Honors Biology

Module 11: Invertebrates

February 6, 2014

Class Challenge

The best Joke

Notebook Check Today

Through Module 10

Quiz 18 - February 6, 2014

1. Evaporation of water from the leaves of a plant is called ____________________.

2. Precipitation is another name for ______.

3. The water cycle is responsible for transporting nutrients from one part of an ecosystem to another or between one ecosystem and another. True/False

4. The air we breathe is made up of about 21% oxygen. True/False

5. Oxygen is used up in several ways. Name 2

6. Oxygen is produced in several ways. Name 2

7. Carbon makes up a living organism’s body and will be converted to carbon dioxide by decomposers after the organism dies. True/False

8. The process by which certain gases (principally

water vapor, carbon dioxide, and methane) trap heat that would otherwise escape the earth and radiate into space is called _________________.

9. The majority of the air we breathe is made up of 78% nitrogen gas. True/False

10. Nitrogen is “fixed” in several ways. (Converted from N2 to N) Name 3 ways.

1. Evaporation of water from the leaves of a plant is called Transpiration .

2. Precipitation is another name for Rain .3. The water cycle is responsible for

transporting nutrients from one part of an ecosystem to another or between one ecosystem and another. True

4. The air we breathe is made up of about 21% oxygen. True

5. Oxygen is used up in several ways. Name 2

Ozone formation, rusting of metals, fire, respiration.

6. Oxygen is produced in several ways. Name 2 Photosynthesis, water vapor destruction, ozone destruction

7. Carbon makes up a living organism’s body and will be converted to carbon dioxide by decomposers after the organism dies. True

8. The process by which certain gases (principally

water vapor, carbon dioxide, and methane) trap heat that would otherwise escape the earth and radiate into space is called the Greenhouse Effect.

9. The majority of the air we breathe is made up of 78% nitrogen gas. True

10. Usable nitrogen is “fixed” in several ways. (Converted from N2 to N) Name 3. lightening, bacteria, root nodules

Kingdom Animalia is divided into two groups:

1. Invertebrates: Animals that lack a backbone.

2. Vertebrates: Animals that have a backbone.

Invertebrates

Vertebrae:

Humans have a

Backbone.

Worms and insects

Do not. They are

Invertebrates.

Believe it or not there are many more invertebrates in Kingdom Animalia than there are vertebrates.

Name some

When we look at Animals…..If is possible to split that organism into two

identical halves. (Figure 11.1)

There is an identical right and left side of the body. (Bilateral Symmetry) We are observing the outside of the body. If we were to look at the internal organs, they would not be symmetrical.

Examples???

Figure 11.2Spherical Symmetry: An organism possesses

spherical symmetry if it can be cut into two identical halves by any cut that runs through the organism’s center.

Radial Symmetry: An organism possesses radial symmetry if it can be cut into two identical halves by any longitudinal cut through its center.

Bilateral Symmetry: An organism possesses bilateral symmetry if it can only be cut into two identical halves by a single longitudinal cut along its center which divides it into right and left halves.

On Your Own questions

Sponges: Phylum Porifera

Sponges are amazing creatures. They have no defined symmetry and come in a variety of shapes:

Flat, tubular, branched, cuplike, vaselike.

Sponge Anatomy

They have two layers of cells that are separated by a thin, jellylike substance.

Outer layer: epidermis , designed to provide for protection.

Jellylike substance: mesenchyme that separates the epidermis from the inner cells in the sponge.

Mesenchyme

Is not made up of cellular material, it is necessary to the life of the sponge.

In the mesenchyme, spicules are found. They provide the framework that supports the sponge. Spicules are made up of lime (calcium carbonate) or silica, depending on the species. In some sponges, the spicules protrude through the epidermis giving the sponge a spiny or velvety look.

Spongin

Some sponges do not have spicules and are supported by a tough web of protein called spongin.

Sponges that feel hard have spicules. Sponges that feel soft have spongin.

How Sponges Eat

Sponges have canals and cavities in their body lined with collar cells, also called choanocytes.

These collar cells have flagella that beat constantly, pulling water through the sponge. As the water passes through, the algae, bacteria, and organic debris contained in the water are extracted and eaten by the sponge.

Sponges have no Internal Organs

But they have specialized cells called amoebocytes that take care of digestion.

These cells travel freely in the mesenchyme. They digest the food that the sponge has extracted from the water and transport the digested food to the parts of the sponge that need it.

Amoebocytes

They also take in waste products from the inner cells and travel to the epidermis, where the waste products are released.

Ameobocytes also exchange gases with the surroundings, bringing needed gases (such as oxygen) to the inner cell layers.

Ameobocytes also produce the lime or cilica that makes up the spicules.

Sponge Reproduction

Sponges reproduce:1. asexually by budding. 2. They can also regenerate.3. During periods of freezing weather, they

produce a gemmule, which is a cluser to cells encased in a hard, spicule-reinforced shell. It is much like a cyst and can survive during a long period of inclement weather. When it turns warm again, the gemmule will break open and a sponge will grow from the encased cells.

4. Lastly, sponges also have a sexual mode of reproduction. Collar cells can produce either eggs or sperm. These gametes are then released into the flow of water that the collar cells are maintaining. If a sperm cell and egg cell meet, fertilization occurs, and a zygote is formed.

Experiment 11.1

Observation of the Spicules of a Sponge

OBJECT: To observe a specimen from phylum Porifera and note the complexity of this animal’s support structure.

Phylum CnidariaFigure 11.4

Jellyfish, sea anemones and hydra have two basic forms:

1. Polyp- The sessile, tubular form of a cnidarian with a mouth and tentacles at one end and a basal disk at the other.

2. Medusa- A free swimming cnidarian with a bell-shaped body and tentacles

Cnidaria

Have an outer layer of cells and an inner layer of cells separated by a jellylike layer.

1. Epithelium: Animal tissue consisting of one or more layers of cells that have only one free surface, because the other surface adheres to a member or other substance.

2. Mesoglea: The jellylike substance that separates the epithelial cells in a cnidarian

The epithelial layer contain nerve cells and contractile cells.

All cnidaria have radial symmetry. Their bodies have tentacles, a mouth, and a saclike gut.

The tentacles catch prey by releasing nematocysts that are small capsules that contain a toxin which is injected into prey or predators.

HydraFigure 11.5

Are tiny creatures, one end is covered in tentacles that surround the mouth.

They surround the mouth so that prey can be pulled into the mouth. The tentacles are covered with nematocysts in the hydra’s outer epithelial layer.

There is a pressure sensitive layer so that when something brushes up against it the nematocyst is unleashed, stinging whatever set it off.

Figure 11.5

1. Find the mouth2. Tentacles3. Nematocyst4. Trigger5. Contractile cell6. Digestive cell7. Bud8. Ovary9. Testis

Experiment 11.2

Observation of a Hydra

OBJECTIVE: To observe the hydra as a typical member of phylum Cnidaria.

Cnidaria

Sea Anemone

Corals

JellyfishFigure 11.6

Jellyfish are usually recognized in the medusa form. Some jellyfish (genus Aurelia) actually go through the polyp form before they turn into the medusa form.

Jellyfish handout on lifecycle

Homework

1. Read Module 11 pages 343 – 356;2. Answer OYO questions 11.1 – 11.8;3. Answer Study Guide questions a-q and

questions 2-12;4. Finish lab book labs from today’s class;5. Class challenge: Longest Broad Jump6. Quiz: Three types of Body Symmetry Lifecycle of a jellyfish