History of Marine SciencePart IV

The Birth of Marine Science

The _______ Expedition

• The United States Exploring Expedition was an exploring and surveying expedition of the Pacific Ocean ("the Southern Seas") conducted by the United States Navy from 1838–1842

Wilkes results

• The Wilkes Expedition played a major role in development of 19th-century science, particularly in the growth of the U.S. scientific establishment

• 280 islands (mostly in the Pacific Ocean) were explored, and over 800 miles of Oregon were mapped

• over 60,000 plant and bird specimens were collected

• Many of the species and other items found by the expedition helped form the basis of collections at the Smithsonian Institution

Science for Science’s sake

• Now more scientific related sea voyages were occurring

• Wilkes Expedition was a great achievement but as you can see it was more land based

• The REAL Expedition for Sea Exploration was NEXT!

HMS___________ – Where it all began!!!!

Challenger’s Big Breakthroughs

• Found that Life is at the bottom of the sea• Studied seawater chemistry • Charted depths over much of the Atlantic ocean• > 4,000 new species found• Measured temperatures at all depths• Studied deep ocean currents• Took 19 years to publish all of their findings• Led by Scientist __________ __________

First great oceanographic expedition, 1872-1875

Bermuda

Tristan da Cunha

NZ

JapanHawaii

Ship’s Officers: Scientific leader = Wyville Thomson

Ship’s Crew – A Rough and Ready Group

A meticulous log with color paintings...

Detailed descriptionsof events throughoutthe voyage...

Accurate drawingsof marine organisms..

of all sizes….

Including microscopicmarine planktondrawn while looking through a microscope..

And photographs!

As well as Cannibals !!!!!

Catalyst for other nations:

Now everyone wanted to study the ocean

Norway, Germany, France, Austria, USA, Italy andMonaco all followed with expeditions of their own

Here are some of the others ………

USA: Albert Agassiz aboard the vessel Blake- Gulf Stream work

Prince Edward of Monaco

aboard the Hirondelle II explored European watersUntil 1915

His Father Prince Albert established the first ______________School in 1900

The Lab on the Ship.

NansenNorwegian explorer,ocean scientist, andHumanitarian

Ocean currents aroundpolar seas

Tricked his crew by Letting his boat get Stuck in the ice on Purpose!

The _________

Frozen in ice – 1893 –1896 for North Pole trek, deep ocean survey of the area

Fram frozen in the Arctic ice pack

Picture of Nansen duringhis time on SpitzbergenLeft the Fram And trekked on foot tryingTo reach the North Pole

A very dangerous expedition

Nasen’s Voyage

Nasen leaves Fram

for the north pole March 1895

Winters on island in a hut made of moss and ice living on polar bear meat and Walrus Blubber

Arrive home on Aug 1896

But let’s not forget The Fram

OK – so Nansen was good, but the Fram – 1st ship through NW Passage in______, AND with Amundsen to Antarctica – 1911- was GREAT!

Fram Museum

Fram in Ice

The Crew

1925-1927: The Meteor provided the first reliable measurement of ocean depths, continuous echo sounding and discovery of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge – something that we will revisit later

One significant German survey ship The Meteor crossed the Atlantic 14 times67,000 echo soundings

The Meteor

Because of World War I and the extensive use of ___________ in this war there were many “firsts” in this time period in the area of Oceanography

World War 2 saw another leap forward – as detailed coastal charts, submarine conditions, sea conditions, etc…. needed to be known

Again – either commerce or war proved invaluable to oceanography

The Challenger was a(n) ________ Ship

1. American

2. British

3. German

4. Spanish

The Challenger was led by

Prin

ce A

lber

t

Wyv

ille

Thom

son

Mat

thew

Mau

ry

Alb

ert A

gass

iz

0% 0%0%0%

1. Prince Albert

2. Wyville Thomson

3. Matthew Maury

4. Albert Agassiz

Prince Albert Opened the first school of Oceanography in

1416

1875

1901

1900

0% 0%0%0%

1. 1416

2. 1875

3. 1901

4. 1900

Nasen went to the north pole to study

Win

d Pat

tern

s

Oce

an c

urre

nts

Esk

imos

Ice

Move

men

t

0% 0%0%0%

1. Wind Patterns

2. Ocean currents

3. Eskimos

4. Ice Movement

Nasen’s boat was named the

Fra

m

Fre

ud

Fra

ud F

lim

0% 0%0%0%

1. Fram

2. Freud

3. Fraud

4. Flim

The Fram was an excellent boat because it was able to

With

stan

d win

d.

With

stan

d cold

.

With

stan

d bei

ng froz

e...

With

stan

d ext

rem

e hea

t.

0% 0%0%0%

1. Withstand wind.

2. Withstand cold.

3. Withstand being frozen in ice.

4. Withstand extreme heat.

The German ship the Meteor discovered the

Tita

nic

The

Oce

an F

loor

The

Mid

Atla

ntic R

idge

Glo

bal W

arm

ing

0% 0%0%0%

1. Titanic

2. The Ocean Floor

3. The Mid Atlantic Ridge

4. Global Warming

The two driving forces behind advancement in Marine Science

have been

Pea

ce a

nd Dip

lom

acy

War

fare

and C

uriosi

ty

War

fare

and T

rade

Curio

sity

and T

rade

0% 0%0%0%

1. Peace and Diplomacy

2. Warfare and Curiosity

3. Warfare and Trade

4. Curiosity and Trade

Fastest Responders (in seconds)

0 Participant 1

0 Participant 2

0 Participant 3

0 Participant 4

0 Participant 5

Modern Advances

Glomar Challenger

Glomar Highlights ‘68-’83

• Took core samples of the Atlantic Ocean Sea Floor.

• The floor samples offered evidence for the plate tectonic theory

• Total distance penetrated below sea floor 325,548 m

• Retired in 1983

Scripps FLIP Vessel

FLIP is a 335 ft. vessel, whose stern ballast tanks can be flooded to convert it into a 55 ft. stable platform for research.

The way water circulates, how storm waves are formed, how seismic waves move, how heat is exchanged between the ocean and the atmosphere, and the sound made underwater by marine animals are just a few of the subjects studied using the amazing FLIP.

FLIP stands for Floating Instrument Platform: it is actually a huge specialized buoy. One of its creators described it as looking like a 355-foot long ( 108 m) baseball bat. If that isn't unusual enough, it really flips!

   

 Doors in the floor, portholes in the ceiling, tables bolted sideways to walls, stairs leading to nowhere! What kind of a research lab is this?

FLIP: The World's Strangest Research Lab

http://sio.ucsd.edu/voyager/flip/flip3.html

1987 - Joint Oceanographic Institutions Deep Earth Sampling (JOIDES) drilled on the ocean floor at a depth of 27,000 ft. and went 1000 ft. into ocean floor sediments.

1978 SEASAT satellite launched for measuring global surface temperature, bio-productivity, and wave heights.

1990’s - Global Positioning Satellites were opened for public access.

2000’s – a 10-year project, Census of Marine Life, will seek to identify marine life and preserve species.

Satellites

University National Oceanographic Laboratory System (UNOLS) has a fleet of academic research vessels, deep submersible and remote robotic vehicles.

R.O.V’s are becoming the tool of choice

NOAA

NOAA

NOAA

Oceanographic Equipment

Marine Science is only lacking American science students. The U.S. is only 17th in the world in scientific literacy.

Main Points• Middens are refuse dumps found near

beaches left by prehistoric man and give clues to man’s first interactions with the sea.

• The first Navigational tool was the Stick Chart used by the polynesians.

• The first School of Navigation was opened by “Prince Henry the Navigator” in 1416.

• Magellan first circumnavigated the globe in 1522

• Capitan James Cook’s many advances in Maritime travel include successful testing of the chronometer and a solution to problem of scurvy.

• Ben Franklin studied using the gulf stream to shorten travel time between US and Europe.

• Matthew Maury The Father of Marine Science publishes the first textbook on Oceanography

• The HMS Challenger Expedition. Led by Wyville Thomson. The first scientific venture to study the Ocean and Marine Life Exclusively.

• Prince Albert of Monaco set up the first school of Oceanography in 1900.

• The Meteor a German ship uses Sonar to map out the Atlantic Ocean Floor and discovers the mid Atlantic Ridge

• The Fram …Design to survive being frozen in ice….The first ship to cross the Northwest passage in 1903. Used to study polar ocean currents and brought the first explorers to the North Pole

• The Meteor discovered the Mid Atlantic Ridge• Commerce (Trade) and War have been the driving

force behind most Marine Science advancements.

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