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Byungho Song Kunsan National University The product yield of pyrolysis of biomass and a kinetic study of gasification of biomass char FOREBIOM, Busan, Feb. 2014 

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Page 1: FOREBIOM, Busan, Feb. 2014 · 2016-11-23 · Air blown biomass gasifier had been operated with gas turbine over 4,000 hrs. Gasifier pressure is 18 atm and temperature of 950‐1000’C

Byungho Song

Kunsan National University

The product yield of pyrolysis of biomass and a kinetic study of gasification of biomass char 

FOREBIOM, Busan, Feb. 2014 

Page 2: FOREBIOM, Busan, Feb. 2014 · 2016-11-23 · Air blown biomass gasifier had been operated with gas turbine over 4,000 hrs. Gasifier pressure is 18 atm and temperature of 950‐1000’C

‐ Biomass gasification process

‐ Gas yield from pyrolysis of coal, and biomass

‐ Prediction of gas yields at pyrolysis stage 

‐ Kinetic study of gasification of biomass char

‐ Gas‐solids reaction models

‐ Experimental

‐ Results

‐ Concluding remarks

‐ References

Contents

Page 3: FOREBIOM, Busan, Feb. 2014 · 2016-11-23 · Air blown biomass gasifier had been operated with gas turbine over 4,000 hrs. Gasifier pressure is 18 atm and temperature of 950‐1000’C

Air blown biomass gasifier had been operated with gas turbine over 4,000 hrs.

Gasifier pressure is 18 atm and temperature of 950‐1000’C

100 ton/day biomass is fed to gasifier though a lock hopper.

Produced syngas is cooled at 350‐400’C and sent to 4.2 MW gas turbine.

The used gas from the turbine is used to operate a steam turbine producing 1.8 MW more. 

18 MW IGCC Combined Heat and Power demonstration plant at Varnamo, Sweden

Page 4: FOREBIOM, Busan, Feb. 2014 · 2016-11-23 · Air blown biomass gasifier had been operated with gas turbine over 4,000 hrs. Gasifier pressure is 18 atm and temperature of 950‐1000’C

4

Extension of the Värnamo plant for fuel production

Pyrolysis and gasification

Process simulation is essential to develop biomass conversion processes! 

Page 5: FOREBIOM, Busan, Feb. 2014 · 2016-11-23 · Air blown biomass gasifier had been operated with gas turbine over 4,000 hrs. Gasifier pressure is 18 atm and temperature of 950‐1000’C

Processes in a biomass gasifier

Page 6: FOREBIOM, Busan, Feb. 2014 · 2016-11-23 · Air blown biomass gasifier had been operated with gas turbine over 4,000 hrs. Gasifier pressure is 18 atm and temperature of 950‐1000’C

Main reactions in biomass gasification processes

Kinetic information is needed!

Page 7: FOREBIOM, Busan, Feb. 2014 · 2016-11-23 · Air blown biomass gasifier had been operated with gas turbine over 4,000 hrs. Gasifier pressure is 18 atm and temperature of 950‐1000’C

Fig. 1. Typical yields of various product from fast pyrolysis of wood. 

Fig. 2.  Product yields from wood, and agricultural residues [Blasi et al., 1999]

Product yields from pyrolysis

Page 8: FOREBIOM, Busan, Feb. 2014 · 2016-11-23 · Air blown biomass gasifier had been operated with gas turbine over 4,000 hrs. Gasifier pressure is 18 atm and temperature of 950‐1000’C

Gas yields from devolatilization of a coal

Page 9: FOREBIOM, Busan, Feb. 2014 · 2016-11-23 · Air blown biomass gasifier had been operated with gas turbine over 4,000 hrs. Gasifier pressure is 18 atm and temperature of 950‐1000’C

Pyrolysis

Gas yields at pyrolysis and gasification atmosphere. [Hwang et al., 2013] – Woody biomass chip

Steam gasification                    

Page 10: FOREBIOM, Busan, Feb. 2014 · 2016-11-23 · Air blown biomass gasifier had been operated with gas turbine over 4,000 hrs. Gasifier pressure is 18 atm and temperature of 950‐1000’C

Prediction of Gas yields at pyrolysis stage

Page 11: FOREBIOM, Busan, Feb. 2014 · 2016-11-23 · Air blown biomass gasifier had been operated with gas turbine over 4,000 hrs. Gasifier pressure is 18 atm and temperature of 950‐1000’C

Biomass pyrolysis products could be predicted through elemental balances, energy balance and empirical relationships. 

Neves et al. (2011) drived some empirical relationships from the collected data over the wide temperature range for biomass pyrolysis. 

, , , 2 ,j F ch F tar F H O G Fj

Y Y Y Y Y

, 4, , 2, 2,G F CH F CO F CO F H FY Y Y Y Y

, :j FY

, :i FY

, :ash FY

2, 0.106 2.43 exp( 0.66 10 )ch FY T

Mass balance at pyrolysis unit,  Input = output

mass fraction of j th element in fuel, daf basis (kg j/kg daf fuel)

yield of I th product, daf basis (kg i/kg daf fuel)

ash content in fuel, daf basis (kg ash/kg daf fuel)

The relationship for char yield is given as;

Page 12: FOREBIOM, Busan, Feb. 2014 · 2016-11-23 · Air blown biomass gasifier had been operated with gas turbine over 4,000 hrs. Gasifier pressure is 18 atm and temperature of 950‐1000’C

The elemental carbon balance at pyrolysis stage;

, , , , , , ,C F C ch ch F C L L F C G G FY Y Y Y Y Y Y

, , , , , , 4 4, , , , 2 2,C F C ch ch F C tar tar F C CH CH F C CO CO F C CO CO FY Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y This can be rearragnged as;

(1)

2, 0.93 0.92exp( 0.42 10 )C chY T

2, 0.07 0.85exp( 0.48 10 )O chY T

2 2, 0.41 10 0.10exp( 0.24 10 )H chY T

The elemental composition of char;

, ,/ 1.14C tar C FY Y

, ,/ 1.13H tar H FY Y

, ,/ 0.8O tar O FY Y

The CHO composition of tar seems relatively close to that of parent fuel:

Page 13: FOREBIOM, Busan, Feb. 2014 · 2016-11-23 · Air blown biomass gasifier had been operated with gas turbine over 4,000 hrs. Gasifier pressure is 18 atm and temperature of 950‐1000’C

, , , , , , , , 2 2, , 2 2 ,O F O ch ch F O tar tar F O CO CO F O CO CO F O H O H O FY Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

, , , , , , 4 4, , 2 2, , 2 2 ,H F H ch ch F H tar tar F H CH CH F H H H F H H O H O FY Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

9.38422, 1.145 1 exp 0.11 10H FY T

42, ,7.23

0.04293 101 ( / 632)H F CO FY Y

T

44, ,0.146 2.18 10CH F CO FY Y

The oxygen balance;

Hydrogen balance;

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(2)

The above set of six simultaneous equations could be solved as a linear system A*X=B (‘linsolve’ at matlab).

Neves et al. [2011] fitted the collected data on the lower heating value of total pyrolysisgas by Eq. (7)

2GLHV 6.23 2.47 10 T (7)

Page 14: FOREBIOM, Busan, Feb. 2014 · 2016-11-23 · Air blown biomass gasifier had been operated with gas turbine over 4,000 hrs. Gasifier pressure is 18 atm and temperature of 950‐1000’C

daf daf daf daf dafC H O N S

Anthracite-Korea, Moonkyung 1 84.27 1.99 11.91 0.96 0.87Bituminous-Minto 2 81.83 5.57 3.60 1.08 7.92Bituminous-Australian 3 81.35 4.84 13.17 0.41 0.24Bituminous-Senwha 4 73.16 4.11 21.51 0.73 0.49SubB-Highvale 5 77.84 4.09 16.75 1.01 0.31Lignite-Pittsburg 6 83.24 5.85 6.41 1.69 2.81Lignite-Costello 7 68.43 5.48 23.94 1.19 0.96Flax [Reed & Williams, 2004] 8 43.30 6.50 50.20 0.00 0.00Flax [Guiying, 2010] 9 46.71 5.77 46.50 0.82 0.20Biomass [Neves, 2011] 10 49.00 5.90 44.00 0.00 0.00wheat straw [Blasi et al, 1999] 11 43.60 6.20 49.82 0.30 0.08wood [Blasi et al., 1999] 12 46.40 5.90 47.61 0.09 0.00Switch Grass [Mohammad] 13 47.94 6.17 44.98 0.79 0.12Coal [Mohammad] 14 73.11 4.33 21.16 0.98 0.42

Table 1. Elemental analysis of coal and biomass.

Page 15: FOREBIOM, Busan, Feb. 2014 · 2016-11-23 · Air blown biomass gasifier had been operated with gas turbine over 4,000 hrs. Gasifier pressure is 18 atm and temperature of 950‐1000’C

Fig. 2. The result of test run with a biomass of flax (C=46.71, H=5.77, O=46.5)

Page 16: FOREBIOM, Busan, Feb. 2014 · 2016-11-23 · Air blown biomass gasifier had been operated with gas turbine over 4,000 hrs. Gasifier pressure is 18 atm and temperature of 950‐1000’C

Fig. 3. The result of test run with a biomass of flax (C=46.71, H=5.77, O=46.5)

Page 17: FOREBIOM, Busan, Feb. 2014 · 2016-11-23 · Air blown biomass gasifier had been operated with gas turbine over 4,000 hrs. Gasifier pressure is 18 atm and temperature of 950‐1000’C

Fig. 4. The result of test run with a Switch grass (C=47.94, H=6.17, O=44.98)

200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 10000

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8Yields of daf char=line, tar=+, gas=dot, H2O=line

T, C

Yiel

d (k

g/kg

daf

fuel

)

0 500 10000

0.5Y-CO2,F

T, CYiel

d (k

g/kg

daf

fuel

)

0 500 10000

0.5Y-H2O,F

T, CYiel

d (k

g/kg

daf

fuel

)

0 500 10000

0.5

Y-CO,F

T, CYiel

d (k

g/kg

daf

fuel

)

0 500 10000

0.05

0.1Y-CH4,F

T, CYiel

d (k

g/kg

daf

fuel

)

0 500 1000-0.02

0

0.02Y-H2,F

T, CYiel

d (k

g/kg

daf

fuel

)

Page 18: FOREBIOM, Busan, Feb. 2014 · 2016-11-23 · Air blown biomass gasifier had been operated with gas turbine over 4,000 hrs. Gasifier pressure is 18 atm and temperature of 950‐1000’C

The gasification of wood chip and palm pellet have been performed in TGA and thermobalance to get kinetic parameters.

Kinetic parameters of biomass gasification can be evaluated through the use of gas‐solids reaction model.

Kinetic study of gasification of biomass char 

Page 19: FOREBIOM, Busan, Feb. 2014 · 2016-11-23 · Air blown biomass gasifier had been operated with gas turbine over 4,000 hrs. Gasifier pressure is 18 atm and temperature of 950‐1000’C

Carbon conversionashWW

WWX

0

0

1

0)( dXXkk s

Shrinking core model,Chem. reaction controlledWen (1968)

Volumetric modelIshida and Wen(1978)

Modified volumetric modelKasaoka et al. (1985)

Conversion with time

Specific reactionrate

)1ln( Xt 3/1)1(1 Xt

3/1]1[3X

1/1 )]1ln([

XdtdX

XXks

1

1)(

Average reaction rate

)1ln( Xt

Gas‐solids reaction models

Reaction rate

Page 20: FOREBIOM, Busan, Feb. 2014 · 2016-11-23 · Air blown biomass gasifier had been operated with gas turbine over 4,000 hrs. Gasifier pressure is 18 atm and temperature of 950‐1000’C

Experimental ‐ Analysis of wood chip and palm pellet

Proximate analysis(wt%) Wood chip Wood pellet Palm pellet

Moisture 5.7 8.1

Fixed Carbon 14.4 13.9

Volatile Matter 76.4 76.6

Ash 3.5 1.4

Elemental analysis

C 51.2 60.68

H 6.36 7.21

O* 39.74 31.24

N 0 0.19

S 0.29 -

Ash 2.41 0.66

Cl 0.01

HHV**, kcal/kg 5,144 6,039

* by difference**calculated by Dulong’s equation

Page 21: FOREBIOM, Busan, Feb. 2014 · 2016-11-23 · Air blown biomass gasifier had been operated with gas turbine over 4,000 hrs. Gasifier pressure is 18 atm and temperature of 950‐1000’C

Fig 1. Schematic diagram of thermobalance reactor.1: Water, 2: micro pump, 3: steam generator, 4: gas preheater, 5: sample basket, 6: electrical heater, 7: hatch, 8: electrical balance, 9: motor and winch assembly, 10: cold trap, 11: vacuum pump, 12: gas regulator, 13: flow meter

1

2

3

6

5

10

11

nitrogen

8

9

ventcoolingwater

air

12

13

Personalcomputer

7

4

inert purgeExperimental apparatus

Fig. Photo of TGA (Setaram TG92)T= 600 – 900’CPCO2 = 50%Sample mass= 10 ‐ 30 mg

Page 22: FOREBIOM, Busan, Feb. 2014 · 2016-11-23 · Air blown biomass gasifier had been operated with gas turbine over 4,000 hrs. Gasifier pressure is 18 atm and temperature of 950‐1000’C

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Car

bon

conv

ersi

on, X

(-)

Dimensionless gasification time, t/t30 min (-)

900C 800C 750C 700C

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Car

bon

conv

ersi

on, X

(-)

Dimensionless gasification time, t/t30 min (-)

900C 800C 700C 600C

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Car

bon

conv

ersi

on, X

(-)

Dimensionless gasification time, t/t30 min (-)

900C 800C 700C 600C

(a) Palm - CO2 (b) Wood Chip - CO2 (c) Wood Chip – H2O

Results ‐ Conversion behavior

• The rate of H2O gasification was found to be a bit higher compared to CO2gasification.

• About 8 times increase in CO2 gasification rate was observed with 100C increase in temperature.

• About 5 times increase in H2O gasification rate with 100C increase.

Thermobalance

Page 23: FOREBIOM, Busan, Feb. 2014 · 2016-11-23 · Air blown biomass gasifier had been operated with gas turbine over 4,000 hrs. Gasifier pressure is 18 atm and temperature of 950‐1000’C

(a) Conversion data based on the shrinking core model

(c) Modified volumetric reaction model 

Conversion behavior with the models [woodchip]

(b) Volumetric reaction model

Page 24: FOREBIOM, Busan, Feb. 2014 · 2016-11-23 · Air blown biomass gasifier had been operated with gas turbine over 4,000 hrs. Gasifier pressure is 18 atm and temperature of 950‐1000’C

(5.0)

(4.0)

(3.0)

(2.0)

(1.0)

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2

ln k

(h-1

)

1000/T, K-1

Kinetic parameters 

Sample (Gasifying Agent)

Activation Energy 

(kJ mol–1)

Frequency Factor(108 h–1)

Palm (CO2)

176.5 3.8

Woodchip (CO2)

171.4 4.6

Woodchip (H2O)

168.0 5.2

• Lower activation energy for wood chip may be due to its higher amount of ash that may contain catalytic alkali species. 

Page 25: FOREBIOM, Busan, Feb. 2014 · 2016-11-23 · Air blown biomass gasifier had been operated with gas turbine over 4,000 hrs. Gasifier pressure is 18 atm and temperature of 950‐1000’C

XPRTdt

dXOH

1025,168exp1055.140 51.06

2

XPRTdt

dX nCO

1506,176exp1064.381

2

6

XPRTdt

dX nCO

1434,171exp1091.456

2

6

Palm (CO2)

Wood Chip (CO2)

Wood Chip (H2O)

• Apparent reaction rates could be obtained as: 

• The data with various pressure of CO2  will be needed further to get the exponent in the rate equation.

Kinetic rate expressions 

Page 26: FOREBIOM, Busan, Feb. 2014 · 2016-11-23 · Air blown biomass gasifier had been operated with gas turbine over 4,000 hrs. Gasifier pressure is 18 atm and temperature of 950‐1000’C

Concluding remarks • The product yield and gas composition in pyrolysis step could be successfully 

predicted by a combination of mass balances and empirical relationship among the their components. 

• Tar conversion scheme should be needed further.

• Gasification behavior of biomass could be well described by modified volumetric reaction model. 

• Activation energy for wood chip and palm pellet were similar and found to be 168‐176 kJ/mol. Lower activation energy of wood chip might be due to its higher ash component with catalytic effect.

• Apparent reaction rates are provided. 

‐ End ‐

Page 27: FOREBIOM, Busan, Feb. 2014 · 2016-11-23 · Air blown biomass gasifier had been operated with gas turbine over 4,000 hrs. Gasifier pressure is 18 atm and temperature of 950‐1000’C

Blasi et al., Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 38, 2216‐2224 (1999)

Hwang et al., Waste Management, (2013)

Neves et al., Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 37,  611‐630 (2011)

Song and Watkinson, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 10(3), 460‐467 (2004)

References