Proteins Function:

many, many functions hormones

signals from one body system to anotherinsulin

movementmuscle

immune systemprotect against germs

enzymeshelp chemical reactions

Question 1

H2O

HO

HO H

H HHO

How to build a polymer Synthesis

joins monomers by “taking” H2O out one monomer donates OH–

other monomer donates H+ together these form H2O

requires energy & enzymes

enzymeDehydration synthesis

Condensation reaction

Question 2

Amino acid chains Proteins

amino acids chained into a polymer (or polypeptide)

Each amino acid is different some “like” water & dissolve in it some “fear” water & separate from it

amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid

Question 3

(Build Protein Activity)

Nucleotide chains Nucleic acids

nucleotides chained into a polymer DNA

double-sideddouble helixA, C, G, T

RNAsingle-sidedA, C, G, U

phosphate

sugar N base

phosphate

sugar N base

phosphate

sugar N base

phosphate

sugar N base

strong bonds

RNA

Question 4

It’s SHAPE that matters! Proteins do their jobs, because

of their shape Unfolding a protein destroys its

shape wrong shape = can’t do its job unfolding proteins = “denature”

temperature pH (acidity)

folded

unfolded“denatured”

In Biology,it’s not the size,it’s the SHAPEthat matters!

Question 5

(And enzyme presentation)

96% of living organisms is made of: carbon (C) oxygen (O) hydrogen (H) nitrogen (N)

Elements of Life

Question 6

(Not explicit in this Unit, b

ut in

Inorganic Chemistry Unit.)

Reducing Activation energy Catalysts

reducing the amount of energy to start a reaction

Pheeew…that takes a lot

less energy!

reactant

product

uncatalyzed reaction

catalyzed reaction

NEW activation energy

From Enzyme Presentation

Question 7

Proteins Function:

many, many functions hormones

signals from one body system to anotherinsulin

movementmuscle

immune systemprotect against germs

enzymeshelp chemical reactions

Question 8

Other lipids in biology Cell membranes are made out of

lipids phospholipids heads are on the outside touching

water “like” water

tails are on inside away from water “scared” of water

forms a barrier between the cell & the outside

Question 9

(Not especially clear in our

presentation.)

Proteins

Building block =

aminoacid

aminoacid–

aminoacid–

aminoacid–

aminoacid–

—N—H

H

H|

—C—|

C—OH||O

variable group

amino acids

20 different amino acidsThere’s

20 of us…like 20 different

letters in analphabet!

Can make lots of different

words

Question 10

Building BIG carbohydratesglucose + glucose + glucose… =

starch(plant)

glycogen(animal)

energystorage

polysaccharide

Question 11

Catalysts So what’s a cell got to do to reduce

activation energy? get help! … chemical help…ENZYMES

Call in the ENZYMES!

From Enzyme Presentation

Question 12

(Challenging – must use synthesize.)

Enzyme vocabulary Enzyme

helper protein molecule Substrate

molecule that enzymes work on Products

what the enzyme helps produce from the reaction

Active site part of enzyme

that substrate molecule fits into

Question 13

How to take large molecules apart Digestion

taking big molecules apart getting raw materials

for synthesis & growth making energy (ATP)

for synthesis, growth & everyday functions

+

ATP

Question 14

(Term not specific, but synonymous, and

mentioned in LECTURE)

Amino acid chains Proteins

amino acids chained into a polymer (or polypeptide)

Each amino acid is different some “like” water & dissolve in it some “fear” water & separate from it

amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid

Question 15

Must extend understanding of PEPTIDE

collagen (skin)

Proteins

insulin

Examples muscle skin, hair, fingernails, claws

collagen, keratin pepsin

digestive enzyme in stomach

insulin hormone that controls blood

sugar levels

pepsin

Question 15

Again, Pepsin – PEPTIDE –

Peptidase (protein enzyme)

DNA Double strand twists into a double

helix weak bonds between nitrogen bases

join the 2 strands A pairs with T

A :: T C pairs with G

C :: G the two strands can

separate when our cells need to make copies of it

weak bonds

Question 16

H2O

HO

HO H

H HHO

How to build a polymer Synthesis

joins monomers by “taking” H2O out one monomer donates OH–

other monomer donates H+ together these form H2O

requires energy & enzymes

enzymeDehydration synthesis

Condensation reaction

Protein Building Activity

Question 17

Water produced… must combine

with understanding of naming…

Building carbohydrates Synthesis

|glucose

|glucose

1 sugar = monosaccharide

2 sugars = disaccharide

|maltose

mono = onesaccharide = sugar

di = two

Question 17

Di- naming also works for proteins –

also only answer that makes sense

based on WATER

DNA Double strand twists into a double

helix weak bonds between nitrogen bases

join the 2 strands A pairs with T

A :: T C pairs with G

C :: G the two strands can

separate when our cells need to make copies of it

weak bonds

Question 18

Weak Bond stated as HYDROGEN bond

during lecture.

(Also, only “weak” option in answers.)

Nucleic acids

Building block =nucleotides

5 different nucleotides different nitrogen bases A, T, C, G, U

nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide

phosphate

sugar N base

Nitrogen basesI’m the

A,T,C,G or Upart! Question 19

37°

Temperature

temperature

reac

tio

n r

ate

What’s happening here?!

humanenzymes

From Enzyme Presentation

Question 20

Saturated fats Most animal fats

solid at room temperature

Limit the amount in your diet contributes to

heart disease deposits in

arteriesQuestion 21

Unsaturated fats Plant, vegetable & fish

fats liquid at room

temperature the fat molecules

don’t stack tightlytogether

Better choice in your dietQuestion 21

Sugars = building blocks Names for sugars usually end in

glucose fructose sucrose maltose OH

OH

H

H

HO

CH2OH

HH

H

OH

O

glucoseC6H12O6

sucrose

fructose

maltose

-ose

Question 22

Water 65% of your body is H2O water is inorganic

doesn’t contain carbon

Rest of you is made of carbon molecules organic molecules

carbohydrates proteins fats nucleic acids

Don’t forget water

Question 23

96% of living organisms is made of: carbon (C) oxygen (O) hydrogen (H) nitrogen (N)

Elements of Life

Question 24

Cellulose Cell walls in plants

herbivores can digest cellulose well most carnivores cannot digest

cellulose that’s why they

eat meat to get their energy & nutrients

cellulose = roughage stays undigested keeps material

moving in your intestines

Question 25

Carbohydrates:

OH

OH

H

H

HO

CH2OH

HH

H

OH

O

Energy molecules

Question 26

Protein structure (review)

amino acid sequence

peptide bonds

1°

determinedby DNA R groups

short 3D segments

R groupswhole molecule folding

3°

multiple polypeptides

4°

2°

Question 27

Nucleic acids

Building block =nucleotides

5 different nucleotides different nitrogen bases A, T, C, G, U

nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide

phosphate

sugar N base

Nitrogen basesI’m the

A,T,C,G or Upart! Question 28

Enzymes are proteins Each enzyme is the specific helper to

a specific reaction each enzyme needs to be the right

shape for the job enzymes are named for the reaction

they help sucrase breaks down sucrose proteases breakdown proteins lipases breakdown lipids DNA polymerase builds DNA

Oh, I get it!They end

in -ase

From Enzyme Presentation

Question 29

Primary (1°) structure Order of amino acids in chain

slight change in amino acid sequence can affect protein’s structure & its function even just one amino acid

change can make all the difference!

lysozyme: enzyme in tears & mucus that kills bacteria

Question 30

Enzymes are proteins Each enzyme is the specific helper to

a specific reaction each enzyme needs to be the right

shape for the job enzymes are named for the reaction

they help sucrase breaks down sucrose proteases breakdown proteins lipases breakdown lipids DNA polymerase builds DNA

Oh, I get it!They end

in -ase

From Enzyme Presentation

Question 31

Enzymes aren’t used up Enzymes are not changed by the

reaction used only temporarily re-used again for the same reaction with

other molecules very little enzyme needed to help in

many reactions

enzyme

substrate product

active site

From Enzyme Presentation

Question 32

Proteins

Building block =

aminoacid

aminoacid–

aminoacid–

aminoacid–

aminoacid–

—N—H

H

H|

—C—|

C—OH||O

variable group

amino acids

20 different amino acidsThere’s

20 of us…like 20 different

letters in analphabet!

Can make lots of different

words

Question 33

7

pH

pH

reac

tio

n r

ate

20 1 3 4 5 6 8 9 10

stomachpepsin

intestinestrypsin

What’s happening here?!

11 12 13 14

From Enzyme Presentation

Question 37