten their survival. While some Animal welfare groups such as the RSPCA reluctantly acceptculling, other organizations such as Save the Brumbies oppose lethal culling techniques and attempt to organiserelocation of the animals instead.[30] It has been argued that relocation, which often involves hours of helicoptermustering, would be more traumatic for the horses.

Meanwhile, conservationist groups, such as the Australian Conservation Foundation, favour humane culling as ameans of control because of the damage Brumby overpopulation can cause to native flora and fauna, but are alsogenerally opposed to various means of extermination.[31] This makes management a challenge for policymakers,though at present, the cost of allowing overpopulation of feral horses seems to outweigh other concerns.[citation

needed]

Brumby 178

Population control methods

Brumbies awaiting their sale and new homes.

The traditional method of removal, called brumby running, isreminiscent of Banjo Paterson's iconic poem, The Man from SnowyRiver where expert riders rope the Brumbies and remove them to a newlocation.[32]

Options for population control include fertility control, ground andhelicopter shooting, and mustering and trapping. None of the methodsprovide complete freedom from suffering for the horses, and the costof each is very high. The costs include those that are economic, such asresearch, equipment purchases, and labour expenditures, as well asmoral concerns over the welfare of the horses. As a result, moreeffective and efficient means of control have been called for.Fertility control is a non-lethal method of population management that is usually viewed as the most humanetreatment,[33] and its use is supported by the RSPCA. While it appears as though these treatments are effective in thebreeding season immediately following injection, the lasting effects are debated. Because it is costly and difficult totreat animals repeatedly, this method, despite being ideal, is not widely implemented.Shooting by trained marksmen is considered to be the most practical method of control due to its effectiveness. TheNSW Department of Primary Industries believe shooting is the preferred method of population control as it does notsubject the horses to the stresses of mustering, yarding, and long-distance transportation, all of which are related to'capture and removal' methods. Horses that are only initially wounded from shooting are tracked and dispatched ifthey are in accessible, open country. However, shooting of horses in mountain ranges is not regarded as a humanemeans of control.[34] Helicopter shootings allow for aerial reconnaissance of a large area to target the densestpopulations, and shooters may get close enough to the target animals to ensure termination. This method isconsidered the most effective and cost efficient means of control, but disapproval is high amongst those that believeit is inhumane. Organizations supporting Brumbies argue that aerial shooting is unnecessary and that alternativepopulation control methods have not been given adequate trials, while government officials express concern aboutthe need to control rapidly growing populations in order to avoid ecological problems associated with too many feralhorses in certain areas.[35]

Mustering is a labour-intensive process that results in one of two major outcomes: slaughter for sale, or relocation. Itmay be assisted by feed-luring in which bales of hay are strategically placed to attract feral horses to a locationwhere capture is feasible. Complicating this process is low demand for the captured horses, making it less desirablethan fertility control or shooting, which reduce the population without having to find alternative locations for them.

Management in national parks

Brumbies on the Chandler River, Oxley Wild RiversNational Park.

Between 22 October and 24 October 2000, approximately 600Brumbies were shot in the Guy Fawkes River National Park by theNational Parks and Wildlife Service. As a result of the publicoutcry that followed the NSW Government established a SteeringCommittee to investigate alternative methods of control.[36] Sincethe campaign began to remove horses from the national park, over400 have been passively trapped and taken from the Park, and 200of these have been re-homed.

A NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service cull during 2006 and2007 in Kosciuszko National Park, where there were an estimated1700 horses in 2005,[37] resulted in a reduction of 64 horses.[38]

Brumby 179

The NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service commenced a plan in 2007 to reduce Brumby numbers by passivetrapping in the Oxley Wild Rivers National Park. Over 60 brumbies captured in the Apsley River Gorge have nowbeen re-homed.In 2008 the third phase of an aerial culling of Brumbies took place, by shooting 700 horses from a helicopter, inCarnarvon Gorge in Carnarvon National Park, Queensland.[39]

In literature and mediaBrumbies, called "wild bush horses," are mentioned in Banjo Paterson's poem The Man from Snowy River.[40] Thispoem was expanded into the films The Man from Snowy River and The Man from Snowy River II — (US title:"Return to Snowy River" — UK title: "The Untamed") — also The Man from Snowy River (TV series) and The Manfrom Snowy River: Arena Spectacular.Another Banjo Paterson poem, called Brumby's Run, describes a mob of brumbies running wild. Paterson wasinspired to write the poem when he read of a N.S.W. Supreme Court Judge, who on hearing of Brumby horses,asked: "Who is Brumby, and where is his Run?"The popular Silver Brumby books by Elyne Mitchell were written for children and young adults. The stories describethe adventures of Thowra, a Brumby stallion.[41] These stories were dramatised and made into a movie of the samename (also known as The Silver Stallion: King of the Wild Brumbies), starring Russell Crowe and CarolineGoodall.[42]

The brumby was adopted as an emblem in 1996 by then newly formed ACT Brumbies, a rugby union team based inCanberra, Australia competing in what was then known as Super 14, now Super Rugby.

References[1] Dobbie, W. R., Berman, D. M., & Braysher, M. L. (1993). Managing Vertebrate Pests: Feral horses. Canberra: Australia Government

Publishing Service.[2] ADB: Brumby, James (http:/ / adbonline. anu. edu. au/ biogs/ A010154b. htm) Retrieved 2009-12-16[3] The History of theGuy Fawkes River Australian Brumbies and the Brumbies of the Northern Tablelands (http:/ / www. environment. nsw.

gov. au/ resources/ parks/ guyFawkesHorsesV2App1. pdf) Retrieved 2009-12-23[4] Dobbie, W. R., Berman, D. M., & Braysher, M. L. (1993) "Managing vertebrate pests: Feral horses." Canberra: Australia Government

Publishing Service[5][5] McKnight, T. (1976) "Friendly vermin- Survey of feral livestock in Australia." Berkeley: University of California Press[6] Berger, J. (1986) Wild horses of the Great Basin. Sydney: University of Chicago Press.[7][7] Nimmo, Dale Graeme; Miller, Kelly K. (2007) Ecological and human dimensions of management of feral horses in Australia: A review.

Wildlife Research, 34, 408-17.[8] Dawson, M. J., Lane, C. & Saunders, G. (2006) Proceedings of the National Feral Horse Management Workshop, Retrieved 9 May 2008 from

http:/ / www. invasiveanimals. com/ downloads/ FeralHorse_web. pdf[9] Eberhardt, L. L.; Majorowicz, A. K.; Wilcox, J. A.(1982). "Apparent rates of increase for two feral horse herds." Journal of Wildlife

Management, 46, 367-374.[10] Bomford, M., & Hart, Q. (2002). "Non-indigenous vertebrates in Australia." In Biological invasions: Economic and environmental costs of

alien plant, animal, and microbe species. David Pimental (Ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press.[11] Hoofbeats: Pangare Ponies (http:/ / www. hoofbeats. com. au/ greenhorse/ greenhorse. html) Retrieved 2009-12-16[12] Wild horses of WA: The Pangare Ponies (http:/ / ohhawa. wildhorses-wa. com/ horsenews_stories12. htm) Retrieved 2009-12-16[13] Equine Veterinarians: Wild Horses Give Us Their Secrets (http:/ / avacms. eseries. hengesystems. com. au/ AM/ Template.

cfm?Section=Brumby_Research_Lecture_09) Retrieved 2009-12-16[14] University of Queensland: Australian Brumby Research Unit (http:/ / www. wildhorseresearch. com/ ) Retrieved 2011-08-15[15] Brumby camps (http:/ / www. kalandanfoundation. com. au/ brumby_camps. php) Retrieved 2011-11-06[16] Snowy River Festival at Dalgety (http:/ / www. snowyriverfestival. com/ Snowy-River-Stockman-s-Challenge. html) Retrieved 200-12-16[17] The Man from Snowy River Bush Festival (http:/ / www. manfromsnowyriverbushfestival. com. au/ ) Retrieved 200-12-16[18][18] The Land Magazine, p. 3, 19 June 2008, Rural Press, North Richmond, NSW[19] Pest Animal Control CRC. Feral horse. (Equus caballus) (http:/ / www. feral. org. au/ pest-species/ horse/ ) Retrieved 2011-11-06.[20][20] Walcha News, p.6, 17 July 2008, Rural Press

Brumby 180

[21] Dyring, J. (1990). The impact of feral horses. (Equus caballus) on sub-alpine and montane environments. Canberra: University of CanberraPress.

[22] Beever, E. A., and Herrick, J. E. (2006) Effects of feral horses in Great Basin landscapes on soils and ants: direct and indirect mechanisms.Journal of Arid Environments, 66, 96–112.

[23] Rogers, G. M. (1991) Kaimanawa feral horses and their environmental impacts. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 15, 49–64, New ZealandEcological Society, Inc.

[24][24] Kosciuszko National Park Horse Management Plan, pp. 12-13[25] Bark Chewing on Red Range plateau, GFRNP: http:/ / www. ecoman. une. edu. au/ staff/ kvernes/ Ashton. pdf[26][26] Matthews, D., Bryan, R., and Edwards, G. (2001) Recovery of the black-footed rock-wallaby following horse removal on Finke Gorge

National Park, Northern Territory. In Nimmo (2007)[27] Burke's Backyard: Horse Culling (http:/ / www. burkesbackyard. com. au/ factsheets/ Conservation-and-the-Environment/ Horse-Culling/

1157) Retrieved 2009-12-1-23[28][28] Environment ACT 2007, Namadgi National Park Feral Horse Management Plan[29] Nimmo, D. G., Miller, K., & Adams, R. (2007). Managing feral horses in Victoria: A study of community attitudes and perceptions.

Ecological Management & Restoration 8 (3) , 237–243[30] Houghton, Des. "The Killing Fields" The Courier Mail, 9 November 2007. Accessed online 20 December 2010 (http:/ / www. couriermail.

com. au/ news/ opinion/ the-killing-fields/ story-e6frereo-1111114841138)[31][31] Senate Select Committee on Animal Welfare. (1991). Culling of large feral animals in the Northern Territory. Canberra: Senate Printing

Unit.[32] ABC News: Brumby removal plan sparks community debate (http:/ / www. abc. net. au/ news/ stories/ 2007/ 11/ 15/ 2092229. htm)

Retrieved 2009-12-16[33] Killian, G. L. A., Miller, N. K., Diehl, J., Rhyan, J., and Thain, D. (2004) "Evaluation of three contraceptive approaches for population

control of wild horses." Proceedings of the 21st Vertebrate Pest Conference, 21, 263–268. In Nimmo (2007)[34] The Australian Veterinary Association (AVA) spoke out about the Guy Fawkes River National Park brumby cull: http:/ / www.

brumbywatchaustralia. com/ GFRNP-AVA_speaks. htm[35] Houghton, Des. "Outrage Over Brumbie Hit Squad. Courier Mail,30 April 2010. Accessed 20 December 2010 (http:/ / www. couriermail.

com. au/ news/ opinion/ outrage-over-brumbie-hit-squad/ story-e6frereo-1225860792702)[36] Save the Brumbies (http:/ / www. savethebrumbies. org/ )[37][37] Kosciuszko National Park Horse Management Plan, p. 1[38][38] Kosciuszko National Park Horse Management Plan, p. 17[39] ABC News: Cull cuts Carnarvon Gorge brumby numbers (http:/ / www. abc. net. au/ news/ stories/ 2008/ 08/ 26/ 2346230. htm) Retrieved

2009-12-19[40] "Man from Snowy River" poem by Banjo Peterson (http:/ / www. middlemiss. org/ lit/ authors/ patersonab/ poetry/ snowy. html)[41] Amazon.com listing, containing a review from School Library Journal (http:/ / www. amazon. com/ dp/ 0006754708)[42] iMDB on The Silver Brumby (http:/ / www. imdb. com/ title/ tt0108137/ )

Cited text• Kosciuszko National Park Horse Management Plan (http:/ / www. environment. nsw. gov. au/ resources/ nature/

KNPHorseManagementPlanFinal08. pdf). NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, Department ofEnvironment and Climate Change, NSW Government. December 2008. ISBN 978-1-74122-831-1. Retrieved 11January 2010.

External links• Australian Brumby Alliance (http:/ / australianbrumbyalliance. org. au/ )• Brumby Watch (http:/ / www. brumbywatchaustralia. com/ old_index. htm)• Heritage Horse (http:/ / www. guyfawkesheritagehorse. com/ )• National Parks Wild Horse Control (http:/ / www. parliament. nsw. gov. au/ prod/ PARLMENT/ hansArt. nsf/

V3Key/ LA20020626034)• Okstate: Australian Brumby (http:/ / www. ansi. okstate. edu/ breeds/ horses/ australianbrumby/ )• Save The Brumbies Inc (http:/ / www. savethebrumbies. org/ )

Budyonny horse 181

Budyonny horse

Budyonny

Young Budyonny stallions in Russia

Alternative names BudennyBudjonnyBudonnyBudennovsky

Country of origin Southern Russia


The Budyonny is a breed of horse from Russia. They were developed for use as a military horse following theRussian Revolution and are currently used as an all-purpose competition horse and for driving.


ConformationBudonny stallions stand on average 165 cm (16.1 h; 65 in), mares 16 hands (64 inches, 163 cm). The coat isgenerally chestnut with a golden sheen, although they may also be bay, gray or black. They have a well-proportionedhead with a straight profile, a long neck, pronounced withers, sloping shoulders, a wide, deep chest, a long, straightback, and a slightly sloping croup. Their legs are long and strong with good joints and well-formed hooves. Themodern horse has a strong build, good bone, and are quite similar to the Thoroughbred. Conformation problemsinclude occasional offset cannon bones in the forelegs and overly straight hind legs.

Sub-categoriesIn the beginning, “Massive,” “Eastern,” and “Middle” types of the breed were recognized.•• The Massive type was large and somewhat rough. They were sturdy, with a well-developed bone structure, and

those with an oriental typiness were especially prized. Their robust constitution made them specially suitable forherd keeping. They were used mainly for carriage driving.

•• The Oriental type was lighter and more elegant. Generally chestnut with a gold sheen or bay, they were moredemanding in the feed and management conditions they required.

•• The Medium type was fairly large and well-muscled, but also rangy and athletic. They were faster than the othertwo types, and looked more like the Thoroughbred type.

Budyonny horse 182

Later, demand for competition horses led to the creation of a single type with a larger proportion of Thoroughbredblood. This breed is of interest because it is the result of the complex state-sponsored cross-breeding programs thatwere implemented after the Russian Revolution and are still in place today. The Budyonny is bred today in theUkraine and in the Kazakh and Kirghiz republics in the southern part of the former USSR.

HistoryThe Budyonny was named after Marshall Semyon Budyonny, a Bolshevik cavalry commander who became famousduring the Russian Revolution. The breed was created by Budyonny, a well-known horse breeder himself, in theearly 1920s in the Rostov region of Russia with the intent of producing cavalry horses to replace those lost duringand after World War I. The resulting horses were used in Russian cavalry divisions during World War II and after.Budyonnys were bred from a cross of local Don and Chernomor mares and Thoroughbred stallions. The Chernomor(also known as the Tchernomor or the Cherkassky) is a type of Cossack horse similar to the Don, although smaller.They are descendents of the horses raised by Zaporozhian Cossacks, and were first bred around Krasnodar, north ofthe Caucasus Mountains. During the first round of breeding for the Budyonny horse, blood from Kirghiz and Kazakhhorses was also used, but the progeny was found to be not as hardy or conformationally sound, and later theBudyonny was used to improve these two breeds.The first Budyonny horses were known as Anglo-Dons, and the best were inter-bred, with the foundation stock forthe Budyonny selected from their offspring. The foundation stock consisted of 657 mares of Anglo-Don,Anglo-Chernomor, and Anglo-Don/Chernomor crosses. These mares were crossed with Anglo-Don andThoroughbred stallions. The broodmares were given the best of care with feed and management. The young stock,when between two and four years old, were tested for performance on the racecourse and in cavalry equitationcourses. In 1949 the breed was officially recognized.In the 1950s an experiment was performed to gauge the ability of the Budyonny breed to adapt to harsh conditionswithout human help. A number of horses were turned loose on a large island in Manych Lake in the Rostov district.The horses have since survived and thrived, proving that they are capable of living in the wild for extended periodswithout human assistance.

UsesThe Budyonny is used as an all-round competition horse, competing in dressage, steeplechasing, three-day eventing,and endurance. The breed is fast, agile, and enduring, which allows them to be used for many different events. Theyare also used as light carriage horses.

References

External links• Equiworld (http:/ / www. equiworld. org/ breeds/ budenny/ index. htm)• International Museum of the Horse - Budenny (http:/ / www. imh. org/ museum/ breeds. php?pageid=8&

breed=18& alpha=One)

Burguete horse 183

Burguete horse

Burguete horse

Burguete horses

Alternative names Basque: Aurizko zaldia, Spanish: Caballo Burguete, Caballo de Raza Burguete

Country of origin Spain


The Burguete horse (Spanish: Caballo Burguete or Caballo de Raza Burguete, Basque: 'Aurizko zaldia) is abreed of horse from the Navarre region of northern Spain. It is listed in the Catálogo Oficial de Razas de Ganado deEspaña in the group of autochthonous breeds in danger of extinction.

NameThe name, both in Basque and in Spanish, is derived from the town of Auritz/Burguete.

References

Byelorussian Harness (horse) 184

Byelorussian Harness (horse)

Byelorussian Harness

Country of origin Belarus


Byelorussian Harness is a harness horse bred for heavy work in the Belarusian agriculture. It is also kept for itsmilk and meat.

References

Calabrese horse 185

Calabrese horse

Calabrese

Country of origin Italy


The Calabrese is a breed of horse originating from Italy, generally used for riding. They were developed fromhorses bred in Italy before the founding of Rome, and the breed has continued to be developed to the present daythrough infusions of Arabian, Andalusian and Thoroughbred blood.

CharacteristicsThe Calabrese generally stands 16 to 16.2 hands high, and can be bay, brown, black, gray or chestnut. They have arefined head with a straight or slightly convex profile, a well-shaped, muscular neck, prominent withers, long,sloping shoulders, and a broad, deep chest. The back is straight and the croup muscular and sloping. The legs aremuscular with strong tendons and well-formed hooves.The breed is used as a general purpose riding horse. They are generally active and energetic, while still manageablein temperament.

HistoryThe Calabrese takes its name from the Calabria region of southern Italy, where it was developed. The breed has along history, being a descendant of horses bred in Italy prior to the founding of Rome. However, the currentcharacteristics started to evolve during the Bourbon period through the crossing of Arabian blood with Andalusianstock.[]

From the Middle Ages to the early 18th century, there was a decline in the breed as interest focused on the breedingof mules considered better able to cope with the terrain and workload. The mid-18th century to the mid-1880s saw arevival in the breed with the introductions of new Arabian and Andalusian blood. However, in 1874 the breed wasagain set back when many of the breeding studs were closed by a decree and much of the breeding stock split up.In the 20th century, the breeding of the Calabrese began again and there was the introduction of Thoroughbred,Arabian, Andalusian and Hackney blood. The Thoroughbred blood was used to improve performance and increasethe breed's stature, while Arabian blood is still continuing to be added to ensure the breed keeps its refinement anduniquely oriental characteristics.[14]

References

Camargue horse 186

Camargue horse

Camargue

Camargue horse

Distinguishing features Grey horse breed native to Camargue area, traditionally used for cattle work


Breed standards

British Camargue Horse Society Breed standards [1]



The Camargue horse is an ancient breed of horse indigenous to the Camargue area in southern France. Its originsremain relatively unknown, although it is generally considered one of the oldest breeds of horses in the world. Forcenturies, possibly thousands of years, these small horses have lived wild in the harsh environment of the Camarguemarshes and wetlands of the Rhône delta, which covers part of the départements of Gard and Bouches-du-Rhône.There they developed the stamina, hardiness and agility for which they are known today. Traditionally, they live insemi-feral conditions in the marshy land of the region. The Camargue horse is the traditional mount of the gardians,the Camargue "cowboys" who herd the black Camargue bulls used in bullfighting in southern France. Camarguehorses galloping through water is a popular and romantic image of the region.

CharacteristicsCamargue horses are always gray. This means that they have black skin underlying a white hair coat as adult horses.They are born with a hair coat that is black or dark brown in colour, but as they grow to adulthood, their hair coatbecomes ever more intermingled with white hairs until it is completely white. They are small horses, generallystanding 135–150 centimetres (13.1–14.3 hands) at the withers, and weighing 350 to 500 kg (770 to 1,100 lb).Despite their small size, they have the strength to carry grown adults. Considered rugged and intelligent, they have ashort neck, deep chest, compact body, well-jointed, strong limbs and a full mane and tail.The head has many similarities to the Barb horse. It is often heavy, square and expressive, with bright, wide-set eyes, a straight profile, flat forehead and well-chiseled cheek bones.The ears are small, short, and set well apart. The forelock is full. The breed has a neck of medium length with an abundant mane. The chest is deep and wide, and the shoulder is powerful and muscular. The withers must be defined but not exaggerated. The Camargue horse has a

Camargue horse 187

medium length back, well-supported, and a slightly sloping full croup, well-muscled hindquarters, and a low set, fulltail. The Camargue horse has long legs which are well proportioned, strong and resistant, with large knees andhocks. Their hooves are hard and tough, with soles that are large and wide, suited to its original marshy habitat.

RegistrationSince 2003, three registration categories exist to identify Camargue horses:Camargue

Horses registered in the stud book, foaled and identified in Camargue area, branded before weaning, and froma manade (a small, semi-feral herd structure). The berceau or cradle of the breed is strictly defined, andconsists of 45 communes in the départements of Bouches-du-Rhône, Gard and Hérault.

Camargue hors manadeHorses registered in the stud book, foaled and identified in Camargue area, and not from a manade.

Camargue hors berceauHorses registered in the stud book, foaled and identified outside of the Camargue area.

There exists a strong sense of regionalism in Camargue area, so registration for the horses is treated similarly to anAppellation d'origine contrôlée.

The "Cavallo del Delta"The Camargue horse was introduced in the 1970s to the Po delta in Italy, where under the name "Cavallo del Delta"it is treated as an indigenous breed. In 2011 the registered population numbered 163.

TerminologyThere is a specific terminology in the Provençal dialect that is used when discussing Camargue horses:

'English' term Term in Provençal dialect

Camargue stallion Grignon or grignoun

Feral horse Rosso

Yearling Court

Horse or bull aged 2 years Doublen

Horse or bull aged 3 years Ternen

Horse or bull aged 4 years Quatren

Horse breeding in Camargue area Cavalot

Livestock branding in Camargue area Ferrade

Herder Gardian, and gardianou for young apprentices

Semi-feral herd of cows and / or Camargue horses Manade

Camargue horse 188

History

Camargues

A gardian in the early 20th century

Some researchers believe the Camargue are descended fromthe ancient Solutré horse hunted during the Upper Paleolithicperiod. Extensive archeological evidence has been found inthe present-day Burgundy region ofFrance.Wikipedia:Disputed statement The Camargue breedwas appreciated by the Celtic and Roman invaders whoentered the Iberian Peninsula.[citation needed] Their genealogy isclosely tied with Iberian horses, especially those of thenorthern part of the peninsula. The original Spanish jaca wasprobably a cross between the Celtic pony and the Camargue.It was later improved by crosses with northern European horsetypes and ultimately with the southern peninsular horse, as theMoors spread their influence toward the Pyrenees.[citation

needed]

As a result, the Camargue genes probably penetrated theAmericas through the influence of the jaca, the warhorsetaken to new lands where hardiness was a requirement. Breedssuch as the Chilean horse and Criollo show signs of somecharacteristics that are common in the Camargue breed.[citation

needed] Camargue horses were used on a large scale during theconstruction of the Suez Canal in the 1860s.

A Camargue horse in the marshes of the region.

In 1976, to preserve the standards and purity of the breed, theFrench government set breed standards and started registering themain breeders of the Camargue horse. In 1978, they set up thebreed stud book. To be registered, foals must be born out of doorsand must be seen to suckle from a registered mare as proof ofparentage. Foals born inside the defined Camargue region areregistered sous berceau, while those born elsewhere are registeredhors berceau ("outside the cradle" or "birthplace"). They have theheavy, square heads of primitive horses, but the influence ofArabian, Barb and Thoroughbred blood can also be seen. Thegardians look after the horses, which are rounded up annually forhealth inspections, branding, and gelding of unsuitable stock.

In England, the only breeding herd is at Valley Farm, in Wickham Market, near Woodbridge, Suffolk. Valley Farmis also the home of the British Camargue Horse Society, which represents the Camargue Breed in Britain bymaintaining a stud book for British-bred Camargue Horses and registering ownership of Camargue Horses in Britain.

Camargue horse 189

UsesThe Camargue horse is the traditional mount of the gardian. It is used for livestock management, particularly ofCamargue cattle, and also in competitive Camargue equitation, in traditional activities such as the abrivadopreceding the course camarguaise, and in many gardian games.Their calm temperament, agility, intelligence and stamina has resulted in these horses being used for equestriangames, dressage, and long distance riding, which is growing in popularity in France.

Film portrayalThe 1953 children's film Crin-Blanc, English title White Mane, portrayed the horses and the region. A shortblack-and-white film directed by Albert Lamorisse, director of Le ballon rouge (1956), Crin-blanc won the 1953Prix Jean Vigo and the short film Grand Prix at the 1953 Cannes Film Festival, as well as awards at Warsaw andRome. In 1960 Denys Colomb Daunant, writer and actor for Crin-blanc, made the documentary Le Songe desChevaux Sauvages, "Dream of the Wild Horses". It featured Camargue horses and slow motion photography, andwon the Small Golden Berlin Bear at the 1960 Berlin International Film Festival.

References[1] http:/ / www. valleyfarmonline. co. uk/ index. php?categoryid=65[2] http:/ / www. haras-nationaux. fr/ information/ accueil-equipaedia/ races-dequides/ chevaux-de-sang/ camargue. html

External links• Le Cheval Camargue (http:/ / www. aecrc. com/ ) (French)

Camarillo White Horse 190

Camarillo White Horse

Camarillo White Horse

A Camarillo White Horse

Distinguishing features Pure White Compact, muscular but refined build, clean-cut head, well arched neck.



The Camarillo White Horse is a rare horse breed less than 100 years old known for its pure white color. It datesback to 1921, when Adolfo Camarillo, one of the last Californios, purchased a 9-year-old stallion named Sultan atthe California State Fair in Sacramento.[1] The California White horse was owned and bred by the Camarillo familyuntil the death of Adolfo Camarillo’s daughter Carmen, in 1987.[2]

Breed characteristicsThe Camarillo White Horse is known for its pure white color, which includes pink skin under the white hair coat.Unlike a gray horse that is born dark and lightens as it gets older, Camarillo White horses are white from birth andremain white throughout their lives.The breed is not only a color breed. It has other distinctive physical characteristics, including a compact and refinedbuild. They are known to have strong limbs, an expressive face, large eyes, well-defined withers, laid back shouldersand a well-arched neck.[citation needed]

True white is a very difficult and rare color to achieve, as statistically there is only a 50% chance of producing livingwhite offspring from any given mating, regardless of the color of the other parent. This is because of an unusualcharacteristic of the white "W" gene. Although it is a dominant gene, it is lethal when homozygous (WW), and suchfoals die in the womb. This means that all living true white horses are heterozygous (Ww) for the gene. Thus, when awhite horse (Ww) is bred to a non-white (ww) horse, there is a 50% chance of producing white and a 50% chance ofproducing a non-white horse.When two white horses (Ww) are bred to one another, there is a 50% chance of producing a living white horse(Ww), a 25% chance of producing a non-white horse (ww), but also a 25% chance of producing a dead foal(WW).[3][4] The W gene is dominant: if a horse carries the gene it will be white and conversely, if the horse is notwhite, it does not carry the white gene, and thus and cannot produce white offspring if bred to another non-whitehorse. Breeders of true white horses generally cross them on non-white horses, as the statistical probability of awhite foal is the same with no risk of producing a WW foal. However, because there are different genetics involved,Camarillo White horses do not carry the genes for Lethal white syndrome.[5]


Breed historyAll Camarillo White Horses trace back to a single foundation sire, Sultan, a Spanish Mustang born in 1912 thatCamarillo would latter describe as a "Stallion of a dream." Camarillo found Sultan at the 1921 California State Fairin Sacramento being shown by the Miller & Lux cattle ranch. Camarillo purchased Sultan and the pair went on towin many championships throughout California.Camarillo bred Sultan to Morgan mares at the Camarillo Ranch, developing a line of horses privately owned andbred by the Camarillo family for the next 65 years. Upon Camarillo’s death in 1958, Adolfo’s daughter Carmen tookover the horse breeding operation. She continued to show the horses at parades and events for the enjoyment of thepeople of Ventura County until her death in 1987, when, according to her wishes, the horses were sold at publicauction, ending the tradition of exclusive ownership of the breed by the Camarillo family.[6]

In 1989, five individuals decided to regroup the horses for public performances. By 1991, when only 11 horsesremained, it became apparent the breed could die out, and the idea for an association began. In 1992, the CamarilloWhite Horse Association was formed. To avoid inbreeding, the registry has an open stud book, requiring least oneparent to be of Camarillo's original stock, but allowing the other parent to be from various breeds, includingAndalusian and Standardbred bloodlines. They also maintain a separate record of non-white foals from thesebloodlines.

Events of DistinctionFrom the 1930s on, Camarillo White Horses became famous all along the California coast for their performances atvarious events. They became well known as regular participants in the Tournament of Roses Parade and evenattended the parade to open the San Francisco – Oakland Bay Bridge.They are the official horse of the city of Camarillo. They have appeared in every Santa Barbara Fiesta parade since itbegan in 1924. Many people of note have ridden Camarillo White Horses, including (then-Governor) RonaldReagan, 1946 Nobel Peace Prize recipient John Mott, movie star Leo Carrillo, and Steven Ford (son of PresidentGerald Ford).

References[1] The Free Library (http:/ / www. thefreelibrary. com/ READY+ FOR+ ROSE+ PARADE;+ WHITE+ HORSES+ TO+ REPRESENT+

CAMARILLO-a083395165) - Rose Parade article[2] Camarillo White Horse Site (http:/ / www. camarillowhitehorses. org/ history_camarillo_white_horses. html)- Camarillo White Horse History[3] Mau, C., Poncet, P. A., Bucher, B., Stranzinger, G. & Rieder, S. (2004) "Genetic mapping of dominant white (W), a homozygous lethal

condition in the horse (Equus caballus)." Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics 121 (6), 374-383. . Accessed September 6, 2006 at (http:/ /www. blackwell-synergy. com/ doi/ abs/ 10. 1111/ j. 1439-0388. 2004. 00481. x?journalCode=jbg)

[4] Haase B, Brooks SA, Schlumbaum A, Azor PJ, Bailey E, et al. (2007) "Allelic Heterogeneity at the Equine KIT Locus in Dominant White(W) Horses." PLoS Genet 3(11): e195 (http:/ / genetics. plosjournals. org/ perlserv/ ?request=get-document& doi=10. 1371/ journal. pgen.0030195& ct=1/ )

[5] The Camarillo White Horse Association FAQ page, accessed December 1, 2007 (http:/ / www. camarillowhitehorses. org/ faq. html)[6] Camarillo Ranch (http:/ / www. camarilloranch. org/ history/ )- Camarillo Ranch Official site

• Mellin, Jeanne. The Complete Morgan Horse


External links• The Camarillo White Horse Association (http:/ / www. camarillowhitehorses. org/

history_camarillo_white_horses. html)• Haase B, Brooks SA, Schlumbaum A, Azor PJ, Bailey E, et al. (2007) "Allelic Heterogeneity at the Equine KIT

Locus in Dominant White (W) Horses." PLoS Genet 3(11): e195 (http:/ / genetics. plosjournals. org/ perlserv/?request=get-document& doi=10. 1371/ journal. pgen. 0030195& ct=1/ ) doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.0030195(http:/ / dx. doi. org/ 10. 1371/ journal. pgen. 0030195)

• UC Davis page on Camarillo White coloration (http:/ / www. vgl. ucdavis. edu/ services/ horse/ CamarilloWhite.php)

Campolina 193

Campolina

Campolina

Young male Campolina

Distinguishing features Unique ambling gaits called marcha picada and "marcha batida"

Country of origin Brazil


The Campolina horse breed of Brazil is named after Cassiano Campolina, the farmer who developed the breed.Beginning in 1870, they were developed using several different breeds of horses. The Campolina is one of the largerBrazilian breeds, and may be found in any color. They are a gaited breed, with an ambling gait. They are usedmainly for leisure riding and driving and are increasingly used for dressage within Brazil.[1]

HistoryThe Campolina breed dates back to 1870, when it was formed in Entre Rios de Minas, Minas Gerais in Brazil. It wasdeveloped by a farmer named Cassiano Campolina, on his farm Fazenda Tanque, beginning when he received ablack mare named "Medéia" from his friend, Antonio Cruz.[2] The mare was Brazilian, of Barb ancestry, andCampolina bred her to a pure Andalusian stallion. The stallion belonged to Mariano Procópio, to whom it had beenpresented as a gift by Dom Pedro II.

Note the squared profile of the torso and nasalbones. This morphology is ideal for the

traditional, stereotyped, even paced "marcha".

The resulting foal from the breeding was a gray colt named "Monarca",who lived until 1898 and served for 25 years in Campolina's herd; he isconsidered the foundation stallion of the Campolina breed. Otherbreeds that Campolina used in his herd were Anglo-Norman,Clydesdale, Holsteiner, and American Saddle Horse. Bloodlines fromthe Mangalarga Marchador, were also added to refine the Campolina.The herdbook was closed in 1934 and the breed standard first defined.In 1938, the Professional Consortium of Campolina Horse Breederswas formed to formally organize the breed, and in 1951 theorganization was renamed to the Campolina Breeders Association, thebreed standards were formally adopted, with the organization based inBelo Horizonte. There were further updates to the breed standard in1975 and 1993. There are currently around 85,000 registered Campolina horses, with slightly over 7,300 registeredbreeders. Around 4,300 mares were bred in 2003.

Campolina 194


A pampa (pinto-patterned) filly.

The height of the Campolina varies. Older works state the averageheight is from 14.1 to 15 hands (57 to 60 inches, 145 to 152 cm).However, more recent sources state the height is 15-16.2 hh. Acommon view is that the most beautiful Campolinas are silver-grey, aposition that may reflect a sentimental tradition for the first Campolina.Other popular colours for this breed include dun, bay, buckskin, and“Pampa” or pinto. The appearance of markings such as white socks or astar on the forehead neither adds nor detracts to the horse in terms ofofficial judging.

Dun-colored Campolinas generally display pronounced primitivemarkings including dorsal stripe, pale guard hairs on either side of themane, transverse shoulder strip, and leg striping, called "zippers" byCampolina breeders.

Leg bands or "zippers" on an adult femaleCampolina

Head

The desired head shape of a Campolina

The head of the Campolina is described as trapezoidal in shape, but thesilhouette of this horse is smoothly rounded. Between the ears, the pollis be visible and raised by a few centimeters above the temples. Theforehead is to be flat, and the nasal bones apparent near the midpoint ofthe face in the rostro caudal plane. The head in profile is convex.Campolinas are not, however, described to have a true Roman nose, asthe convex profile begins approximately two finger widths below thebase of the orbit. The muzzle should be soft and rounded, usually darkin colour, as are the hairs of the inner ear, mane and tail relative to thecoat over the body. The nostrils are equal in size and should have a finelayer of flesh around the dorsal surface allowing for approximately onecentimeter of separation between the thumb and pointer of theevaluator when the thumb in inserted into the nostril at a depth of around one inch. The outer edge of the nostrilshould be slightly thicker. The lips should be full and taut about the teeth. The ears are

Campolina 195

Hyperconvex nose, exaggerated beyond breedideal

evenly placed when viewed from the front of the horse and not extendvertically more than three times the width of the eye when measuredacross the inner pinnae. The pinnae should close to a clean tip at thetop of each ear.[citation needed] Eyes should be expressive.

Neck and body

In addition to the prominent curvature of the profile, the shape of thecrest is also an important feature of the Campolina silhouette. In therelaxed forward pose, the ventral line of the neck from the caudal mostpoint of the cheek to the top of the chest is quite straight. However, thedorsal surface of the neck should have a clear arch. This prominentcrest accentuates the arch formed between the head and neck when the horse is flexed during riding. In a relaxedstate, the balance of the face and neck from the side view can be evaluated by drawing a tangent from the points ofmaximal curvature. In the case of balanced conformation, the tangents should intersect roughly one inch in front ofthe ears (in the forward alert position).[citation needed]

The weight range for Campolina stallions and geldings is 550 to 600 kilograms (1,210 to 1,320 lb) and 350 to 450kilograms (770 to 990 lb) for mares. In well-bred, well-conditioned animals, the chest is well developed. Onesymptom of poor breeding is a narrow chest with inadequate musculature between the front legs. This is a particularconcern with the crossbred "Mangolina" (Mangalarga Marchador x Campolina) Visually, however, the breedingpractice frequently results in animals that are heavy in the rear end and look weak and unbalanced in rostro-caudalplane when viewed for the animal’s full length.[citation needed]

The underline of the Campolina should appear well fleshed but not overly rounded. There should be a good inversesymmetry in silhouette or side profile between the curvature of the underline and the fully outstretched neck andhead. This conformation has been difficult to achieve in many animals, with many horses having the appearance of ashort neck due to the curvature of the crest. The back of the Campolina should be a bit "long". When evaluating theanimal's side profile, special attention should be paid to overall anatomical balance, which in this breed can err inoverdevelopment of either the withers or the croup. Unbalanced horses tend to produce a rough ride and are referredto as having a "hard" gait. Specifically, the withers should be well-developed but not appear exaggerated orconsiderably higher than the highest point of the croup. In evaluating the hindquarters of the Campolina, the croupshould be quite full, though not overly muscular except in stallions. In those animals used for Dressage however, thepreferred build goes against the breed standard. Dressage horses are preferred to have an "uphill build" where thecroup slightly lower than the withers.[3] The tail of this breed should exit the rump at around the 1 o’clock position.Tails are typically mid to mid-low set. Very low tail sets often indicate mixed bloodlines with a likely influence ofthe Mangalarga Paulista in the genetic make-up of the animal under observation, but can be accounted for by anumber of other breeds.[citation needed]

Gait and MovementThe Campolina is a gaited horse breed with a smooth, four-beat ambling gait. It is the largest of the three gaitedBrazilian breeds, due to the influence of heavier breeds from Northern Europe. The gait is called the true marcha ormarcha verdadeira.As one of the newer breeds, the standards for this animal have changed in recent generations. The provided imagesshow the successive removal of the squaredness around the torso and shoulders and the nasal bones when viewed inprofile. Historically, breeding schemes emphasized structure idealized for stereotyped, smooth and even paced gait.The newer examples of this breed display refinement in the torso, the nasal bones and around the mouth. Thesemorphological changes confer increased degrees of freedom in joint movement and by extension, increased

Campolina 196

versatility generally in range and types of motion.

UsesThe Campolina is used for pleasure and trail riding including Dressage, and also driving.

Projected Evolution of Breed StandardThe Campolina breed is a young breed relative to other established horse lines (Akhal Teke, Arabian, Lippizan) andbreed standards are still evolving. Current trends have suggested a move away from the square mouth and retilineoor straight region of the nasal bones as in image presented below. In the new ideal, male nasal bones are prominent,retain the height of the earlier ideals but are now expected to generate a smooth 'curved and continuous' appearance(see The desired head shape of a Campolina). The ideal for the profile of the female head is more dynamic with anarrowing between the nasal bones to refine the lower face. The curvature of the nasal bones should appear to extendnaturally from the intersection of the orbit and maxillary and lead gently into the muzzle. Both male and female headprofile ideals are moving towards refined, narrow curvature in the lips, especially the upper lip. In the case of thefemale Campolina, certain breeders now seek to develop the curvature of the croup and buttocks to balance the nasalprofile (i.e. an "egua" (female horse) with a strongly curved profile must present a full, developed curvature of therear).

Former ideal for the head, note the squaredprofile of the nasal bones

References[1] http:/ / www. lusitano-interagro. com/ adestra. htm[2][2] L.S. de Andrade,(2000)Campolina O Grande Marchador, Um Seculo de selecao,

Historic Album, Revista Brasileira do Cavalo de Marcha[3] http:/ / www. eques. com. au/ dressage/ jan06/ conformation_dressage_horse. htm

External links

• http:/ / www. comunidadecampolina. com. br/ (In Portuguese)

• http:/ / www. theequinest. com/ breeds/ campolina

Canadian horse 197

Canadian horse

Canadian Horse

Alternative names French Canadian Horse

Country of origin Canada

Breed standards

Canadian Horse Breeders Association Breed standards [1]

Canadian Horse Heritage and Preservation Society Breed standards [2]


The Canadian horse is a horse breed from Canada. It is a strong, well-muscled breed of light horse, usually dark incolor. The horses are generally used for riding and driving. Descended from draft and light riding horses imported toCanada in the late 1600s, it was later crossed with other British and American breeds. During the 18th century theCanadian horse spread throughout the northeastern US, where it contributed to the development of several horsebreeds. During the peak popularity of the breed, three subtypes could be distinguished, a draft horse type, a trottingtype and a pacing type. Thousands of horses were exported in the 19th century, many of whom were subsequentlykilled while acting as cavalry horses in the American Civil War. These exports decreased the purebred Canadianpopulation almost to the point of extinction, prompting the formation of a studbook and the passage of a law againstfurther export.Experimental breeding programs in the early 20th century succeeded in re-establishing the breed to some extent, butmechanization, combined with two world wars, again resulted in the breed almost becoming extinct. In the 1980s,concerned with the declining population numbers, interested breeders undertook a promotional program, whichresulted in renewed interest in the breed. By the 1990s, population numbers were higher, and genetic studies in 1998and 2012 found relatively high levels of genetic diversity for a small breed. However, livestock conservationorganizations still consider the breed to be at risk, due to low population numbers.

Breed characteristicsMost Canadian Horses are dark colored: black, bay, or brown. A few chestnuts are found, occasionally with flaxenmanes and tails, and the cream gene appears in the breed as the result of the genetic influence of one stallion. Whilesome sources state that the gene for gray is no longer found in the breed, after the genetic bottleneck of the late 20thcentury, the preservation society for the breed states that they can be "rarely gray". Their height averages 14 to16 hands (56 to 64 inches, 142 to 163 cm) and stallions average 1,050 to 1,350 pounds (480 to 610 kg) in weight,while mares weigh 1,000 to 1,250 pounds (450 to 570 kg).

Canadian horse 198

The Canadian horse has a rather short, high-set head with a broad forehead. The neck is arched and graceful, and thechest, back and loins broad and strongly muscled. The shoulders and croup are sloping, with a relatively high-set tail.Overall, the breed gives the impression of strength and agility. Their heavy and wavy mane and tail, arched necksand finely boned heads are all reminiscent of Andalusian and Barb ancestry. Their trot is described as flashy. Theyare hardy horses and easy keepers. Today, most Canadian horses are used as riding and driving horses, and areknown for their jumping ability. They are seen in competition in almost every discipline, as well as for leisure riding.They can also be found in light draft work, trail riding, and working as a stock horse.Unlike most breeds, there is a set naming system that is used to identify individuals based on the registration formatemployed by the Canadian Livestock Records Corporation. First comes the prefix, the farm or breedingestablishment of which the foal was born into, followed by the sire's name, and lastly the given name for the foal.Each year a different letter is assigned to begin the given name for the foal, and it is by the year's letter that the foalis named. Some older horses do not fall under this naming strategy, but it is now mandatory in naming registeredoffspring coming from purebred Canadian lines. Originally, horses were tattooed with identification numbers, butnow microchipping is the identification technology chosen by the breed registry.

History

A Canadian Horse

The Canadian Horse descended from the French stock Louis XIVsent to Canada in the late 17th century. The initial shipment, in1665, consisted of two stallions and twenty mares from the RoyalStables in Normandy and Brittany, the center of French horsebreeding. Only 12 of the 20 mares survived the trip. Two moreshipments followed, one in 1667 of 14 horses (mostly mares, butwith at least one stallion), and one in 1670 of 11 mares and astallion. The shipments included a mix of draft horses and lighthorses, the latter of which included both pacing and trottinghorses.[] The exact origins of all the horses are unknown, althoughthe shipments probably included Bretons, Normans, Arabians,

Andalusians and Barbs.

The horses were leased to gentleman farmers or religious orders for money or in exchange for a foal, and theyremained the property of the king for three years. Despite poor conditions and hard work, the horses thrived inCanada, and were given nicknames that included "the little iron horse" and "the horse of steel". Population numbersrose quickly from the early stock, with 148 horses by 1679, 218 horses by 1688, 684 by 1698, and by 1709, enoughthat the government limited farmers to owning two horses and a foal, with additional horses to be slaughtered,although this law was a failure in terms of enforcement. During the 1700s, the "French Canadian Horse" spreadthrough what is now eastern Michigan and Illinois in the United States, and lived a generally feral existence, withmany escaping human control completely. During the Expulsion of the Acadians in the mid-18th century, theEnglish seized the livestock of the Acadians, including horses. Some of these animals were transported to SableIsland, where their descendents became the Sable Island horse. In the late 18th century, imported horses from the USand the British Isles were crossbred with existing Canadian stock. By the 19th century, they were found performinglight draft work, as well as riding and driving duties. Cornelius Krieghoff, a 19th-century Canadian painter, wasknown for his works featuring the Canadian horse, who he usually showed in association with the French habitants,as opposed to the English settlers in the area. His paintings generally portrayed the Canadian horse in a utilitarian,workhorse role, often in winter scenes.In 1849, there were estimated to be more than 150,000 Canadian horses, and many were exported from Canada annually. Some were shipped to the West Indies, where they possibly contributed to gaited breeds such as the Paso Fino. By the middle of the 19th century, Canadian horses had spread through the northeastern US, where they were

Canadian horse 199

used for racing, as roadsters, and, due to their stamina, to pull freight wagons and stagecoaches. Many played a rolein the development of other breeds, including the Morgan horse, the American Saddlebred and the Standardbred.Although used extensively in the US, no efforts were made to establish a purebred population, studbook, or breedassociation in that country. Thousands of horses imported to the US from Canada were used as artillery and cavalryhorses in the American Civil War, where many were killed. One equine historian states that "The Canadian horseplayed a major role in the history of that war; it has even been said that the North won simply on the fact that itssoldiers had the better horse – the Canadian."By 1880, through exports and war casualties, Canadian horses had almost become extinct. In 1885, the CanadianHorse Breeders Association was formed to inspect and approve breeding stock with the aim of creating a studbookfor the breed, and in 1886, further export from Canada was forbidden by Quebec law. In 1913, an experimentalbreeding program was begun at Cap-Rouge by the Canadian government. The program's goal was to breed largerhorses that retained the endurance and vitality for which the breed was known, and succeeded in increasing the sizeof stallions to 15.2 to 16 hands (62 to 64 inches, 157 to 163 cm) high and 1,200 to 1,500 pounds (540 to 680 kg) inweight, with mares slightly smaller. However, mechanization, combined with World War I and World War II, endedthe federal breeding program, and in 1940 all breeding stock was sold at auction. However, the province of Quebecre-established the program at Deschambault. The program lasted there until 1979, when the herd was againdisbanded and sold at auction.

1970s to presentBy the 1970s, the popularity of the breed had decreased significantly, and there were approximately 400 Canadianhorses worldwide, with only around five annual registrations between 1970 and 1974. Several interested breedersbegan a campaign of preservation and promotion, which resulted in a Canadian team winning the 1987 NorthAmerican Driving Championships. Popularity began to increase, and by the mid-1990s population numbers werebetween 2,500 and 3,000, and The Livestock Conservancy, which had classified the breed as "critical", changed itsdesignation to "rare". With the increase in popularity came pressure for the breed standard to change to meet modernshow and market trends, by breeding for taller horses with more refinement. In 2002, the Canadian Horse Heritageand Preservation Society was formed in response to these pressures, with a goal of preserving the original Canadianhorse type. The Canadian Horse Breeders Association remains the official registering body for the Canadian horse,as governed by the Canadian federal Animal Pedigree Act, with the responsibility to "monitor registration,identification, and the keeping of the stud book for Canadian horses". It is also responsible for inspecting breedingstock before they are registered with the studbook. The studbook is maintained by the Canadian Livestock RecordsCorporation. Since the beginning of the studbook, there have been over 13,600 horses registered. In 2012, 208 newhorses were registered, mainly in Quebec. The Livestock Conservancy still considers the breed to be threatened, adesignation given to breeds with a global population of less than 5,000 and annual US registrations of fewer than1,000. Rare Breeds Canada considers the breed to be at risk, with fewer than 500 annual registrations of femalebreeding stock.In a study of mitochondrial DNA published in 2012, the Canadian horse and the Newfoundland pony were found tobe the most genetically diverse of the Canadian breeds studied, which also included the Sable Island horse and theLac La Croix pony. The Canadian horse showed high haplotype diversity, sharing haplotypes with all Canadianpopulations, as well as draft breeds, Nordic pony breeds and British mountain and moorland pony breeds also testedin the study. The Canadian horse had been shown to be related to draft horse breeds, including the Percheron,Belgian and Clydesdale, in previous microsatellite loci studies. This relationship was supported by findings in the2012 study. The high levels of diversity in the Canadian horse supported the conclusions of a 1998 study, whichdetermined that the small population size and historical genetic bottlenecks had not resulted in a significant loss ofgenetic variation. The 1998 paper also stated that the Canadian horse did not show inbreeding any more significantthan other, more popular, breeds.

Canadian horse 200

The Canadian horse is a common animal symbol of Canada. In 1909, the Canadian Parliament declared it thenational breed of the country, and in 2002 was made an official animal symbol of Canada by Parliamentary Act. In2010, the provincial legislature of Quebec named it a heritage breed of the province.

Sub-typesDuring the peak popularity of the breed, three main types could be distinguished. All three are now consideredextinct, having disappeared or been merged back into the main Canadian horse population. The first, the CanadianHeavy Draft or St. Lawrence, which disappeared by the late 1700s, probably developed from Shire and Clydesdalecrosses. They were probably a popular export to New England, which bred large numbers of horses for Caribbeanplantations. The second, the Frencher, sometimes also called the St. Lawrence, was a trotting horse known for itspower and speed, resulting from crosses with Thoroughbreds. Mixed with French trotting lines, they played a role inthe development of the US trotting horses.

Canadian Pacer

An American Saddlebred, a descendent of theCanadian Pacer, in the early 1900s

The third type was the Canadian Pacer, which was historically betterdocumented than the other two types. Canadian Pacers were likely theresult of breeding pacing horses imported from France withNarragansett Pacers from New England. The resulting horses wereknown for their ability to race on ice. From there, they were exportedto the United States, where North Carolina became a breeding center,later exporting them to Tennessee in the late 1700s. Pedigrees were notmaintained, so early breeding histories are often impossible to trace.The Canadian Pacer influenced the Tennessee Walker,[] the AmericanSaddlebred[3] and the Standardbred.[]

Commonly called "Canucks", the fastest members of the breed camefrom Quebec near the St. Lawrence River. Racing began in this areaduring the long, severe winters, when Sunday races after attendingchurch for Mass became common. Eventually these races became largeenough to endanger the church-going populace, and races were bannedwithin a certain distance of churches. They instead moved to local rivers, whose smooth, frozen surfaces provideduseful raceways, and the resulting contests drew attention to the pacers from Quebec.[]

Several horses imported to the United States from Canada had a lasting impact on American horse breeding. In theearly 1800s, a roan-colored stallion named Copperbottom was imported to Lexington, Kentucky from Quebec,through Michigan. He began to be offered for stud service in 1816, and his progeny spread throughout the easternUS. Known mainly as saddle stock, they also included several pacing horses.[4] Another roan stallion, Tom Hal, asuccessful pacer in his own right, founded an important family of pacers in the US. Appearing in Kentucky in 1824,he was offered for stud, and his offspring (many of whom carried on the family name, being differentiated only bythe name of the owner) began the family of Standardbreds that included Little Brown Jug, Brown Hal, Star Pointer,Adios and Good Time, all champion harness racing horses.[5] Another pacing import to the US was a black stallionnamed Old Pilot, said to have been bred near Montreal, who originated the Pilot family of trotting horses. Old Pilotproduced a son, also named Pilot, who was acclaimed as a sire of trotting horses, as well as being a successfulharness horse himself.

Canadian horse 201

Notes[1] http:/ / www. lechevalcanadien. ca/ files/ CHBA_SECC-Bylaws-2010. pdf[2] http:/ / www. chhaps. org/ breedstandards. pdf[3][3] Dutson, p. 68[4][4] McCarr, p. 71[5] McCarr, pp. 71–75

References• Dutson, Judith (2005). Storey's Illustrated Guide to 96 Horse Breeds of North America. Storey Publishing.

ISBN 1-58017-613-5.• McCarr, Ken (1978). The Kentucky Harness Horse. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-0213-8.

External links• Canadian Horse Breeders Association (http:/ / www. lechevalcanadien. ca/ )• Canadian Horse Heritage and Preservation Society (http:/ / www. chhaps. org/ )

Carolina Marsh Tacky 202

Carolina Marsh Tacky

Carolina Marsh Tacky

Carolina Marsh Tacky at Hilton Head

Distinguishing features Small, sure-footed horse with gentle disposition, adept at work in marshland.

Alternative names Marsh Tacky


Common nicknames Tacky horse, Tackie

Breed standards

Carolina Marsh Tacky Association Breed standards [1]


The Carolina Marsh Tacky or Marsh Tacky is a rare breed of horse, native to South Carolina. It is a member ofthe Colonial Spanish group of horse breeds, which also include the Florida Cracker Horse and the Banker horse ofNorth Carolina. It is a small horse, well adapted for use in the lowland swamps of its native South Carolina. TheMarsh Tacky developed from Spanish horses brought to the South Carolina coast by Spanish explorers, settlers andtraders as early as the 16th century. The horses were used by the colonists during the American Revolution, and bySouth Carolinians for farm work, herding cattle and hunting throughout the breed's history.The breed is considered to be critically endangered by both the American Livestock Breeds Conservancy and theEquus Survival Trust, and there are only around 275 Marsh Tackies in existence today. In 2006 and 2007, the twoorganizations worked together to complete DNA testing on the breed with the goals of mapping the Marsh Tacky'splace among the horse breeds of the world and beginning a stud book. In 2007, an association was begun with theobjective of preserving and promoting the Marsh Tacky; and in 2010 a closed stud book was created.


CharacteristicsThe Marsh Tacky generally stands between 14 and 14.2 hands (56 and 58 inches, 142 and 147 cm) high, althoughthe acceptable range is between 13 and 15 hands (52 and 60 inches, 132 and 152 cm) high. Today, the breed comesin a wide variety of colors, including dun, bay, roan, chestnut, black and grullo. Historically, multi-colored patternssuch as pinto were found, but they were not selected for when breeding, and today are not seen. The colors today areconsistent with those of other Colonial Spanish horses. The profile of the breed's head is usually flat or somewhatconcave, becoming slightly convex from the nasal region to the top of the muzzle. The forehead is wide and the eyesset well apart. The breed typically has a slight ewe neck, and the neck is attached low on the chest compared to manyother breeds. The withers are pronounced, the back short and strong, and the croup steeply angled. The chest is deepbut narrow and the shoulder long and angled. The legs have long, tapering muscling, with in general no feathering onthe lower legs. The Marsh Tacky exhibits an four-beat ambling gait, most similar to the marcha batida of theBrazilian Mangalarga Marchador, another breed with Spanish heritage, although also compared to the fox trot of theMissouri Fox Trotter. However, the Marsh Tacky's gait shows a period of quadrupedal support where all four feetare planted and diagonal foot pairings, whereas the Fox Trotter shows tripedal support and the MangalargaMarchador lacks the diagonal foot pairings.The Marsh Tacky is known by owners for its stamina and ability to work in water and swamps without panicking.They tend to be sure-footed, sturdy, smart, and able to survive in challenging coastal environments, as well as beingeasy keepers. Their small size and gentle nature made them the historically preferred mount for children and women,but they were also used as working animals due to their abilities in the field. Today, they are used in enduranceriding, as well as continuing their traditional work assisting humans with hunting wild game and herding cattle.Marsh Tackies have the same ancestral bloodlines as Florida Cracker Horses and North Carolina Banker horses.However, DNA testing has proved that the Marsh Tackies' relative isolation has made them a separate breed withunique characteristics.

History

A mounted beach patrol on Hilton Head Islandduring World War II

The Carolina Marsh Tacky developed from Spanish horses brought tothe island and coastal areas of South Carolina by Spanish explorers andsettlers as early as the 16th century. More horses were added to thepopulation that would become the Marsh Tacky through animals thatwere purchased in the Spanish settlement of St. Augustine in Florida.They were then used as pack horses on Native American trade routes,and sold when the traders reached Charleston. They were managedmainly as feral herds, rounded up by locals when horses were needed,and this tradition continued into the 20th century. The breed was usedduring the American Revolution by many of the irregular forces ofFrancis Marion, nicknamed the "Swamp Fox". The swamp savvy of theMarsh Tacky may have given Marion's forces an advantage, as British cavalry mounted on larger European breedswere not as easily able to maneuver in the dense lowland swamps. After the American Civil War, they werecommonly used by members of the Gullah community on the islands off the South Carolina shore for use in fieldsand gardens. The breed derives the "tacky" part of its name from the English word meaning "common" or "cheap",as these horses were the most common breed in their area of the country for most of their history. During the heightof their popularity they ranged from Myrtle Beach, South Carolina to St. Simon's Island in Georgia. The Tackiescontinued to be used during World War II by members of the beach patrols tasked with the surveillance of SouthCarolina beaches against Nazi u-boat attacks and enemy troop or spy landings. During the 1960s, Marsh Tackies


were used in races on Hilton Head beaches. This tradition was revived in 2009 during the Gullah Cultural Festival,and the races will be continued at the festival in future years.In 2007, the Carolina Marsh Tacky Association was formed. The association was developed through the efforts ofthe American Livestock Breeds Conservancy working with owners and breed enthusiasts, with the goal of preservingand promoting the Marsh Tacky breed. The breed registry became a closed registry on August 18, 2010, and ismaintained by the American Livestock Breeds Conservancy Pedigree Registry. Although closed, outside horses canbe registered upon proof of origin, visual inspection and DNA confirmation of parentage.

Conservation

North Carolina Banker horses, a breed with asimilar history to the Marsh Tacky

In the lowcountry region of coastal Georgia and South Carolina, theCarolina Marsh Tacky was the most common horse for most of thebreed's history. As the automobile became more common during the20th century, breed numbers declined, and the Marsh Tacky wasthought to have gone extinct during the 1980s and 1990s. Today thereare 276 living animals recognized by the breed registry, including 153mares and 123 stallions and geldings. The Equus Survival Trustconsiders the breed to be at critical/nearly extinct levels, meaning thatthere are fewer than 100 breeding mares in existence. The AmericanLivestock Breeds Conservancy considers the Marsh Tacky (which they consider a strain of the Colonial Spanishhorse) to be at critical levels, meaning that there are fewer than 200 annual registrations in the United States and anestimated global population of less than 2,000. Representatives of the ALBC state that the breed numbers will haveto increase to an estimated 1,000 members to ensure permanent survival. On June 11, 2010, a bill was signed intolaw that made the Carolina Marsh Tacky the state heritage horse of South Carolina.

In 2006, the ALBC began investigating the Marsh Tacky to see if it was truly a descendent of Spanish stock, andduring the organization's initial field investigations it was found that many surviving members of the breed fit thephysical type of Colonial Spanish stock. In 2007, the American Livestock Breeds Conservancy collaborated with theEquus Survival Trust to collect DNA samples and photo-document the largest herd in South Carolina, considered tobe the largest remaining herd, with a heritage tracing back to the American Civil War. DNA testing was undertakenin an effort to identify horses for a new studbook, reveal what DNA markers the breed carries, and map the breed'sgenetic place among all other horse breeds worldwide. Sixty horses were tested in the effort.

References[1] http:/ / www. marshtacky. org/ Breed-Standard. php

External links• Carolina Marsh Tacky Association (http:/ / www. marshtacky. org/ )

Caspian horse 205

Caspian horse

Caspian horse

Distinguishing features Small, ancient horse breed 'rediscovered' in 1960s; now bred in several other countries

Alternative names Caspian horse

Country of origin Iran

Common nicknames Mouleki or Pouseki

Breed standards

The Caspian Horse Society (UK) Breed standards [1]


The Caspian is a small horse breed native to Northern Iran. Although its original height probably ranged between 9and 11.2 hands (36 and 46 inches, 91 and 117 cm) it is termed a horse rather than a pony because, size apart, it hasmuch in common with horses. It is believed to be one of the oldest horse or pony breeds in the world, descendedfrom small Mesopotamian equines that, in competition with larger animals, had faded from attention by the 7thcentury AD. They were brought to public notice again when re-discovered in 1965 by Louise Firouz, anAmerican-born breeder of Iranian horses living in Iran. In 2011, the remains of a horse dating back to 3400 B.C.E.were found at Gohar Tappeh, Iran, giving rise to claims that the Caspian is the oldest known breed of domestic horsethat still exists.[2] It is also called Khazar Horse, after the province where it was found.

CharacteristicsCaspian horses generally stand between 100 to 120 cm (39 to 47 in) tall, although better feeding conditions outsideof Iran often result in taller specimens. They have a short, fine head with a pronounced forehead, large eyes and shortears. The muzzle is small and the nostrils large and low on the head. Overall the body is slim and graceful, withsloping shoulders, good withers and a high-set tail. The legs and hooves are strong. Caspians are described by LouiseFirouz as kind, intelligent and willing. They are spirited but without meanness, and even stallions can be ridden bychildren. Their gaits are long, and they occasionally exhibit an ambling "single-foot" gait. Despite their small size,they are good jumpers. Although small, they are morphologically and phenotypically horse-like, and were originallyreferred to as "miniature horses". Now that the word "miniature" is more usually associated withgenetically-constructed 'toy' horses, the term is no longer used to describe the Caspian Horse.[3]

Caspian horse 206

The Caspian Horse is extremely hardy, with strong feet that rarely need shoeing unless consistently working on veryhard or stony ground. Great length from hip to hock may be a factor in their incredible jumping ability. The usualcolours are bay, grey, black, dun or chestnut. A few have white markings on the head and legs. Interestingly, somelack chestnuts or ergots[4]

Genetics and phenotypeAlthough there are no records of breeding prior to 1965, the foundation animals included in the International CaspianStud Book were proven by Louise Firouz to breed true to type and their descendants have, for the most part, retainedCaspian characteristics. They are therefore an established breed. Improved living conditions outside Iran haveproduced Caspians that have grown larger than their Iranian foundation parents; modern Caspians range between10hh (102 cm) and occasionally 12.2 hh(127 cm), averaging 11.2 hh (117 cm).Research has shown that Caspian and Turkoman horses occupy positions in phylogenetic analysis that has given riseto a hypothesis that they could be ancestral to all other oriental type breeds studied to date.[5] However, close studyof Caspian and other equid skeletons by Firouz and others found several anomalies unique to the Caspian:• The skull has pronounced elevation of the inter-parietal bones and no parietal crest• The neck of the scapula is narrower and the head much wider than normally found in equines• The metacarpal and metatarsal bones are much longer and slimmer in relation to size [6]

• The hooves are usually narrow and oval-shaped, and the frog is less pronounced than in other equines• The spinous processes of the first six thoracic vertebrae are longer than usual• They often possess an extra tooth each side of the upper molar where a wolf tooth would normally be.

History

Ancient historyA partial answer to the existence of the Caspian is the fact that the Persian Empire, which flourished in the firstmillennium B.C, has been called 'the first great road empire'. Before the Romans built their first road for marchingmen, the Persians constructed broad straight dirt roads, well maintained for speedy couriers and busy senioradministrators. Herodotus wrote that:

"There is nothing in the world which travels faster than these Persian couriers. It is said that men and horsesare stationed along the road…a man and a horse for each day. Nothing stops these couriers from coveringtheir allotted stage in the quickest possible time, neither snow, rain, heat nor darkness."

The oldest known specimen of a horse in the region now home to the Caspian horse was found in 2011, in acemetery dating back to 3400 B.C.E., in the archaeological dig at Gohar Tappeh. in the province of Mazandaran innorthern Iran, between the cities of Neka and Behshahr. The horse was identified by its "form, figure, and size" ashaving a light frame, thin bones, short, fine head with a pronounced forehead, large eyes, short ears, and smallmuzzles.The Persian Empire required land transport on a huge scale. They were the first people to breed horses especially forstrength and speed. That these horses were very small by modern standards is shown by a miniature golden chariot, atoy or perhaps a votive offering, found in the so-called Oxus Treasure,[7] discovered in the extreme east of theempire but apparently made in central Persia. The vehicle was obviously built for speed. Its wheels are higher thanthe horses, which are themselves of lesser height than the two passengers - and not because of the status of thepassengers. Neil MacGregor likens this vehicle to a Ferrari or Porsche amongst cars – fast and luxurious.[8] KingDarius (the Great) trusted his life to the little horses during lion hunts, and honoured them on his famous TrilingualSeal.

Caspian horse 207

As seen on the bas reliefs on the great staircase at Persepolis the Persian Shah demanded tributes of only first classanimals.[9] Those depicted were probably from Lydia in Turkey, judging by the grooms' appearance, and the horsesare of similar size to the four in the Oxus Treasure. Skeletons with the same bone structure as the Caspian werefound at Hamadan.Yet the fine little horses so valued by the Persian Empire virtually disappeared from history after libraries andmonuments were destroyed in the great Mongol and Islamic conquests. Almost no further mention was found ofthem after 700 AD and until 1965, modern scholars believed that they had become extinct.It is now assumed that the modern Caspian descended from the great pool of quality stock that once formed theessential foundation of the Persian Empire. Caspians, known locally as 'Mouleki' or Pouseki' ponies ('little muzzle'),now inhabit an area in the north of Iran between the Caspian Sea and the Elburz Mountains. Horses potentiallyrelated to the Caspian have also been identified in a much wider range, as history might lead us to expect.

Rediscovery in 1965The specimens discovered since 1965 originated mainly from peasant-owned stock and were not bred selectively, soit may seem remarkable that animals of such quality have survived in a relatively unaltered form. In addition,peasants in the Elburz Mountains habitually turn their stock out on the hills in semi-feral conditions, where they arevulnerable to attack by predators. Natural selection would probably have favoured an animal that was tough andathletic, but there is evidence to suggest that their small size may be due to recessive genes. Peasants have said thatoccasionally a larger mare and stallion will produce such a foal.

Louise FirouzAt first thought to be a pony, the Caspian Horse was re-discovered in 1965 in this mountainous region of northernIran by the American-born breeder of Iranian horses, Louise Firouz, while searching for small ponies to be ridden bychildren. She saw a small bay stallion in the town of Amol pulling a clumsy cart, but with the body of a "well-bredoriental horse." She purchased the stallion, naming him Ostad. Following his discovery, Firouz concluded:[10]

" ….. there was an elusive beauty and grace about this small horse which did not seem to fit into the acceptedpicture of ponies. Ponies are chunky, strong little equids generally developed under austere conditions ofclimate and food. Why a "pony" on the relatively lush shores of the temperate Caspian: and, in spite of hissmall size, was the light, graceful animal on the Caspian a pony at all? Was there any historical precedent fora pony-sized horse in Iran and, if so, how well documented was it? These questions initiated a study in thespring of 1965 to determine the range, nature and historical precedent for a horse of this size in Iran."

With seven mares and six stallions, Firouz began a breeding program at her riding school in Norouzabad, with thehorses she named 'Caspian' from the area where she had found them. The horses themselves were much enjoyed bythe children; Ostad became a successful sire of children's ponies and was ridden daily in the company of mares.Firouz started the Iranian stud book in 1966. In 1973 the stud was sold to the Shah of Iran, who established the RoyalHorse Society at the Norouzabad Stud.In late 1965, while visiting her family in Great Falls, Virginia, Firouz told Kathleen McCormick the Caspian storyand showed photographs of the ponies she had brought to Norouzabad. They decided to export a Caspian stallionfrom Iran to the United States and McCormick selected the foundation stallion Jehan from the photographs. In April1966, William M. Santoro, DVM, accompanied Jehan on the four-day, 8,000-mile journey to New York. Due to thedifficulties experienced in exporting Jehan from Iran, only a part-bred breeding program was established in the US atthat time and plans to import mares were put on hold. In 1975 a further stallion was exported to Venezuela from Iran.The Caspian Stud UK later imported the remainder of the Bermudan stock, apart from a mare given to Prince Philip.Meanwhile a new herd of twenty mares and three stallions established on the Turkoman Steppes by Firouz, sufferedrepeated and fatal wolf attacks. This forced the emergency evacuation of six mares and a stallion to the Caspian StudUK in 1976 and the remainder were taken over by the Royal Horse Society of Iran. They were later widely dispersed

Caspian horse 208

during the Iranian Revolution, leaving only one traceable stallion. The subsequent ban on keeping horses ended thebreeding programme in Iran until 1986, when Firouz found and purchased three mares and a stallion.

Iran/Iraq warDuring the Iran/Iraq war, most horses were swept up to aid the war effort, but in 1989, Firouz was invited to inspectthe remaining horses for possible Caspian breeding stock, resulting in six more potential foundation animals. Thesehorses founded her "Persicus" stud. In 1994, seven of her Caspians were exported for breeding in England and in1995 several Caspians from the UK, Australia and New Zealand were shipped to the USA. After her husband'sdeath, Firouz sold the Persicus stud to the Iranian Ministry of Agriculture, which has continued her breeding andresearch programmes in Iran. Louise Firouz died in May 2008[11]

Although the Caspian must still be considered rare, the combined efforts of breeders across the world haveestablished the breed in Scandinavia and other parts of Europe, and in Australia, New Zealand, and the UnitedStates. Breed Societies are affiliated to the International Caspian Stud Book.

UsesThe horses are mainly used in the towns of Amol, Babol, Shahi and Rasht in Northern Iran, as cart ponies, They arevalued for their speed and ability to pull or carry heavy loads in the narrow streets and bazaars. During the late1960s, Caspian stallions from the Norouzabad riding school were raced on the prestigious Tehran racetrack by smallchildren wearing jockey silks, by courtesy of the late Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.Caspians are known for their good temperaments and 'horse-like' personalities. As noted by Firouz, stallions arefrequently handled by children and, like Firouz, some owners turn several out together for exercise andcompanionship in the absence of mares.With their comfortably narrow conformation, Caspians make excellent children's mounts. Their long, level paces,natural grace and balance make them very suitable for dressage. Sensible but active, they can be impressive inmounted games, gymkhana and pony racing.In harness they make a smart, responsive light driving pony and have successfully competed in national scurry andcross-country obstacle driving. Their extraordinary jumping ability makes them highly competitive for showjumping and eventing.

Part-Bred CaspiansCrossbred with larger breeds, including Thoroughbreds and Arabians, they produce fine show ponies, show jumpersand eventers for the taller child. Another popular cross is with the Welsh Pony. Having been noted that theappearance, characteristics and athletic abilities of Caspians are passed in good measure to part-bred offspring, theCaspian Horse is being included in breeding programmes to produce the ideal Sports Pony. There are stud books inmost recognised Caspian societies for part-bred Caspians.

Caspian horse 209

References[1] http:/ / www. caspianhorsesociety. org. uk/ type. html[2][2] The Circle of Ancient Iranian Studies. Oldest remains of Caspian Horse discovered in Northern Iran. 2011-04-29. Accessed 2012-07-09.[3] Firouz, Louise The Caspian Miniature Horse of Iran, Field Research Projects, Florida, USA, 1972[4][4] (Firouz,L, Light Horse, April 1966)[5] E. Gus Cothran, Ph.D., Animal Genetics, Texas A & M University. (Initial studies took place at Kentucky University, 1990).[6][6] Sandor Bokonyi, 'Once more on the Osteological Differences of the Horse, the Half-Ass and the Ass', Budapest, 1971.[7][7] Both c. 500 BC, British Museum, London[8][8] Neil MacGregor A History of the World in a Hundred Objects: Ch. 26, Oxus Chariot Model.;pp 165-`170 (2010)[9] The Horses of Persepolis, Royal Horse Society, Iran, & Firouz L, Light Horse, Vol.20, No.22, Aug. 1969[10] The Caspian Miniature Horse of Iran, by Louise Firouz, Field Research Projects – Florida (1972).[11][11] Obituary, Times (London), 7 July 2008: Louise Firouz: Horse breeder who discovered the Caspian Horse.

External links• International Caspian Society (http:/ / www. caspianhorses. org)• Tiny Caspian horse breed back from the brink (http:/ / www. horsetalk. co. nz/ horsesinhistory/ caspian. shtml)

Horsetalk, July 19, 2007• Caspian Breed Society (U.K) (http:/ / www. caspianbreedsociety. co. uk/ )• Caspian Horse Society (U.K) (http:/ / www. caspianhorsesociety. org. uk/ )• Caspian Registry Services (North America) (http:/ / www. endangeredequines. com/ caspian. html)• The Caspian Horse Society of the Americas (http:/ / www. caspian. org/ )• Hundreds of photos (http:/ / www. CaspianHorse. com/ ) of nearly all of the Caspian Horse Foundation Lines• A cytogenetic study of the Caspian pony (http:/ / www. reproduction-online. org/ cgi/ content/ abstract/ 57/ 2/

331) H Hatami-Monazah and RV Pandit• Louise Ferouz obituary (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2008/ 06/ 02/ world/ middleeast/ 02firouz. html?_r=1)

Castillonnais 210

Castillonnais

Castillonnais

Distinguishing features Midsized horse, bred for mountain terrain. Always bay or black, with pangare modification

Country of origin Ariège, France

Breed standards

Haras Nationaux Breed standards [1]


The Castillonais or Cheval Ariègeois de Castillon, once called the cheval du Biros or Saint-Gironnais, is anancient breed of small riding horse from the Ariège département of southwestern France. The breed's phenotype iscurrently in flux, but overall it resembles (and is sometimes confused with) the more common Merens horse.Members of the breed are either dark bay or black, and all have pangare color modification, which results in palercolor around the eyes and muzzle and on the underside of the body. Today it is used principally for pleasure riding(including equine tourism) and driving.The Castillonnais probably descends from the horses that inspired the Magdalenian-era paintings found, for example,at the Cave of Niaux, with Oriental and Iberian blood added later. Originally bred as a multipurpose breed used forcavalry, agriculture and driving, the breed declined in population during the 20th century, and almost becameextinct. In 1980, a group of supporters began to work to save the breed, and a breed association, now called theAssociation Nationale du Cheval Castillonnais d'Ariège Pyrénées (ANCCAP), was formed in 1992. The breed wasofficially recognized by the French Ministry of Agriculture in 1996. The French government, breed association and aregional conservation group all now share an interest in the preservation of the breed. Population numbers are stillquite low, and inbreeding is a concern.

CharacteristicsThe physical characteristics seen in the breed are currently in flux, so there is not a single breed phenotype, thoughmany members of the breed closely resemble the Mérens. Enthusiasts are breeding for a rustic mountain horse, ofmedium size, with good gaits and good temperament. Some members of the breed closely resemble Iberian horsessuch as the Andalusian horse. The official breed standard calls for a moderately long neck and long, sloped shoulder,broad back, rounded croup and muscular legs.[2] Some members of the breed are branded on the left hindquarter.Because of its relative rarity and physical similarities, the Castillonnais is commonly confused with the Mérens.[3]

Castillonnais 211

Castillonnais horses range from 13.1 to 15.1 hands (53 to 61 inches, 135 to 155 cm) high, with the ideal height formares being 14.1 hands (57 inches, 145 cm) and 14.2 hands (58 inches, 147 cm) for stallions. Two colors areallowed in the breed: dark bay and black, both with pangare modification, which results in paler color around theeyes and muzzle and on the underside of the body. Horses of any other color are prohibited from entry into thestudbook and all horses are genetically tested to officially determine their color before they are allowed into thestudbook. The breed is considered to be an easy keeper, with an easygoing temperament. The horses are agile,surefooted on mountain paths, and exhibit extended gaits, with strong engagement of the hindquarters.

History

Castillonnais horses in harness in Paris, France

Like many other French breeds from the Pyrenees, the Castillonnaisprobably descends from the horses that inspired the Magdalenian-erapaintings found, for example, at the Cave of Niaux. Over time, bloodfrom Oriental and Iberian horses was added to the breed, andinfluenced its physical appearance and temperament. The Castillonnaiswas originally known as the "cheval du Biros" (Biros horse) or"Saint-Gironnais", a name from the town of Saint-Girons in Ariege inthe Pyrenees, where a large horse fair was held the day after All Saints'Day. In the late nineteenth century, horses of the Pyrenees were knownfor their use as mounts by light cavalry. In 1908, Gabriel Lamarque,equine historian and president of the Société d’agriculture de l’Ariège(Agricultural Society of Ariege), began to study the breed as part of his work in the development of native horsepopulations in France.

The breed was originally a multipurpose horse, used for agriculture, cavalry and pulling diligences (a type ofcarriage). Because of a lack of support from a breeding syndicate, such as the one in existence for the Mérens horse,once the need for a multipurpose breed declined, the population of the Castillonnais dwindled. Many horses werecrossbred with draft horses, and the breed almost became extinct. The intervention of a group of supporters in 1980saved the breed from extinction, and in 1992 L'Association Pyrénéenne Ariégeoise du Cheval Castillonnais (theAriege Pyrenees Association of Castillonnais Horses) was formed, with support from several French governmentagencies and stud farms. Annually, in August, the association holds a small competition and sale for the breed inCastillon-en-Couserans, which also includes inspections to register horses for the breed studbook.In 1996, the Castillonnais was officially recognized by the French Ministry of Agriculture, due to the efforts of asmall number of breed enthusiasts, though by that time only 50 purebred mares remained. The breed association'sname was changed to L’association Nationale du Cheval Castillonnais d'Ariège Pyrénées (ANCCAP) (NationalAssociation of Castillonnais Horses of the Ariège Pyrenees), and is headquartered in Castillon-en-Couserans. LeConservatoire du Patrimoine Biologique Régional de Midi-Pyrénées (Conservatory of the Biological Heritage of theMidi-Pyrénées Region), an organization that has worked to protect the diversity of animal species in the region since1980, is also committed to protecting the breed.Population numbers for the Castillonnais are quite low. The majority of breeders are located inCastillon-en-Couserans, in Ariège, but a few can be found in Brittany and Provence. In November 2005, there wereonly around 260 existing Castillonnais, and a goal was created by the breed association to double the number ofpurebred mares between 2005 and 2014. Inbreeding is a concern due to low population numbers, and the nationalstud farm at Tarbes and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (National Institute of Agronomic Research)have been brought in to help safeguard the genetic resources of the breed.

Castillonnais 212

UsesThe Castillonnais is used mainly for pleasure riding, and it is well adapted to the mountainous terrain of thePyrenees, which makes is useful for equestrian tourism in the area. It can be used for driving, and is sometimes seenin dressage competitions. Some Castillonnais are used for logging and as pack horses for taking food and equipmentto mountainous areas otherwise only accessible by helicopter.

Notes[1] http:/ / www. haras-nationaux. fr/ portail/ uploads/ tx_vm19hnreglementation/ reglement_Castillon21juillet2008. pdf[2] Bataille, Races équines de France, p. 55[3] Bataille, Races équines de France, p. 53

References• Bataille, Lætitia (2008). Races équines de France: Les Races (in French). France Agricole Éditions.

ISBN 9782855571546.

Catria horse 213

Catria horse

Catria Horse, Cavallo del Catria

Country of origin Italy, native to the Marche region

Breed standards

Associazione Italiana Allevatori Breed standards [1]


The Catria Horse (Italian: Cavallo del Catria) is a breed of horse originating in the mountainous area of the massifof Monte Catria in the Marche region of Italy, and surrounding areas in the provinces of Ancona, Perugia andPesaro. It is one of the fifteen indigenous horse "breeds of limited distribution" recognised by the AIA, the Italianbreeders' association.

HistoryThe Catria horse derives from the cross-breeding of Maremmano-derived stock from west of the Apennines, thoughtto have been brought from their homeland in Tuscany mainly by charcoal burners, with other breeds, principallyFranches-Montagnes. After the Second World War, the number of Catria horses decreased. The population survivedin mountainous areas suitable only for untended livestock. In 1974, the Azienda Speciale Consortile del Catria, or"special co-operative agency of Catria", took control of horse breeding in the area. In 1980, a herd book was openedto conserve the bloodlines of the breed.Catria horses are used in the mountains for agricultural purposes, particularly for carrying cut firewood from steepwoodland. They are also used for riding and for the production of horsemeat.

CharacteristicsCatria Horses may only be bay or chestnut; breeding stallions may not be chestnut. The head is light with a straightprofile. The chest is wide and muscular. Height is from 145–160 cm (14.1–15.3 h) for males, 140–155 cm(13.3–15.1 h) for mares.

References[1] http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20080802181557/ http:/ / www. aia. it/ tecnico/ equini/ a_catria. htm

Cavallo Romano della Maremma Laziale 214

Cavallo Romano della Maremma Laziale

Cavallo Romano della Maremma Laziale

A stallion in the breeding herd

Country of origin Italy, native to Lazio region

Breed standards

Associazione Italiana Allevatori Breed standards [1]


The Cavallo Romano della Maremma Laziale, or "Roman horse of the part of the Maremma that is in Lazio", is ahorse breed native to the Lazio region of Italy. An ancient breed, it was officially recognised only in 2010; it is nowone of the fifteen indigenous horse "breeds of limited distribution" listed by the AIA, the Italian breeders'association. The Lazio region has assigned it the conservation status "at risk of erosion". The population numbersabout 800, of which most are in the comune of Monte Romano in the province of Viterbo; a herd of approximately200 is at Ponzano Romano in the province of Rome, and others are in the province of Rieti.

HistoryThe breed register for the Cavallo Romano della Maremma Laziale was opened on 19 October 2010, and the breedstandard confirmed by Ministerial Decree 27202, dated 1 December 2010. DNA testing had shown that thetraditional working horse of the Maremma of Lazio was not only physically but genetically distinguishable from itscounterpart in the Tuscan Maremma, the Maremmano, with which it had previously been classed. The twopopulations are reported as having common origins but limited overlap, with the Roman horse showing greatervariability and a higher proportion of "ancestral" genes; Ripert reports informally that the Cavallo Romano dellaMaremma Laziale has 38.5% genes of the original type, while the registered Maremmano population has only 12%.The genetic study, carried out by the Consorzio per la Sperimentazione, Divulgazione e Applicazione di BiotecnicheInnovative (CONSDABI), National Focal Point for Italy of the Animal Genetic Resources project of the FAO, waspresented at the 12th conference on “New findings in equine practice” held at Druento (Turin, Italy), 11–13November 2010.The ARSIAL (regional agency for development and innovation in agriculture of Lazio) suggests that this is the samehorse breed as the "Cavallo Romano" that was well described in 19th century treatises; authors who discuss theCavallo Romano include Moreschi (1903) and Fogliata (1910). It is also suggested that the Cavallo Romano dellaMaremma Laziale descends from the horses of the ancient Romans, such as that of Marcus Aurelius, or even of theEtruscans.

Cavallo Romano della Maremma Laziale 215

CharacteristicsThe Cavallo Romano della Maremma Laziale may be bay, black, chestnut or grey; limited facial markings (star andstripe) are permitted, as are white socks. Males measure 155–165 cm (15.1–16.1 hands) at the withers, females150–162 cm (14.3–16.0 hands). The girth and cannon measurements are similar for both sexes, approximately170–210 cm (67–83 in) and 19–24 cm (7.5–9.4 in) respectively. The head is well set on, slightly long and heavy,and the profile convex or Roman; the neck is thick, muscular and arched, the mane and tail long and thick. Theshoulder is muscular and tends to be straight, the chest is broad with substantial muscle, the girth is deep and theback is short, straight and muscular, sometimes slightly concave. The croup is broad and sloping, and the tail is setlow. The legs are solid, strong and muscular, the hooves broad and strong. Horses with concave profile, long ordrooping ears, or poor conformation of the legs are not admitted for registration.The action of the Cavallo Romano is lively and well-marked, and its temperament docile and courageous. It issurefooted on even the most difficult terrain.For comparison, the description of the Cavallo Romano given by Moreschi in 1903 is this:

"The characteristics of the robust Roman horse were these: slightly convex profile, broad forehead, earssmall and firmly attached, large eyes, neck a little thick but with plenty of curvature, mane long andthick, well developed withers, shoulder rather short, robust forearm, strong knees, cannons slightlyrounded, fore pasterns short and feathered, hoof strong, sole resistant, forefeet sure, body cylindrical,ribs rounded, chest broad, back straight, loins robust, croup broad and a little sloping, long thick tailattached a little low, thigh rounded and a little curved, gaskins strong and short, the hocks strong, hindcannons as the fore, height from 1.45 m to 1.60 m, coat black in all its variations, also many bays andgreys. Camped under at the front; majestic bearing."

UsesAlthough sometimes employed in the past as a warhorse and as a carriage horse, the primary use of the CavalloRomano was as a working horse for the management of open-range livestock, particularly horses, cattle and sheep.Until the land drainage and reclamation of the fascist era the Maremma region was, like the campagna romana andthe Pontine Marshes, wild and inhospitable, and inhabited mostly by vast herds of livestock, transhumant shepherdsand the cavalcanti, the "riders", as the butteri of the Maremma Laziale were called. The traditions of the cavalcantiand their style of working riding, the Monta italiana da lavoro, are still taught and transmitted by a small number ofriding academies. In addition to herding work, the Cavallo Romano is used today as a saddle horse for trekking;other uses include agricultural and light draught work, use as pack animals, and the production of high quality meatand of milk for paediatric or cosmetic use.

References[1] http:/ / www. aia. it/ tecnico/ equini/ a_romano_maremma_laz. htm

Chilean horse 216

Chilean horse

Chilean Horse

Distinguishing features Hardy, low metabolism, high threshold for pain, great immunity to disease and a remarkable rate of recuperation.

Alternative names Caballo chileno

Country of origin Chile


The Chilean horse or Chilean Corralero is a horse breed from South America. It is the oldest registered nativeAmerican breed, the oldest registered breed of Iberian origin, the oldest registered horse breed in South America andthe oldest registered stock horse breed in the Western Hemisphere.

History

Colony

Huaso in a Chilean wheat field, 1940.

The Chilean Horse's genealogy originates in the Governorate of NewCastile (Peru). Most of the horses came from the fertile valleys ofCharcas (now Sucre, Bolivia), but some of the finest stallions wereselected from throughout the kingdom. The breed probably startedaround 1544 when the first Chilean horse breeder, Father RodrigoGonzález Marmolejo, started breeding equines in what was thenknown as New Toledo when the emphasis was on quality. By the turnof the 16th century, the Mapuches were outstanding horsemen withgrowing numbers of horses which were trained as efficient warmounts. By the 17th century, Chile had very defined types in paradehorses, pacers and trotters and the country had gained the reputation ofhaving the best horses in South America.

Chilean Horses were selected for lateral dexterity, courage to confront and pin belligerent cattle and an eventemperament that permitted a high degree of trainability while conserving needed energy for a long day's work. Bythe 18th century, the yearly round-ups that had been required by decree since 1557 took on massive dimensions. The

pens that received cattle herded down from the mountainous terrain needed to have a capacity of no less than 7,000 head. Sorting the cattle by ownership, designated use, and requirements for castration and branding resulted in

Chilean horse 217

herding and pushing cattle down long alleyways into classifying pens. This gave rise to the aptitudes now used in themodern-day Chilean rodeo that are performed in a crescent-shaped arena known as a medialuna (half-moon arena).The increasing area in wheat during this era gave rise to select groups of mares that formed threshing teams ofbetween 50-100 animals. These mares performed a demanding task that required sure-footedness and boundlessenergy. Any animal that stumbled or slipped to its knees was sent to slaughter. Within a circular confine, with wheatup to their knees, these mares were expected to move on their own accord. These were the dams of some of the best'corraleros' (rodeo horses) of the time. By the late 18th century, there were farms such as Principal, Catemu,Quilimuta, and Alhue that kept orderly records of the genealogy of the specialized horses they were breeding.

RepublicThroughout the 19th century, Chile’s independence from Spain brought on a clear preference for the stock and/orwarhorse. This 'blue collared' equine variety that had always dominated the country's inventory, now also became themost prestigious breed elected to represent the newly formed Republic of Chile. In this period. Chile had its mostinfluential breeders. They more closely defined the characteristics of the Chilean Horse, as well as introducing agreater selection for speed, as match races at sprinting distances became popular throughout the country. The end ofthe 19th century brought with it a decline in agrarian property sizes, the use of thrashing machines that extinguishedthe need for thrasher mares, railroads and automobiles that greatly limited the use of the horse as a means oftransport and the growth of specialized breeds that substituted the Chilean Horse in draft, carriage and racing needs.The saving grace of the Chilean Horse breed was the upsurge in the popularity of the Chilean rodeo.The Chilean horse prior to 1850 was a closed breed type, due the absence of European breeds in a country that wasconvinced they had the best horses in South America. The isolation that resulted from the geographical definition ofits borders also made imports less probable. When modern transport made new breeds more accessible, Chile wasone of the last places in South America to see them arrive. Even so, the innumerable mountains, ridges and valleysover a 4,300 km (2,700 mi) long landscape assured that the purity of many Chilean Horses remained intact.Faithful traditional breeders also were critical contributors to breed purity by not succumbing to the temptations ofcross-breeding. The critical period that popularized the use of other breeds was shortened even more when Chilebecame the first country to register their national breed. The real stroke of genius was formalizing and popularising asport where no other breed could be its equal.Ever since the beginning of the 20th century, the sport of rodeo has become bigger and more organized. Meanwhilethe qualities required to excel in this sport were increasingly implanted in the breeding of the Chilean Horse. Nothinghas assured the purity of this breed more than its specialization in a sport for which it has been exclusively selectedfor over 150 years. Outcrossing to other breeds has never been a temptation since the Chilean Horse is well-suitedfor the Chilean rodeo sport.To this day, speed rather than endurance is the criteria by which huasos (Chilean cowboys) value their horses.Although the registry was established in an effort to protect a 'national treasure' that was being endangered by thecross-breeding promoted by American enchantment with anything European, the Chilean Horse already had morethan a century of selection along specific family lines.

Chilean horse 218

Breed characteristicsLike many other native breeds in Latin America, the Chilean Horse is extremely hardy. It has a low metabolism, ahigh threshold for pain, a great immunity to disease and a remarkable rate of recuperation. Their hooves are strongand their thick double-hair coat makes them well-suited for both cold and dry/hot weather. The breed has a verydocile temperament and makes a very alert horse with a large capacity for work.The breed is now used for working cattle and is used heavily in Chilean rodeo.[1] They come in various colors suchas bay, black, chestnut, gray and first level dilutes including palomino, buckskin, and smoky black.The Chilean Horse is not just the oldest stock horse breed in America, but is also is the only stock horse breed thathas maintained a closed registry since its inception.

References[1] http:/ / www. ansi. okstate. edu/ breeds/ horses/ chileancorralero/ index. htm

• Araya Gomez, Alberto, (1989). El Caballo Chileno en el Siglo XX, Imprenta Gonzalo Amenábar H., Providencia,Santiago, Chile.

• Encina, Francisco A., (Nov.1934). “De Un Estudio Sobre el Caballo Chileno” El Campesino Magazine, Santiago,Chile.

• Prado P., Uladaricio, (1914). El Caballo Chileno 1541 a 1914, Estudio Zootécnico e Histórico Hípico, ImprentaSantiago, Santiago, Chile.

External links• Chilean Horse info (http:/ / www. ChileanHorse. com/ )

Choctaw horse 219

Choctaw horse

Choctaw horse



The Choctaw Horse is a horse breed from the state of Mississippi in the United States that was originally used bythe Choctaw tribe of Native Americans. To the Choctaw, this particular breed of horse was symbolic of wealth,glory, honor, and prestige. They were also used for barter. This breed is rare.

CharacteristicsThey range in height from 13.2 to 14.2 hands (54 to 58 inches, 137 to 147 cm) high and come in all colors, althoughpinto patterns are the most common. They closely resemble Mustangs. They are stocky, strong, and have greatstamina. Their heads have a straight profile. They have full manes and tails.

UsesThey are very "cowy" horses, meaning that they have great cow sense and excel when working with cattle. They aresmart, energetic horses and are strong and sturdy enough to be pack horses. They are very agile, making themsuitable for the faster western events.

References•• The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of Horses and Ponies by Catherine Austen, Sarah Gorrie, Pippa Roome,

and Nicola Jane Swinney published by Flame Tree Publishing, 2008

External links• Sponenberg article (http:/ / www. choctawnation. com/ history/ choctaw-nation-history/

the-choctaw-horse-by-dr-d-phillip-sponenberg-dvm-phd/ )• Kerr Center for Sustainable Agriculture (http:/ / www. kerrcenter. com/ nwsltr/ 2009/ spring09/ choctaw-horses.

htm)• ALBC (http:/ / www. albc-usa. org/ ChoctawRescue/ crChoctawcherokeehorses. html)• Southwest Spanish Mustang Association (http:/ / www. southwestspanishmustangassociation. com/

PurebredChoctawPonies. html)

Cleveland Bay 220

Cleveland Bay

Cleveland Bay

Cleveland Bays in harness

Distinguishing features Bay in colour, well-muscled, used mainly for driving and fox hunting.

Country of origin England

Common nicknames Chapman Horse

Breed standards

Cleveland Bay Horse Society (UK) Breed standards [1]

Cleveland Bay Horse Society of North America Breed standards [2]


The Cleveland Bay is a breed of horse that originated in England during the 17th century, named after its colouringand the Cleveland district of Yorkshire. It is a well-muscled horse, with legs that are strong but short in relation tothe body. The horses are always bay in colour, although a few light hairs in the mane and tail are characteristic ofsome breed lines. It is the oldest established horse breed in England, and the only non-draught horse developed inGreat Britain. The ancestors of the breed were developed during the Middle Ages for use as pack horses, when theygained their nickname of "Chapman Horses". These pack horses were crossbred with Andalusian and Barb blood,and later with Arabians and Thoroughbreds, to create the Cleveland Bay of today. Over the years, the breed becamelighter in frame as they were employed more as carriage and riding horses. The popularity of the Cleveland Bay hasgreatly fluctuated since it was first imported to the United States in the early 19th century. Despite serious declinesin the population after Second World War, the breed has experienced a resurgence in popularity since the 1970s,although only around 550 horses existed worldwide as of 2006.They have been patronized by members of the royal family throughout their history, and they are still used to pullcarriages in royal processions today. The breed has also been used to develop and improve several warmblood anddraught horse breeds. Today they are used for farm work and driving, as well as under-saddle work. They areparticularly popular for fox hunting and show jumping, both pure blooded and when crossed with Thoroughbreds.The Cleveland Bay is a rare breed, and both the United Kingdom-based Rare Breeds Survival Trust and the UnitedStates-based American Livestock Breeds Conservancy consider the population to be at critical limits for extinction.

Cleveland Bay 221

CharacteristicsThe Cleveland Bay generally stands between 16 and 16.2 hands (64 and 66 inches, 163 and 168 cm), and is alwaysbay in colour. Bright bay horses (bays with a more reddish tint than normal) are the most preferred by breeders,followed by ordinary bay, dark bay and then light bay.[3] This preference for brighter shades of bay was originallystated in the official breed standard, although this stipulation has since been removed. In some bloodlines of thebreed, light, grayish hairs in the mane and tail are known as a characteristic of pure blood. White markings, exceptfor a small star on the forehead, render the horse inadmissible to the stud book. Horses are expected to havecomplete black points, including completely black lower legs. Legs that are red below the knees and hocks areconsidered faulty in colour, although they do not disqualify a horse from registry. The occasional red legs that appearin the breed are thought to come from chestnut Thoroughbred stallions that were crossed into Cleveland Bay andYorkshire Coach Horse bloodlines at some points in the history of both breeds.[4] The uniformity in colour isencouraged as it makes creating matching driving teams and pairs very easy.[5] When the breed was first developed,the horses almost always had a countershaded dorsal stripe, but these disappeared with the outcrossings of the 18thcentury.[6]

A Cleveland Bay/Holsteiner cross

The breed has a large head, slightly convex profile, and a long,well-muscled neck. The withers are well-muscled, which often makesthem less pronounced, the chest is broad and deep, the shoulders aremuscular and sloping, and the croup slightly sloping. The legs are shortin relation to the body, but strong and well-muscled.[7] The legs havelittle or no feather, as the breed was developed partially for working inthe heavy clay soils of its native country, where heavy feather led toincreased disease prevalence.[8] They are hardy and long-lived horses,and docile in temperament. In the early 20th century, when a breedstandard was issued by the British Cleveland Bay Society for use in

judging shows, a section was added on the movement of the horses, describing the desired action, especially at thetrot. This was included in part because military potential was still considered a factor in evaluating harness horsesand a good trot was necessary for an artillery horse. It was also evaluated because breeds with large action at the trotoften also have a potential for jumping. The combination of desired characteristics means that the breed is useful forbreeding show jumpers, eventers and steeplechasers (the latter especially when crossed with Thoroughbreds).

Partbred Cleveland Bays are sometimes called Cleveland Bay Sporthorses, although they are referred to by the USand UK registries as part breds. They are eligible for registration with the Cleveland Bay Part Bred Registry, butmust not be registered with any other registry. To be eligible, horses must have at least one grandparent registeredwith the main Cleveland Bay Horse Society stud book. The Australasian registry refers to part breds as Sporthorses,although they still require at least 25 percent Cleveland Bay blood.

Cleveland Bay 222

HistoryOriginally developed in the Cleveland district of Yorkshire, England, the Cleveland Bay is said to be the oldestestablished English horse breed, and the only horse native to Britain that does not belong to the heavy horsegroup.[9][10] The closest breed in type, although completely unrelated, is the Irish Draught.[11]

Development

A drawing of a Yorkshire Coach Horse

The earliest breeding of the ancestors of the Cleveland Bay was donein large part by English churches and monasteries, to meet a need forpack horses to carry trade goods between abbeys and monasteries innortheast England. These medieval horses gained the nickname of"Chapman Horses" because of their use by travelling merchants knownas "chapmen". What is now the Cleveland Bay was developed fromBarb and Andalusian horses crossed with Chapman Horse mares. TheBarb blood came mainly from horses imported by wealthy young menon their Grand Tour of Europe, bought off the docks in Marseilles andtransported back to England.[12] The Andalusian blood came fromhorses bred at the royal stud in Cordoba and given to English royalty by the King of Spain. The stallions were oftenavailable for breeding to local horses, and the first infusion of Andalusian blood was added to the native ChapmanHorses. The Spanish horses also made their way to the outlying estates of English nobility, and were then taken byOliver Cromwell's men after the English Civil War. Once in the hands of Cromwell's men, many of the stallionswere made available for locals to cross with the existing Chapman Horses, adding a second infusion of Andalusianbloodlines. In the late 17th century a second infusion of Barb blood was added when Cleveland breeders purchasedhorses directly from soldiers at Tangier or from the Moors themselves.[13]

Between 1685 and 1785 this Chapman Horse/Andalusian/Barb cross developed into the original Cleveland Bay.During this century the type grew bigger due to better feeding, and by 1785 had developed through selectivebreeding into the "agricultural type" Cleveland Bay.[14] This original type was heavier and more draft-like than thebreed of today. This was due to a need for strength more than speed on the farms and poor roads of 17th- and18th-century England. As roads improved and speed became more important in the late 18th century, Thoroughbredand Arabian blood was added. The resulting horses were used extensively as coach horses, and were lighter of frame,with a well-arched neck and powerful shoulders, making for a flashy carriage horse.[] The Thoroughbred blood wasadded despite the claims of breeders that the Cleveland Bay was "free from taint of black or blood", meaning eitherThoroughbred "blood" or the Old English "Black" and its descendents. The addition of Thoroughbred breeding isthought responsible for Cleveland Bays born with red legs (as opposed to the black normally associated with bayhorses), generally the result of a chestnut Thoroughbred sire in the family tree.

Cleveland Bay 223

Establishment

A "Cleveland" horse bred in Poland in the late1800s.

The British Cleveland Bay Horse Society was formed in 1883,[15] andthe first stud book was published in 1884. The 19th century saw theexport of many Cleveland Bays overseas, to Australia, New Zealand,South Africa, the United States, India, Russia and the Europeancontinent.[16] In the early 19th century, Cleveland Bays were firstimported to Maryland, Virginia and Massachusetts in the UnitedStates, and in 1884 the Upperville Colt & Horse Show was created inVirginia by Colonel Richard Henry Dulany to showcase his importedCleveland Bay stallion and the offspring of the stallion. The ClevelandBay Society of America was formed in 1885, and the stud book beganpublication in 1889, although horses were registered who had lived asfar back as 1860. Judging from the descriptions of the earliestregistered horses, it is possible that many of the "Cleveland Bays" registered were actually Yorkshire Coach Horses;however, all were registered as Clevelands, and that is what they are known as today. Over 2,000 horses wereregistered with the association by 1907. The horses were of interest to Buffalo Bill Cody, who drove four ClevelandBay stallions in his Wild West Show.

Before the First World War, having seen the cavalry feats of mounted Boers during the Second Boer War, Britainincreased its cavalry reserves. Smaller Cleveland Bays were used to carry British troopers, and larger members of thebreed pulled artillery; the British War Office offered premiums on Cleveland Bay stallions. Although the First WorldWar was not the cavalry war the British expected, large numbers of horses were used to pull artillery and losses werehigh.[17] Because the war caused a depletion in stock, in 1920 and 1921, the British society opened a special registerfor previously unregistered mares of Cleveland Bay type, including some already registered with the YorkshireCoach Horse (a Cleveland/Thoroughbred cross) registry, after they had passed an inspection that certified them to beof proper breed type. The subsequent foals of these mares were eligible for registration into the main BritishCleveland Bay stud book, and were also eligible to compete in competitions reserved for breed members. Some ofthis progeny was bred and owned by King George V.[18]

Decline and re-emergence

Two of the Queen's Cleveland Bays pulling acoach near Buckingham Palace

However, interest in the Cleveland Bay was waning, due to increasedmechanisation, and the Great Depression of the early 1930s reducedexports by almost a third. There was a brief revival of interest in thelate 1930s in the United States when they became popular asfoundation stock for hunters. The decline continued, quickening afterthe Second World War; in 1960 the War Office stopped offeringpremiums on stallions, and many breeders discontinued breeding. By1962, only four purebred stallions were present in the UK. QueenElizabeth II saved the breed by purchasing Mulgrave Supreme, astallion that was about to be sold to a buyer in the United States. Thestallion was bred to pure- and part-bred mares, and within 15 years there were 36 purebred stallions in the UK.Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, used the breed for many years in international driving competitions. In the late1960s and 1970s, interest in the breed increased, and part-bred Cleveland Bays were in demand for use as ridinghorses, especially for use as hunters and jumpers. In 1964, a Cleveland Bay/Thoroughbred cross competed in showjumping in the Tokyo Olympics.[19] Another half-bred Cleveland Bay competed for the British Olympic team in

Cleveland Bay 224

show jumping at the 1968 Mexico City Olympics, while a third was a reserve mount for the Canadian show jumpingteam at the 1976 Montreal Olympics. In the late 1960s and 70s, horses continued to be exported to many countries.Japan, the United States and Australia have continued to import the horses from England, and in New Zealandcrosses between Cleveland Bays and native mares were in demand on cattle and sheep stations.[20]

Since 1977, Elizabeth II has been a patron of the Society, and during the Society's centenary year of 1984 she actedas its president. The British Cleveland Bay Horse Society also maintains a separate registry for part-bred horses. Inthe late 20th century, the breed again gained the attention of the United States public, and in 1985 the US associationwas reactivated, renamed the Cleveland Bay Society of North America. The US American Livestock BreedsConservancy considers their status to be critical, which means there is an estimated global population of less than2,000, and fewer than 200 annual registrations in the United States. The UK Rare Breeds Survival Trust alsoconsiders their status to be critical, with less than 300 breeding females registered worldwide. The Equus SurvivalTrust also considers the breed population to be at critical levels, meaning there are between 100 and 300 breedingfemales left in the world. Currently, there are about 135 purebred horses in the US and Canada recorded with theNorth American registry. There are also small populations in Japan, New Zealand, and Australia. In 2006, anestimated 550 Cleveland Bay horses existed worldwide, of which about 220 were mares; the 2005 foal cropproduced fewer than 50 horses.

Uses

A 3/4 Cleveland Bay, 1/4 Thoroughbred stallion

The Cleveland Bay is a versatile horse and is still used today for manytasks, including driving and farmwork. In the 1920s, Cleveland Baysreplaced black Hanoverians in the British royal stables, and both theCleveland Bay and Cleveland Bay/Thoroughbred crosses are used asroyal carriage horses today.[21] The horses are used as heavy hunters,as they are powerful and able to carry a man weighing 250 pounds(110 kg) for a full day of hunting over large obstacles and throughheavy clay. When crossed with Thoroughbreds, the resulting progenyare lighter and faster, but still strong and heavy of bone.[22] Whenshow jumping was first beginning as a sport during the mid-19th century, Cleveland Bays were among the initialstars. Two mares, Star and Fanny Drape, were two of the top performers. Fanny Drape was known to have cleared a6 feet (1.8 m) stone wall with a rider on her back, and a 7.5 feet (2.3 m) bar while being jumped in-hand.[23] In 2006,a Cleveland Bay stallion named Tregoyd Journeyman was used as a model for a new horse figure by Breyer AnimalCreations, and the stallion participated in that year's Breyer model horse festival. Purebred and crossbred ClevelandBays make up the majority of the bay horses in the Royal Mews, the British royal stables, where they receive intensetraining to desensitize them before they are put to work drawing royal carriages.

The Cleveland Bay was used in the creation of the Oldenburg breed, because of its stamina, strength, and jumpingability.[24] The breed was also used to create and improve the Holstein and Hanoverian breeds. In the late 18thcentury, the Cleveland Bay was used to create the short-lived Yorkshire Coach Horse through crosses withThoroughbreds. These Yorkshires were used mainly to pull mail and passenger coaches, hence their name. Called bysome the "New Cleveland Bay", foreigners often could not distinguish between the two breeds, and many horsesregistered as Cleveland Bays in European coach horse studbooks were actually Yorkshire Coach Horses.[25] In the19th century, the Cleveland Bay was crossed with French and Belgian draft horses to create the Vladimir HeavyDraft, a Russian breed developed to fill that country's need for a heavy draft breed.[26]

Cleveland Bay 225

Notes[1] http:/ / www. clevelandbay. com/ about-cb-horses/ content_-_about_cb_horses_-_breed_standards[2] http:/ / www. clevelandbay. org/ the-breed/ standards. html[3] Dent, Cleveland Bay Horses, pp. 18–19[4] Dent, Cleveland Bay Horses, p. 50[5] Hendricks, International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds, pp. 131–132[6] Hayes, Points of the Horse, p. 254[7] Bongianni, Simon & Schuster's Guide to Horses and Ponies, Entry 13[8] Dent, Cleveland Bay Horses, p. 26[9] Edwards, The Encyclopedia of the Horse, pp. 304–305[10] Edwards and Geddes, The Complete Horse Book, pp. 78–79[11] Dent, Cleveland Bay Horses, p. 16[12] Dent, Cleveland Bay Horses, pp. 38–39[13] Dent, Cleveland Bay Horses, pp. 42–45[14] Dent, Cleveland Bay Horses, p. 46[15] Dent, Cleveland Bay Horses, pp. 57–58[16] Dent, Cleveland Bay Horses, pp. 55–56[17] Dent, Cleveland Bay Horses, pp. 61–64[18] Dent, Cleveland Bay Horses, p. 52[19] Dent, Cleveland Bay Horses, pp. 65–70[20] Dent, Cleveland Bay Horses, pp. 73–75[21] Edwards, The Encyclopedia of the Horse, p. 302[22] Edwards, The Encyclopedia of the Horse, p. 373[23] Dent, Cleveland Bay Horses, p. 59[24] Edwards, The Encyclopedia of the Horse, p. 307[25] Dent, Cleveland Bay Horses, pp. 49–50[26] Edwards and Geddes, The Complete Horse Book, p. 113

References• Bongianni, Maurizio (editor) (1988). Simon & Schuster's Guide to Horses and Ponies. New York, NY: Simon &

Schuster, Inc. ISBN 0-671-66068-3.• Dent, Anthony (1978). Cleveland Bay Horses. Canaan, NY: J.A. Allen. ISBN 0-85131-283-7.• Edwards, Elwyn Hartley (1994). The Encyclopedia of the Horse (1st American Edition ed.). New York, NY:

Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 1-56458-614-6.• Edwards, Elwyn Hartley and Candida Geddes (editors) (1987). The Complete Horse Book. North Pomfret, VT:

Trafalgar Square, Inc. ISBN 0-943955-00-9.• Hayes, Capt. M. Horace, FRCVS (1969, Reprinted 1976). Points of the Horse (7th Revised Edition ed.). New

York, NY: Arco Publishing Company, Inc. ISBN 978-0-09-038711-3.• Hendricks, Bonnie. International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds. University of Oklahoma Press.

ISBN 978-0-8061-3884-8.

External links• Cleveland Bay Horse Society (http:/ / www. clevelandbay. com/ )• Cleveland Bay Horse Society of North America (http:/ / www. clevelandbay. org/ )• Cleveland Bay Horse Society of Australasia (http:/ / www. clevelandbays. com. au/ )

Clydesdale horse 226

Clydesdale horse

Clydesdale

Clydesdale draught horse sabino, side view

Distinguishing features Draught horse breed, generally bay, with significant white markings and extensive feathering.

Country of origin Scotland

Common nicknames Clydes (USA)

Breed standards

Clydesdale Breeders of the USA Breed standards [1]

Clydesdale Horse Society Breed standards [2]


The Clydesdale is a breed of draught horse derived from the farm horses of Clydesdale, Scotland, and named afterthat region. Although originally one of the smaller breeds of draught horses, it is now a tall breed. Often bay incolour, they show significant white markings due to the presence of sabino genetics. The breed was originally usedfor agriculture and haulage, and is still used for draught purposes today. The Budweiser Clydesdales are some of themost famous Clydesdales, and other members of the breed are used as drum horses by the British HouseholdCavalry. They have also been used to create and improve other draught breeds.The breed was developed from Flemish stallions imported to Scotland and crossed with local mares. The firstrecorded use of the name "Clydesdale" for the breed was in 1826, and by 1830 a system of hiring stallions had begunthat resulted in the spread of Clydesdale horses throughout Scotland and into northern England. The first breedregistry was formed in 1877. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, thousands of Clydesdales were exported fromScotland and sent throughout the world, including to Australia and New Zealand, where they became known as "thebreed that built Australia". However, during World War I population numbers began to decline due to increasingmechanization and war conscription. This decline continued, and by the 1970s, the Rare Breeds Survival Trustconsidered the breed vulnerable to extinction. Population numbers have increased slightly in the intervening time,but they are still thought to be vulnerable.


Breed characteristicsThe conformation of the Clydesdale has changed significantly throughout its history. In the 1920s and 1930s, it wasa compact horse smaller than the Shire, Percheron and Belgian. Beginning in the 1940s, breeding animals wereselected to produce taller horses that looked more impressive in parades and shows. Today, the Clydesdale stands 16to 18 hands (64 to 72 inches, 163 to 183 cm) high and weighs 1,800 to 2,000 pounds (820 to 910 kg).[3] Some maturemales are larger, standing taller than 18 hands and weighing up to 2,200 pounds (1,000 kg). The breed has a straightor slightly convex facial profile, broad forehead and wide muzzle. It is well-muscled and strong, with an archedneck, high withers and a sloped shoulder. Breed associations pay close attention to the quality of the hooves andlegs, as well as the general movement. Their gaits are active, with clearly lifted hooves and a general impression ofpower and quality. Clydesdales are energetic, with a manner described by the Clydesdale Horse Society as a "gaietyof carriage and outlook." Clydesdales have been identified to be at risk for chronic progressive lymphedema, adisease with clinical signs that include progressive swelling, hyperkeratosis and fibrosis of distal limbs that is similarto chronic lymphedema in humans.Clydesdales are usually bay in colour, but roan, black, grey and chestnut also occur. Most have white markings,including white on the face, feet, legs and occasional body spotting (generally on the lower belly). They also haveextensive feathering on their lower legs. Roaning, body spotting and extensive white markings are thought to be theresult of sabino genetics. Some Clydesdale breeders want white face and leg markings without the spotting on thebody. To attempt getting the ideal set of markings, they often breed horses with only one white leg to horses withfour white legs and sabino roaning on their bodies. On average, the result is a foal with the desired amount of whitemarkings. Clydesdales do not have the SB1 (Sabino 1) gene responsible for causing sabino expressions in manyother breeds, and researchers theorise that there are several other genes responsible for these patterns. Many buyerspay a premium for bay and black horses, especially those with four white legs and white facial markings. Specificcolours are often preferred over other physical traits, and some buyers will even choose horses with soundnessproblems if they have the desired colour and markings. Roan horses are not preferred by buyers, despite one draughtbreed writer theorizing that they are needed in order to keep the desired coat colours and texture. Breed associations,however, state that there are no bad colours, and that horses with roaning and body spots are increasingly accepted.

History

Two New Zealand Clydesdales pulling a wagon

The Clydesdale takes its name from Clydesdale, the old name forLanarkshire, noted for the River Clyde. In the mid-18th century,Flemish stallions were imported to Scotland and bred to local mares,resulting in foals that were larger than the existing local stock. Theseincluded a black unnamed stallion imported from England by a JohnPaterson of Lochlyloch and an unnamed dark-brown stallion owned bythe Duke of Hamilton. Another prominent stallion was a 16.1 hands(65 inches, 165 cm) coach horse stallion of unknown lineage namedBlaze. Written pedigrees were kept of these foals beginning in theearly 19th century, and in 1806 a filly, later known as "Lampits mare"after the farm name of her owner, was born that traced her lineage to the black stallion. This mare is listed in theancestry of almost every Clydesdale living today. One of her foals was Thompson's Black Horse (known asGlancer), who was to have a significant influence on the Clydesdale breed. The first recorded use of the name"Clydesdale" in reference to the breed was in 1826 at an exhibition in Glasgow. Another theory of their origin, thatof them descending from Flemish horses brought to Scotland as early as the 15th century, was also promulgated inthe late 18th century. However, even the author of that theory admitted that the common story of their ancestry ismore likely.[4]


A system of hiring stallions between districts existed in Scotland, with written records dating back to 1837. Thisprogram consisted of local agriculture improvement societies holding breed shows to choose the best stallion, whoseowner was then awarded a monetary prize. The owner was then required, in return for additional monies, to take thestallion throughout a designated area, breeding to the local mares.[5] Through this system and by purchase,Clydesdale stallions were sent throughout Scotland and into northern England.

A 1904 drawing of a Clydesdale mare

Through extensive crossbreeding with local mares, these stallionsspread the Clydesdale type throughout the areas where they wereplaced, and by 1840, Scottish draught horses and the Clydesdale wereone and the same.[5] In 1877, the Clydesdale Horse Society of Scotlandwas formed, followed in 1879 by the American Clydesdale Association(later renamed the Clydesdale Breeders of the USA) which served bothU.S. and Canadian breed enthusiasts. The first American stud bookwas published in 1882. In 1883, the short-lived Select ClydesdaleHorse Society was founded to compete with the Clydesdale HorseSociety. It was started by two breeders dedicated to improving thebreed, who also were responsible in large part for the introduction ofShire blood into the Clydesdale.[6]

Large numbers of Clydesdales were exported from Scotland in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with 1,617stallions leaving the country in 1911 alone. Between 1884 and 1945, export certificates were issued for 20,183horses. These horses were exported to other countries in the British Empire, as well as North and South America,continental Europe and Russia. World War I saw the conscription of thousands of horses for the war effort, and afterthe war breed numbers declined as farms became increasingly mechanised. This decline continued between the wars.Following World War II the number of Clydesdale breeding stallions in England dropped from more than 200 in1946 to 80 in 1949. By 1975, the Rare Breeds Survival Trust considered them vulnerable to extinction, meaningthere were fewer than 900 breeding females in the UK.Many of the horses exported from Scotland in the 19th and 20th centuries went to Australia and New Zealand. In1918, the Commonwealth Clydesdale Horse Society was formed as the association for the breed in Australia.Between 1906 and 1936, Clydesdales were bred so extensively in Australia that other draught breeds were almostunknown. By the late 1960s it was noted that "Excellent Clydesdale horses are bred in Victoria and New Zealand;but, at least in the former place, it is considered advisable to keep up the type by frequent importations fromEngland."[7] Over 25,000 Clydesdales were registered in Australia between 1924 and 2008. The popularity of theClydesdale led to it being called "the breed that built Australia".In the 1990s, the breed's popularity and numbers began to rise. By 2005, the Rare Breeds Survival Trust had movedthe breed to "at risk" status, meaning there were fewer than 1,500 breeding females in the UK. However, by 2010they had been moved back to vulnerable. The Clydesdale is considered to be at "watch" status by the AmericanLivestock Breeds Conservancy, meaning that as of 2010 less than 2,500 horses are registered annually in the USAand less than 10,000 exist worldwide. As of 2010, there are estimated to be around 5,000 Clydesdales worldwide,with around 4,000 in the US and Canada, 800 in the UK and the rest in other countries, including Russia, Japan,Germany and South Africa.


Uses

The Budweiser Clydesdales

The Clydesdale was originally used for agriculture, hauling coal inLanarkshire and heavy hauling in Glasgow. Today, Clydesdales are stillused for draught purposes, including agriculture, logging and driving. Theyare also shown and ridden, as well as kept for pleasure. Some of the mostfamous members of the breed are the teams that make up the hitches of theBudweiser Clydesdales. These horses were first owned by the BudweiserBrewery at the end of Prohibition in the United States, and have sincebecome an international symbol of both the breed and the brand. TheBudweiser breeding program, with its strict standards of colour andconformation, have influenced the look of the breed in the United States tothe point that many people believe that Clydesdales are always bay withwhite markings. As well as being driven, some Clydesdales are used forriding and can be shown under saddle.[8] Clydesdales and Shires are usedby the British Household Cavalry as drum horses, leading parades onceremonial and state occasions. The horses are eye-catching colours,including piebald, skewbald and roan. To be used for this purpose, a drumhorse must stand a minimum of 17 hands (68 inches, 173 cm) high. Theycarry the Musical Ride Officer and two silver drums weighing 56 kilograms (123 lb) each.

In the late 19th century, Clydesdale blood was added to the Irish draught breed in an attempt to improve andreinvigorate that declining breed. However, these efforts were not seen as successful, as Irish Draught breedersthought the Clydesdale blood made their horses coarser and prone to lower leg defaults.[9] The Clydesdale wasinstrumental in the creation of the Gypsy Vanner horse, developed in Great Britain.[10] The Clydesdale, along withother draught breeds, was also used to create the Australian Draught Horse. In the early 20th century, they were oftencrossed with Dales ponies, creating mid-sized draught horses useful for pulling commercial wagons and militaryartillery.[11]

Notes[1] http:/ / www. clydesusa. com/[2] http:/ / www. clydesdalehorsesociety. com/[3][3] Dutson, pp. 348-351[4][4] Biddell, pp. 75-76[5][5] McNeilage, p. 73[6][6] Edwards, pp. 284-285[7][7] Hayes, p. 361[8][8] Smith, pp. 20-21[9][9] Edwards, pp. 374-375[10][10] Dutson, pp. 117-118[11][11] Dutson, p. 294


References• Biddell, Herman (1894). Heavy Horses: Breeds and Management (http:/ / www. archive. org/ details/

cu31924051110306). London, Vinton & Co.• Dutson, Judith (2005). Storey's Illustrated Guide to 96 Horse Breeds of North America. Storey Publishing.

ISBN 1-58017-613-5.• Edwards, Elwyn Hartley (1994). The Encyclopedia of the Horse (1st American ed.). New York, NY: Dorling

Kindersley. ISBN 1-56458-614-6.• Hayes, Capt. M. Horace, FRCVS (1969, Reprinted 2003). Points of the Horse (7th Revised ed.). New York, NY:

Arco Publishing Company, Inc. ISBN 978-1-59333-000-2.• Hendricks, Bonnie (2007). International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds. University of Oklahoma Press.

ISBN 978-0-8061-3884-8.• McNeilage, Arch. (1904). "A Scottish Authority on the Premium System" (http:/ / books. google. com/

?id=KiBJAAAAYAAJ& pg=RA1-PA73& dq=stallion+ hiring+ system+ scotland#v=onepage& q=stallion hiringsystem scotland& f=false). In National Livestock Association of Canada. General convention, Issues 1-3.Government Printing Bureau.

• Smith, Donna Campbell (2007). The Book of Draft Horses: The Gentle Giants that Built the World (http:/ / books.google. com/ ?id=kcZkHwnNYYkC& pg=PA20& dq=riding+ classes+ at+ shows+ for+ clydesdale#v=onepage&q& f=false). Globe Pequot. ISBN 1-59228-979-7.

External links• The Clydesdale Horse Society (http:/ / www. clydesdalehorsesociety. com/ )• Clydesdale Breeders of the USA (http:/ / clydesusa. com/ index. php)• Commonwealth Clydesdale Horse Society (http:/ / www. clydesdalehorse. com. au/ )

Colorado Ranger 231

Colorado Ranger

Colorado Ranger Horse

Distinguishing features Endurance, 'cow sense' and athletic ability, some horses have spotted coats

Alternative names Colorado Rangerbred


Breed standards

Colorado Ranger Horse Association Breed standards [1]


The Colorado Ranger is a horse breed from the Colorado High Plains in the United States. The breed is descendedfrom two stallions imported from Turkey to the US state of Virginia in the late 1800s. These stallions were then bredto ranch horses in Nebraska and Colorado, and in the early 1900s the two stallions who every registered ColoradoRanger traces to, Patches #1 and Max #2, were foaled. The breed was championed by rancher Mike Ruby, whofounded the Colorado Ranger Horse Association in 1935. Original registry membership limits resulted in manyColorado Ranger horses being registered instead as Appaloosas, but pedigree research is ongoing to discoveradditional horses who trace their ancestry back to the original stallions.By 2005, more than 6,000 Colorado Ranger horses had been registered. Colorado Rangers may be any solid color orcarry leopard spotting patterns. Pinto coloration and American Paint Horse breeding are not allowed, nor are drafthorse and pony breeding. Colorado Ranger horses may be dual registered with the Appaloosa Horse Club, andapproximately 90 percent are.

Characteristics and registrationColorado Ranger horses may be of any color except pinto, and pinto or American Paint Horse breeding is notallowed within five generations of any registered horse's pedigree. They stand 14.2 to 16 hands (58 to 64 inches, 147to 163 cm) high. The breed has a straight facial profile, long, muscular neck and deep chest. The shoulders and croupare sloping, connected by a short back. Colorado Ranger horses are still used for their original purpose as ranchhorses. They are also shown, both in Western and English disciplines, although mainly the former, and used for trailand pleasure riding. They are known for their athleticism, good disposition and abilities as stock horses.All registered Colorado Ranger Horses trace directly to one of two foundation sires in their pedigree. The first isPatches #1 and the second is Max #2, a son of another horse named Max born in 1918. Registered ColoradoRangerbreds may be bred to registered Thoroughbreds, American Quarter Horses, Appaloosas, Arabians andAraAppaloosas, and the resulting progeny registered as purebred Colorado Rangerbreds. Horses with draft horse orpony blood may not be registered. Colorado Ranger Horses may be double-registered with the Appaloosa HorseClub, but Appaloosas may not be registered with the CRHA unless they have the proper bloodlines. Approximately90 percent of Colorado Ranger horses are dual-registered.

HistoryThe original foundation ancestors of the Colorado Ranger were two stallions brought to the United States and given to US president Ulysses S. Grant by the Turkish Sultan Abdul Hamid II in 1878. The first horse was a gray Barb named Linden Tree, foaled in 1874. The second was a desertbred Arabian, also gray, named Leopard, foaled in 1873. The two stallions reached Virginia in 1879, after their voyage from Turkey. Upon reaching Virginia, they spent 14 years in the breeding herds of Randolph Huntington, a noted breeder of trotting and roadster horses. In 1896,

Colorado Ranger 232

Randolph leased Leopard and Linden Tree to a friend of Grant's, named General Colby, who used to stallions tobreed a number of mares on his ranch in Nebraska. These breedings were successful at producing high-quality ranchhorses, and a few years later several ranches in Colorado collaborated to buy a group of horses, including onestallion, from the Colby Ranch. All of the mares were sired by one of the two imported sires, and the stallion, afew-spot leopard Appaloosa, was a grandson of Leopard on both sides of his pedigree. The influence of Linden Treeand Leopard on American horse breeding was such that they are now listed in the studbooks for the Arabian HorseAssociation and the Jockey Club (which registers Thoroughbreds), both major breed associations in the UnitedStates.

20th century

An Appaloosa, displaying the characteristicspotted pattern often seen among Colorado

Rangers

The Colorado ranchers used the horses purchased from Colby toimprove their existing ranch stock, and the progeny of these crossingsbecame the Colorado Ranger Horse. Although leopard coloration wasnot originally an aim of the breeding program, many of the resultinghorses bore spotted coat patterns, and breeders began to include thepatterning as one of their goals. Two other stallions also becameinfluential foundation sires of the breed. One was a Colorado-bornleopard-spot colt named Max, foaled in 1918. The second was a Barbstallion named Spotte, imported from North Africa in 1918 by theowner of the W.R. Thompson Cattle Company as a wedding gift forhis daughter. This stallion provided another important infusion of Barbblood, which had been diluted in the breed since Linden Tree had beenimported from Turkey.

Mike Ruby, a horseman from the Colorado High Plains, becameinterested in the breed and acquired Max and Patches, a son of theoriginal Colby Ranch stallion. During his time breeding ColoradoRanger horses, he kept complete records of every horse that he bred,which became the initial pedigree record for the breed association.Ruby was invited to bring two stallions to the Denver Stock Show in 1934, and chose to take Leopard #3 and Fox#10. The names Colorado Rangers and Colorado Rangerbreds were coined during this show by members of thenow-Colorado State University faculty, in reference to the horses having been bred on the ranges of Colorado.Although "Colorado Ranger" is the official name of the breed, the nickname of "Rangerbreds" is still commonlyused.

Ruby was influential in saving some of the highest-quality Ranger stock during the severe drought of the 1930s, bydriving them over 300 miles (480 km) to better pasture in a history-making journey. When the rains returned toeastern Colorado, he again made the drive to return the horses to their original pasture. After re-establishing his herd,Ruby developed a practice of leasing groups of his Rangerbred horses to other ranchers throughout the westernUnited States for use as breeding stock. Through this practice, Colorado Ranger horses influenced, and were inreturn influenced by, the Quarter Horse, Appaloosa and other western stock horse breeds.In 1935, Ruby founded the Colorado Ranger Horse Association (CRHA), and was granted a corporate charter for the association in 1938. Ruby remained president of the organization from 1935 until his death in 1942. The registry initially imposed a 50 member limit, and many Ranger horses, whose breeders were not allowed to become members, were instead registered with the Appaloosa Horse Club. The member limit was lifted in 1964, and since then pedigree research has continued to find and register horses with Ranger breeding that are un-registered or registered as Appaloosas. During the 1980s, some Lusitano blood was allowed into the breed, but this practice has been discontinued. The CRHA states that up to 1 in 8 registered Appaloosas may have Colorado Ranger blood, and

Colorado Ranger 233

as such be eligible for registry with the CRHA. As of 2005, there were more than 6,000 horses registered with theCRHA, with between 100 and 125 new horses registered annually. While originally bred in the western US, todaymany Colorado Rangers are found in the midwest and eastern parts of the country, including the states of Michigan,Ohio and Pennsylvania. They are also found in Canada, where there is at least one large breeding farm.

References[1] http:/ / www. coloradoranger. com/ Registration. html

External links• Colorado Ranger Horse Association (http:/ / www. coloradoranger. com/ )

Coldblood trotter 234

Coldblood trotter

Coldblood Trotter

A Coldblood Trotter of mixed Swedish and Norwegian lines

Distinguishing features Heavy horse bred for harness racing

Country of origin Norway and Sweden

Breed standards

Det Norsk Travselskap Breed standards [1]


A Coldblood Trotter may belong to either one of two closely related and interconnected breeds of horse: the NorskKaldblodstraver (Norwegian Coldblood Trotter) and the Svensk Kallblodstravare (Swedish Coldblood Trotter).Coldblood trotters, also known widely in international breed registries as Draft Trotters, are the result ofcrossbreeding lighter and faster horses with native coldblooded farm horses, either the Norwegian Dølehest or theNorth Swedish Horse. Although the Norwegian and Swedish coldblood trotters are substantially considered a singlebreed, two national studbooks are maintained, and registration requirements differ in some respects between the twocountries.

Characteristics

Mare and foal

The average height at the withers for stallions is 154 cm (15.1 hands),and all individuals should stand at least 148 cm (14.2 hands). Bay in allits variations is the most common coat colour, followed by chestnutand black. The dun gene, buckskin gene and cream gene are present inthe genetic material, but not white nor any variations of pinto.[citation

needed]

The Coldblood Trotter has a relatively small and square head withlarge nostrils. It is well suited for the cold conditions in Scandanivia,and it can develop large amounts of winter hair, having less need forblankets in winter. Compared to the Standardbred it is smaller, heavier,

and more compact in build. It is not as fast as the Standardbred. The Coldblood Trotter is mostly bred in Norway andSweden. Coldblood Trotters are very rarely found outside the Nordic Countries.

Coldblood trotter 235

UsesThe coldblood trotter is bred for use in harness racing. The two types compete in shared heats that exclude entry oflight trotter breeds or Finnhorses.

References[1] http:/ / www. travsport. no/ Global/ Dokumenter%20Avl/ Kaldblodstraver202008. pdf

Comtois horse 236

Comtois horse

Comtois horse

Comtois horse

Distinguishing features Light draft horse build, little feathering, chestnut with flaxen mane and tail



The Comtois horse is a draft horse that originated in the Jura Mountains on the border between France andSwitzerland.

CharacteristicsThe Comtois is a light draft horse, with a large head, straight neck, stocky and powerful body and deep girth. Theyhave long, straight backs and short, strong legs with a little feathering and muscular hindquarters. The Comtoissometimes shows a tendency towards sickle hocks. These horses are generally chestnut with flaxen manes and tails,but they can also be bay. They usually stand 1.50–1.65 metres (14.3–16.1 hands) high and weigh 650–800 kg(1,430–1,760 lb).[1]

History

Comtois horses being used for logging.

The Comtois horse breed is an old breed of horse that is believed tohave descended from horses brought by the Burgundians of northernGermany to France during the fourth century. It is believe that theyhave been bred at the Franche-Comté and in the Jura Mountains sincethe sixth century. In the Middle Ages they were used as war horses.They were bred at the Franche-Comté and in the Jura MountainsDuring the 16th century, the Comtois breed was used to improve theBurgandy Horse. In the 19th century, other draft horses such as theNorman, Boulonnais, and Percheron were bred into the Comtois, andmore recently the Ardennes was used to produce a stronger horse with

better legs. Today, they are second only to the Belgian draft horse in number in France.

Comtois horse 237

Uses

Comtois horse in harness

In the sixteenth century, these horses were used as a cavalry andartillery horse, and were present in the armies of Louis XIV and laterNapoleon Bonaparte. The Comtois is used today for hauling wood inthe pine forests of the Jura in the mountainous regions of the MassifCentral, and for working in the vineyards in the Arbois area. They arealso bred for the French horsemeat industry.

References[1] Le Comtois (http:/ / www. haras-nationaux. fr/ information/ accueil-equipaedia/

races-dequides/ chevaux-de-trait/ comtois. html) Association Nationale du Cheval deTrait Comtois. Les Haras Nationaux 2010 (in French) Accessed August 2011

Costa Rican Saddle Horse 238

Costa Rican Saddle Horse

Costa Rican Saddle Horse

Costa Rican Saddle Horse Illustration

Alternative names Costa Rican Trotter, Costarricense Paso

Country of origin Costa Rica

Common nicknames Costa Rican Paso, Costa Rican Criollo


The Costa Rican Saddle Horse is a horse breed developed in Costa Rica. Since 1850 breeders of the Costa Ricanhorse have paid more attention to the selection of breeding stock. Because the horse population was small andinbreeding a concern, a few stallions were imported from Spain and Peru.[1] The breed was founded by "Janitzio",foaled in 1955, a loudly marked sabino stallion. In 1972 a breed club (ASCACOPA) was established, and in 1974the breed registry was initiated.[2]

CharacteristicsThe minimum height for males is 14.2½ hands (148 centimetres (58 in)) and 14.1½ hands (146 centimetres (57 in))for females. The head profile is straight or slightly convex. The neck is arched, ample at the base and tapered towardthe head. The chest is deep and well muscled, the barrel well developed. The back is short, with the underline beinglonger. The croup is long, well muscled and slightly rounded. The hair on the mane and tail is fine, and the skinshould be fine with short hair. The gait and movements are performed with action and energy, the knees and hocksshowing high flexing during the rhythmic and harmonious trot.[3]

Notes[1][1] p. 142 Hendricks "International Encyclopedia of Horse breeds" 1995[2][2] page 2 ASCACOPA 1996[3] characteristics page of http:/ / www. ascacopa. com/ index. html

References• Hendricks, Bonnie Lou and Anthony Dent (1995). International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds (http:/ / books.

google. com/ books?id=CdJg3qXssWYC& pg=PA142& dq=Costa+ Rican+ Saddle+ horse&ei=2rO8SqC_D4mkNYDE3BM#v=onepage& q=Costa Rican Saddle horse& f=false). Norman, OK: Universityof Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-3884-8.

Costa Rican Saddle Horse 239

• ASCACOPA Association of breeders of Costa Rican Paso Horses (http:/ / www. ascacopa. com/ )

Criollo horse

Criollo

Argentine Criollo mare

Distinguishing features Compact and strong, straight or convex head, broad chest, well-developed joints, small in stature.

Alternative names Criollo (Argentina), Crioulo (Brazil), Costeño/Morochuco (Peru), Corralero (Chile), Llanero (Venezuela)

Country of origin Argentina, Uruguay


The Criollo (in Spanish), or Crioulo (in Portuguese), is the native horse of Uruguay (1910), Argentina (1918),Brazil (1932) and Paraguay. It may have the best endurance of any horse breed in the world next to the Arabian. Infact, due to the criollo's low basal metabolism, it may be a better long-distance horse than the Arabian in prolongedraces over a week in duration with no supplemental feed. The breed, known for its hardiness and stamina, is mostpopular in its home countries.The word criollo originally referred to human and animals of pure-bred Spanish ancestry that were born in theAmericas, or, in Portuguese crioulo, to animals or slaves born in the Americas. In time, the meaning of the wordwould simply come to refer to native breeds of the Americas.

Breed characteristicsThe criollo is a hardy horse with a brawny and strong body with broad chest and well-sprung ribs. They have slopingstrong shoulders with muscular necks, short and strong legs with good bone structure and resistant joints, low-sethocks and sound hard feet. The medium to large size long-muzzled head has a straight or slightly convex profile withwide-set eyes. The croup is sloping, the haunches well-muscled, and the back, short with a strong loin.The criollo is tractable, intelligent, willing and sensible. Criollo horses average 14.3 hands high, being the maximumheight for stallions and geldings of 14 to 15 hands high. The difference between the maximum and minimum heightfor mares is approximately 2 cm (one inch). The line-backed dun is the most popular color, but the breed may alsocome in bay, brown, black, chestnut, grullo, buckskin, palomino, blue or strawberry roan, gray and overo colors.The breed is famous for their endurance capabilities and ability to live in harsh conditions, as their homeland hasboth extreme heat and cold weather. They are frugal eaters, thriving on little grass. They have good resistance todisease and are long-lived horses.

Criollo horse 240

Breed historyThe breed dates back to a 1535 shipment of 100 Pure Bred Spaniards - Andalusian stallions coming from Cadiz,Spain, to the Rio de la Plata imported by Buenos Aires founder, Pedro de Mendoza.

Gaucho with Criollo

In 1540, Indian hostility forced the Spaniards to abandon Buenos Airesand release 12 to 45 horses. When Buenos Aires was resettled in 1580,it is estimated that the feral horse population numbered around 12,000.Since they largely reproduced in the wild, the criollo developed into anextremely hardy horse capable to survive the extreme heat and cold,subsist with little water, and live off the dry grasses of the area. Settlerslater came and started capturing horses for riding and for use as packanimals. The Native Americans had already been doing that manyyears before.

Criollo horse with winter coat (Strawberry roan)in a Rescue Center in Toscana (Italy)

Throughout the 19th century a large proportion of the horses werecrossed with imported European Thoroughbred, coach and draft horsestallions, and a larger, coarser, long striding multi-purpose, saddle carthorse resulted. However, the crossbreeding nearly ruined the nativeSpanish horse type. In 1918, the Argentine breeders decided to create apure-bred criollos registry, and the breeder's association was thenformed in 1923. Much infighting occurred between the bands of EmilioSolanet and Enrique Crotto. The first promoted the Asian type criouloand the latter the taller African type with a coarse convex head, fallencroup, thinner mane and tail.

It was not until 1934 that Dr. Solanet was able to firmly take control ofthe breeders association. He set a new goal for the breed with a shorter, more compact stock horse which emulatedthe Chilean Horse breed that he admired so much. In 1938, 70% of the registered crioulos were culled because theydid not possess the phenotype aspired by Dr. Solanet and his followers. The new breed standard, about which he hadwritten in 1928, was finally made available to the public once he was assured that the breeders were more united intheir breed objectives. It would not be until 1957 that the registry was closed for Argentine native breeds, but theregistry has remained open for the Chilean Horse breed that has been so influential in giving shape to the crioulo as abetter stock horse. Nevertheless, the breed maintains its own identity in a taller, leggier and squarer bodyconformation with a more angular hock that gives it the long stride it requires to cover the great distances in the flatArgentine plains known as "pampas". The modern crioulo head has a straight facial profile and a shorter muzzle withlonger ears than is typical in the Chilean Horse breed.

EnduranceThe breeders implemented rigorous endurance tests to help evaluate horses for breeding. In these events known as"La Marcha", the horses ride over a 750 km (466 mi) course to be completed in a 75 hours split in 14 days. Nosupplemental feed is allowed. The horses are required to carry heavy loads of 245 lb (110 kg) on their backs and mayonly eat the grass at the side of the road. At the end of the day, a veterinarian checks the horses.Today, the horse is used mainly as a working-cow horse, but it is also considered a pleasure and trail horse which contributed a great deal to the Argentine polo pony[1] They are also excellent rodeo and endurance horses. The national rodeo competition is known as "paleteada", and it involves a paired team of horses and riders that approach a steer from both sides at a full run. The steer is sandwiched in between the two horses that lean onto the bovine, practically carrying it down a 60 m long delineated path beyond which the horses must not go during the defined

Criollo horse 241

trajectory. It is an amazing demonstration of control that can literally pick up a steer and place it wherever it needs tobe.

Crioulo horse in a Rescue Center in Toscana(Italy).

One example of the breed's fantastic endurance was the ride made bythe Swiss-born Argentine rider Professor Aimé Félix Tschiffely(1894–1954) between 1925-28. Tschiffely took two crioulos,16-year-old Mancha and 15-year-old Gato, on a 13,350 mile(21,500 km) trek from Buenos Aires to Manhattan, New York,crossing snow-capped mountains, the world's driest desert, the thickesttropical jungles, riding in all types of weather. Alternating the ridingand packing between the two horses, the trio took three years to finishthe trip. Although Prof. Tschiffely went through many hardships on thetrip, including a bout of malaria, from the Pampas across La Quiaca,from La Paz, to Cuzco, Lima, Trujillo, Quito, Medellin and Cartagena.They rode up to 5,900 metres above sea level, through Passo El

Cóndor, between Potosi and Chaliapata, (Bolivia), the horses did wonderfully well in a wide array of extremetopographies and climates. Gato lived to be 36 and Mancha, 40. They lived the last years of their lives as celebritiesin La estancia El Cardal (El Cardal Ranch), the breeding establishment of the man most credited for developing thecrioulo breed, Dr. Emilio Solanet.

In 1987, Jorge Saenz Rosas, owner of the Argentine Estancia Cristiano Muerto, offered his criollo Sufridor to theAmerican Louis Bruhnke and the Russian-French Vladimir Fissenko for a horseback ride from the Beagle Channelin Tierra del Fuego up to the shores of the Arctic Ocean in Deadhorse, Alaska. After traveling for five and a halfyears, the ride was accomplished in the summer of 1993. Having made the entire journey, the Criollo Sufridor islikely the horse that has traveled the furthest in a single direction. The ride was chronicled in the book Sufridor,Emece (2000), written by Louis Bruhnke.

Notes[1][1] Criollo-Thoroughbred crosses possibly make excellent polo ponies.

Footnotes

References• Aimé-Félix Tschiffely, Le Grand Raid - A Cheval De Buenos Aires À New York (1925–1928), Belin, coll. « Les

cavaliers de l'aventure », 6 November 2002, 269 p. (ISBN 978-2701134277)

External links• Asociación Criadores de Caballos Criollos de Argentina (http:/ / www. caballoscriollos. com)• Associaçao Brasileira dos Criadores de Cavalos Crioulos de Brasil (http:/ / www. abccc. com. br/ )• Alemania: Caballos CRIOLLOS - Faszinierende Pferde aus Südamerika (http:/ / www. criollo-crzvd. de/ )• Associazione italiana cavallo criollo (http:/ / utenti. lycos. it/ criollo/ index. htm)• Criollo Breeder Society Uruguay (http:/ / www. caballoscriollos. com. uy)

Croatian Coldblood 242

Croatian Coldblood

Croatian Coldblood

Croatian Coldblood at a trade fair in Bjelovar

Distinguishing features Medium-heavy draught horse; average height 150-160 cm

Country of origin Croatia

Breed standards

Faculty of Agriculture Zagreb [1] Breed standards [2]


The Croatian Coldblood (Croatian: Hrvatski hladnokrvnjak, German: Kroatisches Kaltblut) is an autochthonousmedium-heavy horse breed of draught horse originating from Croatia.

CharacteristicsThe typical Croatian Coldblood ranges from 150 centimetres (14.3 hands; 59 in) to 160 cm (15.3 h; 63 in) high.Stallions can weigh up to 850 kilograms (1,870 lb). Its head is medium-sized and refined, with small ears, but withlarge eyes and nostrils. It has medium short, arched and muscular neck, wide and deep chest, broad and muscularbreast, as well as powerful legs with broad hooves.Most Croatian Coldbloods are bay or seal brown. Of the remaining horses, approximately 10-15 percent are black,and less than 10 percent are chestnut, gray, palomino, while the other colours are very rare.They are considered mild and obedient, easy keepers, willing workers and adapt well to various conditions andclimates. Before they were used for pulling waggons or for work in agriculture or forestry, but today they lost theirimportance and are much being used for horse meat production.

Croatian Coldblood 243

HistoryThe history of the breed dates back to the first half of the 19th century, when it was begun to crossbreed localwarmblood mares in central Croatia with imported quality stallions of Noriker breed. Some other breeds wereinvolved later, like Ardennes, Brabant and Percheron. At the beginning of the 20th century the breed was widespreadtoward east (Slavonia) and west (Gorski kotar and Istria regions).In the last few decades the Croatian Coldblood was the most numerous horse breed in Croatia in general. The totalnumber of the registered population in 2008 was 5.334 or 33,77% of all horses (15.796) in Croatia. The number ofhorses of the breed was increased by 10,74% in the last four years, from 5.334 in 2008 to 5.907 in 2012.

References• Croatian Coldblood – an authentic Croatian horsebreed [3]

• Croatian Coldblood in the scientific work „Analysis of horse breeding and equestrian sports in the Repubulic ofCroatia“ [4]

• Croatian Coldblood in 2012 – the most numerous breed in Croatia (in Croatian) [5]]• Croatian Coldblood (with average height at the withers: 150-160 cm) in a brochure of State Institute for Nature

Protection (in Croatian) [6]

• Genetic structure of three Croatian horse breeds: implications for their conservation strategy [7]

• Horse breeding in the Republic of Croatia – present situation and perspectives (summary in English at the end) [8]

References[1] http:/ / www. agr. unizg. hr/ index_eng. htm[2] http:/ / bib. irb. hr/ datoteka/ 153417. Eksterijerne_odlike_hrvatskih_hladnokrvnih_autohtonih_pasmina_konja. doc[3] http:/ / hrcak. srce. hr/ index. php?show=clanak& id_clanak_jezik=64766[4] https:/ / bib. irb. hr/ prikazi-rad?& rad=529624[5] http:/ / www. ssuuhh. hr/ sites/ default/ files/ stanje-uzgoja-2012. %20god. SSUUHH_0. pdf[6] http:/ / www. dzzp. hr/ dokumenti_upload/ 20120530/ dzzp201205301233130. pdf[7] http:/ / www. aspajournal. it/ index. php/ ijas/ article/ view/ 110/ 0[8] http:/ / www. krmiva. agronomsko. hr/ Arhiva/ 2012/ 03/ 089%20-%20098. pdf

Cuban Criollo horse 244

Cuban Criollo horse

Cuban Criollo

Country of origin Cuba


The Criollo Cubano originates from Spanish horses brought to Cuba by Diego Velázquez in 1751. The are fourdifferent breeds known as criollo: the Cubano de Paso, the Pinto Cubano, the Criollo de Trote and the Patibarcino. Itis a small stout breed used by the Guajiro people.[1]

PatibarcinoThe Patibarcino was first bred by the families Reyes and Iznaga on their finca. The breed originated from a stallioncalled Lobo, which had a dark line on the back and zebra stripes on the legs and transmitted those characteristics tohis descendants. This animals are dun or brown colored with a black dorsal stripe and stripes on their legs. They arebetween 1.48 and 1.52 m high. The Patibarcino’s head has a straight or slightly convex profile and big ears. Itsthorax is wide and its croup oblique. It is a quite nervous and resistant horse used to corral cattle. Known specimensare Lobo, Lobito, Olivito and Fogoso.[2]

Cubano de PasoThe Cubano de Paso horse originated from Spanish horses. Its most known characteristic is the elegant andcomfortable pace. It is a strong but elegant horse used for transportation in Cuba. The head is proporcional to itsbody with a straight profile which at times can be slightly convex or concave. The forehead is wide, the ears mediumsized and mobile. This breed has a strong neck and high, oblique muscular croup and a straight and strong back. Thetendons and joints are well defined. The legs are strong and structured. Its average height lies between 1.45 and 1.50m. The most frequent color is brown although every color is allowed. The Cubano de Paso’s temperament is docileand active. This breed is mostly used for transportation since they can cover large distances in a short time with itsreally easygoing pace. Most Cubano de Paso are bred in the ranch La Loma in the Cuban province, Granma. Thisbreed is in need of new blood and is therefore refined with Spanish horses or Continental Criollos and other Pasos,brought from America, since they present similar characteristics. The American author Samuel Hazard wasfascinated by this breed; as he wrote in 1870, during a visit in Cuba in his book Cuba a pluma y lapiz :[3]

The Cuban horse is a magnificent animal, with a short, solid and well-formed body, strong legs and beautifuland intelligent eyes. For long days there is no better horse. These horses have corpulent necks, strong mainsand thick tails and seeing them in the savannas where they are bred, before they get trained, shows a beautifulpicture of wild horses. Their pace is a bit peculiar, exclusive to them and on a well-trained Cuban horse evensomeone who never has ridden can do it without worries.

Pinto CubanoThe Pinto Cubano originated from Spanish horses. After the triumph of the revolution in 1959 a herd of pinto mares was gathered in the area of Manicaragua, in the Cuban province of Santa Clara, for their genetic improvement. Afterwards on the ranch La Guabina, located in the province Pinar del Rio, their muscular development was improved interbreeding them with Quarter horses and a British pinto called Bony. This breed is found in two colors: tobiano and overo. Their average height lies between 1.44 and 1.52 m, the head is proportional to the body with a straight or slightly convex profile and medium sized or small ears. The neck is quite long and well attached with an

Cuban Criollo horse 245

abundant mane. The croup is oblique and should be as high as the withers. Overall it is a compact, medium sized,squared horse with well-defined musculature and a healthy and strong constitution. Its skeleton is strong withwell-developed tendons and joints.[4]

Cubano de TroteThe Cubano de Trote originated from Spanish horses like the Andalusian horse and the Cartujano horse. It is areally strong and resistant breed used for work. Its average height lies between 1.48 and 1.50 m. The Cubano deTrotes’s head has a straight or slightly convex profile. The neck is thick and strong and the thorax wide, the withersare quite high and the croup tends to be oblique. Its color varies but the predominant one is gold. The most knownstallions are 16 Doradito, 5 Tuerto, 49, 51, Proyectil and Erizo.[5]

References[1] http:/ / www. actaf. co. cu/ revistas/ Revista%20ACPA/ 2005/ REVISTA%2003/ 15%20EL%20CABALLO%20CRIOLLO. pdf/[2] http:/ / www. ecured. cu/ index. php/ Caballo_Patibarcino/[3] http:/ / www. ecured. cu/ index. php/ Caballo_cubano_de_paso/[4] http:/ / www. ecured. cu/ index. php/ Caballo_pinto_cubano/[5] http:/ / www. ecured. cu/ index. php/ Caballo_criollo_de_trote/

Cumberland Island horse 246

Cumberland Island horse

Cumberland Island horse

Cumberland Island horses on the beach



The Cumberland Island horses are a band of feral horses living on Cumberland Island in the state of Georgia.Popular myth holds that horses arrived on the island some time in the 1500s with the arrival of the Spanishconquistadors. These horses are similar to the bands of horses living on the islands of Chincoteague and Assateaguemade famous by the book, Misty of Chincoteague, by Marguerite Henry.

HistoryHorses are not native to Cumberland Island. Popular myth states they were brought to the island by the Spanish inthe 1500s. However it is believed that these first horses more than likely did not survive due to the lack of visitsmade by the Spanish and the local Native Americans on the island finding them of little practical use. In the 1700sthe English began settling Cumberland Island. The horses seen there today are most likely descendants of horsesbrought by these settlers, as this is when a large majority of the horses began to roam freely and revert to theirnatural state, becoming feral. During the 1800s, efforts were made to capture and make use of the horses. The firstattempts were made by Robert Stafford who owned a plantation on the island. He allowed visitors to purchase andcapture the horses, which Safford called "marsh tackies," for their own personal use. Those animals were thenselectively bred over the years.[citation needed] After Stafford's use of the animals for income, the horses were nextused as cavalry animals during the American Civil War. After the war, records suggest that people from Jekyll Islandcaptured some of the horses for horsemeat. Around 1881 Thomas M. Carnegie bought two plantations on the islandand introduced Tennessee Walking Horses, Paso Finos, and Arabians into the feral horse population in an attempt toimprove the animals. Carnegie received a small amount of income from the buying and selling of these animals.Later, many island residents began introducing additional breeds into the herds on the island, further diversifying thebands of horses. In 1921, a large number of horses were brought on to the island from Globe, Arizona, all of whichhad been running wild on western rangeland. Since the National Park Service acquired the island in 1972 few newhorses have been introduced to the island, though four Arabians were introduced in the early 1990s in the hopes ofdiversifying and bettering the existing population. Since 1981, the Park Service has been monitoring the horses andtracking their impact on the environment.


CharacteristicsThese horses have developed independently from other coastal island landrace horse populations, influenced both bythe original animals brought over by European settlers and the addition of other bloodstock, including the pleasurehorses of the plantation owners, since the time of settlement. These horses have no specific colorings or markingsand are similar to the American Mustang in many ways, due to the fact that their landrace breeding has had verylittle human interaction. They also tend to have longer hooves due to living on the soft marshlands. For the most partthis has been an advantage to the horses because it provides greater traction. Their hooves do get worn down a slightbit by the crushed shell and rock surfaces found on the interior of the island, preventing the horses from havingexcessively overgrown feet. These horses typically stand at 15 hands (60 inches, 152 cm). They also tend to havelonger backs and legs than most other feral horses on the American East Coast.Another notable feature of the Cumberland Island horse is its temperament and attitude. Visitors to the island oftenclaim that upon encountering the animals in their natural habitat, it is wise to stay out of their way. The horses do notfeel threatened by humans. They are said to have a mindset that they are the kings and queens of the island. Parkrangers warn visitors before venturing out that, should they encounter the horses, they should "yield the right of waybecause they (the horses) won't." These horse tend to look at visitors to the island as an intrusion. The island"belongs to them."

UsesCumberland Island horses are not used exclusively in any particular aspect of equestrian sport. However, the horsesdo act as the main attraction to Cumberland Island for many tourists. It is quite common to find websites that use thehorses as an appeal to the public.

Living conditionsAs of 2012 there are around 150 wild horses living on the island. This number continues to grow as there are fewpredators to diminish the bands. Many people living on the islands see the horses as an unnatural threat on theisland's ecosystem since they feed on the scarce vegetation of the beaches and dunes. The horses live off of the wildsea oats and dune grasses that are found on the beaches of the island. They also feed on the plants growing in themarsh which are also responsible for the health of the oceans, lakes, and rivers of the area. These horses also tend tohave many different parasites and afflictions such as worms and mites because they do not receive the veterinarycare that most domestic herds receive. The average life span of the horses is 8–10 years old, according to locals.

Controversy and managementThe signs of the horses' impact on Cumberland Island is evident. Many people believe that the horses are damagingthe island and may hinder the development of the dunes and marshes. There are a large number of trails and paths allover the island created by the horses. These trails are significantly larger and easier to spot than the average deer trailor a path created by any other smaller animal. It is common to find hoof prints in the dunes and other soft soils of themarsh lands. The horses leave their marks in many other ways, including chew marks on tree branches and shrubs inaddition to the manure found all over the island. At one point in the 1970s, the National Park Service (NPS) madeefforts to downsize the bands of horses due to the effects of their grazing patterns on the ecosystem. In 1996legislation was passed by Jack Kingston that prevented the NPS from taking measures to manage the horses. Sincethe Kingston's bill passed in 1997, there have been no further management attempts made. Since then there has beenno organized human interference.


References

External links• Population Characteristics of Feral Horses on Cumberland Island... (http:/ / www. jstor. org/ discover/ 10. 2307/

3802980?uid=3739728& uid=2129& uid=2& uid=70& uid=4& uid=3739256& sid=21101748818061), JSTOR

Curly Horse 249

Curly Horse

Curly

Bashkir Curly

Distinguishing features Curly coat, mane, tail, fetlocks and inner ear hair

Alternative names American Bashkir Curly, North American Curly Horse, and American Curly Horse

Country of origin North America

Common nicknames Curly


A Curly is a breed of horse. Curlies, also called Bashkir Curlies, American Bashkir Curlies, and NorthAmerican Curly Horses, come in all sizes, colors, and body types but all carry a gene for a unique curly coat ofhair.

Traits

A Curly in full winter coat

The Curlies are known for their calm, intelligent and friendlypersonality. They show an easily trainable temperament. They are alsoknown for having a tough constitution and great stamina. Most peoplehave found that the curlies enjoy being around people. The curlies aretypically not flighty. They tend to do more reasoning than most breeds.They are very reliable and have a great work ethic.

Coat, mane and tail

The unique gene that gives Curlies their curly hair (which is mostobvious with their winter coat) can be expressed minimally (horse exhibits curly hair inside ears, at fetlocks, and akinky mane and tail), maximally (horse exhibits curl all over body, has dreadlocked mane, and has curly eyelashesand guard hairs), and "Extreme" (very tight, extreme curls, but when they shed out for summer can shed entirelybald) or any variation in between. The coat in the summer shows a slight wave in it, but not as extreme as the wintercurls.

Because the trait can be carried heterozygously, some purebred Curlies exhibit no curl at all. (Called "smooth coat"curlies)

Curly Horse 250

Characteristic winter coat of a Curly

Curlies have split manes and are not braided or clipped when shown.Curlies are most commonly chestnut colored, but can be found in everycolor from standard bays, blacks, and greys, to appaloosa markings;from pinto patterns to dilute colors such as buckskin, roan, grulla, andcremello.

The care for the curly hair is simple with most people choosing to notcomb the mane because the hair will lose its curliness. The manes areoften trimmed to keep them from matting. The tails can be combed.Some people choose to collect the hair that is shed from the mane andtails in the spring. The hair is then donated to the ICHO Fiber Guild. They use the hair for spinning. All of theproceeds go to ICHO Curly Research Efforts.

Hypoallergenic

Closeup of Curly coat in winter

Curlies are claimed to be the only hypoallergenic horse breed; mostpeople allergic to horses can handle Curly Horses without sufferingany allergic reaction. Research indicates a protein is missing from thehair of Curlies which may be what causes allergic reactions to horsesin allergy suffers, but the study was never officially published.Members of the Curly Community are working towards funding moreresearch on this.

Build

The Curly has a characteristic long stride and bold movement. Theyhave tough hooves, strong bones and exceptional endurance. Most Curlies stand between 14 and 16 hands, thoughthey can range from Miniature horses to Draft horses (Only allowed in two registries).

OriginThe origins of the Curly horse is highly debated in the Curly community, but research is mostly still in progress.Disagreements of the Curly horse's history result in confusion of what the breed is, and what it should be called.ABCR members prefer "Bashkir Curly" while CSI and ICHO members lean towards "North American Curly". Theaddition or removal of 'Bashkir' to the breed name is highly debated.It is said that Curly horses were documented in Asian artwork as early as 161 AD. Charles Darwin documented curlyhorses in South America in the early 19th century and the early Sioux Indians regarded curly horses as sacredmounts for chiefs and medicine men. Native American artwork shows Curlies carrying warriors in the Battle ofLittle Bighorn. [citation needed]

Another theory is that the origin of the breed is Iberian. It has been noted that foals of cross bred horses have thecurly hair. This suggests that the curly gene is dominant.There are multiple theories for how the American Curly developed. The Curly horse was first documented in Eureka, Nevada in the early 20th century by rancher John Damele and his sons. While Mustangs were a common sight, curly coated horses were unusual. Years later, the Dameles managed to catch one, broke it to ride and sold it, thus starting their relationship with the breed. In 1932, an unusually harsh winter hit the area, and come spring the only horses that could be found were the Curlies. This evidence of hardiness was noted by the Damele family, and they decided they should include more of these horses in their herd. After another harsh winter in 1951/52, the Dameles started to get serious about breeding these horses. They went out and found their foundation stallion, a two year old chestnut in

Curly Horse 251

one of the mustang herds. They called him Copper D. The Dameles didn't care much for keeping the breed 'pure',and wanting to improve their horses, added some other blood to their herd. Among the stallions introduced were aMorgan, Ruby Red King AMHR 26101 and an Arabian, Nevada Red AHR 18125. These two stallions created manyoffspring for the Dameles, and are in hundreds of Curly horses' pedigrees today.

Registries and organizationsThe American Bashkir Curly Registry (ABCR) opened in 1971 with only 21 horses; as of May 2005 there werejust over 4,000 Bashkir Curlies in the world, primarily in North America. They are the original standing CurlyRegistry, and have a closed stud book- only issuing new registrations to horses with two ABCR registered parents.The International Curly Horse Organization (ICHO) began in 2000 and had over 800 horses registered in itsNorth American Curly Horse Registry (as of Oct. 2006). Horses within this registry are not referred to as "BashkirCurlies". Although bloodlines (when available) are tracked, the ICHO registers horses based on visible curly traitsrather than bloodlines.Curly Sporthorse International (CSI) began in early 2003 to promote sport horse type Curly Horses, which are oneof the more popular types of Curlies. CSI was created to support Curly owners & breeders in improvement ofbreeding stock, promotion, & marketing. The registry also sponsors Horse of the Year awards and USDF All BreedAwards for performance. CSI advocates evaluation of breeding stock & their offspring.Canadian Curly Horse Association (CCHA) formed in 1993. This group is focused on community events in theCurly world, and spreading knowledge of the Curly horse.

UsesThough eye catching and unusual in the show ring, Curlies have the movement, endurance, and heart to excel incompetition. Curlies have been shown at upper levels of dressage and show jumping, and others have proved thereliable mount and patient teacher for the weekend competitor. Curlies are characteristically quiet, level headedhorses that make excellent first horses for supervised beginner riders. Curlies have carried horse-allergic riders frombeginner status through ever more advanced stages of equestrianism. They have also been used for combineddriving, western riding, ranch horses, trail horses, and companions for other horses. Some Curlies have beencrossbred to gaited horses. About 10% of the crossbreds will do one of the ambling gaits such as the running walk,fox trot or the stepping pace, which is also called the "Curly shuffle." Curlies are not used for racing or high trottingshowing.

References•• A pilot observational case study Allergy against horses: Are curly horses an alternative for horse-allergic riders?

Allergo Journal 2013/4: 244-251, Wolfgang Mitlehner 17- June - 2013

External links• American Bashkir Curly Registry (http:/ / www. abcregistry. org)• Internation Curly Horse Organization (http:/ / ichocurlyhorses. org)• Curly Sport Horse International Registry (http:/ / www. curlysporthorse. org)• Canadian Curly Horse Association (http:/ / www. curlyhorse. ca/ )• Curly Horse Pedigree Database (http:/ / www. curlyhorses. info)

Czech warm blood 252

Czech warm blood

Czech Warmblood

Czech Warmblood jumping

Country of origin Czech Republic


The Czech Warmblood (Český teplokrevník in Czech) is a horse breed from the Czech Republic.

CharacteristicsThe Czech Warmblood is a robust, powerful horse bred with strong bones. The breed has a strong neck on an elegantbody, a broad, long back, and good hooves, though they are sometimes flat. The mane and tail are very thick.The Czech Warmblood is a relatively long-lived, unpretentious and relentless horse. The breed is willing andteachable with a very good temperament. Most are black, chestnut, bay or dark bay.

Breed historyThe Czech Warmblood was in existence by the time of the Austria-Hungary Empire (1876-1918). In the 19thcentury the breed was influenced by Spanish and Italian horses, and later by breeds such as the Furioso, Gidran,Nonius and Przedswit breeds. German Warmblood horses also played a part.The most famous and successful line is the Bystrý. The founder was Stallion 469, foaled in 1919. The line ischaracterized by a robustness, shorter and a less solid run, steeper and a shorter fetlock. They are mainly bay horses.The stud farm in Kladruby plays a major role in the breeding of the Czech Warmblood. In the pedigree book, manyother breeds are mentioned, for example Thoroughbred, Selle Francais, Arabian and Anglo-Arabian.

Czech warm blood 253

UsesCzech Warmbloods are suited to all horse sports. They are good at dressage and horse racing and are also capable oflighter farm and forest work, hunting and jumping.

External links• Short description [1] (in Czech)

References[1] http:/ / konsky. rozhled. cz/ plemena/ cesky_teplokrevnik. html

Article Sources and Contributors 254

Article Sources and ContributorsAbtenauer Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=544780989 Contributors: Arsdelicata, Bogbumper, Brewcrewer, Catxx, Countercanter, Dana boomer, Dog jumper100, Durova,Ealdgyth, Fabrictramp, Fratrep, Kersti Nebelsiek, Montanabw, NIRVANA2764, Nirame, Nneonneo, Snowolf, Stemonitis, SyntheticVermin, ThaddeusB, Una Smith, Yamenah, 13 anonymousedits

Abyssinian horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=594087995 Contributors: Bogbumper, Catxx, Dana boomer, Good Olfactory, Horsecanter, J Milburn, Kersti Nebelsiek,Magnus Manske, MaybeMaybeMaybe, Montanabw, Nirame, Rich Farmbrough, TheCatalyst31, Toddst1, Una Smith, WikiTome, 12 anonymous edits

Aegidienberger Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=548380381 Contributors: Catxx, Dana boomer, Good Olfactory, Horsecanter, Kersti Nebelsiek, Montanabw,Ramona.Karolina, Una Smith, Vvven, Yamenah, Yngvadottir, 5 anonymous edits

Akhal-Teke Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=598129831 Contributors: 83d40m, Aeusoes1, Aleenf1, AlefZet, Alois Musil, Altenmann, AltynAsyr, Argamak, Ashlux,Asturcon01, Auntof6, Azhketh, Babaev Leonid, Banburyx, Bluee Mountain, Bogbumper, Bryan Derksen, CalJW, Catxx, Cgoodwin, Ch.vogel, Cholmes75, Chris 73, Chris the speller,CommonsDelinker, Conversion script, Countercanter, Csatádi, Dale Arnett, DanMS, Dana boomer, Davecrosby uk, Deflective, Derek R Bullamore, Dfilipov, Dia^, DiamondDave, DrL,Drpickem, Dthomsen8, Ealdgyth, Embryomystic, Eritain, Eventer, Fluffernutter, Fraggle81, Gaius Cornelius, Garliyev, Good Olfactory, Graham87, GregorB, Guldense, Hampshire2004, Hosseinmirhosseini, Ingii, Islandtekes, Jurte, Justlettersandnumbers, Kerri-JoStewart, Kersti Nebelsiek, Khoikhoi, Kilrothi, Kms28424, Krsont, Kwamikagami, Lotje, Madkayaker, Majorsky,Mgiganteus1, Mijobe, Milk.hermit, Montanabw, Murtasa, Nimloth250, Olivier, OwenBlacker, Pekhimli, Peter Ellis, Pharaoh Hound, Raymondwinn, Rebenok777, Rhododendrites, Riemm,Rmhermen, Saga City, Saguado, Scintella, Semillana, Shaydon, Talismanhound, Taranet, Technopat, Teddybuoy, Tekemania, Telsa, The Mark of the Beast, TheFarix, Ulrikeruppelt, Ulruppelt,Una Smith, Woohookitty, YoungDrac, Zlerman, Zundark, 118 anonymous edits

Albanian horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=581970937 Contributors: Aliencore, Avicennasis, Bobo192, Bogbumper, Brunswick Dude, Catxx, Good Olfactory,Horsecanter, Katharineamy, Kersti Nebelsiek, Lady Mondegreen, MaybeMaybeMaybe, Montanabw, Nfurry, RJFJR, Rjwilmsi, Salamurai, Sammerson, TheJJJunk, Una Smith, Wild medlar, 13anonymous edits

Altai horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=541066442 Contributors: Bogbumper, Catxx, Dana boomer, Ealdgyth, Kersti Nebelsiek, Montanabw, Nirame, Pandderian,Ramona.Karolina, Rich Farmbrough, Roxy959, Una Smith, Yamenah, 11 anonymous edits

American Cream Draft Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=581354752 Contributors: A.amitkumar, Another Believer, Babynutsmcgee, Bencherlite, Bogbumper, Catxx,Chevaux, Colonies Chris, Crazycomputers, Crisco 1492, Dana boomer, Dank, DexDor, Ealdgyth, Fatpeopleeatdoughnuts, Gogo Dodo, Hampshire2004, Horsecanter, Hylian Auree, Ian Rose,Jackmcbarn, Jamesx12345, Kersti Nebelsiek, Marshman503, Materialscientist, Miyagawa, Montanabw, Mr Stephen, Nick Number, Nikkimaria, Nirame, Piledhigheranddeeper, RafikiSykes,Rcsprinter123, Rjwilmsi, Steven Walling, Tbhotch, Three-quarter-ten, Titodutta, Tony1, Una Smith, WRK, Werieth, Woohookitty, 26 anonymous edits

American Indian horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=582914981 Contributors: Aradanryl, Bogbumper, Catxx, Countercanter, Horsecanter, Kersti Nebelsiek,MZMcBride, Matthew Yeager, Montanabw, Nirame, Queenmomcat, RJFJR, Schmiteye, Tabletop, Tcncv, Tom Morris, Una Smith, Woohookitty, Yvwv, 13 anonymous edits

American Paint Horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=597703845 Contributors: Adekloet, Al E., Amp71, Bacchus87, Brian8710, Bryan Derksen, Burgundavia,CanadianLinuxUser, Catxx, Chris the speller, Chuunen Baka, Countercanter, Crazycamelothorse, Curtis Clark, Dbabcock42512, Ealdgyth, Edwardcowart, Elf, Erianna, Fyyer, Gail, Grafen,Gwernol, H2O, HMSSolent, Haffie2kd, Ilikeverin, J.delanoy, JimVC3, KathrynLybarger, Kelkel6645, Kersti Nebelsiek, Kmasset99, Lmocr, MaggieDavaskie, Mark Arsten, Mark Richards,Master of Puppets, Materialscientist, Mclarid1, Montanabw, Moondyne, NancyHeise, Neophyrigian, Nirame, Nobodyknows007, Ouiyi, Pb30, Philip Trueman, Quadell, RPellessier, RedWolf,Reedy, Remuel, SMcCandlish, Stemonitis, Tanyia, TaralasMom, Tentinator, TestPilot, Thecheesykid, Thingg, Una Smith, Wikitumnus, Woohookitty, Wyatt915, Yettie0711, 170 anonymousedits

American Quarter Horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=597872186 Contributors: Abbidail, Ahoerstemeier, Airplaneman, Aitias, Alansohn, Alexandronikos, Alexius08,Amanal, Angela, Aruton, Ashdurbat, Ashlie123, Astral, Baa, Basawala, Bobblewik, Bobo192, Bongwarrior, Breathany, Bryan Derksen, Bumm13, Burgundavia, C Garrison, Camw, Capricorn42,Captain Crawdad, Catxx, Centrx, Chaseman1996, Chris the speller, ChrisGualtieri, ChuckBiggs2, Chuunen Baka, Cmichael, Comatose51, Conversion script, Countercanter, Crazycamelothorse,Creeter, Cuddy Wifter, Cwbytxiii, Cwisdom10, Cymru.lass, DNewhall, DR04, Dana boomer, DarkAudit, Dcoetzee, Denisarona, DerHexer, Diannaa, Discospinster, DocWatson42, Dsrtrosy,Duotrigesimal, E10775A290610, ERcheck, Ealdgyth, Edward, EdwardPlum, Ejd21hrjhsa9, Emijrp, Epbr123, Erpert, Eventer, Everyking, Flockmeal, Galopin, Getwood, Gilgamesh007, Glane23,Gogo Dodo, Good Olfactory, Gwernol, Gzornenplatz, H2O, HJ Mitchell, Hadal, Haffie2kd, Hamoudafg, Hede2000, Hmains, Hmondo, Horsechic, Horseofcourse, Howcheng, Icairns, Iced Kola,Immunize, Ingii, J. Nguyen, J.delanoy, JamesAM, JamesBWatson, Janegirl3, Jcpower, JustAGal, Kailynn.knuth, Kersti Nebelsiek, KimS012, Kizzy12, Klingoncowboy4, Kristinamellis, LA2, LilPeck, LilPeck, Littlealien182, Llywelyn, LmFaOBryce, Logan, Lolapallooza, Lot49a, LynnWS, MC10, MJHS2012, Macai15, Majorly, Malcolm Morley, Manally, Mangojuice, Mark Arsten,Matthew Yeager, Matthewgarth, Meighan, Mentifisto, MetalKnot1016, Mixxio, Montanabw, Nehrams2020, Niora, Nirame, Noommos, NuclearWarfare, Nv8200p, Ondenc, Otolemurcrassicaudatus, Paxse, Pebs96, Pedro, PerlKnitter, Phantomsteve, Pharaoh Hound, Phuzion, Pietaster, Pinethicket, Piper.All.The.Time, Pitke, Plasticup, Poco88, Pumice Rox, Quadell, QuarterHorse, QuarterHorseDoll, Ramanpotential, Randallrayarms, Reggie27, RexNL, Rich Farmbrough, Rich Janis, Rjwilmsi, Rmhermen, Rockincowgirl, Rrburke, S, Sam Hocevar, Sandere0,Sanfranman59, Scintella, Searchme, Seldon3001, Shadowpuppet23, Shaynethomas, Shelbybr, SimonP, Skier Dude, Slb223, Sohmc, Sophus Bie, Sorrel filly 13, Srleffler, Stephie Sweetie01,Supertask, Tairarox, Tanyia, Tbhotch, Tderby, TedE, TestPilot, The Thing That Should Not Be, Thomas Larsen, Tide rolls, Tlarson, Tommy2010, Tony1, Tutu19, Txnomad, Ulric1313, UnaSmith, Vanished user 19794758563875, Vegaswikian, Voltorb, Wahkeenah, Whirlingdervish, Wiki13, Wikihorses, WiteWulf, Woohookitty, Xaxafrad, Xiaphias, Yoenit, 501 anonymous edits

American Saddlebred Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=596335135 Contributors: A.amitkumar, AkimaDoll, Arianna, AzaToth, Ben Liblit, Bryan Derksen, Btilm, Catgut,Catxx, Chris the speller, Cmdrjameson, Conti, Countrypleasure, Cuchullain, CurranH, Cyrius, DRTllbrg, Dana boomer, Dancter, Dtremenak, Elf, ElfWarrior, Erianna, Ermanon, Eventer, Fanx,Gaius Cornelius, Good Olfactory, Groogle, Gsl, Heavenlyblue, Jamesontai, JanJan, Jere7my, Jj137, Kersti Nebelsiek, Kowalski66, LeoNomis, Mais oui!, MajorStovall, Maurits, Meaghan, MegX,Mijobe, Montanabw, Morgana87, Nirame, Pitke, Pmacrane, Pmalic, Prim in Belize, Queenjill, Rackfast, Reedy, Rl, Roger McCoy, SaddlebredsUK, Saddllp, ServiceableVillain, Skitlhigh,Staeiou, Superbleachbrothers, Swid, TAnthony, Ted Wilkes, Tylerlocke5882, Una Smith, Vanished user 19794758563875, WarlanderHorse, Wikipelli, 147 anonymous edits

American Warmblood Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=586441888 Contributors: ARPcom, Aradanryl, Betacommand, Bogbumper, Catxx, Countercanter, Good Olfactory,Horsecanter, Josette, Lar, Montanabw, Nirame, RJFJR, Serendipityblue, Una Smith, Walton One, Yamenah, 6 anonymous edits

Andalusian horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=595804615 Contributors: Adekloet, Ahoerstemeier, Al Pereira, Alaiksandr, Another Believer, Apetimestwo, Asturs, BSThurner Hof, Bender235, Benvenuto, Bimbo Wales did Dallas, Bogbumper, Bongwarrior, Bryan Derksen, Carlsalter, Casliber, Catxx, Coloredhorse, Courcelles, Creidieki, Cyberpower678,DVdm, DanArmiger, Dana boomer, Darklilac, Dawn Bard, Deor, Deville, Digfarenough, DrKiernan, Dresdnhope, Dthomsen8, Ealdgyth, Editor at Large, Egil, Elcobbola, EoGuy, Epbr123,Eventer, Finetooth, Fornadan, Glacialfox, GoingBatty, Good Olfactory, GoodOrEvil, Hmains, Horsecanter, HorseyChic, Hugeblackmamba, Iberidela, Icedingo, ImGz, Ingii, JNW, Jllg1996,Johannfn, JukoFF, Juliancolton, Justlettersandnumbers, Katieh5584, Kersti Nebelsiek, Khepidjemwa'atnefru, Klvankampen, Knackered Spring, Kolbasz, Lady Tenar, Lightmouse, LilHelpa, ML,Magmx, Malleus Fatuorum, Michael Devore, Mijobe, Mike Rosoft, Mikewhitcombe, Miniapolis, Montanabw, Only, Owen, PREPerson, Parkwells, Pebs96, PeterHuntington, Pinaster,Pinethicket, Protector of Wiki, RafikiSykes, Rjwilmsi, Robert K S, SE7, SandyGeorgia, Sasata, Sei Shonagon, ShelfSkewed, SietskeEN, Skier Dude, Skizzik, Smartnerd800, Spitfire,Staffordkendall, The Claw, Tholme, Thomas Larsen, TicketMan, Timwi, Trappist the monk, TravisMunson1993, Una Smith, Venerock, VirtualDelight, WarlanderHorse, Wavelength,Webclient101, Wetman, Whywhenwhohow, Wikiuser100, Wllacer, Woohookitty, Wotnow, YLSS, YellowMonkey, Yomangan, Yoshi Canopus, 184 ,05ترجمان anonymous edits

Andravida horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=544809462 Contributors: Bogbumper, Catxx, Countercanter, Discospinster, Ealdgyth, Eumolpo, Eurognosis, Fyyer, GoodOlfactory, Joel7687, Lastgreekknight, Montanabw, Nirame, Paul A, Polyamorph, Queenmomcat, RafikiSykes, TreasuryTag, Una Smith, Yamenah, 16 anonymous edits

Anglo-Arabian Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=596830989 Contributors: Adrien oc, Bajamircea, Bogbumper, Catxx, CommonsDelinker, Dana boomer, Eventer,Handicapper, Horsecanter, Iridescent, Kentynet, Kersti Nebelsiek, Lerdsuwa, Maloq, Mandarax, Mijobe, Montanabw, Niora, Pacifistic Ibis, Pitke, Rmhermen, Sam Hocevar, Stymphal,Udufruduhu, Una Smith, WikiInfoPublisher, 25 anonymous edits

Anglo-Kabarda Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=545547432 Contributors: Bogbumper, Catxx, Dthomsen8, Good Olfactory, Horsecanter, Kersti Nebelsiek, Montanabw,Ramona.Karolina, Una Smith, 1 anonymous edits

Appaloosa Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=600917872 Contributors: 83d40m, Another Believer, Antonrojo, Appaloosa, Appaloosacowboy, Appaloosas, Apphistorian, Appyenthusiast, Archie, Arctic Kangaroo, Asarelah, Atwojay, AuburnPilot, Bib, Bongwarrior, Br'er Rabbit, Brad101, Brandmeister, Brenont, Bryan Derksen, Burgundavia, CanadianLinuxUser, Capmo, Casliber, Catxx, ChrisCork, Circeus, Civil Engineer III, Cmdrjameson, Colonies Chris, CommonsDelinker, Countercanter, Crazycamelothorse, Curtis Clark, DNewhall, DReyes5, Dabomb87, DanMS, Dana boomer, Danakil, Dank, Dbenbenn, Discospinster, Djembayz, DocWatson42, DoceyKate, Dysmorodrepanis, Ealdgyth, Eastowest, Editore99, Edwy, Eisenmond,


ElaineN, Elf, Eloquence, Emmett5, Enochlau, Epbr123, Eventer, Gaius Cornelius, Gerda Arendt, Giants2008, Gnarlodious, Gurch, Gwinva, H2O, Haddleauthor, Haddlejan, Hamoudafg,Hansdeepimage, Headbomb, Hede2000, Hmains, ImranC, Irishguy, JPMcGrath, JamesAM, Jannex, Janothird, JesseRafe, Jessetommy12, Joestarrunner, JohnCub, JohnOwens,Justlettersandnumbers, Kckc, Keesiewonder, Kersti Nebelsiek, Khoikhoi, Kipoc, Kizzy12, Klilidiplomus, Kozuch, KuduIO, Kumioko, Kwamikagami, Kyking000001, Lady32123, Lightmouse,Ling.Nut, Lizzzie8015, Lradrama, Luke B. Orr, Luna Santin, Lzur, MJHS2012, Magioladitis, Malcolm Morley, Malleus Fatuorum, Materialscientist, Maurice Carbonaro, Maximus Rex, MichaelDevore, Mijobe, Mike Cline, Minority Report, Montanabw, Mukogodo, NawlinWiki, Nicke Lilltroll, Nikkimaria, Nirame, O.Koslowski, Onesius, Optakeover, Owen, Parkwells, PerlKnitter, Phr,Piledhigheranddeeper, Pinethicket, Printmanagement, Prochamp, PumpkinSky, Quadell, RA0808, RafikiSykes, RandomLittleHelper, Renata3, RexxS, Richard Keatinge, Rjwilmsi, Robbiegiles,Saintmelangell, SandyGeorgia, Shongelo, Some Wiki Editor, Sonett72, Sowelljan, Spacecasetheman, Steelpulse90, Super48paul, Svick, Tanyia, Tassedethe, ThatPeskyCommoner, The ed17,Thehappyappy, Theveravee, Thismightbezach, Tide rolls, Tipsy souljagrl, Tommy2010, Tovalu, Trappist the monk, Una Smith, Vanished user 19794758563875, Wavelength, Wayne Slam,WernerPopken, Wikihorses, Wikiuser100, Woofles, X13emocupcake13x, Xiahou, Yamenah, Yomangani, 306 anonymous edits

AraAppaloosa Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=596830953 Contributors: Arabianhorse1702, Bogbumper, Catxx, Countercanter, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, Fetchcomms, Igno2,Kwamikagami, Lady Tenar, Ladyvagarist, Longhair, Magnus Manske, Maustrauser, Montanabw, Nakedjuice, Orioane, PumpkinSky, RestlessThoughts, Roger Liart, Stemonitis, TheParanoidOne,Una Smith, Uncle G, WOSlinker, Xezbeth, 9 anonymous edits

Arabian horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=599762599 Contributors: 2D, 564dude, A. Parrot, Abrech, Accounting4Taste, Acroterion, Alasdair, Alex '05, Alex earlieraccount, Altes2009, Amandahluvhorses, Amir85, Anbu121, Andonic, Andres, Angus Lepper, Anonyomov, Antur, Arabhorse, Arabia, Arabianlover2, ArglebargleIV, ArielGold, Artaxiad, AshCrow, Asimnawazkhan, Balloonguy, Ben Ben, Benea, Besieged, BirgitteSB, Blacklake, Bluee Mountain, Bob1960evens, Bobo192, BrainyBabe, Brandmeister, Brian0918, Bryan Derksen,Burgundavia, Burkeedwards, Butseriouslyfolks, CWii, CaptainOrgasm, Carnby, Casliber, Catxx, Caughlin, Cfrydj, Cgoodwin, ChimX, Chip123456, Chris the speller, Cocopelli, Colonies Chris,CommonsDelinker, Corvus coronoides, Crazycamelothorse, Creol, Cst17, Cuchullain, Culnacreann, DNewhall, DVdm, Dalahäst, Dana boomer, Dantadd, Darrell Greenwood, Darth Vader is yourFather, Deacon of Pndapetzim, Dejvid, Denxig, DerHexer, Dhm03, Dialectric, Diehlada, Dilek2, Discospinster, Donnaidh sidhe, Donny417, Dont101, Doug, DrL, Dreadstar, Dreamafter, ESkog,Ealdgyth, Editor Savannah, Edokter, Edward321, EmadIV, Enauspeaker, Envirex, Epbr123, Equine4eva, ErikHaugen, Esurnir, Eventer, Excirial, Extransit, F8isehs, FastLizard4, Favonian,FayssalF, FisherQueen, FordPrefect42, Francois-Pier, Frze, Fsotrain09, FunkMonk, Fvhsfb65, Fvw, Fæ, Gaius Cornelius, Gareth Griffith-Jones, Gergis, GrayFullbuster, Habibirox, Hadal, Hazaelbc, Headbomb, Hesperian, Hmains, HoodedMan, HorseShouter, Horsefanatic, Horselover90909, Horseychick901, Hottentot, I love entei, IFAHRwebmaster, Ian Pitchford, Ian13, Ibn Battuta,IceCreamAntisocial, Icedingo, Ida Shaw, Ingii, Inka 888, Iridescent, Irul 901, J.delanoy, Jacek Kendysz, Jagged 85, James086, Jellevc, Jfeller, Joy, Jululu, KI, KamuiShirou, KathrynLybarger,Kelly Martin, Kenlukus, Khazar2, Kozuch, Kukini, Kumioko (renamed), Kwamikagami, Laikayiu, LazyLRanch, Lexi(AG), Lightmouse, LilHelpa, Ling.Nut, Litlblakkitty, Live2themaks, LordCornwallis, LoveArab, Luani 1, LydiaEquine14, Magictrick06, Majorsky, Mandy06M, Mark Arsten, Marl1787, Martin H., Martin Kozák, MedusoidMycelium, Michael Devore, MichaelRomanov, Mijobe, Mizchalmers, Mmorris91, Montanabw, Moongurl101, Mstroeck, Muhaidib, Mz Monica, Nagle, Nagy, NetBMC, Nimloth250, Niro5, NodnarbLlad, Opus33, Oxymoron83,Parkwells, Patrick0Moran, Paullisa, Pearle, Pebs96, Pertrai1, Philafrenzy, Philip Trueman, Philippe, Phillipa, Picaroon, Piggybanksruletheworld, Pinethicket, Piotrus, Pitix, Pitke,Pokeymcphearson, Polytopal, Poniesrawk, Possibledream, Prester John, Proberton, Quadell, QuadrivialMind, Qwerty Binary, Racerx11, Radak, RafikiSykes, Ralhazzaa, RandallJones, RedWolf,RexNL, Rich Farmbrough, Richard New Forest, Ricky81682, Rjwilmsi, Rlevse, Road to a billion usernames, Road to a million usernames, Robin Chen, Robin1225, S.gharavysi, Sam Hocevar,Samanthaashleyhogan, SandyGeorgia, SaudiPseudonym, Scohoust, Search4Lancer, Seblini, Sfan00 IMG, Shandyv, Sheatan, ShelfSkewed, Shirik, Shouriki, SidP, Skizzik, SlimVirgin, Slowpony114, Smartestguyever101, SmashXhackX68, Sovar, Spencer, Starlingfeather, Starlite KNight, Steven Walling, Sun Creator, Sushant gupta, Tabletop, Tamagochita, Tashale, Tassedethe,Tawker, Taylor Lane, Terricola23, TestPilot, ThatPeskyCommoner, TheKMan, TheParanoidOne, Thingg, Thomas Larsen, Thomas.W, Tiddly Tom, Tide rolls, Tim1357, Tizio, Tpbradbury,Trappist the monk, Travis Cavanaugh, Trescastillos, Tundraphina, Twilightarabians, Ugog Nizdast, Una Smith, Vörös, WarthogDemon, Washburnmav, Wavelength, Widr, Wik, Wikid77,Wikihorses, Wikipelli, Wikism, Wimt, Wknight94, WoodyWerm, Woohookitty, Xdamr, Yalens, Yamamoto Ichiro, Yasingam, Ylime304, Yngvadottir, Zarife, ZayZayEM, Zer0fighta, ZxxZxxZ,anonymous edits 664 ,1991 رائد

Ardennes horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=600586391 Contributors: Aircorn, Alexcollzzzzz, Alfredo ougaowen, Allen3, Blathnaid, Bob1960evens, CaptainChico,Casliber, Catxx, Commander Keane, Dana boomer, EoGuy, Ermanon, Eventer, Frietjes, Gemini1980, Hmains, Iftelse, JVillon, Justlettersandnumbers, Kersti Nebelsiek, Kjkolb, Malcolm Morley,Mandarax, Mattinbgn, Michaelbusch, MistyPony, Montanabw, Od Mishehu, RafikiSykes, Rl, Sodmy, Una Smith, Van helsing, Warwolf 98, Welsh, Wknight94, 20 anonymous edits

Arenberg-Nordkirchen Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=541262212 Contributors: Angelhorseylover111, AvicAWB, Catxx, Epbr123, Good Olfactory, Green Giant,Katharineamy, Miniapolis, Montanabw, Nirame, Ramona.Karolina, SoCalSuperEagle, Vvven, 1 anonymous edits

Asturcón Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=593511578 Contributors: Aranel, Christophe95, Chyel, Dana boomer, Donarreiskoffer, Good Olfactory, Honeycake, Hooperbloob,Justlettersandnumbers, Malcolm Morley, Montanabw, Moonriddengirl, Nirame, RichardMills65, Sade, Stemonitis, TheParanoidOne, Thumperward, 9 anonymous edits

Percheron Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=599935715 Contributors: A2Kafir, Alliona, Another Believer, Anthony Appleyard, Apokryltaros, Apurveanand, Armetrek,Brian0918, Brianboulton, Bryan Derksen, Bullytr, Caltas, Casliber, Catxx, Crisco 1492, Cwd575, Dana boomer, Dank, Drmies, Ealdgyth, Emijrp, Expertwork1984, Flyhighplato, Gaius Cornelius,Gemini1980, Good Olfactory, Grutness, Heron, Hmains, Hohum, Justlettersandnumbers, Kgrange, Lindsay658, Luckas Blade, Malcolm Morley, Merrymount, Mijobe, Mike Rosoft, Miniapolis,Montanabw, Moonraker, Nicke L, Niora, Nk, Olivier, Pitke, Preyed upon, Queenmomcat, RafikiSykes, Ready, Rikric, Rockfish1987, Ryttar, Santryl, Sasata, SchreiberBike, Sherurcij, Skitlhigh,Spondoolicks, Sun Creator, Tashale, TheParanoidOne, Theveravee, Tide rolls, Trappist the monk, Una Smith, Wrerick, YUL89YYZ, Yanksox, 115 anonymous edits

Australian Draught Horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=543190589 Contributors: Catxx, Cgoodwin, Crusoe8181, Good Olfactory, Montanabw, Una Smith, 4 anonymousedits

Australian Stock Horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=562449777 Contributors: A Nobody, Ashley thomas80, Aushorse, Bogbumper, Catxx, Cgoodwin, Colonies Chris,Cuddy Wifter, Ealdgyth, Fairyfunny16, Figaro, Good Olfactory, Mais oui!, Malcolm Morley, Montanabw, NeilN, Only, PDH, Philski, Rjwilmsi, Spanner101, Tolly4bolly, Ufinne, Una Smith,Vlprince, Woohookitty, 39 anonymous edits

Austrian Warmblood Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=545074579 Contributors: Catxx, Countercanter, Giraffedata, Good Olfactory, Kersti Nebelsiek, Montanabw,Rjwilmsi, Una Smith, Woohookitty

Auvergne horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=595514237 Contributors: Buspirtraz, Chris the speller, ChrisGualtieri, Dana boomer, Frietjes, Glacialfox, Grey Geezer,Justlettersandnumbers, M-le-mot-dit, Montanabw, Terrencereilly, Tsaag Valren, WereSpielChequers

Auxois Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=595514344 Contributors: Afernand74, Agne27, Bogbumper, Catxx, Chris the speller, Colonies Chris, Countercanter, Dana boomer,Ealdgyth, Frietjes, FunkMonk, Gemini1980, Goldenrowley, Good Olfactory, Hoplon, Horsecanter, Justlettersandnumbers, Kersti Nebelsiek, Kooma, LilHelpa, Merrymount, Mild Bill Hiccup,Montanabw, Mr Stephen, Nirame, Seaphoto, Signalhead, Tsaag Valren, Una Smith, 2 anonymous edits

Azerbaijan horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=592726368 Contributors: Dana boomer, Edward321, Good Olfactory, Interfase, LilHelpa, Montanabw, Nirame, RichFarmbrough, Sanya3, Sodmy, 1 anonymous edits

Azteca horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=584248768 Contributors: Amatulic, American Azteca Horse Int Assoc., Argyll Lassie, Aztecagirl, Bogbumper, C.Kent87,Catxx, Dana boomer, Errie22, Everyking, Frodese, Fylbecatulous, Geni, Good Olfactory, Hydro, Jeff G., Justlettersandnumbers, Kellro, Kerowyn, Lady Tenar, Longhair, Lsaldana91, Mailerdiablo, Montanabw, Nickyboy909, Orlikowo, Perla-dre, RafikiSykes, Sixtytwohundred, Tavilis, Una Smith, Vegaswikian, 21 anonymous edits

Baise horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=600902494 Contributors: Good Olfactory, Miniapolis, Montanabw, Nirame, Rjwilmsi

Balearic horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=513923542 Contributors: Auntof6, Justlettersandnumbers, Montanabw, R'n'B

Balikun horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=585311194 Contributors: Ajcfreak, Bogbumper, Catxx, Chaser, Dana boomer, Edward, GaiJin, Good Olfactory, John ofReading, Kersti Nebelsiek, Montanabw, Nirame, Pub849sp, Una Smith, Yamenah, 2 anonymous edits

Baluchi horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=541639536 Contributors: BlazingTrail, Bogbumper, Catxx, Dana boomer, Davehi1, Drspaz, EagleFan, Good Olfactory, GreenGiant, Jonathan Stokes, Ka Faraq Gatri, LiamUK, Montanabw, NickelShoe, Orenburg1, Pascal.Tesson, Persian Gulf 4ever, RandomHumanoid, Sovar, Una Smith, 5 anonymous edits

Ban'ei Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=600074428 Contributors: Andycjp, Bogbumper, Boneyard90, Catxx, Cbdorsett, Dana boomer, Everton, Exukvera, Good Olfactory,GrahamBould, Justlettersandnumbers, Kleinzach, Koavf, Komuken, Mairi, Maoririder, Montanabw, Morningcrow, Mycomp, NatureA16, Nihonjoe, Nirame, RebDrummer61, Shanel,Skipperscorp, Tabletop, Tan90deg, Tigerboy1966, Una Smith, Waacstats, Yaki-gaijin, Yas, Yupik, 19 anonymous edits

Banker horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=595895219 Contributors: AgnosticPreachersKid, Anthony717, BillC, Bogbumper, Br'er Rabbit, Calliopejen1, Captain-tucker, Catxx, Dana boomer, Dank, Ealdgyth, Ettrig, Fireyair, FoodPuma, Good Olfactory, Gorritxiki, GrahamColm, Horsecanter, Invertzoo, Jayron32, Jbmurray, JimmyButler, Lago Mar, LeadSongDog, Leptictidium, Malleus Fatuorum, Michael Devore, Montanabw, Mr Stephen, Nirame, NuclearWarfare, Parkwells, Postdlf, RafikiSykes, Rjwilmsi, SandyGeorgia, Signalhead,


Tholme, Tjbird9675, Trappist the monk, Udufruduhu, Una Smith, Vanished user 19794758563875, Wadewitz, Wassupwestcoast, Widr, WolfmanSF, Yohmom, 18 anonymous edits

Barb horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=590916438 Contributors: Abductive, Amaling, Anaxial, Barbehorse, Betacommand, Bogbumper, Catxx, Chris the speller,CommonsDelinker, Countercanter, Courcelles, Creidieki, DNewhall, Dana boomer, Ddgunter, Discospinster, DoctorPestis, Dzlinker, Emijrp, Eventer, Everyking, Freakofnurture, Fycafterpro,GTBacchus, Gabbe, Garglebutt, Hambletonian, Horse master, Ingii, Javier Arambel, Judgesurreal777, JustAGal, Justlettersandnumbers, KathrynLybarger, Kelly Martin, Kersti Nebelsiek, Kgrad,Lightmouse, Lugia2453, Maudlinjane, Mijobe, Miniapolis, Montanabw, Moshe Constantine Hassan Al-Silverburg, Narmowen, Od Mishehu, Omar-toons, Parkwells, Pepper, PeteShanosky,Que-Can, RG2, RHaworth, RegentsPark, SE7, Sannse, Sidasta, Stegop, Tangotango, Tassedethe, Thief Lord, Una Smith, Versus22, Xaxafrad, Xezbeth, Zoicon5, Лобачев Владимир, 104anonymous edits

Bardigiano Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=592356804 Contributors: Bogbumper, Catxx, Countercanter, Cpq29gpl, Dana boomer, Dthomsen8, Fioravante Patrone,Gorritxiki, Horsecanter, Justlettersandnumbers, Mild Bill Hiccup, Montanabw, Rich Farmbrough, Una Smith, 2 anonymous edits

Basque mountain horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=581555721 Contributors: Akerbeltz, Dewritech, Justlettersandnumbers, Makecat, Montanabw, Spicemix, 1anonymous edits

Bavarian Warmblood Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=541477677 Contributors: Bogbumper, Catxx, CommonsDelinker, Countercanter, Ealdgyth, Giraffedata, GoodOlfactory, Gwern, Montanabw, Una Smith, Vvven, Yamenah, 1 anonymous edits

Belgian horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=590522216 Contributors: Ae-a, AllanDeGroot, Anthony Appleyard, BD2412, Bellepheron, Bobo192, Bogbumper, BryanDerksen, Bullytr, Buster7, Bvcarter, CambridgeBayWeather, Catxx, Cgoodwin, Cool3, Cwd575, DBigXray, Dana boomer, Dave Millwater, RMF, Edcolins, Flapdragon, Flyer22, Flyhighplato,Fraggle81, Fram, Gene Nygaard, GregorB, Hopeful Farm, Horsecanter, Hydrargyrum, Immunize, Intgr, JNW, JSimin, Jerryseinfeld, JoJan, John of Reading, JoshuaGarton, Justlettersandnumbers,Jwkane, Kgrange, Krilia, Kwiki, LeaveSleaves, Lotje, Macy, Mijobe, Montanabw, RafikiSykes, RazorICE, Remuel, RichardMills65, Rjwilmsi, Ronhjones, Saber girl08, Santryl, Shadowjams,Skitlhigh, Smalljim, SomeHuman, Sowelljan, Stemonitis, Steven Walling, TheParanoidOne, Thefox226G, Thomas Larsen, Tim1357, Una Smith, Vegaswikian, Witger, Zhenjiu, 94 anonymousedits

Belgian Warmblood Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=590755577 Contributors: Andrew69., Black Falcon, Bogbumper, Catxx, Cherry blossom tree, Countercanter,DRSsporthorse2008, Dana boomer, Ealdgyth, Eric-Wester, Fisherjs, Good Olfactory, Horsecanter, JamesAM, Jmundo, Montanabw, RafikiSykes, Rich257, Taketa, Ulric1313, Una Smith,YUL89YYZ, 8 anonymous edits

Black Forest Horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=597711634 Contributors: Arabian64, Bogbumper, Catxx, Ealdgyth, Ferengi, Horsecanter, Hydro, Justdressageit, KerstiNebelsiek, Manytexts, Montanabw, Nirame, Pinethicket, Rjwilmsi, Una Smith, Vvven, Xezbeth, 12 anonymous edits

Blazer horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=595745956 Contributors: Catxx, CommonsDelinker, Ealdgyth, Good Olfactory, Kecrowley, Llc6077, Mandarax, Mogism,Montanabw, Nirame, RJFJR, Rjwilmsi, Silvery-MoonStables, Strike Eagle, 10 anonymous edits

Boulonnais horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=595632302 Contributors: AmericanLemming, Anthony Appleyard, AttoRenato, BabbaQ, Bencherlite, Boobleface, Br'erRabbit, Bruce1ee, Buffbills7701, Butseriouslyfolks, Catxx, CogitoErgoSum14, Dana boomer, EoGuy, Frietjes, Hambletonian, Hmains, Ib51, Jim1138, Jimfbleak, Justlettersandnumbers, KarelAnthonissen, Kersti Nebelsiek, Khazar2, Learner234, Lksaunders, Lugia2453, M-le-mot-dit, Malerooster, Mark Arsten, Materialscientist, Mikael Häggström, Montanabw, Moonraker, Mvertu2,Nikkimaria, Olivier, Piledhigheranddeeper, RexxS, Rich Farmbrough, Robsinden, Sasata, TBrandley, Tbhotch, Thiseye, Tsaag Valren, Udufruduhu, Una Smith, Yohan euan o4, Zachverb, 24anonymous edits

Brandenburger Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=577296991 Contributors: Bogbumper, Catxx, Craigfda, Eventer, Good Olfactory, Jaraalbe, Jim1138, Jumpingforjen, KerstiNebelsiek, Khazar2, Montanabw, Pharaoh Hound, Thestor, Una Smith, Vvven, 13 anonymous edits

Brazilian Sport Horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=544745851 Contributors: Bogbumper, Bwpach, Catxx, Dave6, Flrn, Good Olfactory, Jumpoverit2, Montanabw,Nirame, Una Smith, 5 anonymous edits

Breton horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=595514411 Contributors: Aircorn, Black Falcon, Bobnorwal, Bogbumper, Catxx, Dana boomer, Dimitrii, Dl2000,DoctorPestis, EoGuy, Eventer, Frietjes, Garion96, Good Olfactory, Ian Pitchford, JVillon, Jimfbleak, Josve05a, Justlettersandnumbers, Kersti Nebelsiek, Little Mountain 5, MRSC, Markan80,Merrymount, Montanabw, Moonraker, RafikiSykes, Tabletop, Tsaag Valren, Udufruduhu, Una Smith, Xharze, 10 anonymous edits

Brumby Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=595581482 Contributors: 1717, 2001:db8, Alan Liefting, Alexsanderson83, Alkivar, Allen McC., Allstarecho, Anthony Appleyard,Athesia, B.d.mills, BD2412, Bald Zebra, Bluezy, Bobo192, Bogbumper, Burntsauce, Casliber, Catxx, Cgoodwin, Chris the speller, Courcelles, CzarB, DRyan, Dale Arnett, Dana boomer, Dankru,DexDor, DigbyDalton, Dl2000, Dmol, DoctorPestis, Dthomsen8, DutchDevil, Edward321, Emijrp, Epf, Esperant, Figaro, Fish and karate, Fleela, Fyyer, GarrieIrons, Gary, Good Olfactory,Graham87, Grahamec, Hamamelis, Hanay, Hesperian, Hibernian, Hike395, Hippietrail, Hmains, Hongooi, Ibn Battuta, Ingii, Inugami-bargho, JamieS93, Jim1138, JoanneB, Kajervi, Kelly2357,Khatru2, Klemen Kocjancic, LilHelpa, Lillingen, Lisahow, Lizby, Londo06, Lummie, Lyræ, MER-C, Magioladitis, Mark Arsten, Materialscientist, Mgiuras, Mitternacht90, Montanabw, NaturalCut, Nrg800, Ossipewsk, Ottre, PDH, Philryan, PurpleMint, Queenmomcat, RafikiSykes, Randallrayarms, Rjwilmsi, Robauz, Rojomoke, Saber girl08, SandyRadke, Sebesta, SlimVirgin, Sss333,StAnselm, Sydney.city.easts, Tbhotch, Tesscass, Theveravee, Titodutta, Turing, Ulric1313, Una Smith, Vanished user 19794758563875, Wikidemon, Woohookitty, 134 anonymous edits

Budyonny horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=587306356 Contributors: Aes, Aldis90, Altenmann, Archi2k15, Balph Eubank, Carnby, Catxx, Courcelles, Dana boomer,DePiep, DragonflySixtyseven, Everyking, Ingii, Justlettersandnumbers, Lajos87, Longhair, Mackensen, MakeRocketGoNow, Mergirl97, Mogism, Montanabw, Niora, Omegacc, RichFarmbrough, Rjwilmsi, Shira68, Skier Dude, Timrollpickering, Una Smith, Vmenkov, Wiki alf, 23 anonymous edits

Burguete horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=546139377 Contributors: Akerbeltz, Good Olfactory, Justlettersandnumbers, Makecat, Montanabw, Vanyka2011

Byelorussian Harness (horse) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=549438136 Contributors: Bogbumper, Businessman332211, Catxx, Cuttlefish 0613, Dana boomer, Finngall,Good Olfactory, I dream of horses, January, Jk2q3jrklse, Lupin, Mairi, Maoririder, Montanabw, PeterCanthropus, PhiJ, RJFJR, RafikiSykes, Rl, TheParanoidOne, Una Smith, 7 anonymous edits

Calabrese horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=593227856 Contributors: Bogbumper, Catxx, ColRad85, Dana boomer, Eponimm, Hmains, Horsecanter,Justlettersandnumbers, KathrynLybarger, Montanabw, Nirame, Signalhead, Una Smith, 8 anonymous edits

Camargue horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=595514470 Contributors: Adamsdad, Angelastic, Anthony Appleyard, BMT, Bogbumper, Buspirtraz, Buster7,Capricorn42, Catxx, Chevaux, Colonies Chris, DMS, EagerToddler39, Ealdgyth, Erodola, Eventer, Frietjes, Fuhghettaboutit, Gemini1980, Hamiltondaniel, Ingii, Justlettersandnumbers, Luigibob,Mais oui!, Markus Kuhn, Mereda, Milk.hermit, Montanabw, Mschneblin, Nirame, Ocean Shores, Palinodial, Parkwells, Pharaoh Hound, Randallrayarms, Rjwilmsi, Simonmac220, SkeletorUK,Steven Walling, TexasAndroid, Theo10011, Thewayforward, Tsaag Valren, Una Smith, Vadszederke Agnes Modis, Widsith, 40 anonymous edits

Camarillo White Horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=573586245 Contributors: After Midnight, BD2412, BlueAzure, Bogbumper, Catxx, Dana boomer, Emargie,Hmwith, KathrynLybarger, Kersti Nebelsiek, Kroytz, Lmkenefick, Montanabw, Nirame, Optigan13, Pitke, Pol098, Queenmomcat, Rjwilmsi, Sting au, Una Smith, 5 anonymous edits

Campolina Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=585145987 Contributors: Amazona01, Andy M. Wang, Auntof6, Bogbumper, Catxx, Countercanter, Dana boomer,Dangermouth, Debresser, Fangfufu, GoingBatty, Good Olfactory, Kersti Nebelsiek, Khazar2, Meaghan, Montanabw, Niayre, Nirame, Pitke, SriMesh, TicketMan, Una Smith, Yamenah, 13anonymous edits

Canadian horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=594621428 Contributors: Arjayay, Bogbumper, Catxx, Cdnhorse, ChrisCork, Corlyon, Countercanter, Dana boomer,Discospinster, Eventer, Everyking, Falcon8765, Good Olfactory, Ground Zero, Gsl, HH Canadians, Hampshire2004, IndulgentReader, JQF, Juliancolton, Kaiwynn, Kersti Nebelsiek, Kevlar67,Khazar2, Lanternshine, Lexington50, Likemike1, Montanabw, Mr Stephen, NiTenIchiRyu, Nobodyknows007, Oaktree b, Pharaoh Hound, RayAYang, Rmhermen, S-Intrigue, Sasata, Shanemcd,Tide rolls, Twas Now, Una Smith, 66 anonymous edits

Carolina Marsh Tacky Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=594751483 Contributors: AgnosticPreachersKid, Angusmclellan, Bogbumper, Catxx, Chris the speller, DTMedia,Dana boomer, ElinorD, Gemini1980, Glane23, Good Olfactory, Gwinva, Hampshire2004, Hmains, Jberanger, Jimfbleak, Kersti Nebelsiek, Montanabw, Nirame, Optigan13, Queenmomcat,SteinbDJ, Tsaag Valren, Una Smith, WikHead, Yamenah, 8 anonymous edits

Caspian horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=596171974 Contributors: AnonMoos, Asgard megagard, Bathleyhills, Biffwa, Bogbumper, BrainMafia, Breeezee, Catxx, Chrisfluskey28, Dana boomer, Darklilac, Dbachmann, Dbrodbeck, DePiep, Eventer, Good Olfactory, Hampshire2004, Horsetalk, J. Spencer, JPG-GR, JamesAM, Joethemetaldude, Johnuniq, JonJson, Kersti Nebelsiek, Monado, Montanabw, Morgankevinj, Mww113, Nirame, Obsidian Soul, Piethingy, Ponnymadd, Quai-de-Javel, Rjwilmsi, Sangak, Siamax, Steven Walling, Tapir


Terrific, Tbhotch, Thryduulf, Tikiwont, Una Smith, Was a bee, 40 anonymous edits

Castillonnais Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=540421269 Contributors: CommonsDelinker, Cwmhiraeth, Daemonic Kangaroo, Dana boomer, Justlettersandnumbers,Montanabw, Moonraker, Ruby2010, 1 anonymous edits

Catria horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=567562267 Contributors: Dana boomer, ElSaxo, Jesse V., Justlettersandnumbers, Montanabw, Orenburg1, RafikiSykes,Sc291408

Cavallo Romano della Maremma Laziale Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=586638118 Contributors: Bob1960evens, Justlettersandnumbers, LittleWink, Montanabw,Nirame, R'n'B, Timelezz, WhisperToMe, Woohookitty, 1 anonymous edits

Chilean horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=589726351 Contributors: Araucania, Bogbumper, BorgQueen, Brookie, Catxx, Chiton magnificus, CommonsDelinker,DNewhall, Dana boomer, DanielCD, Dentren, Ealdgyth, EdwinHJ, Eventer, Fafnir1, Garion96, Good Olfactory, Hawkestone, Hmains, Jaxhere, Juan24, Juan25, Khazar2, Kornfan71, Lightmouse,Montanabw, Nick Number, Nirame, Pearle, RJASE1, Randallrayarms, Rich Farmbrough, Rorx, Una Smith, Urco, Zoe, 30 anonymous edits

Choctaw horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=581556155 Contributors: Ajstov, Asarelah, Bkonrad, Dana boomer, Farmgirl321, Finnrind, Melaen, Montanabw, Nirame,Spicemix, Woohookitty, 3 anonymous edits

Cleveland Bay Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=573452700 Contributors: ABach, Alexandronikos, Amandajm, Bob1960evens, Bogbumper, Brookelollove, CMSporthorses,Casliber, Catxx, Countercanter, Dana boomer, Eventer, Everyking, Gare408, Garej, Hambletonian, Hampshire2004, Hmains, Ian Pitchford, Lady Tenar, Leoni2, LilHelpa, Lozleader, Lradrama,Malleus Fatuorum, Merrymount, Miz, Montanabw, Moonraker, Neets Human, Nicolas Ray, Nirame, Nlu, NuclearWarfare, RafikiSykes, Rodhullandemu, Roger Liart, Ruhrfisch, Sam Hocevar,Sasata, SteinbDJ, Steven Walling, Sundance, Tbhotch, Una Smith, Visor, 26 anonymous edits

Clydesdale horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=596121697 Contributors: A. Parrot, ABF, Acather96, Adavidw, Addihockey10, Aff123a, Ahoerstemeier, Amandajm,Ashlie123, BD2412, Bachrach44, Bayberrylane, Blethering Scot, Bob1960evens, Bobobob121314, Bornintheguz, Breadandcheese, Bryan Derksen, Burgundavia, Catxx, Clydesdale, Cmartin04,Crazycamelothorse, Cureden, Dale Arnett, Dana boomer, Darklilac, DeadEyeArrow, Discospinster, Docboat, Drmies, Ealdgyth, Eddaido, Emijrp, Euchiasmus, Eventer, Fabulous Creature,FastLizard4, Flyer22, Flyhighplato, FrYGuY, Fraise, Fæ, GTBacchus, Garej, Gemini1980, Gurch, Hadal, Haymaker, HexaChord, Hmains, Horse freak95, Hu, Hydrargyrum, Infrogmation,J.delanoy, JForget, JamesBWatson, Jcpower, Jimbo1561, Johnnyrover, Johnvdenley, Jonur, Joshmt, Josve05a, JustAGal, Kersti Nebelsiek, Kf054, Kgrange, Klilidiplomus, Leadgold, LeeG,Lfrank22001, Lihaas, Magnificat, Mais oui!, Maxim, Meelar, Melonkelon, Mentifisto, Metatron the Tetramorph, Mintrick, Miyagawa, Montanabw, Mr. Stradivarius, Mr.Z-man, Mshawin,Mycroft7, NPrice, Nburden, Niora, Nirame, Nobodyknows007, Otto1970, Oyoyoy, Patrick0Moran, Pesco, Philip Trueman, Pollinator, Quadell, Que-Can, RafikiSykes, Rjwilmsi, Rosser1954,Scareduck, Schnazer Girl, Scs, Semperf, Shell Kinney, Shpigunov, Skäpperöd, Snowolf, Soliloquial, Some jerk on the Internet, Specs112, Srnec, Steven Walling, Stmirrenfc, Sun Creator, TCO,Tedder, TheParanoidOne, Theveravee, TimBentley, Tom Parks, TonyTheTiger, Triona, Tsaag Valren, Tyw7, UKER, Una Smith, Wavelength, Welsh, WikiDonn, Wimt, Xcentaur, 350anonymous edits

Colorado Ranger Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=540922009 Contributors: Avalon, Bogbumper, Calabe1992, Carabinieri, Casliber, Catxx, Chris the speller, Dana boomer,Ealdgyth, Elonka, Evenrød, Hobo14, Jack Greenmaven, Kersti Nebelsiek, Krash, Leech44, Montanabw, Nirame, Propaniac, Searles2sels, Smigs, Una Smith, Woohookitty, 8 anonymous edits

Coldblood trotter Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=575788324 Contributors: Bearcat, Dana boomer, Justlettersandnumbers, Montanabw, Nimloth250, Nirame, Pitke,RafikiSykes, Salamurai, TaalVerbeteraar, 1 anonymous edits

Comtois horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=595514278 Contributors: Catxx, Dana boomer, Eventer, Frietjes, Gemini1980, Justlettersandnumbers, KathrynLybarger,Montanabw, Nirame, Someguy1221, Una Smith, Woohookitty, Yamenah, Zafonic, 1 anonymous edits

Costa Rican Saddle Horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=559743799 Contributors: Arsdelicata, Awien, Bob1960evens, Chowbok, Good Olfactory, MaybeMaybeMaybe,Montanabw, NVO

Criollo horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=554362444 Contributors: ABach, AxelBoldt, Bogbumper, Catxx, ChrisGualtieri, Dana boomer, Denni, Ebyabe, Egil, Eventer,Everyking, FilipeS, Gene Nygaard, Gurch, Howcheng, Ixfd64, Jeff G., Jordan.Oian, Jorge Stolfi, Juan25, Krenakarore, LAAFan, Lady Tenar, Longhair, Markan80, Mboverload, Mijobe,Montanabw, Niceguyedc, Niora, Randallrayarms, Rjwilmsi, SchreiberBike, Shanman7, Skier Dude, Squids and Chips, Stbalbach, Una Smith, WikHead, Лукас Фокс, 47 anonymous edits

Croatian Coldblood Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=597783828 Contributors: Montanabw, Nordlicht8, NotWith, Silverije

Cuban Criollo horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=554972173 Contributors: Bgwhite, Catxx, GTBacchus, Good Olfactory, Hutcher, Jorge Stolfi, MaybeMaybeMaybe,Mcoupal, Montanabw, Ramona.Karolina, Squids and Chips, TexasAndroid, Una Smith, 6 anonymous edits

Cumberland Island horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=561734754 Contributors: Dana boomer, Disavian, Geeoharee, Jami430, Ken Gallager, Khazar2, LilHelpa,MarkGelbart, Montanabw, NawlinWiki, RafikiSykes, Ruttles, Woohookitty, 1 anonymous edits

Curly Horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=596838165 Contributors: Anthony Appleyard, Ashleigh29, Catxx, Cgoodwin, ChrisCork, Clovis Sangrail,Curlyhorsecountry60, Dar-Ape, Download, Ealdgyth, Efelmer, Eike Welk, Ethii, Eventer, Gemini1980, Hmains, Hydro, ICHOofficeGal, Justlettersandnumbers, Kersti Nebelsiek, Lindsayanne,LiquidNitrogen18, LizGere, MIckStephenson, Merrymount, Mild Bill Hiccup, Montanabw, Pb30, Penella22, Pinethicket, RJFJR, TKD, Thumperward, Una Smith, Virtualphtn, Xaxafrad, Yupik,Zavebe, 49 anonymous edits

Czech warm blood Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=541396797 Contributors: Alois Musil, Aloysius, Bogbumper, Chris the speller, CommonsDelinker, Countercanter,Cuddy Wifter, ESkog, Ealdgyth, Good Olfactory, Joelmills, Kersti Nebelsiek, Longhair, Malcolm, Michael Daly, Montanabw, N A T Y, Nádvorník, Pavel Vozenilek, RJFJR, RafikiSykes, UnaSmith, 11 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 258

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