guide romania - east africa

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GUIDE ROMANIA - EAST AFRICA for Business, Development, Culture, Education, Training, Research and Transfer of Technology The large regional economic bloc with a combined population of more than 141.1 million people, land area of 1.82 million square kilometres and a combined Gross Domestic Product of $99.8 billion, bears great strategic and geopolitical significance and prospects of a renewed and reinvigorated East African Community (EAC). The EAC aims at deepening economic, social and political integration and enhance the region’s competitiveness through enhanced value chain, trade and investments. To achieve such goals, the EAC countries established a Customs Union in 2005 and a Common Market in 2010 which provides “four Freedoms” namely, free movement of goods, labour, services and capital, to significantly boost trade and investments and make the region more productive and prosperous. EAC Partner States also qualify for duty-free access to the US market under the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA), as well as European Union (EU), and the Common market of Eastern & Southern Africa (COMESA). Reforms and a growing participation in global trade has helped the EAC region to grow. It has been the second fastest growing economic bloc in the world in recent years with an average growth of 5.8% in 2012 (behind ASEAN at 6.1%) which is the best rate of growth in the Sub-Saharan Africa region. Tanzania, Uganda and Rwanda showed a robust annual growth of over 7% from 2002 to 2012, and the total FDI inflow in the EAC region has almost tripled from $1.3 billion in 2005 to $3.8 billion in 2012. All countries in the EAC region have recognised the private sector as an essential growth engine for economic and social development and have introduced favourable policies to attract domestic and foreign investment. Governments are encouraging investment by providing fiscal incentives,

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Page 1: GUIDE ROMANIA - EAST AFRICA

GUIDE

ROMANIA - EAST AFRICA

for Business, Development, Culture, Education, Training, Research and

Transfer of Technology

The large regional economic bloc with a combined population of more than 141.1 million people, land

area of 1.82 million square kilometres and a combined Gross Domestic Product of $99.8 billion, bears

great strategic and geopolitical significance and prospects of a renewed and reinvigorated East African

Community (EAC).

The EAC aims at deepening economic, social and political integration and enhance the region’s

competitiveness through enhanced value chain, trade and investments. To achieve such goals, the

EAC countries established a Customs Union in 2005 and a Common Market in 2010 which provides

“four Freedoms” namely, free movement of goods, labour, services and capital, to significantly boost

trade and investments and make the region more productive and prosperous.

EAC Partner States also qualify for duty-free access to the US market under the African Growth and

Opportunity Act (AGOA), as well as European Union (EU), and the Common market of Eastern &

Southern Africa (COMESA).

Reforms and a growing participation in global trade has helped the EAC region to grow. It has been the

second fastest growing economic bloc in the world in recent years with an average growth of 5.8% in

2012 (behind ASEAN at 6.1%) which is the best rate of growth in the Sub-Saharan Africa region.

Tanzania, Uganda and Rwanda showed a robust annual growth of over 7% from 2002 to 2012, and the

total FDI inflow in the EAC region has almost tripled from $1.3 billion in 2005 to $3.8 billion in 2012.

All countries in the EAC region have recognised the private sector as an essential growth engine for

economic and social development and have introduced favourable policies to attract domestic and

foreign investment. Governments are encouraging investment by providing fiscal incentives,

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establishing Export Processing Zones (EPZs) and industrial parks, setting up exports and investment

promotion agencies (IPAs), and doing outreach activities.

The EAC region is projected to continue showing a strong macro-economic performance in coming

years. According to the World Bank, Rwanda’s economy is projected to grow by 7.5% in 2015,

Tanzania 6.8%, Uganda 6.2%, Kenya 4.9% and Burundi by 4.3%.

Intra-EAC Trade

The intra-regional trade among EAC is growing rapidly, doubling from $1.6 billion (7.8% of total east

Africa’s trade) in 2006 to $3.8 billion in 2010 (11.4%). The share of intra-EAC exports to total east

Africa’s exports has also increased from 14% in 2006 to over 20% in 2010, while the share of intra-

EAC imports in total east Africa’s imports remains small at around 5%.

Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania are the main intra-regional exporters. Kenya has played a dominant role

in the intra-regional trade, exporting manufactured goods, chemicals and machinery to the landlocked

countries such as Uganda and Rwanda. Major EAC exports within the region comprise manufactured

products (food products, beverage, tobacco, cement) and oil re-exports, while EAC exports to other

regions mainly consist of commodities.

EAC’s Trade with the World

The EAC region borders with eight countries including Ethiopia, Somalia, Sudan, South Sudan,

Mozambique, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zambia and Malawi, of which five are landlocked. This

central location of the EAC region presents significant market potential in largely untapped markets, not

only in East Africa but also in Central and Southern Africa.

EAC’s trade with the world increased over five-fold from $8.9 billion in 2002 to $49.3 billion in 2012.

Exports of the EAC have increased to $13.8 billion in 2012, up from $2.8 billion in 2002, while imports

have also witnessed almost six-fold increase to $35.4 billion in 2012, compared to $6.1 billion in 2002.

The region’s major exports are agricultural products such as tea, coffee, flowers, fish, tobacco, and

cashews, which account for 36% of the region’s total exports. Major imports include petroleum and

related products, vehicles and transport equipment, machinery, and pharmaceutical products. The

relatively small share of intra-regional imports to total EAC imports shows that manufacturing in the

region has remained under developed even while the demand is growing.

EU is the region’s biggest trading partner, accounting for nearly a quarter of the region’s total imports

followed by India, UAE, China, South Africa, and Japan. Coffee, cut flowers, tea, tobacco, fish and

vegetables dominate exports to the EU from EAC.

Machinery and mechanical appliances, equipment and parts, vehicles and pharmaceutical products

dominate imports from the EU into the region.

While, SADC accounts for a major share of EAC imports, which is mainly due to imports from South

Africa, imports from the rest of world are mainly from the Middle East and Asia, including India and

China.

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BUSINESS GUIDE

ETHIOPIA

INVESTMENT

The Ethiopian Investment Agency (EIA) is a government agency established in 1992 to

promote private investment, primarily foreign direct investment. The overall activities of the

Agency is supervised and followed up by an Investment Board, which is chaired by the

Minister of Trade and Industry. The EIA is headed by a director general who is also a member

of the Board.

Vision: To be a strong institution whichwill make Ethiopia one of the leading investment

destinations in Africa.

Mission: To enhance investment, both foreign and local in the country by promoting its

resource potentials and divestment opportunities’' initiating policy and implementation

measures to create conducive investment climate and providing efficient services lo investors

so as to bring fast and sustainable economic development in the country.

Core values:

o Provision of efficient and effective services which are tailored to the best satisfaction of

our customers.

o Efficient and effective utilization of our resources.

Duties and Responsibilities:

o Providing information required by investors

o Receiving investment applications

o Approving and issuing investment permits

o Providing registration services to newly incorporated business organizations, inducing

notarization ot memorandum and articles of association

o Providing work permits to foreign employees

o Issuing trade and operating licenses to approved foreign investments

o facilitating the acquisition of land by foreign investors

o Providing all other pre and post- approval services to investors

o Promoting and facilitating foreign direct Investment

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Investment Opportunities in the Energy Sector

- Bio-Fuel Production

- Wind Power Generation

- Solar Electricity Generators

- Renewable Energy

- Hydropower Development

- Geothermal Development

- Transformer manufacturing

Exchange Rate

Regime Foreign exchange rate is determined by the law of supply and demand of the market.

The national foreign exchange reserves, export performance and inflow of foreign capital

through foreign direct investment decide the average exchange rate of Ethiopian BIRR. At the

end of 2012/13, the average marginal exchange rate in the inter-bank foreign exchange

market was Birr 19.3 against US$ 1 as compared to Birr 17.99 to US$ 1 in 2011/12. Currently,

US$ 1 is equivalent to Ethiopian BIRR 20.16. Foreign Direct Investment It is an undeniable

fact that Ethiopia has made a considerable progress in economic and social development

since 1992 as a result of the implementation of favorable policies and strategies that are

instrumental in improving the national economy.

The Rural Development Policy and Strategy, the Industrial Development Strategy, and other

sectorial policies and strategies have initiated a new push towards creating frameworks

conducive for economic and social development. The Rural Development Policy and Strategy,

which is under implementation, underlines that agriculture-led development will bring about

fast economic growth, enable its people become beneficiary of economic growth, and lay solid

foundation for industrial development.

The Industrial Development Strategy focuses on export manufacturing with priority given to

textile and garments, leather and leather products, agro-processing, and small and

microenterprises. Due to the investment-friendly environment created in the country, the inflow

of foreign direct investment (FDI) has been increasing over the last twenty-two years.

Accordingly, out of the total investment projects licensed between 1992- 2012, FDI’s share is

about 15.80 percent. However, the overall trend of investment in 2012 both the total number of

projects and capital invested have shown slight increase. Ethiopia remains an untapped and

unexploited market for investors. China, India, Sudan, Germany, Italy, Turkey, Saudi Arabia,

Yemen, the United Kingdom, Israel, Canada and the United States are the major sources of

FDI.

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Agriculture

Ethiopia's economy is based on agriculture but the government is pushing to diversify into

manufacturing, textiles, and energy generation.. Coffee is a major export crop. The agricultural

sector suffers from poor cultivation practices and frequent drought, but recent joint efforts by

the Government of Ethiopia and donors have strengthened Ethiopia's agricultural resilience,

contributing to a reduction in the number of Ethiopians threatened with starvation.

The banking, insurance, telecommunications, and micro-credit industries are restricted to

domestic investors, but Ethiopia has attracted significant foreign investment in textiles, leather,

commercial agriculture and manufacturing. Under Ethiopia's constitution, the state owns all

land and provides long-term leases to the tenants; land use certificates are now being issued

in some areas so that tenants have more recognizable rights to continued occupancy and

hence make more concerted efforts to improve their leaseholds. Ethiopia's economy continues

on its state-led Growth and Transformation Plan.

The five-year economic plan has achieved high single-digit growth rates through government-

led infrastructure expansion and commercial agriculture development. Ethiopia in 2015 is

continuing construction of its Grand Renaissance Dam on the Nile – a controversial five billion

dollar effort to develop electricity for domestic consumption and export.

Currently, agriculture is the leading sector in terms of contribution to the overall economic

growth and development by supplying food for domestic consumption and raw materials for

the domestic manufacturing industries and primary export commodities which constitute as

high as 86% of the total foreign exchange earnings. The national economy, therefore, is highly

correlated with the performance of the agricultural sector. Moreover, the sector accounts

currently for 85% of employment, and supplies 70% of the raw material requirements of local

industries

To facilitate the marketing of agricultural products, the government in collaboration with UNDP

has just introduced the Ethiopian Commodity Exchange (ECX system with its own separate

regulatory body named the Agency for Commodity Exchange. Under this system, is expected

that both the private sector and small farmer! Through cooperatives would participate and will

be beneficiaries.

Sugar Cane Plantation

In Ethiopia, sugar cane plantation started in 1954/55. Sugar has become one of the essential

food consumption items in the country especially in urban areas. Though per capita sugar

consumption in Ethiopia is one of the lowest in the world, the volume of consumption has been

growing steadily since the establishment of the first sugar cane plantations-cum-sugar mills in

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the early 1950’s. As a sweetening food item, sugar is used in preparing all types of drinks

(coffee, tea, soft drinks, juices, etc) and foods (pastries, bread of special types, etc). White

sugar is mainly exported to the neighboring countries such as Djibouti, Kenya and Yemen in

quantities ranging between 30,000 to 50,000 tons per annum. The gap between demand and

supply required the importation of substantial amount of sugar from abroad. In view of the

increasing demand, the government has plans to increase its annual sugar production. Thus,

new sugar projects are under construction.

Horticulture

Farming With diverse agro-climatic zones, the long growing season and the availability of

water for irrigation, most fruits and vegetables can be grown well in Ethiopia. Among the major

fruits, mango, banana, papaya, avocado, citrus, grape, and pineapple are the most common

tropical and sub-tropical types cultivated. While pear and plum are emerging temperate fruits

in the country. Commercial floriculture is still a relatively new industry in Ethiopia but it has

emerged as a major non-traditional export sector.

The rose industry has undergone successful development over the period 1998–2009.

Ethiopia is now the second largest flower exporting country in Africa and the fourth in the

world. It is also an ideal location for highland and low land world class flowers. The flower

industry is one of the fastest growing sub sectors in the country. Currently, Ethiopia exports its

cut flower to the Netherlands, France, Germany, Italy, Canada, Norway, Sweden, UK, Middle

East, and other EU countries. Spices and herbs are also generally grown in Ethiopia. The

major spices cultivated are ginger, hot pepper, fenugreek, turmeric, coriander, cummins,

cardamoms, corianders and black pepper. Currently, there are nearly 122,700 ha under spice

farming. Spice production reached 244,000 tonnes per year.

The potential areas for the cultivation of spice are Amhara and Oromiya, SNNP and Gambella

regions. The total potential for low land spice farming is estimated to be 200,000ha. Cotton

Farming Cotton is an important crop in Ethiopia. There is a huge potential for cotton cultivation

in the country especially in Awash valley where large-scale cultivation under irrigation is found.

Other potential areas for cotton cultivation are found in South Omo (Omorate), north western

part of the country (Humera, Metema, Quara, and Belles Valley), Gambella, Tekezze valley,

Dabus Valley and Wabeshebelle watershed area.

Cotton Production

Cotton production is well integrated into the rest of the economy with a large number of textile

and garment factories relying on domestically produced cotton. Opportunities for the

production and processing of cotton in Ethiopia are thus significant.

Rubber and Palm Tree Plantation

Ethiopia has the potential for the production of rubber and palm oil. Rubber is grown under

large scale commercial production in hot tropical and sub tropical humid climatic zones.

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Moderate acidic or acidic soil is suitable to grow rubber. Therefore, in south-western part of

Ethiopia these agro-climatic conditions exist for the production of rubber at commercial scale.

Palm tree is a perennial tree. It gives a higher yield of oil per unit area than any other oil seed

crops. The plant can be grown in tropical and sub- tropical hot and humid climatic conditions. It

can also grow in a wide range of tropical soils. Cultivation of palm tree can either be carried

out under irrigation or using natural rainfall. Many areas in the south-western part of Ethiopia

have both the required soil and climatic conditions to grow palm oil in large scale.

Livestock Farming, Fishery

Considerable opportunities exist for investments in rearing and breeding of livestock as well

as in fresh water fishery development and the production of honey and beeswax. The livestock

population of Ethiopia is first in Africa and tenth in the world. The sub-sector has large

resources, which include 50.88 million cattle, 25.98 million sheep, 21.80million goats and

42.05 million poultry. Opportunities are also available in ostrich, civet cat and crocodile

farming. Ethiopia is potential for fishery development is limited to its freshwaters of most of the

lakes that are located close to urban areas.

The total fish catch potential from these waters is estimated at 40,000 tons per year. However,

there is also an opportunity for investment in the construction of aquaculture to produce fresh

water fish for local and international markets.

The current annual production of honey and beeswax of the country is estimated at 43.7

thousand tones and 3,600 tones, respectively.

This provides a high investment opportunity in all aspects of the development of this untapped

sub-sector in the production, collection, processing and marketing of honey and beeswax. In

relation to this, the demand for the bee queen is growing rapidly providing an additional

opportunity for investment. Forestry and Related Activities Potential activities for private

investors in commercial forestry include the production and marketing of gum and incense,

large-scale plantations for timber, the establishment of integrated forest-based industries such

as pulp, and paper and chipboard.

Manufacturing

The manufacturing sector, is dominated by food, beverage, textiles, hides & skins, and leather

industries. But most recently considerable amount of investment is directed towards the

establishment of the cement factories in response to the strong surge in demand for cement

that emanated from huge construction activities booming in the country.

The sector is primarily oriented toward processing of agricultural commodities. It supplies

important consumer goods to the domestic market. The major manufactured export products

comprise clothing and apparel, canned and frozen meat, semi-processed hides and skins,

sugar and molasses, footwear, tobacco, beverages, oil cakes, bees' wax, and leather and

leather products Services

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Mining

Ethiopia offers excellent opportunities for mineral prospecting and development. Geological

studies have identified a favorable geological environment hosting a wide variety of mineral

resources. According to the Ministry of Mines, Ethiopia has a substantial deposit of gold,

tantalum, platinum, nickel, potash and soda ash. Among construction and industrial minerals

are marble, granite, limestone, clay, gypsum, gemstone, iron ore, coal, copper, silica,

diatomite, etc. Geothermal energy resource also exists in good quantity.

With regard to fossil energy resources, there are significant opportunities for oil and natural

gas exploration and development in the major sedimentary basins, namely the Ogden, the

Gambella, the Blue Nile and the Southern Rift Valley. Steps are being taken to improve the

situation, including the creation of an environment conducive to private, local and foreign

investment. While there is no restriction on private investors in developing any type of mineral

resource, the greatest potential is in gold and rare metals, petroleum, precious and base

metals, industrial minerals and dimension stones (marble and granite). Prospecting,

exploration and mining licenses have been issued to foreign mining companies with an

aggregate capital of ETB 11.7 billion in 2008/09. Of the total capital, Birr 509.6 million was

injected into the petroleum project alone. In 2012/13, the proceed from the export of gold alone

was US$ 430.6 million. The Ministry of Mines is responsible for the processing of license

application, regulation of the mineral operations and the promotion of investment opportunities

in the mining sector. The Mineral Operations Department is the focal point in the Ministry for

the receipt of mining license application of a foreign investor.

Energy

The potential of Ethiopia’s renewable and non-renewable energy resources is large, with the

economically feasible hydropower potential estimated at 45,000 MW. It has large potential for

geothermal energy generation. Nine of its major rivers are suitable for hydroelectric power

generation. The private sector can participate in electricity generation from any source and

without any capacity limit. Transmission and supply of electrical energy through the Integrated

National Grid System is, however, exclusively reserved for the Government. But, private

investors, both foreign and domestic, are allowed to operate an off-grid transmission and

distribution of electricity. Moreover, private investors are highly encouraged to engage in

generating electricity in bulk and reach an agreement of power purchase with the Ethiopian

Electric Service, a public enterprise, for transmission and supply of electricity through the grid

system.

Infrastructure

Roads

In a country five times as large as the UK, but without an extensive rail network, road

transportation in Ethiopia is paramount. Over the last seven years there has been a massive

increase in funds allocated for road construction. State spending on roads accounts for a

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quarter of each year's infrastructure budget and the government has earmarked the equivalent

of $4 billion to build, upgrade and repair roads over the next ten years under the Road Sector

Development Program (RSDP).

This reflects the government's recognition of the importance of the road sector for national

economic growth and for profiting to a maximum from the country's assets.

The RSDP was launched in 1997 and during its first five years, the intention is to maintain,

rehabilitate and upgrade the main trunk roads, link roads and regional roads. The government

will build 3,833 km of asphalt roads, 1,390 km of feeder roads and 5,399 km of gravel roads;

recondition 2,613 of asphalt roads; and carry out ‘heavy maintenance' on 1,575 km of existing

gravel roads. A Road Fund, which is being financed by a levy on fuel prices, is designed to

ensure a flow of funds for the maintenance of the road network.

Spending is concentrated on the five main arteries radiating from Addis Ababa toward Jimma,

Awassa, Adigrat and Djibouti. To kick-start the programme the World Bank is providing $309

million, the EU $300 million, the African Development Bank $104 million while the Ethiopian

government is investing $940 million. Preparations are in progress for the 326 km Addis

Ababa-Jimma road and the 513 km Addis Ababa-Woldiya road.

Airports

Ethiopia's new and upgraded airports facilitate the transport of goods and encourage

investment. There are now two international airports – Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa – and both

have seen an encouraging increase in passenger and freight transport over the last few years.

New passenger and cargo terminals have been built at Dire Dawa airport and are now fully

operational. Smaller airports such as Bahir Dar have been upgraded. In order to encourage

tourism five major airports – Arba Minch, Lalibela, Mekele, Axum and Gondar have been

singled out for upgrading; improvements at the first three airports are already complete and

work on the last two will be completed by early 1999. The opening of the new airport at Arba

Minch has opened up wide-ranging economic opportunities for the lush south.

Upgrading works have also been completed at Semera, Robe (Goba) and Jijiga airfields.

Upgrading of Asosa, Combolcha (Dessie), Shire, Negelle, Kebri Dar, Shilabo, Humera,

Gambella and Shire airfields will be completed by 1999.

Railway transport

The rapid and sustainable economic growth in the country requires availablity of a national

railway network. Therefore, the Ethiopian government has formulated a strategic plan to

construct a total of 2,395 km of national railway network. One of the rail corridors, creating a

crucial trade route, is to neighboring Red Sea Port of Djibouti and, the old railway that

connects Addis Ababa, the capital, to such port is now being replaced by an electrified railway,

a project expected to boost Ethiopia’s import-export trade. Currently, construction of this vital

railway line is in good progress.

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Seaport

In order to ensure efficient, cost effective and reliable import and export movement of cargo to

and from the seaports of the neighboring countries, the government has established the

Ethiopian Shipping and Logistics Enterprise. The Enterprise is currently operating two dry

ports, which are located at Modjo and Semera, 73 kms and 588 kms, from Addis Ababa,

respectively. The enterprise is operating other four sub-terminals, which are located at Dire

Dawa, Mekele, Combolcha and Gelean, 515 kms, 783 kms, 376 kms, and 34 kms,

respectively from Addis Ababa. Addis Ababa is linked by road to the Port of Djibouti, 910 kms,

at the Gulf of Aden. The ports of Barbara, 964 kms, in Somaliland and Port Sudan, 1881 kms,

in Sudan are other external trade routes that provide services for export-import trades between

the countries. Another potential port accessible to Ethiopia (in the south) is Port Mombasa, in

Kenya, 2077 kms.

Telecommunications

Ethiopia was faced with the task of dramatically increasing the number of the existing 160,000

telephone lines and extending the service into rural areas, where most of the population live.

In 1996 the Ethiopian Telecommunications Authority was split in two; the new Ethiopian

Telecommunications Authority is responsible for regulating the industry, while the job of

Telecommunications Corporation (ETC) is to expand and improve the services and revitalize

the infrastructure.

In line with the policy of devolving power to the regional states, ETC has been decentralized

so that the individual states are responsible for providing their own telecom services; decision-

making now takes place at local level.

For international traffic ETC uses an earth satellite station. An additional satellite station will

begin operating in the northern part of the country by the end of 1999. Internet services began

in January 1997 and are currently being upgraded; the number of lines available to internet

users recently doubled and a more efficient service will in future be provided to the business

community, educational, health and agricultural sectors at competitive rates. In future the

VSAT system will provide internet, digital TV services and interactive distance learning access,

which will link higher education institutions with many colleges in the more distant regional

states.

The investment required for all these developments will be raised mainly through ETC's

revenue and profits as these are now fed back into the company and not channeled to the

government as they were under previous regimes. Furthermore the government is now

encouraging the participation of domestic and foreign private investment n the

telecommunications sector. ETC is one of the most efficient public enterprises and is highly

profitable. Its rate of return now averages 17% on total assets, and its average profit margin is

28%.

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Social Services

Opportunities exist for private investment in the following services:

exporting the country's various products except traditional export products like raw

coffee, oil seeds, pulses, etc. by way of undertaking market promotion, quality improvement or

packaging;

Construction ,comprising first grade contracting and rental of construction machinery as

well as real estate development;

social services, such as health, education and sports facilities;

Education

The total number of educational establishments has been increasing rapidly. the number of

schools was 17,692 to go up to 31,783 in 2011/12. To increase the skilled labor force, the

government of Ethiopia has undertaken a rapid expansion of the university system in the last 8

years, increasing the number of higher education institution from one to 33. It has also

adopted an education policy that 70% of the annual student intake in public universities must

focus on science, engineering, technology and other social science fields. Currently, there are

34 public and 4 private universities in Ethiopia in addition to Addis Ababa University is the

oldest and most important university in Ethiopia followed by Jimma, Haramaya, Gonder,

Mekele, Bahr Dar and Adama Science & Technology universities. The main programs of most

universities include engineering, medical sciences, agriculture, information technology,

business education, humanities and law. These major programs of the universities are

relevant to the development of the strategic economic sectors of the country such as

manufacturing, agriculture, infrastructure, etc.

Now a day'seducation going fast to cover all regions of Ethiopia and Universities are also

meeting the targets of government and public interest

Water supply

Ethiopia has huge run-off and ground water potential. However, it utilizes a small portion of

these resources. Access to safe potable water in urban areas was 81.3 percent in 2012/13.

Access to safe potable water in rural areas was about 66.5 percent in the same year. The

overall national average of access to potable water supply was to 68.45 percent in 2012/13. A

huge project deemed to satisfy safe water demand in the towns and rural areas was launched

by the country’s first five year development plan. Accordingly, the national access to potable

water supply is expected to be 98.5 percent by the end of 2014/15.

Financial Services

The National Bank of Ethiopia (NBE) is the central bank of the country. Commercial banking

functions are performed by the state-owned Commercial Bank of Ethiopia (CBE) and a

number of private banks. The CBE and private commercial banks offer savings and checking

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accounts, short-term loans, foreign-exchange transactions and mail and cable money transfer

services. They also participate in equity investments, provide guarantees and perform other

commercial banking activities.

The number of banks operating in the country has reached nineteen (three of them

government-owned) in 2013. These include the two specialized state-owned banks, the

Development Bank of Ethiopia (DBE) and the Construction and Business Bank (CBB). The

DBE, with its 32 branches, extends short-, medium- and long-term loans to viable

development projects including industrial and agricultural projects.

The CBB, with its 34 branches, provides long-term loans for the construction of plants,

producing housing construction materials and the construction of private schools, clinics,

hospitals, and real estate development. Private banks operating in the capital and in other

major cities are Awash (80 branches), Dashen (55 branches), Abyssinya (47 branches),

Wegagen (50 branches), United (41 branches), Nib (45 branches), Cooperative Bank of

Oromiya (38 branches), Lion (20 branches), Oromiya International (25 branches), Buna (8

branches), Zemen (1 branch), Birhan, Abay, Addis, Debub Global and Enat. The number of

insurance companies is fifteen, Ethiopian Insurance Corporation is government-owned and the

rest are private. Private insurance companies include Africa, Awash, United, Global, Nile,

Nyala, Nib, Lion, National, Ethio–Life, Oromiya, Abay, Berhan and Tsehay.

Taxation

The Ethiopian tax law provides for the direct and indirect taxes. The direct taxes are divided

into five categories: personal income tax, rental tax, withholding tax, corporation tax, etc. The

main types of indirect taxes applicable are VAT, customs duty, excise and turn over taxes.

Direct Taxes Incomes taxable under Income Tax Proclamation No. 286/2002 (Article 6)

include: incomes from employment, business activities, personal activities, entrepreneurial

activities by non-residents, movable property, immovable property, alienation property,

dividends distributed by resident company, profit shares paid by registered partnerships,

interest paid by the national, regional or local governments, and license fees. Personal income

tax rates applicable at present are given in following

• The contribution of the employer and the employee to the retirement or provident fund and

all forms of benefits contributed by employers that do not exceed 15% of monthly salary; and

• Payments made to a person as compensation in relation to injuries suffered by that person

or the death of another person.

Other direct taxes applicable are royalties (5%), income paid for services rendered outside of

Ethiopia (10%), income from games of chance (15%), dividends (10%), income from rental of

property (15%), and interest income (5%) and are payable at flat rates in accordance with

Article 31-36 of the Income Tax Proclamation. Indirect Taxes The value added tax (VAT)

system, which came into effect on 4th July 2002, largely replaced the old business tax system

of commodity and service taxes including the sales tax and the withholding tax. The VAT rate

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is 15% of the value of every taxable transaction by a registered person and all imports of

goods and services other than those exempted. Taxable transactions which shall be charged

with zero percent are: export of goods or services to the extent provided in the regulations.

The rendering of transportation or other services directly connected with international

transport of goods or passengers as well as the supply of lubricants and other consumable

technical supplies taken on board for consumption during international flights. Excise tax is

payable on a range of consumer goods, whether locally produced or imported, e.g., alcohol,

tobacco, salt, fuel, television sets, cars, carpets and toys. Its rates vary from 10% on receivers,

garments and textiles of any type and fabrics to 100% on perfumes, vehicles above 1,800 cc

and alcoholic drinks. It is payable in addition to VAT.

Turn over tax, under the total value of 500,000 Birr, is applicable to pay 2 or 10 percent from

annual taxable transactions on goods sold or service rendered locally. All income from

domestic or foreign sources is taxed whether it is obtained as remuneration, profit or gains,

from employment, business activities or any activity which brings income to the beneficiary.

For depreciation allowance, assets are categorized into different classes.

The categories and rates of depreciation are: i. Buildings and structures 5%; ii. Intangible

assets 10%; iii. Computers, information systems, software products and data storage

equipment 25%; and iv. All other business assets including automobiles, buses and minibuses

20%. Every investor has a tax obligation and is required to obtain a tax payer identification

number (“TIN”) from the Federal Customs and Revenue Authority. An investor that will involve

in taxable activity has also an obligation to register for VAT.

HUMAN RESOURCES

In conformity with the international conventions and other legal commitments, Ethiopia has

issued a labor law to ensure that worker-employer relations be governed by the basic

principles of rights and obligations with a view to enabling workers and employers maintain

industrial peace and work in spirit of harmony and cooperation.

The Labor Law is believed to be consistent with the investment policy of the country. Foreign

investors shall obtain work permits for their expatriate employees directly from the Ethiopian

Investment Commission (EIC) during the implementation phase of the project. During the

operational phase, the Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs will issue the work permit. The EIC

processes applications of work permits in two hours. The Labor Law has fixed nominal hours

of work as eight hours a day and thirty-eight hours a week. Work done in excess of these

hours is deemed to be overtime. The maximum number of office closure days in a year is 12.

The government has strategic intervention to ensure linkage between economic growth and

employment. Accordingly, most of the urban dwellers benefitted from the economic growth

achieved in the past years. Ethiopia has abundant supply of skilled workers in various fields at

internationally competitive rates. Wages and salaries vary depending on the size of enterprise,

type of profession and level of skill required. They are determined by agreement between the

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employer and the employee. Generally, the cost of labor in Ethiopia is low by African standard.

Labor disputes in Ethiopia are resolved through the application of the law, collective

agreements, work rules, and employment contracts

Market

Ethiopia has a large population and thus potentially one of the largest domestic markets in

Africa. Beyond the domestic market, by virtue of its membership of the Common Market for

Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) embracing 19 countries with a population of 400

million, Ethiopia enjoys preferential market access to these countries. Ethiopia’s proximity to

the Middle East also offers potential market opportunities.

The country also qualifies for preferential access to European Union market under the EU’s

Everything-But-Arms (EBA) initiative and to USA markets under the African Growth and

Opportunities Act (AGOA) and the Generalized System of Preference (GSP). Thus, most

Ethiopian products can enter into these markets quota and duty free. Furthermore, a broad

range of manufactured goods from Ethiopia are entitled to preferential access under the

Generalized System of Preference (GSP) in USA, most countries of the EU and other

developed countries. No quota restrictions are placed on Ethiopian exports falling under the

4800 products currently eligible for GSP treatment.

Economic Sectors of Ethiopia

Prime Minister, Office of the Prime Minister ,P.O. Box 1031,Addis Ababa,Fax: +251 115552020,Tel: +251 115 551059

Trade & Finance, Office of the Prime Minister ,P.O. Box 1031,Addis Ababa,Fax: +251 115552020,Tel: +251 115 550223

Ministry of Finance,P.O. Box 1905,Addis Ababa,Fax: 551355,Tel: 552014

Customs Authority,P.O. Box ,Addis Ababa,Fax: +251 115 551355,Tel: +251 115 511639

Inland Revenue Administration, P.O. Box,Addis Ababa,Fax: +251 115 551355,Tel: +25111 5159671

Ministry of Economic Development and Cooperation,P.O. Box 1037,Addis Ababa,Fax: +251 11 553844/553388,Tel: 550092,E-mail: [email protected] Mines, Energy & Water Resources Development Department,Ministry of Economic Development and Cooperation,P.O. Box 1037,Addis Ababa,Fax: +251 555 3844/553388 ,Tel: +251 111 560006

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Human Resources Development and Social Affairs Dep’t.,Ministry of Economic Development and Cooperation,P.O. Box 1037,Addis Ababa,Fax: +251 11 5553844/553388 ,Tel: =251 11 1560007

Ethiopian Mapping Authority,P.O. Box 1037,Addis Ababa,Fax: +251 11 5553844/553388,

Tel: +251 11 5515901

Ministry of Agriculture,P.O. Box 62347,Addis Ababa,Fax: +251 11 5512984,Tel: +251 11 5152816

Public Relations Service,Ministry of Agriculture,P.O. Box 62347,Addis Ababa,Fax: +251 11 5512984/Tel: +251 11 5151809

Basin Dev’t Studies Department,Ministry of Water Resources Development,P.O. Box 5744,Addis Ababa,Fax: +251 11 4611700/+251 11 4610805/+251 11 4610710,Tel:+251 11 4 611322

National Metrology Service Agency,P.O. Box 5744,Addis Ababa,Fax: +251 11 4611700/+251 11 4610805/+251 11 4610710,Tel: +251 11 551 0863

Ministry of Works and Urban Development,P.O. Box 5608,Addis Ababa,Fax: +251 11 5511200,Tel: ++251 11 5154858/+251 11 5510000

Mines and Energy,P.O. Box 486,Addis Ababa,Fax: +251 11 4615130,Tel: +251 11 4615137

Ethiopian Geological Survey,P.O. Box 486,Addis Ababa,Fax: +251 11 4615684,Tel:+251 4 615685

Energy Studies & Research Center,P.O. Box 486,Addis Ababa,Fax: +251 11 5517874,Tel: +251 11 5150465

Geology & Geothermal Exploration Project,Ministry of Mines and Energy,P.O. Box 486,Addis Ababa, +251 11 3202851

Ethiopian Petroleum Enterprise,P.O. Box 486,Addis Ababa,Fax: +251 11 5512938,Tel:+251 11 5 510045

Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation,P.O. Box 1233,Addis Ababa,Fax: +251 11 5552345,Tel: +521 11 3112250

Gilgel Gibe Hydroelectric Project,P.O. Box 1233,Addis Ababa,Fax: +251 11 5 552345,Tel: +251 115 150735

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Ministry of Trade and Industry,P.O. Box 704,Addis Ababa,Fax: +251 11 5515411/+251 1 15514288,Tel: +2511 5513900

Ministry of Trade and Industry,P.O. Box 704,Addis Ababa,Fax: +251 11 5515411/+251 11 5514288,Tel: +251 11 5515247

Policy and Planning Department,Ministry of Trade and Industry,P.O. Box 704,Addis Ababa,Fax: 515411/514288,Tel: 152961

Foreign Trade Department,Ministry of Trade and Industry,P.O. Box 704,Addis Ababa,Fax: 515411/514288,Tel: 516123

Domestic Trade Department,Ministry of Trade and Industry,P.O. Box 704,Addis Ababa,Fax: 515411/514288,Tel: 512427

Commercial Registration and Business Licensing Dept.,Ministry of Trade and Industry,P.O. Box 704,Addis Ababa,Fax: 515411/514288,Tel: 518025

Industry and Handicraft Dept.,Ministry of Trade and Industry,P.O. Box 704,Addis Ababa,Fax: 515411/514288,Tel: 152545

Chemical Weapons Convention Implementing Dept.,Ministry of Trade and Industry,P.O. Box 704,Addis Ababa,Fax: 515411/514288,Tel: 518230

Ministry of Trade and Industry,P.O. Box 704,Addis Ababa,Fax: 515411/514288,Tel: 513829

Information and Public Relations Service,Ministry of Trade and Industry,P.O. Box 704,Addis Ababa,Fax: 515411/514288,Tel: 155533

Ministry of Transport and Communications,P.O. Box 1238,Addis Ababa,Fax: 515665,Tel: 518292

Ministry of Transport and Communications,P.O. Box 1238,Addis Ababa,Fax: 515023,Tel: 158640

Maritime Department,Ministry of Transport and Communications,P.O. Box 1238,Addis Ababa,Fax: 515665,Tel: 158227

Planning and Programming Dept.,Ministry of Transport and Communications,P.O. Box 1238,Addis Ababa,Fax: 515665,Tel: 153550

Civil Aviation Authority,P.O. Box 987,Addis Ababa,Fax: 612533,Tel: 180359/610277

Ethiopian Telecommunications Corporation,P.O. Box 1047,Addis Ababa,Fax: 515777,Tel: 158080/510500

Ethiopian Telecommunications Agency,P.O. Box 9991,Addis Ababa ,Fax: 531255,Tel: 530086

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Ethiopian Roads Authority,P.O. Box 1770,Addis Ababa,Fax: 514866,Tel: 517170/156603

Ethio-Djibouti Railway,P.O. Box 1051,Addis Ababa,Fax: 513533,Tel: 518468/513997

Ethiopian Postal Service,P.O. Box 1629,Addis Ababa,Fax: 512999,Tel: 155886/515011

Ethiopian Road Transport Auth.,P.O. Box 2504,Addis Ababa,Fax: 510715,Tel: 515842/510244

Bole Expansion Project Coordinator,Ministry of Transport & Communication,P.O. Box 987,Addis Ababa,Fax: 612533,Tel: 613643/610277

Flight Clearance,Ministry of Transport & Communications,P.O. Box 987,Addis Ababa,Fax: 612533,Tel: 184902/ 610277

Aviation Facilitation & Security Services,Ministry of Transport & Communications,P.O. Box 987,Addis Ababa,Fax: 612533,Tel: 181196

Bole Airport Security Officer,Ministry of Transport & Communications,P.O. Box 987,Addis Ababa,Fax: 612533,Tel: 180520

Coffee & Tea Inspection and Trade Control Dept.,Coffee and Tea Authority,P.O. Box 3222,Addis Ababa,Fax: 517233/518713,Tel: 150999

Development & Project Coordination Department,Coffee and Tea Authority,P.O. Box 3222,Addis Ababa,Fax: 517233/518713,Tel: 152121

Planning and Programming Dept.,Coffee and Tea Authority,P.O. Box 3222,Addis Ababa,Fax: 517233/518713,Tel: 153058

Coffee & Tea Quality Control and Liquoring Center,Coffee and Tea Authority,P.O. Box 3222,Addis Ababa,Fax: 517233/518713,Tel: 653723

Information & Public Relations, and Tea Authority,P.O. Box 3222,Addis Ababa,Fax: 517233/518713,Tel: 516328,

Ethiopia Coffee Export Enterprise,P.O. Box 2591, Addis Ababa,Fax: ,Tel: 155229/515333

Tea Processing & Marketing Enterprise,P.O. Box 2520,Addis Ababa,Fax: ,Tel: +251 11 3202720

Central statistical Authority,P.O. Box 1143,Addis Ababa,Fax: +251 11 5550334,Tel: 550450

Ethiopian Investment Authority,P.O. Box 2428,Addis Ababa,Fax: 514396,Tel: 153432

Project evaluation & Duty Exemption Dept.,Ethiopian Investment Authority,P.O. Box 2428,Addis Ababa,Fax: +251 11 5514396,Tel: +251 11 5157967

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Policy, Research & Planning Ser.,Ethiopian Investment Authority,P.O. Box 2428,Addis Ababa,Fax: +251 11 5514396,Tel: +251 11 5510033

Licensing, Registration & Project Follow-up Dept.,Ethiopian Investment Authority,P.O. Box 2428,Addis Ababa,Fax: +251 11 551 4396,Tel: +251 11 5510033

2020 Open College Address : Jimma Phone : 091 214 2235 ABC School Address : Bahirdar Phone : 058 220 4714 Abdal School Address : Harer Phone : 025 666 0621 Aboker Elementary School Address : Harer Phone : 025 666 1170 Aboker Primary Secondary School Address : Harer Phone : 025 666 0139 Abstract Computer Address : Jimma Phone : 047 112 2964 Abyssinia Computer Center Address : Jimma Phone : 047 111 6520 ADAMA NO 4 SCHOOL Address : Nazareth Phone : 022 111 2957 ADAMA NO.1 ELEMENTARY SCHOOL Address : Nazareth Phone : 022 111 3217

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Addis Ababa Medical College Address : Dire Dawa Phone : 025 111 2786 Addis Ababa University, Faculty of Medicine Address : 1176 Phone : +251 518 999, Addis College Address : Addis Ababa, Yeka Phone : +251 11 6635393/94/6511027/6631277 Addis College Address : Addis Ababa Phone : +251 11 6635393/94/6511027/6631277 Admas University College Address : Awassa Phone : 046 221 0749 Admas University College Address : Addis Ababa Phone : 0115513515, 0115 50 88 08/10 Email : [email protected] Africa Beza University College Address : Awassa Phone : 046 110 4274 Africa Medical College Address : Addis Ababa Phone : 011-663 4653/011-618 0932 Email : [email protected] Detail Africa Medical College Address : Addis Ababa Phone : 0116634653/ 0116180383/ 0116180932/ 0116181308 Afro Canadian College

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Address : Jimma Phone : 091 218 2769 Al Kalem School Address : Addis Ababa Phone : 011 270 7328 ETHIO LEATHER INDUSTRY PRIVATE LIMITED COMPANY (ELICO) Address : Addis Ababa Phone : +251-11-4400773/ +251-11-4422525 Email : [email protected] Hydrogen Peroxide H2O2 Address : No.38,Nongye road,Zhengzhou Phone : 86-371-86097690 Email : [email protected] 2A.M General Trading Address : Jimma Phone : 047 111 3090 AB PLAST PLC Address : Addis Ababa Phone : 011 6293494/6295112 Email : [email protected] AB SQUARE INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING PLC Address : Addis Ababa Phone : +251 11 5540543/5540544 AB SQUARE INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING PLC Address : Addis Ababa Phone : +251 11 5540543/5540544 Abader Hotel

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Address : Harer Phone : 025 666 0721 Abakiy General Business PLC Address : Addis Ababa Phone : +251 11 4666406 ABC PLASTIC FACTORY PLC Address : Addis Ababa Phone : +251 11 2755206 Email : [email protected] ABDELKADER SELEMON FLOUR SALES Address : Mekelle Phone : 034 440 8217 Abdu Said Address : Dessie Phone : 033 111 7637 Abdulwasiibrahim General Trading Address : Dire Dawa Phone : 025 111 3232 Abe Industrial Engineering Address : Nazareth Phone : 022 111 1613, 022 112 7949 Email : [email protected] Abeba Sweater Production Distribution Address : Awassa Phone : 046 220 7432 Abyssinia Cements PLC Address : Addis Ababa Phone : +251 11 6639755

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ADAMA SPINNING FACTORY Address : Addis Ababa Phone : 251-11-554 8170 Email : [email protected] ADAMA SPINNING FACTORY Address : Adama Phone : 022-111-93-95/022-111-94-54 Email : [email protected] Addie Trading Address : Awassa Phone : 046 221 5225 Addis Ahadu Packaging PLC Address : Addis Ababa Phone : 011 663 17 71/72 Email : [email protected] addis Gas & Plastics Factory Pvt. Ltd. Co. (aGP) Address : KIRKOS SUB-CITY, KEBELE 10, H. NO. 150-151 Phone : 251-011-551 9899 Email : [email protected]

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KENYA

Mandate

Kenya Investment Authority (KenInvest) is a statutory body established in 2004 through an Act of Parliament (Investment Promotion Act No. 6 of 2004) with the main objective of promoting investments in Kenya. It is responsible for facilitating the implementation of new investment projects, providing After Care services for new and existing investments, as well as organizing investment promotion activities both locally and internationally. The core functions of KenInvest include; Policy Advocacy; Investment Promotion; Investment Facilitation which includes Investor Tracking and After Care Services.

Opening a branch office of an overseas company

An overseas company wishing to open a branch office in Kenya should deliver the following to the Registrar of Companies: A certified copy of the Charter, Statutes or Memorandum and Articles of Association of the Company, or other instruments defining the constitution of the company;

A list of the directors and secretary of the company, giving full names, nationality and other

directorships of companies in Kenya;

A statement of all existing charges entered into by the company affecting properties in Kenya;

Names and postal addresses of one or more persons resident in Kenya authorised to accept,

on behalf of the company, service of notices required to be served on the company;

Full address of the registered or principal office of the company in its home country;

Investors full address for business in Kenya.

Both private and public companies may allot shares for considerations other than cash. Companies should inform the Registrar of Companies of such allotments and submit a written contract constituting the title of the allotted.

Patents and Trade Marks

Patents are regulated by the Industrial Property Act and administered by the Kenya Industrial Property Institute (KIPI), while trademarks are regulated by the Trade and Service Marks Act (Cap 506) and administered by the Registrar of Trademarks at KIPI. The duration of trademarks is seven years from the date of filing and renewable every 14 years.

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Work permits

The Government allows investors to have key expatriate staff in senior management positions or where locals with specific skills are not available. Work permits for such expatriates are issued by the Immigration Department and are valid for one to two years, renewable on application.

Import and Export Procedures

There is no import licensing except for a few items restricted for security, health or environmental reasons detailed in the Imports, Exports and Essential Supplies Act (Cap 502).

During the Budget for Fiscal Year 2001/02 the Minister agreed to waive the 2.75% Import Declaration Form (IDF) fees applicable on imported goods used for manufacturing goods for exports under the Tax Remission for Export Office (TREO) scheme. Manufactures under the TREO will however have to pay Kshs. 5000 which is processing fees.

Economic composition

Kenya's economy is market-based, with a few state-owned infrastructure enterprises, and

maintains a liberalized external trade system. The country is generally perceived as Eastern

and central Africa's hub for Financial, Communication and Transportation services. As of

March 2014, economic prospects are positive with above 5% GDP growth expected, largely

because of expansions in tourism, telecommunications, transport, construction and a recovery

in agriculture.

Imports and exports

Exports in Kenya increased to 48832.81 Million KES in March of 2014 from 42648 Million KES

in February of 2014. Exports in Kenya averaged 24229.12 Million KES from 1998 until 2014,

reaching an all time high of 48832.81 Million KES in March of 2014 and a record low of 9007

Million KES in January of 1999. Exports in Kenyaare reported by the Central Bank of Kenya.

Imports in Kenya increased to 107990.37 Million KES in March of 2014 from 107072 Million

KES in February of 2014. Imports in Kenya averaged 54577.41 Million KES from 1998 until

2014, reaching an all time high of 136123 Million KES in August of 2011 and a record low of

13453 Million KES in January of 1999. Imports in Kenyaare reported by the Central Bank of

Kenya.

Market access

Kenya is signatory to a number of multilateral and bilateral trade agreements as part of its

trade policy. Kenya is a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) making her products

access more than 90% of world markets at Most Favoured Nation (MFN) treatment.

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In addition, Kenya is member to several trade arrangements and beneficiary to trade-

enhancing schemes. Kenya is a member of the East African Community (EAC) comprising

Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania with a population of more than 80 million people.

Kenya is also a member of the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA)

with a population of about 400 million people.

The national market

Kenya has a population of 43.18 million and a GDP per Capita of 862.23 USD.

COMESA forms a major market place in Africa bringing together as it does 19 member states

covering a total population of 444 million. A Free Trade Area (FTA) was created in 2000 and

now encompasses 15 of the 19 member states (all but Democratic Republic of the Congo,

Eritrea, Ethiopia and Seychelles). A customs union is planned in the close future with the

eventual elimination of quantitative and non-tariff barriers for goods originating from within the

region. Common external tariffs are also foreseen. Given the technical and legal challenges

posed by a number of countries being both members of COMESA and the EAC single market,

it is likely that the conditions of the COMESA union will be harmonized with that of EAC.

Its member countries are: Burundi, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti,

Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Rwanda, Seychelles,

Sudan, Swaziland, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe.

Under the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) Sub-Saharan African countries

benefit from duty-free access to the United States for an additional range of 1,800 products

that are excluded from the Generalized system of preferences. These include most textiles

and apparel; watches; and most footwear, handbags, and luggage products. With regards to

apparels, the textiles and yarns must in general originate from Sub-Saharan African countries

or the United States.

Opportunities arising from political devolution

The implementation of the 2010 constitution has led to the devolution of significant powers to

Kenya’s x counties. This has led to the construction of new country government offices and

displacement of civil servants and spending power from Nairobi to county capitals, with the

attendant impact on local economies. The devolution of development funds to county budgets

has also led to an increase in road and other construction at the county level. This has led to

significant opportunities in construction and property development in the counties.

Energy

Major sources of commercial energy in Kenya are petroleum, geothermal and hydro energy.

75 % of population use traditional solid fuels such as fuel-wood and charcoal in residential

sector for heating, light and cooking. The residential sector contributed 81 % of energy

Page 26: GUIDE ROMANIA - EAST AFRICA

consumption in 2009. Further development of the use of biomass and extension of national

electricity grid would reduce this consumption greatly. Electricity demand in the country is

significantly rising mainly due to the accelerated productive investment and increasing

population.

Investment Opportunities in the Energy Sector

- Exploration of hydrocarbons and petroleum

- Development of A 300 – 1000 Nuclear Power Plant

- Bio-Fuel Production

- Wind Power Generation

- Solar Electricity Generators

- Renewable Energy

- Hydropower Development

- Coal Exploration and Exploitation

- Geothermal Development

- Transformer manufacturing

Incentives for investors in the energy sector

- The government has made available the following incentives available in order to encourage

investment in the energy sector:

- Letters of comfort to independent power producers.

- The government undertakes and makes available resource assessments and feasibility

studies to private investors.

- The government is proposing, but yet to be legislated, fiscal incentives and facilitation

assistance for investment in green energy.

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Opportunities in geothermal energy

Kenya is endowed with vast geothermal potential estimated at between 7,000 and 10,000 MW.

It is currently Africa's largest geothermal producer with 210 MW of capacity. Recent

discoveries include a commercially exploitable geothermal seam in Menengai. The Kenyan

Government has recently initiated the Scaling-up Renewable Energy Program (SREP)

investment plan in line with its national renewable energy development strategy.

Tourism

Tourism is one of Kenya's leading foreign exchange earner and third largest contributor to the

GDP after agriculture and manufacturing. The sector has been growing fast as a result of

various factors such as liberalization of tourist markets and continued Government support

and commitment to providing an enabling environment, coupled with successful tourism

promotion and political stability.

A large proportion of Kenya's tourism centers on safaris and tours of its great National Parks

and Game Reserves. While most tourists do visit for safari there are also great cultural

aspects of the country to explore in cities like Mombasa and Lamu on the coast. The Masai

Mara National Reserve is usually where the MaasaiVillage can be found that most tourists like

to visit. There is also a lot of beaches to visit in Kenya, where you can experience water

boarding, surfing, wind surfing and many more fun activities that are good for Kenya's

economy

Investment Opportunities in Tourism

- Development of Resort Cities

- Construction of International Hotel Chains

- Investment in Conference Facilities

- Entertainment Options – Amusement Parks, Clubs, Casinos, Theatres and Specialty

Restaurants

- Film Industry

- Construction of Golf Cities

- Construction of lake view resort in Kisumu

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- Water Sport

ICT

The Information and Communication Technology (ICT) sector plays a crucial role in the Socio-

economic development of the Country. The Government has recognized the

importance of ICT as a powerful tool in accelerating productivity of all sectors and empowering

people to meet the challenges of the 21st century.

To optimize the sector’s contribution to the development of the entire economy the

government is currently offering investment opportunities to the private sector.

The ICT sector in Kenya provides investment opportunities in the following areas under

the Public Private Partnership arrangement.

Kenya currently leads in African connectivity with the highest bandwidth per person on the

continent the fastest speeds, and some of the lowest internet costs.

The country has more undersea cables than any other nation on the East African coast, with

government support having been directed at increasing access and participation by more

carriers. The landing of the East African Submarine Cable System (EASSY), The East African

Marine System (TEAMS), SEACOM and LION high-capacity submarine cables brought a 20-

fold increase in international bandwidth in the country to 20Gbit per second.

Investment Opportunities in ICT

- Data Centre and Disaster Recovery Centre

- Deploying of Digital Broadcast Network

- Rolling out of E-government services

- Multimedia Technology Parks (MTPs)

- Software and Hardware Development

- Communication Equipment in the security sector

- BusinessProcessOutsourcingPark (BPO)

All the above factors coupled with the friendly business environment and an innovative culture

have made Kenya a premier outsourcing destination and facilitated the formation of strong

local BPO/ITES companies such as Kencall (awarded best non- European Call Centre, 2008),

Horizon Contact Centres, Direct Channel, TechnoBrain

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(formerKentech data), Adept Systems and Craft Silicon, a leading software development

house. There is equally notable interest from a number of international outsourcing currently

at various levels of feasibility studies. Kenya is also host to regional offices for the world’s

biggest technology companies including Microsoft, Google, Cisco, Oracle, IBM and SAP.

Infrastructure

Kenya envisages a massive upgrading and extension of the country's infrastructure. In this

regard, the country has highlighed a number of infrastructure projects that present significant

opportunities for investors in the coming years.

It is important to note that while the Government has put forward plans on how it would like to

develop infrastructure, it is equally open to ideas and proposals from potential investors.

Investment Opportunities in Infrastructure

- Redevelopment of the Northern Corridor

- Nairobi Metropolitan Mass Rapid Transit Programme

- Building of a standard gauge line to replace the current Kenya-Uganda railway

- Design and Construction of a new terminal at JomoKenyattaInternationalAirport

- Development of a new corridor from Lamu to South Sudan and Ethiopia (LAPSET)

- Private Sector Management of Nairobi-Thika Highway

Nairobi Metropolitan Mass Rapid Transit Programme

The Nairobi Metropolitan Mass Rapid Transit Programme consists of the following projects:

- Rapid light rail

- Provision of Non-motorized transportation

- Closed Circuit Television (CCTV)

- Parking system

- Geographical Information Systems (GIS) Planning and Mapping of the Metropolitan Region

Manufacturing

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This sector is mainly agro based at the moment and plays an important role in adding value to

agricultural output by providing forward and backward linkages with agricultural sector.

However, there is a shift to export oriented manufacturing as the main thrust of Kenya's

industrial policy since the country aims to raise the share of products in the regional market

from 7% to 15 % and develop niche products for existing and new markets.

Kenya is promoting development of Special Economic Zones (SEZs), Industrial Parks,

Industrial Clusters, promotion of small and medium scale manufacturing firms, development of

niche products, and commercialization of research and development results.

Investment opportunities in Manufacturing

- Development of Industrial and manufacturing Zones

- Development of Small and Medium-Enterprises (SME) Parks

- Micro and Small Enterprise (MSE) 2030 Initiative Project

- Agro-processing industry

- Chemicals industry

- Motor vehicle components manufacturing

- Iron and Steel Industry

- Manufacture of Aluminum Cans

- Component Manufacture

Agriculture / Horticulture

With a combination of active government support, favourable agro-climatic conditions (22°C-

30°C in the day, 6°C-12°C at night and 60-80 days of rain), availability of low-cost farm

workers and the know-how, reach and financial weight of foreign investors, matched by the

year-round demand for certain vegetables in international markets, and direct air connections

to Europe, horticulture has emerged as one of the country’s fastest growing sectors within

agriculture, making Kenya a major exporter in this field. Horticulture production is divided into

fruits and vegetables on the one hand, and cut flowers on the other.

Fruits and vegetables

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Participation by foreign investors (mainly Dutch and British) in the growing, processing and

export of fruits and vegetables has been significant and has helped secure market access and

raise quality, both to meet EU sanitary and phyito-sanitary standards and additional ones, for

example those set by the British Retail Consortium. The most common vegetables are fresh

beans (French beans, fine beans and dwarf beans), fresh peas (mange tout, sugar snap and

garden peas), brussels sprouts, broccoli, courgettes, and baby carrots.

Cut flowers

There has been a cut flower industry in Kenya since the 1980s. However, it is only since the

1990s that foreign investment has enabled the industry to acquire new technologies, upgrade

quality control and improve infrastructure. Principal flowers exported from Kenya are roses,

spray and standard carnations, statice, alstromeria, lilies and hypericum. Peak periods for this

sector include Valentines Day, UK and European Mother’s Days, Easter, St Nicholas,

Christmas and France for New Year’s Eve.

The floriculture industry, located for the most part on the shores of Lake Naivasha, but present

in a number of areas through the Rift Valley and Mount.Kenya region, is vertically integrated,

depending to a large extent on outgrower arrangements (more so than fruits and vegetables).

Small cut flower farms in Kenya produce and sell their flowers to larger local Kenyan or foreign

companies, which control, grade, bunch and export the flowers via cold storage facilities at

JomoKenyattaInternationalAirport in Nairobi. The industry employs 2 million people, or 7

percent of the population, directly and indirectly.

Certification

In response to requirements introduced by buyers in international markets with regards to

standards of environmental management, product and food safety, quality, traceability, and the

occupational health and safety of workers, the two main horticultural producer groups, the

Fresh Produce Exporters Association of Kenya and the Kenya Flower Council have both

launched codes of practice, which are benchmarked to the international Global-GAP (good

agricultural practice) initiative. Fruit and vegetable producers are certified under Kenya- GAP,

while cut flower producers are certified under the Kenya Flower Council’s code of practice

Pharmaceutical sector

Kenya Investment Authority (KenInvest) is a statutory body established under The Investment

Promotion Act No. 6 of 2004. KenInvest’s mandate is to promote and facilitate private

investments in Kenya for both domestic and foreign investors. KenInvest offers the following

services to investors at no cost

Page 32: GUIDE ROMANIA - EAST AFRICA

➢ Issuing Investment Certificates

➢ Assisting in obtaining all necessary licenses and permits

➢ Assisting in obtaining incentives or exemptions under various Acts and other regulations.

➢ Coordinating relevant inter-governmental meetings for smooth investor facilitation.

➢ Investment facilitation and after care services

➢ Investment promotion through investor targeting, roadshows and conferences.

The purpose of this proposition is to enumerate what Kenya has done to promote investments

and invite you to take advantage of our investment opportunities that are of interest to you. We

also want to highlight that Kenya’s business climate is less regulated, and generally more

supportive of private enterprise.

During the years the Government has adopted and pursued a mixed economic development

strategy since independence. While the receptive roles of the public and private sectors have

evolved over time, the country has experienced remarkable continuity in its underlying

economic development strategy. However, there has been in the recent past a shift in

emphasis from public to private sector led investment. Market-based reforms have been

introduced and more incentives for both local and foreign private investments provided.

Kenya has also put in place a new development Blue print known as Kenya Vision 2030 that is

aimed in transforming Kenya into a newly industrialised middle income economy by the year

2030.

The vision is based on achieving an annual growth rate of ten percent annually from the year

2012. This growth target is aimed at six key sectors of our economy namely Tourism,

Manufacturing, Agriculture, ICT & Business Processing Outsourcing, Financial sector,

Wholesale and Retail.

There are several reasons why we would encourage your company to choose Kenya as an

investment destination.

Page 33: GUIDE ROMANIA - EAST AFRICA

➢ Firstly, Kenya is a convenient location for Hub operations. It has easy access to the rest of

African region through road railway, sea and air.

➢ Secondly, it also has easy access to the international markets, in Europe, Asia and the

USA.

➢ Thirdly there is adequate availability of business facilitation support services namely,

finance, insurance and transport. In addition Kenya has a highly developed and well

diversified human resource base.

➢ Vision 2030’s overarching vision is to make Kenya a globally competitive and prosperous

nation with a high quality of life by 2030.

During the first five years of the Medium Term Plan(MTP) major achievements especially in

the political pillar key among them being transformation of the Kenya’s political governance

across 5 strategic areas;

• Rule of Law – a new Constitution enacted in 2010.

• Electoral and political processes

• Democracy and public service delivery

• Transparency and accountability

• Security

➢ Last but not least, Kenya belongs to the East African Community Customs Union and the

Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA).

This huge population of 400 million with 19 member states and an annual import bill of US$ 32

billion and export bill of US$ 82 billion COMESA markets represent enormous opportunities for

investments.

Kenya is also a signatory to the COMESA Free Trade Area (FTA), which enables duty free

and quota free movement of goods and services among fourteen member States namely,

Page 34: GUIDE ROMANIA - EAST AFRICA

Burundi, Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Kenya, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Rwanda,

Sudan, Seychelles, Zambia and Zimbabwe.

With a dynamic mix of modern industry and commerce along with a traditional Agriculture

sector supported by a vibrant growing private sector, your company will be an ideal investment

partner for Kenya. Below is a brief on the pharmaceutical industry in Kenya.

The Pharmaceutical sub sector

The pharmaceutical industry consists of three segments namely the manufacturers,

distributors and retailers. All these play a major role in supporting the country’s health sector,

which is estimated to have about 4,557 health facilities countrywide.

Kenya is currently the largest producer of pharmaceutical products in the Common Market for

Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) region, supplying about 50% of the regions’ market.

Out of the region’s estimated of 50 recognised pharmaceutical manufacturers; approximately

30 are based in Kenya.

It is approximated that about 9,000 pharmaceutical products have been registered for sale in

Kenya. These are categorised according to particular levels of outlet as free sales/OTC (Over

the Counter), pharmacy technologist dispensable, or pharmacist dispensable/ prescription

only.

Policy on pharmaceuticals

The patent protection of pharmaceuticals in Kenya is based on the African Regional Industrial

Property Organisation (ARIPO) patent system. Kenya’s patent laws have been revised from

the traditional British based format to the ARIPO system, which was created by the Lusaka

agreement.

ARIPO is based in Harare, Zimbabwe; the organisation was mainly established to Pool the

resources of its member countries in industrial property matters together in order to avoid

duplication of financial and human resources. Additionally, the Kenyan government passed the

Kenya Industrial Property Bill in 2001. This bill allows Kenya to import and to produce more

affordable medicines for HIV/AIDS and other diseases.

Page 35: GUIDE ROMANIA - EAST AFRICA

Production of pharmaceutical products

The products manufactured by the pharmaceutical companies in the country for both local and

international markets include Antibiotics, Antimalarials, Antiamoebics, Analgesics,

Antidiarrheals, Antacids, Tranquillisers, Antispasmodics, Vitamins and Antiulcers. These drugs

are used in various medical areas including Anti-Infective, Gastrointestinal, Analgesic/Anti-

inflammatory, Cardiovascular and Respiratory therapeutic segments. The pharmaceutical

sector in Kenya is also engaged in assembling capsules, disposable syringes, and surgical

gauze amongst others.

Medical research & development

There are great efforts being made in the area of research and development in the field of

pharmaceutical and healthcare development in Kenya.

Research institutions undertaking or supporting medical research in Kenya include Kenya

Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Kenya Industrial Research and development Institute

(KIRDI), African Medical Research Foundation (AMREF) and academic institutions like

MoiUniversity’sSchool of Medicine, the Medical faculty of the University of Nairobi among

others.

Opportunities for investment in the health/pharmaceutical sector in Kenya include:

➢ Manufacture of disposable surgical gloves, latex gloves and condoms.

➢ Commercial processing of traditional medicines, considering the diverse flora available in

the country.

➢ Multipurpose chemical plant for bulk production of intermediate inputs such as

paracetamol, aspirin, etc.

➢ Processing of locally available sugar, salt (sodium chloride) and ethanol to pharmaceutical

grade for pharmaceutical industry use.

➢ Chemical plant to manufacture anti tuberculosis, anti-leprosy, antibiotic rifampicin from the

penultimate state.

➢ Manufacture of Quinine by extraction from Cinchona bark and subsequent purification and

synthesis to Quinine sulphate.

Page 36: GUIDE ROMANIA - EAST AFRICA

➢ Extraction of Hecogenin from sisal waste and synthesis of Betamethasone from

Hecogenin.

➢ Manufacture of medical supplies e.g. syringes, catheters, gauzes, etc, and medical

equipment for the regional market.

Prospects for the pharmaceutical industry in Kenya

➢ Export of high quality products

➢ Increased quantity of production

➢ Expand product portfolio and intensify the search for new markets and marketing

opportunities

➢ Support for medical research

Exports

Kenya enjoys preferential access to the regional market under a number of special access and

duty reduction programmes related to the East African Community (EAC) and the Common

Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) among others. The country exports its

medicinal and pharmaceutical products to Tanzania, Uganda, DRC, Rwanda, Burundi, the

Comoros, Ethiopia and Malawi among other destinations.

ICT sector

Kenya Investment Authority (KenInvest) is a statutory body established under The Investment

Promotion Act No. 6 of 2004. KenInvest’s mandate is to promote and facilitate private

investments in Kenya for both domestic and foreign investors. KenInvest offers the following

services to investors at no cost:

➢ Issuing Investment Certificates

➢ Assisting in obtaining all necessary licenses and permits

➢ Assisting in obtaining incentives or exemptions under various Acts and other regulations.

➢ Coordinating relevant inter-governmental meetings for smooth investor facilitation.

➢ Investment facilitation and after care services

➢ Investment promotion through investor targeting, roadshows and conferences.

Page 37: GUIDE ROMANIA - EAST AFRICA

The purpose of this proposition is to enumerate what Kenya has done to promote investments

and invite you to take advantage of our investment opportunities that are of interest to you. We

also want to highlight that Kenya’s business climate is less regulated, and generally more

supportive of private enterprise.

During the years the Government has adopted and pursued a mixed economic development

strategy since independence. While the receptive roles of the public and private sectors have

evolved over time, the country has experienced remarkable continuity in its underlying

economic development strategy. However, there has been in the recent past a shift in

emphasis from public to private sector led investment. Market-based reforms have been

introduced and more incentives for both local and foreign private investments provided.

Kenya has also put in place a new development Blue print known as Kenya Vision 2030 that is

aimed in transforming Kenya into a newly industrialized middle income economy by the year

2030.

The vision is based on achieving an annual growth rate of ten percent annually from the year

2012. This growth target is aimed at six key sectors of our economy namely Tourism,

Manufacturing, Agriculture, ICT & Business Processing Outsourcing, Financial sector,

Wholesale and Retail.

There are several reasons why we would encourage your company to choose Kenya as an

investment destination.

➢ Firstly, Kenya is a convenient location for Hub operations. It has easy access to the rest of

African region through road railway, sea and air.

➢ Secondly, it also has easy access to the international markets, in Europe, Asia and the

USA.

➢ Thirdly there is adequate availability of business facilitation support services namely,

finance, insurance and transport. In addition Kenya has a highly developed and well

diversified human resource base.

➢ Vision 2030’s overarching vision is to make Kenya a globally competitive and prosperous

nation with a high quality of life by 2030.

During the first five years of the Medium Term Plan(MTP) major achievements especially in

the political pillar key among them being transformation of the Kenya’s political governance

across 5 strategic areas;

• Rule of Law – a new Constitution enacted in 2010.

• Electoral and political processes

• Democracy and public service delivery

Page 38: GUIDE ROMANIA - EAST AFRICA

• Transparency and accountability

• Security

➢ Last but not least, Kenya belongs to the East African Community Customs Union and the

Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA). This huge population of 400

million with 19 member states and an annual import bill of US$ 32 billion and export bill of US$

82 billion COMESA markets represent enormous opportunities for investments. Kenya is also

a signatory to the COMESA Free Trade Area (FTA), which enables duty free and quota free

movement of goods and services among fourteen member States namely, Burundi, Comoros,

Djibouti, Egypt, Kenya, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Rwanda, Sudan, Seychelles,

Zambia and Zimbabwe.

With a dynamic mix of modern industry and commerce along with a traditional Agriculture

sector supported by a vibrant growing private sector, it’s our believe that your company will be

an ideal investment partner for Kenya.

Government Policy on ICT Sector

The Government of Kenya has embarked on a series of initiatives to revitalize and transform

the economy into a modern market-oriented one. The aim is to improve the economic well

being of Kenyans by establishing Kenya, in the medium term, as the centre of industrial and

financial activities in the region.

The sector policies aim to define the framework within which telecommunications and postal

services will be provided. The overall Government objective for the sector is to optimize its

contribution to the development of the Kenyan economy as a whole by ensuring the availability

of efficient, reliable and affordable communication services throughout the country.

The primary motivation for growth in ICT has come from the private sector, with the role of

governments being that of a facilitator for creating an enabling environment. The challenges to

incorporate ICT in various aspects of economic development centers on five major areas are:

➢ Support to small and medium business

➢ Education

➢ attracting high tech industry

➢ Access to technology infrastructure

➢ Business – friendly government

Industry structure

One of the immediate goals of the telecommunications sector reform was to increase

telecommunication supply. The immediate result of the reform has been witnessed in high

Page 39: GUIDE ROMANIA - EAST AFRICA

growth in all areas that were open for competition. Low growth was noted in the areas without

competition notably in the provision of fixed line services. Competition no doubt released

resources from the private sector to serve the demand that could not be served under a

monopoly environment.

The Communication Commission of Kenya (CCK) reviewed and segmented the

telecommunication sector market into various service streams that are licensed separately as:

• Facility based public fixed telecommunication service

• Land mobile radio communication service (type 2 carrier)

• Fixed and mobile satellite services

• Facility based data communications networks and services

• Internet facilities and services and

• Value added services (VAS)

Reasons for investing in Kenya’s ICT sector

As a regional hub and a financial capital of the East and Central Africa region, Kenya’s

competitive advantage as an ICT investment destination is supported by various investor

friendly factors that include:

Regulatory framework

The establishment of Communications Commission of Kenya (CCK) as the regulatory body

provides an investor with a one-stop body for registration and facilitation thus reducing

bureaucracy. The regulation of the sector and granting of licenses remain the responsibility of

CCK.

Availability of a well-trained labor force

Kenya has a well-trained English speaking labor force with skilled personnel trained in ICT and

related fields. ICT and computer learning is currently offered at both secondary school level

and in universities and tertiary institutions in the country. Wages in Kenya are generally

reasonable and this extends to the ICT sector.

Kenya’s relation with the global information infrastructure

Kenya is an active member of the International Telecommunications Union, ITU. Kenya is also

a participant and a signatory to a number of international conventions and standards relating

to ICT.

Diversified experience

Page 40: GUIDE ROMANIA - EAST AFRICA

Kenyans are involved in virtually all areas of ICT. Whether in telecommunications, hardware

components, software, or Internet service provision, Kenya has a well-established group of

companies involved in all of these areas.

Access to the regional market

Kenya’s membership in regional trading bodies such as COMESA, African Union and the East

African community provides potential investors with a large potential market for their products

and services.

Investor friendly arrangements

The Kenya government can guarantee investor friendly arrangements such as:

➢ the Export Processing Zones (EPZ) program which offers attractive incentives to export-

oriented investors

➢ Kenya Investment Authority to promote all other investment in Kenya including in

Manufacturing under Bond (MUB) program

➢ the Tax Remission for Export Office (TREO), a program for intermittent imports for export

production

➢ generous investment and capital allowances

➢ Double taxation, bilateral investment and trade agreements

➢ The liberalization policy allowing for private sector participation in the ICT sector

➢ Reduced taxes on computer hardware and software (zero rating of import duties on PCs)

➢ Removal of licensing requirements on information and broadcasting services

Investment insurance

Kenya as a member of MIGA (Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency), ATIA (Africa

Trade Insurance Agency) and ICSD (International Centre for Settlement of Investment

Disputes) provides potential investors with insurance for their investment in Kenya against a

wide range of non-commercial risks.

Strategic location

Located on the East African coast and having the port of Mombasa, Kenya is strategically

located for investors wanting to access the East and Central African market. Kenya is also a

regional hub for airlines allowing for easy access from and to any part of the world.

Good quality of life

Page 41: GUIDE ROMANIA - EAST AFRICA

Kenya hosts a number of international organizations and foreign embassies and provides very

good and up to standard living conditions for foreign investors willing to reside in Kenya. With

recognized international hotels, airports and entertainment centres.

Stable political climate

Kenya has been one of the most stable countries in Africa since independence. The country

has had three presidents with smooth transition taking place from one government to the next

and elections held regularly. This is also manifested in the number of international and

regional organizations headquartered in Nairobi including the United Nations.

Investment opportunities

Kenya provides investment opportunities in the ICT sector targeting both local and export

markets.

➢ Software development

➢ Internet services

➢ Software consultancy

➢ Hardware assembly and repairs e.t.c.

➢ Financing of the East Africa submarine cable

➢ Provision of ICT training for growing market

➢ Provision of telecommunication to the rural areas not yet reached by the

➢ Telecommunication network such as provision of internet facilities

➢ Provision of fixed telephone services as the Second National Operator (SNO)

Kenya business Directory

The Managing Director, Kenya Investment Authority (KenInvest) Kenya Railways Headquarters, Workshops Rd.OffHaile Selassie Ave. Block 'D' 4th Floor P. O. Box 55704-00200, Nairobi, Kenya Tel: 20 2221401-4 / Fax: 20 2243862 Web: www.investmentkenya.com Email: [email protected]

The Director General,

Page 42: GUIDE ROMANIA - EAST AFRICA

Vision 2030 Delivery Secretariat, Kenya Vision 2030 Delivery Secretariat KUSSCOCenter, 2nd Floor -Upper Hill P.O Box 52301-00200, Nairobi. Tel.+ 254(20)2722030 GSM: 254722904686 Web: www.vision2030.go.ke Email: [email protected]

Regional Office

E-mail: [email protected]

Kisumu Regional Office

E-mail: [email protected]

Mombasa Regional Office

E-mail: [email protected]

Jomo Kenyatta International Airport (JKIA) Liasion Office

E-mail: [email protected]

Adafric Communications Group

PO Box 4541-00200

Nairobi,Kenya

Tel: +254 20 828041

Email: [email protected]

Email: [email protected]

Web: www.adafric.com

Agricultural Society of Kenya

PO Box 30176-00100

Nairobi,Kenya

Tel: +254 20 3872875

Email: [email protected]

Web: www.ask.co.ke

American Chamber of Commerce

Kenya

Physical Address

Coca Cola Plaza,

Kilimanjaro Road,Upperhill.

Page 43: GUIDE ROMANIA - EAST AFRICA

Postal Address

P. O. Box 9746 – 00100

Nairobi, Kenya.

Tel: + 254 20 3253350, +254 733

880458

Fax: +254 20 3750448

Email: [email protected]

www.amcham.co.ke

Anti-Counterfeit Agency

P.O. Box 47771- 00100 Nairobi, Kenya. Tel: +254 (0)20 222 5124 31 Fax: +254 (0)20 222 5124 30 Email: [email protected] Web: www.aca.or.ke

Association of East Africa Women

Entrepreneurs

PO Box 12225-00400

Nairobi,Kenya

Tel: +254 725 559107

Association of Kenya Insurers

PO Box 45338-00100

Nairobi,Kenya

Tel: +254 20 2731330/ 2731331

Email: [email protected]

Email:

[email protected]

Web: www.akinsure.com

Athi River Mining Ltd

PO Box 41908-00100

Nairobi,Kenya

Tel: +254 22 2667675

Cell: +254 733 636456, 254 722

706708

Email: [email protected]

Email: [email protected]

Web: www.armafrica.com

BamburiCement Ltd

PO Box 30669-00100

Nairobi,Kenya

Tel: +254 20 2710510/ 2710487

Tel: +254 20 2710488

Cell: +254 20 2710489

Email: [email protected]

Email:

[email protected];

[email protected]

Web: www.bamburicement.com

Bell Atlantic Communications

PO Box 20747-00200

Nairobi,Kenya

Tel: +254 20 3750188/ 3750190

Cell: +254 20 3750171

Email:

[email protected]

Email: [email protected]

Web: www.bellatlantickenya.com

Page 44: GUIDE ROMANIA - EAST AFRICA

Bidco Oil Refineries Ltd

PO Box 239-01000

Nairobi,Kenya

Tel: +254 67 2821000/ 2821300

Cell: +254 733 619444

Email: [email protected]

Email: [email protected]

Email: [email protected]

British American Tobacco Ltd

PO Box 30000

Nairobi,Kenya

Tel: +254 20 533555/ 69042000

Email: [email protected],

[email protected]

Web: www.bat.com

Brookside Dairy Limited

PO Box 236

Nairobi,Kenya

Tel: +254 20 3542480/ 3542482

Cell: +254 735 222264/ 735 130000

Email: [email protected]

Email: [email protected]

Web: www.brookside.co.ke

Coca Cola East Africa Ltd

PO Box 30134-00200

Nairobi,Kenya

Tel: +254 20 2712271

Email: [email protected]

Web: www.thecoca-

colacompany.com

Centurion System

New RehemaHse, 2nd Flr, Rhapta Rd,

Nairobi

P.O.Box: 66031-00800 Westlands

Tel: +254-204440102

Kenya Bureau of Standards

(KEBS)

Head Office

Popo Road, Off Mombasa Road

Behind Bellevue cinema

P.O Box 54974 - 00200, Nairobi

Kenya

Tel: (+254 20), 6005634,(+254 20)

6948000

Fax: (+254 20) 6004031

Email: [email protected]

Confederation of Informal Sector

Organizations (SICO) EA.

PO Box 24244-00100

Nairobi,Kenya

Tel: +254 20 315157

Email: [email protected]

Corporate and Regulatory

Solutions

PO Box 24244-00100

Nairobi,Kenya

Tel: +254 724 255544

Email: [email protected]

Page 45: GUIDE ROMANIA - EAST AFRICA

Email: [email protected]

Crown Berger Kenya Ltd

PO Box 78848-00507

Nairobi,Kenya

Tel: +254 20 6533603

Email: [email protected]

Web: www.crownberger.co.ke

Deloitte Consulting Ltd

PO Box 40092-00100

Nairobi,Kenya

Tel: +254 20 4441305

Email: [email protected]

Email: [email protected]

East African Breweries Ltd

PO Box 40092-00100

Nairobi,Kenya

Tel: +254 20 8644000

Email: [email protected]

Web: www.eabl.com

East African Cables

PO Box 18243

Nairobi,Kenya

Tel: +254 20 5555132/ 555544

Email: [email protected]

Web: www.eacables.com

East African Grain Council

PO Box 218-00606

Nairobi,Kenya

Tel: +254 20 3745840

Email: [email protected]

Email: [email protected]

[email protected]

Web: www.eagc.org

East African Portland Cement

PO Box 20- 00204 Athi River

Off Namanga Road, Athi River

Tel: +254 20 3915000

Cell: +254 722 203076, 254 722

203078

Email: [email protected]

Email: [email protected]

Web: www.eastafricanportland.com

East African Tea Trade Association

Nairobi,Kenya

Tel: +254 41 2228460/ 2220093

Cell: +254 733 208700

Email: [email protected]

Web: www.eatta.com

Eastern & Southern Africa Daily

Association

PO Box 195-00606

Nairobi,Kenya

Tel: +254 20 3744065

Email: [email protected]

East Africa Tourism Platform

Phone :( +254) 20 8001000/3

Cell: (+254) 722 745645 (+254) 738

617499

Address: KWS complex, Langata rd.

Eastern Africa Association

7th Floor

Kenya Medical Association (KMA)

Centre

Mara Road

Page 46: GUIDE ROMANIA - EAST AFRICA

Nairobi,Kenya Upper Hill

P.O. Box 41272 – 00100

Nairobi

Kenya

Telephone: +254 20 2300166

ECOBANK Kenya Ltd

PO Box 49584-00100

Nairobi,Kenya

Tel: +254 20 2883000

Email: [email protected]

Web: www.ecobank.com

Elgon Kenya Ltd

PO Box 46826-00100

Nairobi,Kenya

Tel: +254 20 534410/

534810

Cell: +254 722 203089; 733 699992

Email: [email protected]

Web: www.elgonkenya.com

Equity Bank Limited

PO Box 75104-00200

Nairobi,Kenya

Tel: +254 20 2736620

Email: [email protected]

Web: www.equitybank.co.ke

Eveready East Africa

Ltd

PO Box 44765-00100

Nairobi,Kenya

Tel: +254 20 2216139

Email: [email protected]

Web: www.eveereadyindustries.com

Export Promotion Council (EPC)

PO Box 40247 00100

Nairobi,Kenya

Tel: +254 20 2228534-8,+254 722

205875/734 228534

Email: [email protected]

Web: www.epckenya.com

Federation of East African Freight Forwarders Association

PO Box 22694-00400 Nairobi,Kenya. The Crescent Rd,off Parklands Road opposite MP Shah Hospital Tel: +254 20 2684802 Tel: +254 738 150673 Email: [email protected] Website: www.feaffa.com

Federation of Kenya Employers (FKE)

PO Box 48311

Nairobi,Kenya

Federation of Women

Entrepreneurs Association

Nairobi,Kenya

Page 47: GUIDE ROMANIA - EAST AFRICA

Tel: +254 20 2721948/ 2721949

Email: [email protected]

Email: [email protected]

Web: www.fke-kenya.org

Tel: +254 20 3877739/ 3877802

Cell: +254 722 999120, 254 722

518880

Email: [email protected],

[email protected]

Fina Bank Kenya Limited.

P O Box 20613 - 00200, Nairobi.

Telephone: +254 703 084000.

Fax: +254 20 247164.

Firtsrand Bank

Address: P.O. Box 35909, 00200 –

Nairobi, Kenya

Telephone No.: +254 20 233 7927/

2337931

Fax No.: +254 20 2337931

Physical Address: 3rd Floor,

Geminia Plaza, Kilimanjaro Avenue,

Upper Hill, Nairobi.

GE East Africa Services Ltd

PO Box 41608-00100

Nairobi,Kenya

Tel: +254 20 2726222

Web: www.ge.com/ke

General Motors East Africa

Limited

PO Box 30527

Nairobi,Kenya

Tel: 0703 013 111

Cell:0713 013 333

Email: [email protected]

Glaxo Smith Kline

PO Box 78392-00507

Nairobi,Kenya

Tel: +254 20 6933200/ 534241

Email: [email protected]

Email: [email protected]

Web: www.gsk.com

GSI Kenya

PO Box 3243-00200

Nairobi,Kenya

Tel: +254 20 4452680/ 4452681

Email: [email protected]

Web: www.gsikenya.org

Hi-Plast Kenya Ltd

PO Box 299-00606

Nairobi,Kenya

Tel: +254 20 828552/ 652300

Email: [email protected]

Email: [email protected]

House of Dawda

PO Box 78277-00507

Nairobi,Kenya

Tel: +254 20 555167/ 6535070

Email: [email protected];

[email protected]

Page 48: GUIDE ROMANIA - EAST AFRICA

Housing Finance Company of Kenya

Limited

PO Box 30088-00100

Nairobi,Kenya

Tel: +254 20 3262000

Cell: +254 722 715256/ 722 137586

Email: [email protected]

Email: [email protected]

Web: www.housing.co.ke

IMED Healthcare Ltd

PO Box 268-00606

Nairobi,Kenya

Tel: +254 20 8009380/ 8009381

Cell: +254 722 525362

Email: [email protected]

Email: [email protected]

Web: www.imedhealthcare.com

Industrial Promotion Services

IPS Bldg, 11th Flr, Kimathi St, Nairobi

Central

P.O.Box: 30500-00100 Nairobi GPO

Tel: +254-202228026

Fax: +254-202214563

ISIS Africa Ltd

KEMU Towers, 6th Flr, University

Way, Nairobi Central

P.O.Box: 2049-00200 City Square

Tel: +254-202229335

Kapa Oil Refineries Ltd

Mombasa Road.

P. O. Box 18492, 00500 Nairobi, Kenya

Tel: +254 –20-6420000

Fax: +254 –20-6420642

Email: [email protected]

Kenchic Ltd

P.O Box 20052-00100 GP.O Nairobi

Exsan House

Enterprise Road

Tel: +254 (020) 3560102/3,

Fax: +254 (020) 3560101, 2060435

Email: [email protected]

Web: www.kenchic.com

Kenital Solar Ltd

P.O. Box 19764, 00202

Nairobi, Kenya

+254 (020) 2715 960, 2714 551-4

+254 (020) 2718 959

Kenya Airways

Head Office

Airport North Road, Embakasi

P.O. Box: 19002 – 00501 Nairobi ,

Kenya

Kenya Sugar Board

P.O Box 51500, 00200

Sukari Plaza, Upper Kabete,

Off Waiyaki way

Nairobi, Kenya

Page 49: GUIDE ROMANIA - EAST AFRICA

Tel: + 254-(0)20-6422000

Airtel: +254-0734-10-2000

Tel: +254 20 801 8750 - 3

Fax: +254 20 2021277

Hotline: 0707349908

Kenya Association of Manufacturers

(KAM)

PO Box 30225 - 00100 GPO Nairobi,

Kenya, East Africa.

86 Riverside Lane, Riverside off

Riverside drive, Next to Netherlands

Embassy,RiversideKenya

[email protected]

+254 020 2324817/8; 020 8155531/2;

020 2166657

254 20 2166658

Kenya Association of

Pharmaceutical Industry

Unipen Apartments, above Barclays

Bank, ArgwingsKodhek Rd, Kilimani

P.O.Box: 13743-00100 Nairobi GPO

Tel: +254-202733813

Kenya Commercial Bank

P.O.Box: 48400-00100 Nairobi GPO

Tel: +254-202241435

Fax: +254-202247691

Kenya Dairy Board

NSSF Bldg, 11th Flr, Bishops Rd,

Kilimani

P.O.Box: 30406-00100 Nairobi GPO

Fax: +254-202244064

Kenya Grange Vehicle Industries Ltd.

Kitui Rd, Off Kampala RdNairobi

P.O.Box: 17941-00500 Enterprise Rd

Tel: +254-203914000

Fax: +254-203914254

Kenya Investment Authority

Block DKenya Railways

Headquarters Premises, 4th Flr,

Workshop Rd, Nairobi Central

P.O.Box: 55704-00200 City Square

Tel: +254-202221401

Fax: +254-202243862

Kenya Marine Contractors

Mikanjuni Rd, Mombasa

P.O.Box: 93696-80118 Nyali

Kenya National Chamber of

Commerce and Industries

Ufanisi House, 1 & 2nd Flr, County

Rd, /Haile Selassie AveNairobi

Central

P.O.Box: 47024-00100 Nairobi GPO

Tel: +254-202402833

Page 50: GUIDE ROMANIA - EAST AFRICA

Fax: +254-20318740

Kenya Pipeline Company Ltd

HEAD OFFICE

Physical Address:

KenpipePlaza,Sekondi Road, Off

NanyukiRoad,IndustrialArea,Nairobi

Postal Address: P.O.Box 73442 - 00200,

Telephone: 020 260650-4

Mobile: 0722 207682/ 6768, 0734

333219/215/217

Fax: +254 020 530384/650436/8

Email: [email protected]

Web: www.kpc.co.ke

Kenya Ports Authority

Kipevu, Mombasa

P.O.Box: 95009-80100 Mombasa

Tel: +254-412113999

Kenya Power & Lighting Co. Ltd

P.O Box 30099-00100 GPO Nairobi

Kolobot Road, Parklands Nairobi

Tel: +254 (020) 3201000, 3754000,

3201680

Fax: +254 (020) 310336

Email: [email protected]

Kenya Private Sector Alliance

(KEPSA)

5th Floor, Shelter Afrique Building

Mamlaka Road

P.O. Box 3556-00100 GPO Nairobi

Tel : 254-20-2730371/2 and

2727883/936

Fax : 254-2-2730374

Cell : 0720-340949, 0735-999979

Email [email protected]

Kenya Railways Corporation

Workshop Rd, Off Haile Selassie Ave,

Nairobi

P.O.Box: 30121-00100 GPO Nairobi

Tel: +254-202221211

Fax: +254-202224156

Kenya Shell Limited

Laiboni Centre, Kilimani, Nairobi

P.O.Box: 44400-00100 Nairobi GPO

Tel: +254-203205555

Kenya Shippers Council

Crescent Hse, OppKabarnet Gardens,

Kabarnet Rd, Off NgongRdNairobi

Kenya Wildlife Services

P.O. Box 40241 - 00100

Nairobi Kenya

Page 51: GUIDE ROMANIA - EAST AFRICA

P.O.Box: 1291-00600 Ngara Rd

Mobile: 0733888540

[email protected]

Tel: +254 (20) 6000800,

+254 (20) 6002345

Fax: +254 (20) 6003792

Keroche Breweries Ltd

Email [email protected]

Telephone +254 050 50325

Nairobi,Kenya

Liaison Group Risk and Pension

Consultants

Liaison House, State House Avenue,

Nairobi,Kenya

P.O. Box 58013, 00200 City Sq.

Tel: +254 2 2710181 / 2710289 /

2710570

Fax: +254 20 2717137

Mail: [email protected]

Mabati Rolling Mills Ltd/ Safal Group

P.O Box 271-00204 Athi River Old

Mombasa Road

Tel: +254 (020) 6427000, 823758,

822758, (045) 22491

Fax: +254 (020) 6427500/1

Web: www.mabati.com

Mastermind Tobacco (K) Ltd.

P.O Box 68144-00200 City

Square,Nairobi

MTK Complex, Mombasa Road

Tel: +254 (020) 2798000, 3542400

Fax: +254 (020) 21522021, 2798220

Email:

[email protected]

Metsec Cables ltd

P.O Box 75963-00200 City Square

Nairobi Mombasa Road

Tel: +254 (020) 2743500, 2344777,

2132727

Email: [email protected]

Multichoice Kenya

Karuna Road, Westlands,

Nairobi

PO Box 60406 00200,

Nairobi

+254 711 066 000

+254 20 4236000

Email: [email protected]

Mumias Sugar Company

Head Office:

Nakumatt Holdings Ltd.

P.O Box 78355 - 00507 Nairobi

Page 52: GUIDE ROMANIA - EAST AFRICA

Mumias District, Western Province

P. O Box Private Bag, Mumias, Kenya

Telkom Landline: +254 56 641620,

641621

Telkom Wireless: +254 20 2037174/94,

20 8028344/5, 20 8006013

Fax: +254 56 641234

Nairobi Office:

Top Plaza, KindarumaRoad,OffNgong

Road.

P. O. Box: 57092 00200 City Square,

Nairobi, Kenya

Kenya

Head Office: Road,Off Enterprise

Road, Behind the Panari Sky

Centre,

Tel: +254 20 3599991 - 2/3/4

Fax: +254 20 650150 / 8012091

Email: [email protected]

Nation Media Group Ltd

P.O Box 49010-00100 GPO Nairobi

Nation Centre, Kimathi Street

Tel: +254 (020) 3288000, 221222

Fax: +254 (020) 213946

Email: [email protected]

Nestlé kenya Ltd

Consumer Services

Pate Road 3, Industrial Area

P.O. Box 30265 - 00100

Nairobi, Kenya

Email: [email protected]

Nestle Kenya Limited & Nestle Ear

Limited

Nestlé Equatorial African Region

Limited

The Atrium,

Chaka Road

P.O. Box 50813 – 00200

Nairobi, Kenya

Office: +254 20 4984 000

Cell: +254 711 043 200/246

E-mail: [email protected]

New Kenya Co-Operative Creameries

Ltd

P.O Box 30131 - 00100 Nairobi

Creamery House, Dakar Road,

IndustrialArea

Tel: +254 (020) 3980000

Fax: +254 (020) 558705

Email: [email protected]

Web: www.newkcc.co.ke

Nokia International OY

Nairobi Business Park, Ondiek Hwy,

Karen,

Box 29-00502, Nairobi, Kenya

Phone+254203862247

Pricewaterhousecooper Ltd Safaricom ltd

Page 53: GUIDE ROMANIA - EAST AFRICA

PwC Tower, Waiyaki Way/Chiromo

Road, Westlands

Nairobi, Kenya

Tel: +254 (20) 285 5000

Fax: +254 (20) 285 5001

P.O Box 46350-00100 GPO Nairobi

Safaricom House, Waiyaki Way

Tel: +254 (020) (722) 000000

Fax: +254 (020) 4273897

Sameer Africa Ltd

Mombasa/Enterprise Road Junction,

P.O. Box 30429 – 00100,

Nairobi, Kenya.

Telephone lines +254 020 3962000

Fax line+254 020 3962888, 533440

Email address:[email protected]

Sarova Hotels

Kenyatta Ave, Nairobi

P.O.Box: 72493-00200 City Square

Tel: +254-202716688

Fax: +254-202715566

Mobile: +254-722200945 +254-

722200946

SGS Kenya Ltd

Victoria TwsBldg, 2nd Flr,Upperhill

Avenue, Upperhill, Nairobi

P.O.Box: 72118-00200 City Square

Tel: +254-202733699

Spectre International Ltd

P.O Box 2131-40100 Kisumu Off-

Kisumu BusiaRoad Otonglo

Tel: +254 (057) 2022135, 530014,

2025474-7

Fax: +254 (057) 20221875

Email: [email protected]

Web:

www.spectreinternational.co.ke

SOLS Inclination/ Exhibition & Events

Organizers

Ann Wambaa Avenue, Jamhuri Park

P.O. BOX 11206 Code 00400 Nairobi,

Kenya.

tel: (254) 020 204 3016, 020 230 0592/3,

387 2828, 386 4914

fax: (254) 20 387 2217

email: [email protected]

Standard Chartered Bank

P.O. Box 30003 00100 – GPO

Nairobi

Standard Chartered@Chiromo, 48

Westlands Rd, Nairobi

Tel: +254-203293000

Standard Group Ltd

P.O Box 30080-00100 GPO Nairobi

Toyota Tsusho Africa (PTY) Ltd

Nairobi Office:

Page 54: GUIDE ROMANIA - EAST AFRICA

Mombasa Road

Tel: +254 (020) 3222111

Fax: +254 (020) 229218

Email: [email protected]

Web: www.standardmedia.co.ke

Uhuru Highway

Lusaka Road

Kenya

Tel: +254 20 650478

Fax: +254 20 650481

Kenya electricity transmission

company (KETRACO)

Capitol Hill Square, 2nd Flr, Chyulu Rd,

Upperhill, Nairobi

P.O.Box: 34942-00100 GPO Nairobi

Tel: +254-204956000

Fax: +254-204956010

Kenya Healthcare Federation

KMA CENTRE, UPPER HILL

7TH FLOOR,MARA ROAD

P. O. BOX 37929-00100

Nairobi,Kenya

+254 (0)20 4931117

+254 (0)724 294 238/ +254 (0)722 513

987

http://www.khf.co.ke

Unilever Kenya Ltd

http://www.unilever-esa.com

Commercial St, Industrial Area,

Nairobi

Tel: +254-206922000

Kenya Transport Association

Sea View Plaza, Mama Ngina Drive

Mombasa,Kenya

P.O BOX 88502-80100 Kenya

Email: [email protected]

Tel: 041 2312015

http://www.kta.co.ke

Kenya Wine Agencies

Enterprise Rd, Nairobi

P.O.Box: 40550-00100 Nairobi,GPO

Tel: +254-20652045

Fax: +254-20652519

UGANDA

Page 55: GUIDE ROMANIA - EAST AFRICA

Guide to Investing in Uganda

Uganda enjoys a unique location at the heart of Sub-Saharan Africa within the East African

region and lies astride the equator. The country is bordered by Sudan in the north, Kenya in

the east, the United Republic of Tanzania in the south, Rwanda in the southwest and the

Democratic Republic of Congo in the west. This land linked position, gives the country a

strategic commanding base to be a regional hub for the numerous trade and investment

opportunities. Uganda has a wealth of investment prospects, especially in agriculture,

fisheries, forestry, manufacturing and IT.

Indeed, as one of the leading producers of coffee and bananas in the world, and a major

producer of tea, cotton, tobacco, cereals, oilseeds, fresh and preserved fruit, vegetables and

nuts, essential oils, flowers and sericulture (silk), agriculture is one of the sectors with a lot of

offer.

Another viable sector is fisheries, as it is the second-highest foreign exchange earner for

Uganda, with export revenues amounting to an estimated US$220 million in the year 2009.

Large fresh water expanses are home to a wide variety of fish products and investment

opportunities are available for fish farming and the establishment of more fish processing

factories on lakes other than Lake Victoria.

Forestry also is ripe for investment. With over 4.9 million hectares of rich forest vegetation,

Uganda possesses abundant potential in areas like timber processing for export, manufacture

of high quality furniture/wood products and various packaging materials. There are also

opportunities in forestation and reforestation, especially of medicinal trees and plants, and soft

wood plantations for timber, pulp and poles.

Uganda’s manufacturing output has also been expanding by more than 10% annually over the

last eight years. Opportunities exist in virtually all areas, ranging from beverages, leather,

tobacco based processing, paper, textiles and garments, pharmaceuticals, fabrication,

ceramics, glass, fertilizers, plastic/PVC, assembly of electronic goods, hi-tech and medical

products.

Page 56: GUIDE ROMANIA - EAST AFRICA

Lastly, Uganda’s Information and Communication Technology (ICT) sector is one of the most

vibrant within the region, as good legal and regulatory frameworks exist. The newly developed

and highly qualitative ICT infrastructure is also ready to accommodate more future

investments. Opportunities in ICT include establishment of information and communication

infrastructure and broadband services, business process outsourcing services, computer and

related equipment hardware assembly, high level ICT training facilities on international

standards, ICT business services incubation, hardware repair training facilities, software

development niches, setting up information technology virtual zones (ITVZ), and setting up

Internet service provider facilities in other parts of Uganda.

Reasons to invest in Uganda

1. Predictable Environment

Uganda has been able to achieve macro-economic stability when clouds of uncertainty rocked

many regions of the world.

- Stable economic growth averaging 5.1% after 2012/13

- Maintained a competitive real exchange rate that supports export growth

2. Fully Liberalized Economy

- All sectors liberalized for investment

- Free inflow and outflow of capital

- 100% foreign ownership of investment permitted

- Ranked the 8th freest economy out of the 46 Sub-Saharan Africa countries by the 2013

Index of Economic Freedom.

3. Market Access

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- Uganda is a member of the Common Market for Eastern and Southern African states

(COMESA), a region with a market of about 400 million people in 19 countries.

- Uganda is a member of the East African Community (EAC) comprising Burundi, Kenya,

Rwanda, Uganda, and Tanzania with a population of over 140 million people.

- Duty and quota free access into China (quota free access for over 650 products), the USA

(AGOA), Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) scheme and EU (EBA) markets.

4. Strong natural Resource Base

- Rich endowment of rainfall, soils, and favourable temperature range. A number of crops are

grown organically

- Unexploited mineral deposits and tourism opportunities. Confirmed deposits include

Phosphate, Gold, Zinc, Wolfram, Petroleum, Diamond, Vermiculite, Silica etc

5. Government Commitment to Private Sector

- Government and private sector dialogue in policy formulation through business and

investment associations e.g. Private Sector Foundation Uganda, Uganda Manufacturers

Association, Uganda National Chamber of Commerce and Industry, among others

- Continuous improvement in provision of infrastructure and other social services

6. Trainable Labour

- Uganda presently produces over 15,000 University graduates per year

- Quality of labour is one of the biggest attractions

- The National Development Plan focuses on skilling the labour force to match the needs and

opportunities for investment in the country

7. Security of Investment

- Guaranteed under the Constitution and the Investment Code 1991

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- Uganda is a signatory to major international investment related institutions such as:

- Multi lateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)

- Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC) of USA

- Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Award (CREFAA)

- Islamic Corporation for the Insurance of Investment and Export Credit (ICIEC)

- International Centre for settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID), Agreement on Trade

Related Investment Measures (TRIMS), General Agreement of Trade in Services (GATS), and

Agreement on Trade related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)

1. Investment Incentives

Incentives Rate Comments

Import

Based

Incentives

The following sectors have exemptions

from import duty: Agriculture,

Tourism, Health, Education,

Renewable Energy; Mining, Oil and

Gas.

Plant and Machinery - Duty free at

importation (for most directly used in

production), VAT deferment (granted to

VAT registered persons), Withholding

Tax exemption for some sectors like

agriculture

First Arrival Privileges

These are in the form of duty

exemptions for personal effects and a

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motor vehicle (previously owned for at

least 12 months) to returning Ugandan

Investors

For details of the listed incentives

please log onto the Uganda Revenue

Authority:www.ura.go.ug

Export

Based

Incentives

All exports are tax exempt except raw

hides and skins

Manufacturing Under Bond taxes)

Duty exemption on plant and machinery

and other inputs

Stamp duty exemption

Duty draw back – a refund of all or part

of any duty paid on materials, inputs

imported to produce for export

Withholding tax exemptions on plant &

machinery, scholastic materials, human

& animal drugs and raw materials

Investment

Capital

Allowances

Deductible

Annual

Allowances

50%

75%

25%

20%

Initial Allowance on plant and

machinery for industries located in

Kampala, Entebbe, Namanve, Jinja and

Njeru

Initial Allowance on plant and

machinery for industries located

Page 60: GUIDE ROMANIA - EAST AFRICA

(depreciable

assets)

5%

40%

35%

30%

20%

elsewhere in Uganda

Start up cost on actual expenditure

incurred over the first 4 years in 4 equal

installments

Initial Allowance on hotel, hospitals and

Industrial

buildings Depreciation rate

for Hotels, IndustrialBuildings and

Hospitals

Computers and data handling

equipment

Automobiles; buses and minibuses

seating capacity of less than 30

passengers; goods vehicles with a load

capacity of less than 7 tones;

construction and earth moving

equipment

Buses; goods vehicles specialized

trucks; tractors; trailers and trailer-

mounted containers; plant and

machinery used in farming,

manufacturing or mining operations

Comprehensive- list on www.ura.go.ug

Rails locomotives and water

transportation equipment and vessels

Page 61: GUIDE ROMANIA - EAST AFRICA

Comprehensive- list on www.ura.go.ug

Special

Deductions

100%

2%

On scientific research capital

expenditures

On costs of training /tertiary education

of a citizen or permanent resident of

Uganda

On Mineral exploration expenses of

capital nature incurred

Of income tax payable if 5% of their

employees on full time basis are

persons with disabilities

Depreciation allowance granted on

expenditure incurred on farm works

Deduction for bad debt in

Type of Tax Rate Comments

Income Tax

Rate 30%

However, corporate tax for mining

companies varies from 25% to 45%

Capital Gains

Tax Rate 30%

Capital gains are taxable that are

delivered from the disposal of assets held

by a company

Dividends and

Interest 15%

Tax is exempted in case a resident

recipient company controls 25% or more of

the voting power of the resident company

Personal Tax 0% - Income in excess of Uganda shillings 4.92

million is taxed at 30%. For oil and gas

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30% sector resident contractors and sub-

contractors are taxed at 30%

Value-added

Tax (VAT) 18%

Supply of goods used in Agriculture Health

and Education is exempted from value

added tax

Value-added

Tax (VAT) 0%

Good or services are exported from

Uganda

Educational materials &printing

Supply of seeds fertilizers; machinery, tools

and implements suitable for use only in

agriculture.

Supply of leased aircraft, their parts

maintenance equipment.

Supply and installation Sanitary useable

mini-infrastructures.

Comprehensive- list on www.ura.go.ug

Social Security

Contributions 10%

This contribution goes to National Social

Security fund

Royalties 15% The royalties may be reduced under a tax

treaty

Capital duty 0.5% Charged for increase in nominal capital

and incorporation of the company

2. Business Registration and Licensing

Uganda Investment Authority (UIA) is the first point of contact for any potential investor for:

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First hand information on investment opportunities in Uganda;

Issuance of an Investment License;

Assistance in securing other licenses and secondary approvals for investors;

Accessing help to implement investment project ideas through assistance in locating relevant

project support services;

Assistance in the acquisition of Agricultural and Industrial land;

Help to obtain work permits and special passes for investors, their expatriate staff as well as

their families;

Assistance in organizing itineraries for visiting foreign business missions in the country;

Contacts of potential joint venture partners and funding for the expansion of existing projects.

Registering your Investment in Uganda

Business registration and licensing can be done through the One-Stop-Centre (OSC) at the

UIA. The OSC hosts: the Uganda Registration Services Bureau (URSB) which registers

companies and issues them with a Certificate of Incorporation; the Uganda Revenue Authority

(URA) which registers Tax Identification Numbers (TINs) and offers tax advice; the Directorate

of Citizenship and Immigration Control which issues work permits among other immigration

documents; the Lands Registry which assists in the verification of land ownership; and the

National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA) which ensures that investments are

compliant with the laws that govern environment management. Accessing all these services

under same roof saves the investor both time and money to have their projects licensed and

implemented expeditiously.

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Company Registration

Company registration is the first step to formalizing a business in Uganda. The applicable

forms and information on registration fees for the formation of a company charged by the

URSB can be downloaded from www.ursb.go.ug

Investment license

The normal processing time for an investment license is 2 days. However, if all the paperwork

is in order and there is no need for regulatory approvals, the license can be issued in 24 hours.

Investors can also apply for the investment license on-line if they have all their documents in

electronic form.

Detailed requirements are available from www.ugandainvest.go.ug

Secondary Licenses

UIA assists the potential investor in the acquisition of secondary licenses. Investments in

Energy generation, Mining, Banking, Air transport, Pharmaceuticals production, Education and

Health are regulated by the sector Ministries, Departments of Agencies. Regulatory

approvals/permits/or licenses must be acquired before applying for the Investment License.

Taxation

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Applications for your Tax Identification Number (TIN) can be done on-line. A tax official in the

OSC is at hand to assist and offer tax advice as well. The guidelines can be accessed via the

URA website www.ura.go.ug

Aftercare services

UIA assists a licensed investor to obtain suitable (and serviced) industrial and agricultural land,

as well as work permits for expatriate staff. Utilities like telephone, electricity and water can

easily be secured from the relevant providers.

Investment Threshold

Foreign investors require a minimum of US$100,000 in planned investment. The license is

very crucial to foreign investors as it is the instrument that legalizes their investment in

Uganda.

Local investors, require a minimum investment of US$50,000. Local investors may proceed

with their investment without licensing with the Uganda Investment Authority; however a holder

of the investment license is easily distinguished from a trader for tax purposes.

Investment Opportunities

Agribusiness

Uganda is among the leading producers of coffee and bananas. It is also a major producer of

tea, cotton (including organic cotton), tobacco, cereals, oilseeds (simsim, soya, sunflower,

etc), fresh and preserved fruit,vegetables and nuts, essential oils, orchids, flowers and

sericulture (silk). Opportunitiesinclude commercial farming and value addition, as well as the

manufacture of inputs (fertilizers,pesticides etc.), supply of agriculturalmachinery and the

establishment of cold storage facilities as well as the production of packing materials.

PublicPrivate Partnership investment opportunitiesexist in thecommercial production of cereals

(maize and rice) and beans.

Fisheries

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The sector is the second highest foreign exchange earner for Uganda with export revenues

amounting to US$ 136.22 million in the year 2011. Large fresh water expanses are home to a

wide variety of fish products. Opportunities are available for fish farming and establishment of

more fish processing factories on other lakes other than Lake Victoria. Uganda’s fish is a

delicacy in Europe and has recently penetrated the US market. The Government of Uganda is

encouraging fish farming (pond and cage) from which fish can be produced for food and the

skin processed to leather. The manufacture of fish feeds and fishing gear are other

opportunities for investment.

Forestry

With over 4.9 million hectares of rich forest vegetation, Uganda possesses abundant potential

in areas like timber processing for export, manufacture of high quality furniture/wood products

and various packaging materials. There are also Aopportunities in forestation and reforestation

especially of medicinal trees and plants, soft wood plantations for timber, pulp & poles.

Tourism

The distinctive attraction of Uganda as a tourist destination arises from the variety of its game

stock and its unspoiled scenic beauty. It is estimated that 50% of the world’s population of

mountain gorillas lives in Uganda. Within a relatively limited space of just over 240,000

square kilometres, Uganda offers an interesting contrast ranging from the wide East African

plains and expansive savanna grasslands to the impenetrable, mountain rain forests and snow

peaked mountains in the south western parts of the country. Lake Victoria, which is shared

with Tanzania and Kenya, is the 2nd largest fresh water lake in the world, while LakeBunyonyi

in south western Uganda is the 3rd deepest in the world! The NileRiver (longest in the world),

with its beautiful waterfalls and unique water scenery has its source in Uganda.

Uganda is home to 11% of the world’s bird’s species (1060 species) which offers a wide range

of bird species for viewing in addition to numerous sporting opportunities such as mountain

climbing and water sports including white water rafting. The opportunities in tourism range

from constructing high quality accommodation facilities, operating tours and travel circuits to

the development of specialized eco and community tourism.

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Public Private Partnership (PPP) projects include:

1. The construction of up to mid market accommodation within QueenElizabethNational Park

and other conservation areas

2. The development and management of 20-25 bed facilities in the protected areas

3. The construction of a Wildlife Forest lodge comprising 20 spacious cottages to provide

additional accommodation for mi-range travelers within the tourist areas of Mabira and

Budongo Forests, as well as the Queen Elizabeth and Murchison Falls National Parks.

The establishment of internationally rated tourism and hospitability training centres to cater for

the increasing number of tourist visitors is another opportunity.

Mining

New geodata provides for opportunity in growth in mining. 80% of the country has been

surveyed and Uganda has large under-exploited mineral deposits of gold, oil, high grade tin,

tungsten/wolfram, salt, beryllium, cobalt, kaolin, iron-ore, glass sand, vermiculite , phosphates

(fertilizer), Uranium and rare earth elements. There are also significant quantities of clay and

gypsum.

Gold occurs in many areas of the country, including Busia in the east, Buhweju and Kigezi in

the west, Mubende – Kiboga in the central region and significant occurrences in Karamoja in

the north east.

Uganda provides special incentives to the mining sector with some capital expenditures being

written off in full.

Oil and Gas

A discovery of petroleum wells in the Lake Albert region has enhanced the sector’s joie de

vivre.

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According to the Petroleum Exploration and Production Department, 21 oil and/or gas

discoveries have been made in the country to date. 87 oil wells have been drilled and there

are 21 fields in existence. Currently over 3.5 billion barrels of STOIIP have been discovered

with over 1.2 billion barrels of oil equivalent estimated as recoverable. However, appraisal of

the discoveries is still ongoing. Less than 40% of the AlbertineGraben has been evaluated.

Investment opportunities available in upstream activities include:

Joint Licensing for petroleum exploration and production

Ventures and farm-in arrangements in existing licenses

Heated crude oil pipelines to refinery

Environmental services, given that most activities are located in ecologically sensitive

areas. Waste treatment and disposal for both solids and liquids is critical

Service provision and contracts in the fields of Engineering, Procurement, Construction,

Environmental consultancy, drilling services, down hole services etc.

Other opportunities are detailed in the cylindrical illustration are areas where domestic

investment can be the major contributor

Information Communication Technology

Uganda’s Information and Communication Technology (ICT) sector is one of the most vibrant

within the region and fastest growing sector in the economy. This vibrancy hinges largely on

the good legal and regulatory frameworks. The supportive investment climate therein has

exposed numerous opportunities in ICT innovation services leading to maximum utilization of

the existing youthful human resource base as quite suitable for the ICT work. The newly

developed and highly qualitative ICT infrastructure is also ready to accommodate more future

investments. Uganda is now connected to three marine fibre optic cables.

Printing and Publishing

In the printing and publishing sub-sector, opportunities exist for the printing of textbooks for

schools. Currently, imports supply over 90% of Uganda’s textbook requirement (estimated at

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over U$7 million a year). Investment opportunities therefore exist in the various type of printing

including flexography, screen printing, off-set printing and digital printing. Other opportunities

include electronic printing magnetograph, thermo graphic printing, ion deposition printing and

direct charge deposition printing

Education

Uganda runs high quality training programmes at a relatively cheaper cost than other

education destinations and is dedicated to making investment in the country’s knowledge hub

a unique experience and a win-win situation for both investors and students. Investment

opportunities therefore exist in Uganda for setting up of independent private universities,

branch universities and offshore campuses. In order to create the relevant skills needed in

emerging industries and technology, the Government of Uganda has emphasized the need for

technical & vocational training in the 2040 national vision. There is a need therefore for such

training centres that will skill Uganda’s human resource. Other areas of investment include,

technology-based education, distance education and student financing.

Manufacturing

Uganda’s manufacturing sector presents various opportunities in virtually all areas ranging

from beverages, leather, tobacco based processing, paper, textiles and garments,

pharmaceuticals, fabrication, ceramics, glass, fertilizers, plastic / PVC, assembly of electronic

goods, hi-tech and medical products.

Infrastructure

Although significant efforts have been made to develop and rehabilitate the existing physical

and non-physical infrastructure, potential investment opportunities still abound. In particular,

transport & logistics and energy sectors still require further investment.

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With less than 10% of the mainstream capacity of 2,700 megawatts of power exploited,

Uganda has the potential to be a major supplier of hydro electric power to the entire East

African region.

About 90% of Uganda’s total cargo freight is transported by road leading to high costs in

maintenance, wear and tear as well as non tariff barriers and time. Only 20% of the rail

network is functional. Investment opportunities in transport infrastructure include some public

private partnership projects in the development of the KampalaJinja Toll Road, Bus Rapid

Transit, Uganda Railway Projects, Uganda/Tanzania Railway Project, and refurbishment and

expansion of Entebbe International Airport and the Upcountry Airports.

The average costs of investment for the EntebbeInternationalAirport are: Domestic Terminal

($8M), New Cargo Centre ($60M), Maintenance Centre ($30M), and Multi-Storey Car Park

($5M). The upcountry airport upgrades are estimated to cost: Gulu ($61M), Kasese ($41M),

and Pakuba (Oil Fields - $10M).

Financial Services

The financial services sector is liberalized for business. The recent years have seen an

expansion in the branch network countrywide. In 2000 there were 129 branches in the country

and at the end of last year (2012) the branches had risen to 495. The existing banks are

spreading outside the capital city of Kampala; there are now 270 bank branches outside

Kampala. However, opportunities for investment still exist for international multinational

banking groups particularly promoting new or innovative financial products (i.e. Mortgage

finance, venture capital, merchant banking, leasing finance and agricultural banking,

considering Uganda’s agro based economy). Micro finance saving institutions is the most

relevant option for operating in rural areas. Insurance, in particular, is still a relatively young

sector and offers several opportunities for investment. The liberal economic environment also

encourages the growth and development of electronic banking and innovative solutions to

transactions like mobile money transfers. There are currently around 9 million registered

mobile money customers in the country (about ¼ of the country’s population).

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Infrastructure

Investment Projects at the EntebbeInternationalAirport

Project Description Public Private Partnerships

Expected Cost

Modernize the aviation industry to equate international standards MakeEntebbeInternationalAirport a befitting aviation hug in East and Central Africa .

Contact Swaziland Investment Promotion Agency

Total Amount of

Project

The Civil Aviation Authority of Uganda is seeking for investors in

the following infrastructure projects:

Design and construction of AirportCity aimed at the promotion of business at the airport (USD 1.5 billion) Investment in the infrastructure of the 13 up country aerodromes for the promotion of tourism, oil, and other sectors across Uganda (USD 1 billion) Development of a ferry port at Entebbe and expansion of the aviation fuel storage tank where the Fuel Farm will be located (USD 50 million) Design and Construction of Cargo Centre / FreeTradePort where cargo trade can take place (USD 80 million).

Expected Cost USD 2.63 billion

Actions Required or

Implementation

Arrangements

Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) is a corporate body

established under

the CAA Act No. 3 of 1994, CAP 354. The cardinal

objective of the Authority

is to promote the safe, regular, secure, and efficient use

and development

of civil aviation inside and outside Uganda. Any prospective

investor would have to go through a transparent bidding

process

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and any implementation agreements would be signed with

CAA.

Status

All outlined projects are Greenfield Investments apart

from No. 2 regarding

up country aerodromes, which is an expansion. Details of

the

Investment Opportunities are available on request.

Contact

Mr. J. Bulindi Director Airports and Aviation Security Tel: +256 312 353000/ +256 414 353000 Fax: +256 414 320571 Email: [email protected] Website: www.caa.co.ug

Energy / Acquisition, Installation and Services of Micro Hydro Power Dams

Sub-Sector Electricity Generation

Project Description

Private investment in hydro power energy in 26 sites in 15 districts The project aims at constructing micro Hydro Power dams and a number of Pico hydro power schemes to address the acute energy deficit in rural areas as well as unreliable grid power in small towns that are off-grid Each micro hydro power dam will be an isolated community grid Current installed hydro capacity does not meet Uganda’s electricity demand, therefore having more hydro sites exploited will partly address deficit and promote rural electrification, thus contributing to the eradication of poverty.

Expected Cost USD 3.4 million

Status Greenfield private investment

Contact

Eng. Dr. Frank Ssebowa

Chief Executive Officer

Electricity Regulatory Authority

ERA House, Plot 15, Shimoni Road

Nakasero, KAMPALA

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Tel: +256 414 341646 / 341852

Fax: +256 414 641624

Email: [email protected]

Website: www.era.or.ug

Infrastructure (Local and International Bidding)

Sub-Sector Transport Projects – Roads, Air, Rail, and Water

Project Description

Government contract (Public and transparent Bidding) Roads Transport

Alternative route to Entebbe town and InternationalAirport (40 Km). The project description and scope (pds) comprises feasibility study, detailed engineering design, and construction – USD 50 million Fly over between Jinja Rd and Kibuye (4.7 Km). The pds comprises as detailed above – USD 75 million Kibuye-Busega-Mpigi Road (32 Km). The pds comprises the review of detailed studies and construction works for dueling the road and construction consultancy supervision services – USD 128 million Supply of construction equipment for district roads. The pds comprises supply of equipment, after sales services, managing workshops and training managers and operators – USD 80 million. The government of Uganda will meet the cost of constructing the mechanical workshops.Rail Transport: Reactivation of Kampala Kasese line (333 Km). The pds comprises feasibility study, detailed engineering design and construction – USD 350 million.

Water Transport: Redevelopment of PortBellPort. The pds comprises feasibility study, detailed engineering design, and construction – USD 420 million.

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Expected Cost Total estimated cost of projects is about USD 1.1 billion

Actions Required or

Implementation

Arrangements

International and national tendering of bids according to the public procurement and disposal of Assets Law

Status

Roads – Greenfield Investments and Supplies Railway – Reactivations Water Transport – Redevelopment of Port

Contact

The permanent Secretary

Ministry of Works and Transport

PO Box 7174

Kampala, Uganda

Tel : +256 414 235973 / 259136

Dir : +256 414 320657 Fax : +256 414 236369

Email : [email protected]

Website : www.miniworks.go.ug

General Business contacts:

Uganda Investment Authority

Tel: +256 414 301000

http://www.ugandainvest.go.ug

Uganda Registration Services Bureau

Tel: +256 414 2235219 / 235915

Email:[email protected]

http://www.ursb.go.ug

Uganda Revenue Authority

Tel: +256 417 444602 – 4, 417 444620

http:// www.ura.go.ug

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The Investment Centre

Plot 22B Lumumba Avenue,

TWED Plaza

P.O. Box 7418 Kampala, Uganda

Tel: +256-414-301000

E-mail: [email protected]

Uganda Tourist Board

Tel: +256 414 342196/7

Email:[email protected]

http://www.visituganda.com

Uganda Wildlife Authority

Tel: +256 414 3555000, 312 355000

Email: [email protected]

http://www.ugandawildlife.org

Directorate of Citizenship and Immigration Control

Tel: +256 414 595945

http://www.immigration.go.ug

Uganda National Bureau of Standards

Tel: +256 414 505995, 222369

http://www.unbs.go.ug

Bank of Uganda

Tel: +256 414 259090, 312 392000

http://www.bou.or.ug

Uganda National Bureau of Statistics

Tel: +256 414 706000

http://www.ubos.org

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Uganda Export Promotion Board

Tel: +256 414 230250, 230233

http://www.ugandaexportsonline.com

National Environment Management Authority

Email:[email protected]

http://www.nema-ug.org

Department of Geological Survey and Mines, Uganda

Tel: +245 414 320656, 312 262902

Email:[email protected]

http://www.uganda-mining.go.ug

Petroleum Exploration and Production Department

Tel: +256 414 320714

Email:[email protected]

http://www.petroleum.go.ug

Uganda Manufacturers Association

Tel: +256 414 221034, 287615/2

E-mail:[email protected]

http://www.uma.or.ug

Private Sector Foundation Uganda

Tel: +256 312 263850, 261850

Email:[email protected]

http://www.psfuganda.com

Uganda National Chamber of Commerce and Industry

Tel: +256 753 503035

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Email:[email protected]

http://www.chamberuganda.com

Uganda Chamber of Mines and Petroluem

Tel: +256 312 516695

Email:[email protected]

http://www.ucmp.ug

ROMANIA

Business in Romania

The Romanian State:

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Romania is a sovereign and independent, unitary and indivisible nation state;

Form of government: republic;

Romania is a democratic and social state ruled by the law;

The state is organized according to the principle of separation and balance of the powers – the

Legislative, the Executive and the Judiciary – in the framework of constitutional democracy,

guaranteed by political pluralism.

The President of Romania represents the Romanian state and guarantees the national independence, unity and territorial integrity of the country (5-year term).

The Legislative: The Parliament of Romania (4-year term) has two houses: the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies.

The Executive: The Government of Romania, headed by the Prime Minister, entrusted by the President of Romania with forming the Cabinet and with the Governance Program endorsed by Parliament by a vote of confidence.

The Judiciary: independence guaranteed by the Superior Council of the Magistracy; judges are irremovable.

Romania is a member of the UN (1955), of NATO (2004) and of the European Union (2007).

Economic profile

With a population of 22 million, Romania is Central Europe’s second largest market. Romania boasts several real advantages:

- an excellent location at the crossroads of the main trade routes between western Europe and

Asia, between South Europe (the Mediterranean) and northern Europe;

- important river and sea navigation facilities (Constanta is the biggest port on the Black Sea;

proximity to the Danube – Rhine – Main canal connecting the Black Sea to the North Sea);

- skilledlabour, including highly trained specialists in the fields of technology, IT and

engineering;

- plenty of natural resources (oil, gas etc.) and vast fertile croplands;

a huge tourism potential;

- diversified industrial structure;

- legislationfavouring foreign investment, based on free and nondiscriminatory access to the

market.

In 1990 Romania undertook an economic reform process that accompanied and complemented rapprochement or, in certain cases, integration in international institutions and organizations – the European Economic Community (which became the European Union / EU) and NATO, but then also the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank, the World Trade Organization / WTO (of which Romania is a founding member) or the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).

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The 90s were marked by economic downturn, worse in the first transition years (1990-1992), when the economy shrank by 27%, and over 1997-1999 (a decline of over 12%). This trend, accompanied by quasi-permanent inflation and a significant rise in unemployment, evolved on the backdrop of measures geared at decentralization, privatization and, notably after 1997, accelerated economic restructuring.

The interval 2000-2008 brought a marked economic recovery, with an annual growth rate above 6%, higher over 2003-2008 when Romania posted a sizable rise in consumption and productive investment.

Improvement of the business environment, the effects of the flat taxation rate and foreign partners’ positive attitude towards Romania in the context of accession to NATO and the EU helped attract a record volume of foreign investment.

Foreign trade grew sensibly in point of both quality and quantity. The value of Romania’s trade exchanges has grown significantly, notably in recent years, when annual growth rates higher than 10% have been recorded. 2008 saw a peak in foreign trade which aggregated approx. EUR 90 billion (of which approx. 34 billion in exports). Romania’s main trade partners in the last decade have been Germany, Italy, France, Turkey, Hungary, the Netherlands, the UK, and Austria.

In point of quality, the structure of commercial exchanges has been marked by major changes, Romania exporting more and more value-added products and services, that mirroring the economic restructuring, the capacity of the national economy to supply goods and services and a better utilization of facilities of access to foreign markets. Currently, the EU accounts for over 70% of Romania’s foreign trade, which indicates the level of economic integration in the European single market.

As the world financial crisis that started in autumn 2008 caused commercial and credit flows to drop, 2009 and 2010 were years of economic downturn. Although the Romanian banking system is solid and the economy grew for nearly one decade, Romania has still been affected by the global economic and financial crisis, posting drops in GDP of 7% in 2009 and an estimated 2% in 2010, concurrently with an expanding budget deficit and unemployment. Foreign direct investment, too, declined in 2009, standing at about EUR 4.5-5 billion (roughly half the figure of the previous year).

The Government’s efforts to cushion the effects of the crisis were geared at stimulating economic growth, maintaining the capacity to attract investment, and protecting the economic interests of the people, by lowering the number of taxes included.

To prevent subsequent difficulties, Romania agreed with the EU and the international financial institutions on a two-year financial assistance package worth nearly EUR 20 billion. The main goals are to support the balance of payments (notably to ensure judicious expenditures in the public sector), to secure the credit and investment flow and to consolidate the reserves of the central Bank.

Romania’s macroeconomic prospects have visibly improved of late, on the backdrop of external demand, even though unemployment-related problems are likely to persist.

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The Romanian Government will further work to fulfill the convergence criteria and observe the terms of the Stability and Growth Pact, as well as to ensure long-term stability of the exchange rate, with a view to switching to the Euro.

Reforms are to be operated at a fast pace, with emphasis on decentralizing the public administration, mobilizing public funds and strengthening the administrative capacity of generating projects to better absorb European funds, and financing priority projects in the areas of infrastructure, agriculture, education, health care, energy, environment, and creating new business opportunities for investors.

Romania’s strategic priorities for the next period are to develop the infrastructure, to ensure energy security and supply from alternative sources, modernize agriculture, enhance the quality of education and health care services

Doing business in Romania

Any business initiative stands for an opportunity and the government of Romania encourages Romanian and foreign citizens alike to be active in the private sector.

Backing private entrepreneurs and stimulating entrepreneurship are central to the activity of the Executive.

The actions of the Government are geared at consolidating a stable and predictable business environment, strengthening free competition, eliminating state monopolies that are not economically justified, enhancing the transparency of the business environment, of governmental policies and monetary policies and liberalizing the labor market.

Institutions and useful links

Foreign trade

The chief institution in charge of drafting and implementing the commercial policy internally is the foreign trade structure at the Ministry of Economy, Commerce and Tourism (www.dce.gov.ro).

This institution keeps the business environment abreast of import/export opportunities in third markets and of the schedule of Romania’s participation in international fairs and exhibition.

Other entities having tasks in the field of commerce:

http://www.portaldecomert.ro/OFERTA_EXPORT1/INDEX.html

http://www.portaldecomert.ro/OFERTA_EXPORT2012/INDEX.html

www.arisinvest.ro

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Eximbank Romania (www.eximbank.ro) – institution created to provide support, by means or financial-banking instruments, for Romanian exporters to enter and manage to stay on foreign markets, high-risk ones included.

Foreign investment

Since 2009 the institution empowered to implement the Government’s policy on promoting and attracting foreign direct investment is the Romanian Center for Trade and Investment (www.traderom.ro , www.arisinvest.ro ).

Economic policy

The Ministry of Economy, Commerce and Business Environment (www.minind.ro) is the specialized institution of the central public administration that implements the Government’s policy on economic growth, industry, energy, mineral resources, defense industry, European integration, trade and economic external relations

Taxation

Tax policy focuses on ensuring a stimulating role of taxes, designed to help economic growth and development, fiscal consolidation as well as the development and strengthening of the middle class.

The Ministry of Public Finance (www.mfinante.gov.ro ) has a synthesis role as to the activity of the financial and fiscal structures of the Romanian state

Monetary policy

Designing and implementing the monetary policy, the exchange rate policy included, is the task of the central bank – the National Bank of Romania (BNR) (www.bnr.ro ), an independent public institution, the only one authorized to issue currency in the form of banknotes and coins to be used as legal tender in Romania.

The fundamental goal of BNR is to ensure and maintain price stability.

Along with its monetary policy tasks, the National Bank of Romania authorizes, regulates and supervises prudentially the credit institutions, promotes and oversees the smooth functioning of payment systems to ensure financial stability, establishes the currency regime, supervises its observance and manages Romania’s international reserves.

BNR also supports the general economic policy of the state, without prejudice to its main objective of ensuring price stability.

Small and medium-sized enterprises

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) currently are the engine of the private sector and the free market in Romania, while also making up the sector accounting for the biggest

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absorption of labour. SMEs evince increased flexibility and mobility when it comes to adjusting to market trends and the evolution of the legal framework.

97% of all Romanian companies are SMEs. Coordination, monitoring and support for the implementation of governmental programmes targeted at SMEs is provided by an Agency for the Implementation of Projects and Programmes for SMEs (www.aippimm.ro), subordinated to the Ministry of Economy,

Commerce and Business Environment

Customs Policy

Customs policy is in agreement with the European Union’s. The national authority with specific competence in this field is the National Customs Authority (www.customs.ro ), subordinated to the Ministry of Public Finance.

Company Registration

The institution that handles company registration in Romania, both in the case of Romanian-owned and of foreign-owned companies, is the National Office of the Trade Register (www.onrc.ro ), subordinated to the Ministry of Justice.

Chambers of Commerce

The Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Romania (www.ccir.ro ) comprises the entire network of 42 territorial and bilateral chambers of commerce, plus professional associations.

The CCIR works to create a stable, coherent business environment favoring the development of the private sector and of a real, sustainable market economy open to the world.

Statistics

Official statistics in Romania is organized and coordinated by the National Institute of Statistics (www.insse.ro ), a specialized body of the central public administration, subordinated to the Government and financed from the State budget.

The National Institute of Statistics supplies operational statistical information to economic and social decision makers, assimilates the specific statistical indicators of the market economy, implements research and computing methodologies according to European and international standards and practice, and cooperates with other national statistics institutes.

Other sources: the National Prognosis Commission (www.cnp.ro )

Romania Business Recognized

Your competitors are in Romania or will be soon…

3M, AIG, Alcoa, Amway, Avon, Bunge, Cargill, Cisco, Citibank, Coca-Cola, Colgate Palmolive, Ernest & Young, Delphi, General Electric, HBO, Honeywell Garret, Howard Johnson’s, HP,

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IBM, Johnson Controls, Kodak, Kraft, Lockheed Martin, McDonald’s, Microsoft, Motorola, New Century Holdings, Oracle, Philip Morris, Proctor and Gamble, Qualcomm, RAEF, Solectron, Timken, UPS, Visa, Washington Group, Xerox...to name a few!

Can your company afford to miss out on this important opportunity?

ActivitiesIn Romania

The Ministry of Commerce’s global network provides the platform to educate international investors on the advantages that come with investing in Romania.

The initiative is focused on outreach to the international investment community.

More specifically, Invest in Romania welcomes all inquiries and is equipped to serve as a foreign investor’s first point of contact for an investment in Romania. Initial meetings may involve gaining information about the Romanian economy as a whole, making contacts with appropriate agencies, and discussing Romania policies and basic investment procedures.

Invest in Romania can provide all potential investors an investment contact list encompassing all Romanian companies. This comprehensive guide provides the economic development point of contact within each state who has been designated by each Governor to field international investment inquiries.

In addition to helping foreign investors locate in the Romania, Invest in Romania works across various agencies to act as a voice within the federal bureaucracy to ensure the United States remains the premier location for foreign direct investment. Through its ombudsman role, Invest in Romania also supports potential and current foreign investors with regard to difficulties encountered within the bureaucracy.

Invest in Romania complements the work of state governments. The one activity the initiative will not undertake is to steer prospective investors toward or away from any particular location in Romania. The initiative promotes Romania in general as a site for investment.

Agriculture In Romania

The historic provinces of Walachia, Transylvania, Moldavia, Dobruja, and the Banat have distinct soil and climatic conditions that make them suitable for different types of agriculture.

The breadbasket of Romania is Walachia, which provides half the annual grain harvest and roughly half the fruit and grapes. Truck farming, especially in the Ilfov Agricultural District surrounding Bucharest, is also important. Despite the fertility of Walachia's soil, yields fluctuate considerably from year to year because of recurrent droughts. Transylvania, which receives more precipitation than Walachia, has poorer soils and more rugged terrain that restricts large-scale mechanized farming.

Livestock rising predominates in the mountains, and potatoes and grains are the principal crops in the central basin. Moldavia has generally less fertile soil than Walachia and receives scant rainfall. Its primary crops are corn, wheat, fruit and grapes, and potatoes.

The Banat region has a nearly ideal balance of rich chernozem soils and adequate precipitation. Grain, primarily wheat, is the principal crop; fruits and vegetables are also

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important. Dobruja, a region of generally inadequate rainfall, was becoming agriculturally more important during the 1980s, because much of the marshland in the Danube Delta was being drained and brought under cultivation. The traditional crops of Dobruja are grain, sunflowers, and legumes.

Major Crops

Corn and wheat (predominantly of the winter varieties) occupied nearly two-thirds of all arable land in the 1980s and about 90 percent of all grain lands. Corn, the staple of the peasant diet, was grown on 3.1 million hectares in 1987, while wheat was sown on 2.4 million hectares.

Other important grains included barley (560,000 hectares), oats (70,000 hectares), rice (47,000 hectares), and rye (42,000 hectares). Among the major nongrain crops, the most widely grown in 1987 were hay (870,000 hectares), sunflowers (455,000 hectares), potatoes (350,000 hectares), soybeans (350,000 hectares), sugar beets (271,000 hectares), feed roots (70,000 hectares), corn silage (50,000 hectares), and tobacco (35,000 hectares). Wine and table grapes were widely grown, but the best vineyards were in Moldavia. Romania had gained a reputation for fine wines as early as the nineteenth century, and subsequently became one of the major producers of Europe.

Thanks to the increased use of fertilizers and plant-protecting chemicals and the expansion of arable land area through irrigation and drainage, grain output rose steadily from only 5 million tons in 1950 to between 20 and 30 million tons in the 1980s. How much grain was produced in the late 1980s was unclear because official figures had become unreliable. The Romanian government reported a 1987 grain harvest of more than 31.7 million tons, a record amount and far larger than the 1985 harvest of 23 million tons. The United States Department of Agriculture, however, estimated the 1987 harvest at only 18.6 million tons--well below the harvest of 1985.

Livestock

Prior to the dramatic increase in grain cultivation in the nineteenth century, livestock raising, sheep breeding in particular, was the most important economic activity in the country. But with the diversion of grazing land and a perennial shortage of fodder, livestock raising fell into decline. After a drastic reduction in livestock inventories in World War II, herds were gradually replenished, but the number of horses continued to decline, as agriculture became more mechanized. Cattle were raised throughout the country, particularly in the foothills of the Carpathians. Sheep predominated in the mountainous areas and Dobruja. Pigs, poultry, and rabbits were raised on a wide scale.

Private farmers, who produced a large share of livestock brought to market, operated under dire conditions. The state theoretically was obliged to provide fodder to the livestock breeders it contracted to fatten animals. But fodder and proteinrich mixed feeds were not made available in the necessary quantities, especially in the 1980s, when imports were drastically curtailed.

Fishing

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The numerous rivers emanating from the central mountains, the Danube, the Black Sea coastal waters, and Lake Razelm in the Danube Delta provide rich fishing grounds. The lower Danube supplies roughly 90 percent of the total catch, about 80 percent of which is consumed fresh. In 1985 approximately 260,100 tons were produced, and the 1986 plan called for 380,100 tons. Fish farming was being practiced on an increased scale in the late 1980s, particularly in the Danube Delta, where more than 63,000 hectares were expected to be covered with fish ponds by 1990.

Farming Practices

By the mid-1980s, more than 30 percent of the country's 10 million hectares of cropland was irrigated. The remaining 7 million hectares were subject to recurrent and sometimes severe droughts, which were particularly destructive in the southern and eastern regions.

At the same time, large areas of land along the Danube and in its delta were waterlogged, and the government decided to drain much of this marshland and make it arable. The Danube Delta, covering more than 440,000 hectares, was being developed rapidly after 1984. By 1989 some 35,750 hectares had been made arable and large areas of pastureland had been created. By 1990 more than 144,000 hectares of the delta were expected to be useful agricultural land.

Poor crop rotation practices, with corn and wheat sown year after year on the same ground, led to serious depletion of soil nutrients, and supplies of chemical fertilizers were inadequate to restore the lost fertility. In the early 1980s, for example, only thirty-four to thirty-six kilograms of fertilizer were available per acre. Furthermore, much of the best farmland had been severely damaged by prolonged use of outsized machinery, which had compacted the soil, by unsystematic application of agricultural chemicals, and by extensive erosion.

During the first three decades of communist rule, agricultural planners ordered the slaughter of thousands of workhorses, which were to be replaced by more powerful tractors. Indeed, the number of tractors available to agriculture grew from 13,700 in 1950 to 168,000 in 1983. But with the onset of the energy crisis, the regime reversed its policy.

A program adopted by the National Council for Agriculture, Food Industry, Forestry, and Water Management in 1986 called for increasing horse inventories by 90,000 head by the end of the decade and reducing the number of tractors in service by nearly one-third. By 1990, according to plans, horse-drawn equipment would perform 18 to 25 percent of all harvesting and virtually all hauling on livestock farms.

Farm Organization

Cooperative and state farms were the two primary types of farm organization, although a significant number of small private farms continued to exist in the 1980s. State farms accounted for more than 17 percent and cooperatives nearly 75 percent of all arable land. In 1982 cooperatives employed 2.2 million farmers, while state and private farms employed about 400,000 each.

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The formation of state farms, which were intended to be the rural equivalent of socialist industrial enterprises, had begun as early as 1945. These ideologically favored farms received the best lands expropriated in 1949 and during the major collectivization campaign of the 1958-62 period, and they had priority access to machinery, chemicals, and irrigation water. Because of these advantages, state farms reported higher crop yields than did cooperative farms. Like other state enterprises, state farms operated according to the directives of the central government. Workers received a fixed wage in return for their labor on the farm and had no private plot rights. Their incomes in the 1980s approached those of urban workers.

Although cooperative farms owned their land and certain basic equipment, they had little more autonomy than the state farms. Their directors routinely accepted production directives from Bucharest with little objection. The cooperatives were told what crops to grow, how to grow them, and how much to deliver to the state. Many smaller cooperatives were ordered to combine into associations during the 1970s and 1980s to pool their assets. According to a decree issued by the Council of State, cooperative farmers were required to work at least 300 days per year on the cooperative, and they were subject to transfer to other farms or even to construction and lumber work sites if their own cooperative had no work for them. Between 40 and 60 percent of the average cooperative farm income was derived from the sale of products from private plots. Despite this supplementary income, cooperative farmers earned only about 60 percent as much as their counterparts on state farms in the 1980s. Cooperative farmers also had much smaller pension benefits.

As late as 1988 almost 9.5 percent of the country's 15 million hectares of agricultural land remained in private hands. As a rule, this land was located in relatively inaccessible mountainous regions, where use of heavy machinery was impractical. In addition, in 1988 cooperative farms reserved some 922,000 hectares (about 6 percent of all arable land) for private plots, which were cultivated by families working on the cooperatives. These plots averaged 1,500 square meters in area, but in rugged terrain they could be considerably larger. Thus in the late 1980s, the private sector was still cultivating more than 15 percent of the country's agricultural land--the highest total in Eastern Europe after Poland and Yugoslavia. Privately owned land could not be sold, nor could it be inherited by persons unable to tend it adequately.

Even official government statistics revealed that private agriculture was more than four times as productive as socialized agriculture in the cultivation of fruit; twice as productive in grain growing and poultry raising, and 60 percent more efficient in milk, beef, pork, and vegetable production. In 1987 the private sector produced half the sheep, 40 percent of the beef, 28 percent of the pork, and 63 percent of the fruit output.

Despite the higher productivity of private agriculture and its major contribution to total farm output, the Ceausescu regime systematically penalized the nonsocialist sector. At the very time most of the communist world was beginning to permit peasants to lease larger tracts for longer periods, Romania was actually reducing the area under private cultivation--from 967,500 hectares in 1965 to 922,841 in 1985. Beginning in 1987, an area of at least 500 square meters (or one-third) of each private plot was required to be sown in wheat, and the harvest was to be traded to the state for the yield from an equivalent amount of land cultivated by the cooperative farm. This policy was designed to discourage peasants from spending an inordinate amount of time cultivating their private plots instead of working for the cooperative.

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Its effect, however, was to further demoralize the farm population and thus make it less productive.

In the late 1980s, the systematization program aimed to subordinate privately owned land and private plots on cooperative farms to the regional agro-industrial councils and thereby tighten central control of private farming. Systematization would eliminate many of the plots, as villages were levelled to create vast fields for socialized farming. This policy directly contradicted the government's mandate in the 1980s that the population essentially feed itself by cultivating small plots (even lawns and public parks had been converted to vegetable gardens) and breeding poultry and rabbits.

Administration

Romanian agriculture in the late 1980s remained the most centralized in Comecon. A complicated and constantly changing network of overlapping state and party agricultural bureaucracies had evolved over the previous four decades. The Ministry of Agriculture set production targets and oversaw the distribution of resources among the judete. It became the frequent target of Ceausescu's ire and received much of the blame for agriculture's persistent problems. In 1978 the Congress of the Higher Councils of Socialist Agricultural Units and of the Whole Peasantry and its permanent bureau, the National Agricultural Board, were established. The apparent purpose of the new body was to approve and thereby legitimize the PCR's policy directives. The following year a joint party and state agricultural policy-making body was established--the National Council For Agriculture, Food Industry, Forestry, and Water Management. Meeting as frequently as four times a year in plenary session, the council provided a forum for Ceausescu to address thousands of agricultural specialists and functionaries.

In 1979 pursuant to the guidelines of the New Economic and Financial Mechanism enacted the previous year, a network of agroindustrial councils was set up to coordinate the activities of as many as five state and cooperative farms in an area served by a single state machinery station. A Stalinist holdover abandoned in the rest of Eastern Europe, these stations controlled access to tractors and other heavy equipment. In the 1980s the agroindustrial councils gained additional powers to coordinate agricultural production, food processing, research, and agricultural training. After 1980 judet and village people's councils bore responsibility for fulfilling agricultural production targets set in Bucharest. In each judet a General Directorate for Agriculture and Food Industry made assignments to individual state and cooperative farms.

Procurement and Distribution

State farms, like other socialist enterprises after the implementation of the New Economic and Financial Mechanism, were in theory self-financed and self-managed concerns that were expected to earn a profit while delivering assigned quantities of output to the state. In reality, few state farms in the 1980s could turn a profit, because the government's procurement prices were consistently lower than production costs. Cooperatives and private farmers, too, had large state-imposed quotas to fill even before satisfying their own food requirements. A 1984 decree specified the quantity of production to be delivered to the state by farmers. For example, potato growers were required to deliver three tons per hectare of land cultivated, and dairy farmers had to turn over 800 liters of milk per cow. To ensure compliance with the

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compulsory quotas, Ceausescu reinstituted the Department for Contracting, Acquiring, and Storing Farm Produce, which had been disbanded in 1956. The state was able to hold sway over individual farmers because it controlled the supply of fertilizers, herbicides, machinery, construction materials, and other inputs. To gain access to these materials, the farmer had to sign delivery contracts. Farmers who failed to comply with the delivery quotas even risked losing their land.

Farmers were permitted to keep for their own use any food remaining after their quotas had been filled, and they could sell the surplus at farmers' markets, where prices in the early 1980s were frequently five times the state procurement prices. A law passed in 1983 required peasants to obtain a license to sell their products on the open market, and it imposed a maximum commodity price of 5 percent above the state retail price. Disappointing harvests in the early 1980s convinced the government to raise procurement prices. As a result, peasant incomes rose by some 12 percent between 1980 and 1985, and farm output increased by about 10 percent. Private farmers in the mid-1980s were obliged to sell to the state 30 percent of the milk, 50 percent of the pork, 12 percent of the potatoes, and comparable shares of other commodities they produced.

Throughout the 1980s, a self-sufficiency program, mandated by the PCR, was in effect. Each village and judet was responsible for producing, to the maximum extent possible, the food needed by the local population. In reality the program was another means for procuring agricultural products for export. Nearly all the production from the three types of farms was confiscated by state procurement agencies, which then returned the amount of food the state deemed sufficient to meet the dietary needs of the village and judet. The quantity returned invariably was less than that delivered. The self-sufficiency program in effect reversed the rationalization of the 1970s, when regions specialized in the crops and livestock best suited to local conditions. Thus a portion of the prime grain lands of Walachia had to be diverted to truck farming, while cool, wet regions of Transylvania attempted to grow sunflowers. The self-sufficiency program seriously impeded the distribution of agricultural products among regions and damaged the domestic marketing system.

The party secretary of each judet was responsible for delivering a specified quota of food to the state. Because these individuals reacted in different ways to the countervailing needs of their constituents and the central authorities, there was considerable regional variation in food supplies. Many party secretaries began understating output figures so that less would have to be delivered to Bucharest and more would be available for the people of their judet.Aware of this regional variation, citizens made food-hunting forays into other judethoping to find stores better stocked. Ceausescu ordered the militia to monitor the highways and railroads to prevent "illegal" food trafficking.

The Ministry of Agriculture and Food Processing itself was torn between a sense of responsibility to safeguard the interests of the agricultural sector and its obligation to fulfill the regime's mandate to maximize procurement. To resolve these conflicting loyalties, in February 1986 a separate Ministry of Food Industry and Procurement was established.

Currently Romania is one of the best business home in the world.

Energy Is Romania

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Romania is the 38th largest energy consumer in the world and the largest in South Eastern

Europe as well as an important producer of natural gas, oil and coal in Europe.

The total energy consumption of Romania was in 2005 40.5 million toe structured as follows:

36.4 % - natural gas

25.1 % - oil and derivate

22.4 % - coal and coke

16.1 % - hydro and others

1 Reserves

o 1.1 Oil

o 1.2 Coal

o 1.3 Natural gas

2 Electricity

o 2.1 Hydropower

o 2.2 Nuclear energy

o 2.3 Wind power

o 2.4 Other renewable energy

3 Biofuels

4 References

Reserves

Romania's natural resources in the year 2007 were structured as follows:

Oil: 550 million tonnes.

Natural gas: 185 billion m3

Bituminous coal: 755 million tonnes

Lignite: 1.49 billion tonnes

Romania has the largest oil reserves in Central and Eastern Europe (except Russia) and the

second largest natural gas reserves (except Russia) behind Ukraine but twice as large than

Poland but it has the smallest reserves of coal in the region.[2]

Oil

Main article: Petrochemical industry in Romania

Petroleum field

Romania's oil production in 2007 was around 120,000 bbl/d while the consumption of oil was

around 230,000 bbl/d.

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Romania had the largest oil production in the year 1976 when the total quantity extracted was

close to 14.7 million tonnes. Since then the oil production increased and decreased regularly

but in the last 10 years the production had a descending path.

Coal

In 2006 the total coal production of Romania was 34.1 million tonnes of which:

Bituminous coal: 2.9 million tonnes

Lignite: 31.2 million tonnes

Almost all the coal extracted in the country is used for electricity generation, bituminous

coal having a 7.2% contribution in all electricity produced in Romania and lignite having a

32.2% stake.

Evolution of bituminous coal production:

Evolution of lignite production:

Natural gas

Main article: Natural gas in Romania

In 2007 Romania produced a total of 12.3 billion m3 of natural gas the most important

producers being Petrom with 6.3 billion m3 and Romgaz with 6 billion m3.

The natural gas consumption in 2007 was 17.4 billion m3 with the local producers providing

around 70% and imports of 5.1 billion m3 supplying the rest.

Electricity

In 2006 Romania produced a total of 62 TWh of electricity having an installed capacity of

17,360 MW in thermal, hydro andnuclear power plants. The power generation was structured

as follows:

Hydropower

Romania has an estimated total usable hydropower of 36,000 GWh per year.In 2007 the total

installed capacity of hydropower plants in Romania was 6,400 MWh all of which were owned

by Hidroelectrica.

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In 2007, Romania produced 19.8 TWhof hydropower. Romania co-ownes the Iron Gate I

Hydroelectric Power Station on the Danube River located on the border between Romania

and Serbia, which is one of the largest hydroelectric power plants in Europe with an installed

generation capacity of 2,216 MW by 6 generating units of 175 MW each on the Serbian side

and 6 generating units of 194.4 MW on the Romanian side.

The two countries also jointly operate the Iron Gate II Hydroelectric Power Station with an

installed generation capacity of 537 MW by 8 generating units of 27 MW on the Serbian side

and 10 generating units of 32 MW on the Romanian side.

The largest hydropower plant on the inner rivers of Romania is the Lotru-Ciunget Hydroelectric

Power Station with an installed generation capacity of 510 MW but this power plant will be

surpassed by the Tarniţa – Lăpuşteşti Hydroelectric Power Station which at completion in

2014 will have an installed generation capacity of 1,000 MW.[9]

Nuclear energy

Nuclear power in Romania :-Cernavodă Nuclear Power Plant

Romania currently has 1.400 MW of nuclear power capacity by means of one active nuclear

power plant with 2 reactors, which makes up to around 18% of the national power generation

capacity of the country. This makes Romania the 23rd largest user of nuclear power in the

world.

The Cernavodă Nuclear Power Plant (Romanian: Centrala Nucleară de la Cernavodă) is the

only nuclear power plant in Romania. It uses CANDU reactortechnology from AECL,

using heavy water produced at Drobeta-TurnuSeverinas its neutron moderator and water from

the Danube for cooling.

There are also plans for the construction of a second nuclear power plant inTransylvania that

will either have 2 reactors of 1.200 MW each or 4 reactors of 600 MW each with an electricity

generating capacity of 2.400 MW[10] and will be constructed after 2020

Wind power

Wind power in Romania

As of 2007, Wind power in Romania has an installed capacity of 10 MW, up from the

3 MW installed capacity in 2006.

Romania has a high wind power potential of around 14,000 MW [12] and a power generating

capacity of 23 TWh, but until 2007 there were no significant wind farms in operation.

Other renewable energy

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The annual energy potential for renewable energy in Romania is:

Wind energy: 23 TWh

Hydropower: 36 TWh

Solar energy: 1.2 TWh electricity and 16.7 TWh thermal energy

Geothermal energy: 1.9 TWh

Biomass and Biogas: 88.3 TWh

In recent years Romania increased its production of biofuels in a sustained manner. The

country uses rapeseed as a source of biodiesel. In 2007 Romania had a total cultivated area

of 430,000 ha with Rapeseed and had a production of 750,000 tones.

In 2007 Romania produced 400,000 tons of biodiesel mainly

from rapeseed and sunflower seeds.

The German company MAN Forrestal invested US$200 million[13] in the construction of

a biodiesel refinery in County that produces around 142,000 tons of biodiesel per year.

There are other companies that are interested in investing in biodiesel in Romania like

the Martifer Group in Portugal that will build a biodiesel refinery in Călăraşi County where it will

invest US$120 million.

When this refinery will be at full capacity, Romania will be in the top ten biodiesel producing

countries in the world.

Industry of Romania

Romania has been successful in developing dynamic telecommunications, aerospaceand weapons sectors. Industry and construction accounted for 32% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2003, a comparatively large share even without taking into account related services. The sector employed 26.4% of the workforce. With the manufacture of 245,000 vehicles in 2008, Romania was the Europe's twelfth largest producer of automobiles.

In 2004 Romania enjoyed one of the largest world market share in machine tools (5.3%)Romanian-based companies such as Automobile Dacia, Petrom, Rompetrol and Bitdefender are well known throughout Southeast Europe. However, small- to medium-sized manufacturing firms still form bulk of the manufacturing sector. These firms employ two-thirds of the Romanian workforce

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Romania's industrial output is expected to advance 9% in 2007, while agriculture output is projected to grow 12%. Final consumption is also expected to increase by 11% overall – individual consumption by 14.4% and collective consumption by 10.4%. Domestic demand is expected to go up 12.7%.

The growth of the industrial sector was the principal stimulus to economic developmentIn 2007 manufacturing industries accounted for approximately 35 percent of the gross domestic product and 29 percent of the work force. Benefiting from strong domestic encouragement and foreign aid, Bucharest's industrialists introduced modern technologies into outmoded or newly built facilities at a rapid pace, increased the production of commodities—especially those for sale in foreign markets—and plowed the proceeds back into further industrial expansion. As a result, industry recovered from the decline of the 1990s, and was expected to grow by 7.1% in 2008.[1]

Except for mining, most industries were located in the urban areas of the northwest and southeastHeavy industries generally were located in the south of the country. Factories in Bucharest contributed over 25 percent of all manufacturing value-added in 1998; taken together with factories in surrounding Ilfov, factories in the Bucharest area produced 26 percent of all manufacturing that year. Factories in Bucharest employed 12 percent of the nation's 2.1 million factory work

1 Construction

2 Manufacturing

3 Car manufacturing

o 3.1 Automobiles

4 High technology

5 Information technology

o 5.1 Economic structure and sustained growth

6 Steel industry

7 Arms industry

8 References

Construction industry in Romania

Construction activity (about 10% of GDP) has increased due to recent tax incentives. Romania is becoming an increasingly popular choice for British property investors, according to recent research from Currencies Direct.[2] The latest Global Emerging Markets Index from the foreign exchange company shows that Romania has made the top ten for the first time, reaching number nine.

The monthly index is based on the number of foreign exchange transfers undertaken by the firm to emerging market regions for property purchases. According to Currencies Direct, Romania has seen significant increases in house prices in recent years and its interest rate has dropped from a level of 154 per cent in 1997 to 8.9 per cent in 2005.

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The construction industry in Romania contributed an estimated 5.95% in 2006 to the country's gross domestic product (GDP). Business Monitor International released Romania Infrastructure Report Q2 2007 in which they forecast an average industry growth rate of 6.84% over the 2007–2011 period.[3]

The construction industry has been receiving funds from foreign institutions including European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) and European Investment Bank (EIB). Furthermore, the Romanian Ministry of Environment and Water Management is making efforts to align the Romanian environment standards with the European standards.

One of the ongoing projects in the country is the construction work on the various sections of the Bucharest-Brasov motorway. An increasing number of foreign companies are showing interest in electrical production capacities in the country. Companies include Germany's Siemens, U.S-based AES Corporation and Geneva-based SocieteBancaire Private.

However, the construction industry is subject to a number of risks, which can affect its growth. The rising budgetary deficit, for example, has had an increasingly adverse impact on the availability of funds for the infrastructure sector.

Despite the drawbacks, BMI ranked Romania 12th out of the 13 states included from the Emerging Europe for the infrastructure business environment. The construction industry is forecast to reach a value of RON36.2bn (US$13.41bn) by 2011, from an estimated RON20.88bn (US$7.43bn) in 2006.

Currently It is Dramatically Increasing

Manufacturing

The general pattern of development for wealthy nations was a transition from a primary industry based economy to a manufacturing based one, and then to a service based economy. Romania did not follow this pattern, manufacturing has always been secondary, though certainly not unimportant. In part because of this, Romania did not suffer as greatly from the pains of deindustrialization in the 1970s and 1980s. Manufacturers have been attracted to Romania due to the highly educated population with lower labour costs than the EU. Romania's government-run healthcare system is also an important attraction, as it exempts companies from the high health insurance costs they must pay in the EU.

Romania is also perceived as a dynamic market for machine tools, especially in the backdrop of growth in the domestic automobile and mechanical engineering sectors.

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Romanian machine tool exports abroad have been growing at double digit figure since 2002. Moreover, Romanian exports saw an increase of 23 percent in the first half of 2007 compared to the same period last year. The exports comprised mainly machining centres, grinding, honing, lapping machines, gear cutting machines, lathes and milling machines, presses and other metal forming machine tools.

Romania Business Directory

Topic: Food Company: Margarine Factory For Sale

Address: Bucharest Zipcode: 011726 City: Bucharest Country: Romania Tel: +40212304390 Fax: +40212304389 email: [email protected] Description: Investment opportunity - margarine factory for sale. Factory For Sale: 25000 m2 concrete yard, 7000m2 industrial construction, 4 Electric transformers high power installed, refrigeration station, steam station, water treatment station, 3 deep water wls. 2 complete lines for margarine production ( if needed ). located in industrial zone, 10 km. from Bucharest Grand Marriott Hotel, Bucharest, Romania. Urgent.

Topic: Others Company: Sc Wine Princess Srl

Address: Octavian Goga Nr. 26 Zipcode: 310028 City: Arad Country: Romania Tel: +40 742 071 520 Fax: +40 257 251 000 url: http://www.wineprincess.ro email: [email protected] Description: Wine producer from Minis vineyard, Romania. The Minis vineyard is atested by documents since 1000 years ago. The weather conditions and earth conditions make a great place for pinot noir, cadarca, cabernet sauvignon and merlot grapes to grow up. Cadarca, was the wine of the imperial court of Wien in the time of the emperor Franz Josef, XVIII century. In 1714 from Cadarca grapes was obteind red sweet wine named ASSZU and was better than tokay. The red wine technology is the traditional technology and it is very

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old. The results of this technology are the red wines with a good extract content, intens colored, with 13- 14 % vol. alc.

Topic: Construction Company: Spc

Address: EpiscopIlarion Nr 20 Sect. 2 Zipcode: 021495 City: Bucuresti Country: Romania Tel: 0721-439492 Fax: 021-3238597 email: [email protected] Description: Our company is one of the main producers of wood prefabricated houses in Romania. We can produce and deliver different types according to customers' plan or our own. Your dream become the reality with us!

Topic: Auto Company: S.C. DirServ S.R.L.

Address: Str.MedicZlatescu, Nr.10, Sector 2 Zipcode: 70000 City: Bucharest Country: Romania Tel: +40212524330 Fax: +40212524330 url: http://www.dirserv.ro email: [email protected] Description: Electronic and electrical parts for cars, vans, truck, marine and agriculture.

Topic: Industry Company: ScRobmetSrl

Address: Str.Darmanesti Nr.40 Bl. A11 Sc A Ap.2 Zipcode: 5600 City: Piatra Neamt Country: Romania Tel: 0040-745-369062 Fax: 0040-233-233460 url: http://www.robmet.ro

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Description: -Flanged steel gate valves with non-rissing stem pn25 dn50-500 -Flanged steel gate valves with rissing stem pn25 dn 50-500 -Flanged steel globe valves pn 25 dn 15-150 -Forged steel gate and globe valves class 1500 dn 20-25 -Flanged cast iron gate valves plate body pn10 dn 50-200 -Flanged cast iron gate valves oval body pn10 dn 50-200 -Flanged cast iron gglobe valves pn16 dn 15-150 -Centric butterfly valves pn16 dn 50-250.

Topic: Others Company: InterscambioSrl

Address: P.O.Box 183 Zipcode: 3600 City: Cluj Country: Romania Tel: ++40-742-607088 Fax: ++40-264-587969 email: [email protected] Description: We are a firm from Romania specialized in the export of 'All wood' products, from furniture to houses. We have the possibility to offer a large variety of good quality wooden houses (also garages, tool boxes, etc), in any size, complexity, and model, at very competitive prices, while also having the possibility to offer houses in conditions 'ready made', all done at destination. We can also offer furniture of all types for homes, communities, gardens and open air festivities, either foldable or not, and products for the DIY industry at a very competitive price/quality relation.

Topic: Agriculture Company: Florea Comp

Address: Str.Paun Nr.3 Zipcode: 700212 City: Iasi Country: Romania Tel: +400740865519 Fax: +400740865519 url: http://itrademarket.com/floreacomp Description: We can supply from direct seller with: Wheat, sugar, urea 46, LPG gas, D2, CST 180, Crude oil, REBCO, SLCO, bitumen.

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Topic: Agriculture Company: Florea Comp

Address: Str.Paun Nr.3 Zipcode: 700212 City: Iasi Country: Romania Tel: +400740865519 url: http://itrademarket.com/floreacomp email: [email protected] Description: We are an general trade company. We are dealers in wheat, sugar, urea 46, LPG gas, D2, gas, CST 180, REBCO, SLCO, bitumen, jet fuel, scrap steel. If have any offers or requesting in this field we are happy to receive we will reply fast.

Topic: Art and crafts Company: Millennium Art Style

Address: Str. Hangarului Nr. 4 Zipcode: 5100 City: Buzau Country: Romania Tel: 0040238416764 Fax: 0040238712893 email: [email protected] Description: Our firm manufactures both art reproductions in glassware field such as the art nouveau period with resounding names as: Galle, Schneidere, Daum-Nancy, Majorelle, Muller, Lalique, Val Saint Lambert, Legras, Rigot type, and diverse hand-made glassware items of colored glass, glass + bronze combinations, glass + wrought iron combinations and modern furniture and other articles for inner decoration like: pictures made of oil on canvas and stained glass windows. I hope you could be interested in our range of articles.

Topic: Others Company: Elinor

Address: PrimaveriiStr, 29 City: Slatina Country: Romania Tel: +40249406242

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Fax: +40249431015 email: [email protected] Description: Decorative veneer in oak or beech specially but not only, according the demanded specification, in a very good quality of the raw material, with producers which has experience in export, until now in Italy, Grece, Spain and Germany. Experience in managing the external relations, good connections with all kind of transport. Good and very sure banks relations.

Topic: Trade Company: Infinity Trade

Address: Al. I. Cuza Boulevard No.3, 5th Floor Zipcode: 810019 City: Braila Country: Romania Tel: 0040 239 606116 Fax: 0040 239 606117 email: [email protected] Description: We are representing a private Romanian company acting in manufacturing of wrought iron finished products (as gates, fences, rails, window grilles), wrought iron elements for gates, fencings, railings, window grilles and other ornamental pieces ( including garden decoration, furniture ad any other idea on customer demand). Our company are doing consultancy services, especially in metallurgy and different type of metallic products, based on international exchanges. As a background, we are metallurgical engineers and we have a long experience in international trading and we are using this in connection with our contacts in Romania and outside.

Topic: Engineering and Manufacturing Industry Company: ScContactoareSa

Address: 10, Mesteacanului Street, Buzau, Romania City: Buzau Country: Romania Tel: +4 0238 716227 Fax: +4 0238 710632 email: [email protected] Description: We are a leading Romanian company which manufactures low voltage equipment - transformers, contactors, ballasts, thermal relays, switchers, generators -, lighting fixtures and accessories,

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indoor electric network appliances features for domestic or industrial building, outdoor lighting systems, electric equipment for protection and power distribution. We have been also developing our manufacturing possibilities with execution of moulds and dies, metal working, galvanic covers and electro-static painting. In the auto area, we can produce parts of the electric system of a car, auto accessories or delco covers. Nowadays, our company exports in Germany, Spain, Italy and Slovakia - for Volkswagen - various products manufactured under clients' technical documentation, on basis of agreements that unfolds for more than 6 years.

Topic: Packaging Company: Contransimex Industry S.A. Address: 38 DinicuGolescu Avenue, PalatCfr, Mezanin, Sect. 1 Zipcode: 77115 City: Bucharest Country: Romania Tel: +40.21.638.7094 Fax: +40.21.222.3765 url: http://www.contransimex.com email: [email protected] Description: Supplier of ISO and special containers. We design, project and manufacture, according to customers specifications, a very large assortment of standard and special steel containers at competitive prices.

Topic: Industry Company: SindfibreSa

Address: Uzinei Str. No 1 Zipcode: 5612 City: SavinestiNeamt County Country: Romania Tel: 0040 724 241 167 Fax: 0040233 281 135 email: [email protected] Description: We are the only Romanian company, manufacturer of regenerate nylon chips. We need to import nylon 6 yarn waste abt 1000mt /year.

Topic: Electronics Company: Odyssey Com Srl

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Address: World Trade Centre City: Bucharest Country: Romania Tel: +40 21 202 3193 Fax: +40 21 202 3100 url: http://www.odysseycom.srl email: purchasing@odysseycom-com Description: Romanian Company specializing in sourcing from worldwide contacts the latest in electronics/mobile phone/mobile phone accessories/fashion goods for distribution into Eastern Europe. We have weekly stock offers and can obtain the latest phones and electronics, plus more economic grade 1, return goods. We also deal in Samsung Return Goods (40% less than non-return, but in perfect condition - in box) Coffee and DVD's. Please contact us with your requirements - wholesale quantities only.

Topic: Garment Company: Aquarius Exim Srl Address: 13 Septembrie Str. 89, Ap 21, Sector 5 Zipcode: 050713 City: Bucharest Country: Romania Tel: 0040 21 410 02 42 Fax: 0040 21 410 32 98 email: [email protected] Description: We are looking for importers/wholesalers. Our export permanent range includes: 1.Piece goods in 100% cotton, linen, hemp or wool 2.Ready made products: - bed linen: printed or dyed in piece; sizes: up to 280 cm on Saten, Renforce, Percale or Flannel fabrics and up to 240 cm on Seersucker and Saten-seersucker. - bath linen: bathrobes, bath mats, beach towels, long chair mats. -kitchen linen: napkins, tablecloth, aprons, insulating gloves, 3.Worsted or Woollen fabrics (100% wool with Woolmark) or wool blends. 4.Blankets and travelling rugs made of 100% wool (with Woolmark).

Topic: Health Company: Ciprod Pharm Srl

Address: TepesVoda Str. Nr.55 City: Bucharest Country: Romania Tel: +40213237177;

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Fax: +40213222080 url: http://www.ciprodpharm.com email: [email protected] Description: Our firm is producing and distributes medicinal herbs (tea) and aromatic. Also we are manufacturing plastic packages (medicinal or commercial) for more details and offer please check our web site.

Topic: Health Company: S.C. Tesanrom S.R.L.

Address: Str Gheorghe Doja No. 111 City: Ploiesti Country: Romania Tel: 0040244595951 Fax: 0040244595951 email: [email protected] Description: All kind of medical tapes.

Topic: Construction Company: ScHorea Trading Srl Address: Ec. Teodoroiu 29 Zipcode: 550083 City: Sibiu Country: Romania Tel: 0040213361011 Fax: 0040213361011 Description: We are one Romanian company and we can provide for you a big quantity of timber and wood products, cut at your dimensions. We can sell softwood, oak, turkey oak, ironwood, beech, mapel, cherry, birch and other.

Topic: Agriculture Company: BiprofSrl

Address: Rodica Street No 2 Zipcode: 2000 City: Ploiesti Country: Romania Tel: 0040722417194 Fax: 0040722112006 email: [email protected] Description: We are trade company from Romania. We export fresh

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fruits and vegetables in EU. If you are interested in importing fruits / vegetables from Romania, we are here to deliver the best. We can also be your agent here for something you are interested.

Topic: Computers Company: Puzzle Srl

Address: Vergului 73/Gradinitei 87 Zipcode: 7000 City: Bucharest Country: Romania Tel: 0040-722.561.708 email: [email protected] Topic: Health Company: Arifa

Address: CaminLeuASt.B-DulIuliuManiu Nr.1-3 Ap.520 Zipcode: 72210 City: Bucharest Country: Romania Tel: +40723477410 Fax: +40213238101 email: [email protected] Description: We are a medication factory in Romania we would like to export our products out to the other countries if you would require from our products we'll send you all the information (medication drugs &prices).

Romanian American Chamber of Commerce: Cleveland Chapter

Contact: Svetlana Schreiber

Tel: (216) 621-7292

1370 Ontario St., Suite 1620 Cleveland, OH 44113

http://www.racc.ro/index.html

Insurance Agents

Gaius Vaduva – International Insurance Group, Inc.

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5196 Lee Road, Cleveland, OH 44137

Toll Free: 800-332-8122, Local: 216-332-9940, Fax: 216-332-1645

[email protected] , www.insuranceiig.com

Financial Consulting

Susan SiaraVasu

Financial Advisor / Practice Manager: Landing Point Financial Group – A private wealth

advisory practice of Ameriprise Financial Services, Inc.

Office: 440.934.7100 | Fax: 440.934.0684

36350 Detroit Road, Avon, Ohio 44011-1506

http://www.ameripriseadvisors.com/susan.vasu

Marketing

SorinBica: Project Manager

Cubic Agency: Cleveland-based Online Marketing Agency

Phone: (216) 308-0559

[email protected], www.cubicagency.com

Property

200 West Apartments

Dan Miclau: General Manage | JaneneKubit: General Manager | Deanna Kaiser: Bookkeeper

Phone: (440) 333-0102

20201 Lorain Road, Fairview Park, OH 44126

www.200West.com, [email protected]

HOME AND GARDEN

Bartan Design, Inc.: Granite & Marble Manufacturing – Maria Bartan

Tel: (216) 267-6474, Fax: (216) 267-6478

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13100 Enterprise Ave., Cleveland, OH 44135

www.bartandesign.com, [email protected]

COMMERCE AND SERVICES

Food Products

Nita Food Mart

Tel: (440) 845-1828

5363 Ridge Rd, Parma, OH 44129

AC Meat Shop

Familia Cotrau

Tel: (216) 741-7500

5543 State Rd., Cleveland, OH 44134

Dessert Stores

Perla Homemade Delights

Tel: (216) 741-9222

5380 State Rd, Cleveland, OH 44134

http://www.perlahd.com/index.html

Dodo & Toto Bakery Inc.

15219 Madison Ave., Lakewood, OH 44107

Tel: (216) 659-3590

[email protected]

Piccadilly Artisan Yogurt

Piccadilly Cleveland Heights: 1767 Coventry Rd. Cleveland Heights, OH 44118 | Tel: (216)

321-7422

Piccadilly Ohio City: 2547 Lorain Avenue Cleveland, OH 44113 | Tel: (216) 331-1308

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http://www.piccadillyartisanyogurt.com/

Piccadilly Artisan Creamery

Tel: (216) 563-1992

11607 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106

http://www.piccadillycreamery.com/

JUDICIAL

Attorneys

Cocirteu, Huford&Sleibi LLC (Cleveland)

Tel: (216) 381-8800

West Side Office – 13326 Madison Avenue, Lakewood, OH 44107

East Side Office – 4040 Mayfield Road, Suite 1, Cleveland, OH 44121

[email protected]

Svetlana Schreiber & Assoc. Co. L.P.A. (Cleveland)

Tel: (216) 621-7292, 1-866-553-4643

1370 Ontario Street, Suite 1620, Cleveland, OH 44113

www.immigration-greencards.com, [email protected]

Wojnar& Associates (Cleveland)

[email protected]

Cristina Marinescu

Tel: (330) 547-2050 (office) | (330) 651-5050 (mobile)

15649 Akron-Canfield Rd, P. O. Box 126, Berlin Center, OH.44401

[email protected]

=Health & Life Insurance: SSIP Insurance Partners: http://www.1ssip.com/

=Legal Plans & Identity Theft Protection: Legal Shield: cristiana73.legalshieldassociate.com

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=Retirement & Legacy Planning: Wealth & Wisdom

Institute: http://www.wealthandwisdominc.com/

=Notary & Translation Services

Public Notaries

Wojnar, Nicoleta Esq. (Cleveland)

[email protected]

Services for Immigration in USA

Svetlana Schreiber & Assoc. Co. L.P.A. (Cleveland)

Tel: (216) 621-7292, 1-866-553-4643

1370 Ontario Street, Suite 1620, Cleveland, OH 44113

www.immigration-greencards.com , [email protected]

Wojnar, Nicoleta Esq. (Cleveland)

[email protected]

HEALTH AND SOCIAL SERVICES

Dental Laboratories & Technics

Supreme Dental Laboratory, Inc. (Cleveland)

PetruCocirteu

Tel: (216) 291-1900

4040 Mayfield Road, Cleveland, OH 44121

Europe Dental Care

MirceaOlteanu DDS Familly Dentistry

8193 Avery Road Suite 100,

Broadview Heights, OH, 44147

440-746-9030, Fax: 440-746-9070

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ASSOCIATIONS AND ORGANIZATIONS

Christian Associations & Organizations

Romanian Catholic Diocese of Canton (Canton)

Bishop: Most Rev. John Michael Botean | Vicar General: Very Rev. IuliuMuntean | Chancellor:

Very Rev. OvidiuMarginean

Tel: (330) 493-9355 | Fax: (330) 493-9963

1121 44th Street NE, Canton, OH 44714-1297

www.RomanianCatholic.org

ART, CULTURE, AND EDUCATION

Greg Sotak

Digital Image: Wedding and Fashion Photographer

1445 Alameda Ave., Lakewood, OH 44107

216 509-4959

www.GregSotak.com, [email protected]

Mass Media

Unirea of the Romanian Catholic Diocese of Canton/Eparchy of Canton

Editor : Mrs. Jude SurduBălaş

Tel: (330) 493-9355 | Fax: (330) 493-9963

1121 44th Street NE, Canton, OH 44714-1297

www.RomanianCatholic.org

2. Business News

Latest Business Alerts

Banking and Finance

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Investment

Communication and IT

Mining and Energy

Regulations and proclamations

Trading Manufacturing

3. Contact Us

Name of User…………………………………………

E-mail …………………………………………………

Tel – Fax………………………………………………

Subject………………………………………………..

Message………………………………………………

Contact:

[email protected]

tel: +251 911 48 76 61

P.O.Box. 40995, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia