First AidFirst Aid

Borys LokayBorys Lokay

Road accidents

Natural disasters

Plane accidents Train accidents

Earth quakes

Floods & tsunami

Avalanches

Hurricanes & tornadoes

What to do in an What to do in an emergency?emergency?

1.1. Assess the situation - DO NOT Assess the situation - DO NOT PUT YOURSELF IN DANGER!PUT YOURSELF IN DANGER!

Check the scene for hazards and Check the scene for hazards and unsafe conditions (hazardous material, unsafe conditions (hazardous material, unstable ground or vehicles, violence, unstable ground or vehicles, violence, falling, rockfall, severe cold exposure, falling, rockfall, severe cold exposure, flooding etc.). flooding etc.). Train yourself to look Train yourself to look for hazards at an accident scenefor hazards at an accident scene

Can you make the scene safe or do Can you make the scene safe or do you require help? (police, power you require help? (police, power company, gas company, HazMat etc.)company, gas company, HazMat etc.)

Can you stabilize the equipment Can you stabilize the equipment or machinery?or machinery?

The accident Scene The accident Scene MUST BE MUST BE SAFE FOR YOUSAFE FOR YOU

You can’t help anyone if you become a You can’t help anyone if you become a victim!victim!

What to do in an What to do in an emergency?emergency?

2.2. Make the area safeMake the area safe

3.3. Assess all casualties and attend Assess all casualties and attend first to any first to any unconsciousunconscious casualtiescasualties

4.4. Send for help - do not delaySend for help - do not delay

5.5. Start to provide first aid for the Start to provide first aid for the victimsvictims

What to do in an What to do in an emergency?emergency?

Start first aid only after ensuring safety (the victim's AND yours)

“A dead rescuer never did anyone any good”

Universal Precautions Universal Precautions (BSI)(BSI)

BBody ody SSubstance ubstance IIsolationsolation Latex or Vinyl GlovesLatex or Vinyl Gloves One Way Breathing MaskOne Way Breathing Mask Eye protectionEye protection

Why?Why? HIV / AIDSHIV / AIDS HBVHBV

Do not dismiss U.P. because you know the person

STEP 1: PRIMARY STEP 1: PRIMARY SURVEYSURVEY

Does the person respond? Tap or gently Does the person respond? Tap or gently shake the victim. Shout loudly, "Are you shake the victim. Shout loudly, "Are you OK?". Of course, if you ask a victim 'Are you OK?". Of course, if you ask a victim 'Are you alright?' and get a 'No, dammit, I think I've alright?' and get a 'No, dammit, I think I've broken my ankle' then you can guess that broken my ankle' then you can guess that airway and breathing are OK and he/she is airway and breathing are OK and he/she is consciousconscious

If there is no response, your priorities are to:If there is no response, your priorities are to: shout for help/call emergency;shout for help/call emergency; check for signs of life (check for signs of life (ABCABC - - AAirways, irways,

BBreathing, reathing, CCirculation) without moving irculation) without moving the victimthe victim

if it’s impossibly, turn the victim face up if it’s impossibly, turn the victim face up carefully, trying to keep his/her head carefully, trying to keep his/her head and neck on one axis with torsoand neck on one axis with torso

A B CA B C

A (Airway)To open the airway: place your hand on the casualty's forehead

and gently tilt the head back; lift the chin with two fingertips

B (Breathing)Look, listen and feel for normal

breathing from 3 to 5 seconds: look for chest movement; listen at the casualty's mouth for breath

sounds; feel for air on your cheek

A B CA B C

B (Breathing)If you can’t determine any signs of

breathing: make 2 rescue breathings, observing the

chest’s moving if you feel that the air doesn’t pass into

victim’s lungs, it means that airways are obstructed

C (Circulation)Carotid Pulse, 5 to 10 SecondsCarotid Pulse, 5 to 10 Seconds

Recovery positionRecovery position If the victim is unresponsive, has an open If the victim is unresponsive, has an open

airway, and is breathing spontaneously, turn airway, and is breathing spontaneously, turn the victim onto his or her side (recovery the victim onto his or her side (recovery position) with the victim's hand in frontposition) with the victim's hand in front

Be aware of the potential for nerve and Be aware of the potential for nerve and vessel injury if the victim lies on one arm vessel injury if the victim lies on one arm for a prolonged period; it may be for a prolonged period; it may be necessary to roll the victim to the other necessary to roll the victim to the other sideside

If victim’s airways are If victim’s airways are obstructed:obstructed:

kneel, striding the victim’s hips; place one hand on top of the other between the navel and

the rib cage; give 5 abdominal thrusts (from behind to forward and

from the top to down) to dislodge any object blocking the airway (if the victim is a pregnant woman you have to give 5 thrusts on sternum);

remove obstructing material; check for breathing; if you detect no signs of breathing begin rescue breathing

again; repeat this actions till the airways becomes passable; recheck the pulse every minute

if the victim has the pulse, provide rescue breathings till he/she begins breathe independently;

as soon as breathing returns, place the person in the recovery position

if the victim’s heart doesn’t beat start the CPR IMMEDIATELY after the airways becomes passable

CCardio-ardio-PPulmonary ulmonary RResuscitation (CPR)esuscitation (CPR)

tilt the head back, lift the chin with two fingertips

make 2 rescue breathings

place the heel of one hand on the sternum approximately 2 cm above of xiphoid process and the heel of the other one directly on top of the first

with your arms straight, lean over the person and press straight down on the breastbone so it goes down 4-5 cm. After the each compression, allow the chest rise completely before repeating

make 30 chest compressions at the rate of 100 per minute

CCardio-ardio-PPulmonary ulmonary RResuscitation (CPR)esuscitation (CPR)

Check for presence of breathing and pulse every 2-3 Check for presence of breathing and pulse every 2-3 minutesminutes

Repeat all cycle until emergency help arrives, or the Repeat all cycle until emergency help arrives, or the person takes the breath or starts to move, or until person takes the breath or starts to move, or until you are too exhausted to continueyou are too exhausted to continue

When breathing and heart beating returns, place the When breathing and heart beating returns, place the person in recovery positionperson in recovery position

There are few differences between CPR for adults, for There are few differences between CPR for adults, for children from 1 to 8 years old and for infants less children from 1 to 8 years old and for infants less than 1 year: than 1 year:

CPR for children from 1 to 8 years old:CPR for children from 1 to 8 years old: you place on the breastbone the heel of you place on the breastbone the heel of ONEONE hand and hand and

perform compressions on the depth of perform compressions on the depth of 33 cm cm rescue breathing must be not so deep as for adults rescue breathing must be not so deep as for adults

(app. (app. 2/32/3 – – 1/21/2 of adult’s lung capacity) of adult’s lung capacity)

CPR for infants less than 1 year:CPR for infants less than 1 year: you place on the breastbone only you place on the breastbone only 2 fingers2 fingers 1 cm below 1 cm below

the line between the nipples and perform compressions the line between the nipples and perform compressions on the depth of on the depth of 22 cm cm

rescue breathing must be not so deep as for adults and rescue breathing must be not so deep as for adults and children (app. children (app. 1/31/3 – – 1/41/4 of adult’s lung capacity) of adult’s lung capacity)

CCardio-ardio-PPulmonary ulmonary RResuscitation (CPR)esuscitation (CPR)

CPR for childrenCPR for children

CPR for infantsCPR for infants

ChokingChoking

Choking occurs when food or a foreign object obstructs the throat and interferes with normal breathing.

If the victim can speak or cough forcibly and is getting sufficient air, do not interfere with his attempts to cough the obstruction from his throat.

If victim cannot speak or is not getting sufficient air, have someone call emergency while you perform abdominal thrusts

Choking Choking (Heimlich maneuver)(Heimlich maneuver)

Stand directly behind the victim and wrap your arms around his stomach

Make a fist with one hand and place that fist just above the navel and well below the ribs, with the thumb and forefinger side toward you

ChokingChoking

Grasp this fist with the other hand and pull it quickly toward you with an inward and slightly upward thrust. Repeat if necessary

If the victim becomes unconscious:

Lay the victim on his back

If the object is visible, use your forefinger to reach deeply into the victim's mouth (along the inside of the cheek) and try to sweep the obstruction out of the victim's throat. (This step should be performed only on someone 9 years of age or older)

Even if this is not successful, attempt rescue breathing

If rescue breathing is not working due to the obstruction, sit straddling the victim's thighs and perform abdominal thrusts by pushing onto the victim above the naval below the ribs with the heel of the hand five times from this position

Choking (for infants)Choking (for infants)

Place the victim's head in a downward position on the rescuer's forearm with the head and neck stabilized

With the heel of the rescuer's hand, administer five rapid back blows between the victim's shoulder blades

If the obstruction remains, turn the victim face up and rest on a firm surface

Deliver five rapid thrusts over the breastbone using two fingers

If the victim is still not breathing normally, administer mouth-to-mouth resuscitation as specified for an infant

Repeat the above steps as necessary. If the obstructioncannot be removed, call for medical help immediately

Severe bleedingSevere bleeding

Apply direct pressure to the wound Manual pressure on gauze or other cloth placed over the bleeding

source. If bleeding continues, do not remove the gauze; add more gauze on top and apply more pressure

An elastic bandage firmly wrapped over gauze to hold it in place with pressure

Raise and support the injured part (unless broken)

If the bleeding is very serious, apply pressure to the nearest major pressure point. Only use the pressure points if elevation and direct pressure haven't controlled the bleeding

Never use a tourniquet except in response to an extreme emergency, such as a amputated arm or leg

Thank You!Thank You!