final r eport in philhistofsocscie
TRANSCRIPT
Prepared by Raizza Corpuz
in the Last Two Hundred Years
What is the Historical EVOLUTION of SOCIAL
SCIENCES in the last 200 years?
1. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF SOCIAL SCIENCE
2. THE ARCHETYPAL EPOCH of SOCIAL SCIENCE
3. THE SUBSTANTIVE EMERGENCE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE
I. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF SOCIAL
SCIENCE
BASIC QUERY
Towards the EPOCH
1700 1800 1900
Industrial RevolutionFrench Revolution
Industrial Revolution
RenaissanceRenaissance
ReformationReformation
Scientific RevolutionScientific Revolution
Civil Revolution
1500 1600 1700 1800 1900
1700 1900
Middle Ages & Renaissance Period
1. Humanistic and devoted to history
2. Christian theology were taken up by intellectual leaders
3. Humanism as the most significant aspect of ancient philosophy
IF WE LOOK BACK TO HISTORY
• 1620-1750: Early 17th century, during 150 years beginning in that decade there is already an achievements and innovations in the field of BIOLOGICAL and PHYSICAL SCIENCES while the SOCIAL SCIENCES remain
17th century• The observation-based natural philosophy
was replaced by natural science, which attempted to define and test scientific laws.
• Social science continued this trend, attempting to find laws to explain social behavior, which had become problematic with the decline of tradition and the rise of modernity and industrialization.
Sociology's origins in philosophy and the humanities are still evident in tensions between quantitative and qualitative sociology, positivist and interpretive sociology, and objective and critical sociology.
• Social science adopted quantitative measurement and statistical methods from natural science to find laws of social behavior, as demonstrated in Emile Durkheim's book Suicide.
• But sociology may also use qualitative methods
Positivist sociology (also known as empiricist) attempts to predict outcomes based on observed
variables. Interpretive sociology (which Max Weber
called verstehen, German for "understanding") attempts to
understand a culture or phenomenon on its own terms.
1700-1800
Mid 18th Century
Mid 18th Century
Capitalism Capitalism
Civil RevolutionCivil Revolution
Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution
French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution
• the breakup of the old order—an order that had rested on kinship, land, social class, religion, local community and monarchy
ECONOMIC EFFECTS
Between the 1780s and 1849 • economic transformation that embraced the
first stages of the great Industrial Revolution and a still more general expansion of commercial activity
• Major economic change was spurred by western Europe’s tremendous population growth
Capitalism
Capitalism
Civil Revoluti
on
Civil Revoluti
on
Industrial
Revolution
Industrial
Revolution
Economy Socio-Politics
Society
Socio, economic political reformation
There are two views about human society
1. Social Sciences
2. Natural Sciences
2 views about Human Society
NATURAL SCIENCE
NATURAL SCIENCE
SOCIAL SCIENCESOCIAL
SCIENCE
Biological Origins of Society, explaining the evolutionary
terms
Biological Origins of Society, explaining the evolutionary
terms
Shaped by structure s like the economy or culture
Shaped by structure s like the economy or culture
SOCIAL SCIENCESOCIAL SCIENCE
19th-century• politics, industry and trade is basically about
the practical efforts of human beings to reconsolidate these elements
• so the history of social thought is about theoretical efforts to reconsolidate them—
: that is, to give them new contexts of meaning
and from there spread to other parts of the world.
• Industrial Revolution, in modern history, the process of change from an agrarian, handicraft economy to one dominated by industry and machine manufacture.
The first attempt to establish politics as social science
• Established political science as an empirical, positive discipline, by using a METHOD a theory that unified SOCIAL SCIENCE.
COMPARATIVE METHOD
1. Clannishness of many social scientist• professional jealousy, rigid thinking, vested
interest in theories2. Lack of common concepts or conceptual
apparatus
2 MAIN HINDRANCES in THE UNIFICATION of SOCIAL SCIENCE
3 Characteristic FEATURE of the History of SOCIAL
SCIENCE in the 19th century
The various disciplines of SOCIAL SCIENCE became elaborated
and CONSCIOUS
3 Conditions of the Formation of NEW SPECIALIZED DISCIPLINE
Stages in the course of development of the various social-
science disciplines in the `19th century, is the same with the
“older “natural sciences
1. Recognition of the new set of problems
2. the conscious attempt to lie down and perfect methods of research and investigation of the discipline
3. the unification of both the theoretical rivalries tend to be submerged and to elaborate Propositions in bridging differences
First Systematic Theory
= EXAMINATION OF LAWS OF MOVEMENT
• NEWTONIAN THEORY• PHYSICAL THEORY• THEORY of RELATIVITY • QUANTUM THEORY• WAVE MECHANICS • ATOMIC THEORY
NATURAL SCIENCE
NATURAL SCIENCE
LATE 18th and 19th century SYTEMATIC ECONOMIC THEORY
• Centered around the social product• KARL MARX , CLASSICAL ECONOMICS • 1870’s- the principles of Marginalism
ABSTRACT THEORY• problems of methodology in economics have
tended to drop from the literature
MARX
• Marxism is not attempting simply to understand society; it does not only predict the rise of a revolutionary proletariat that will overturn capitalism, but also actively mobilizes persons to do this.
• It intervenes to change the world
PSYCHOLOGY
• systematic science of personality• the combination of ideas in the study
of mental diseases etc • Contributed for the development of
several psychological theories• 1914, psychoanalysis• Behaviourism • Development of Gestalt Psychology
in 1920
• FREUDIAN THEORY• Psychology—different views of biological or
sociological factors rather than to conflicts over theory between social science and sociological theory
ANTHROPOLOGY and SOCIOLOGY
• sciences which, from the very outset had to deal with such a vast array of methodological considerations
2 PROBLEMS in the HISTORY of the SOCIAL SCIENCES in the 19th
century1. Examination of the situation existing at the
time of the various disciplines split off the mainstream of social theory
2. Description of the institutional acceptance of the disciplines as self-contained independent whole
1st half of the 19th century
• Coordinated programs of study and research
2nd half of the 19th century• Eloquent evidence of the progressive
recognition of the social science disciplines• The academic influence in the professional
journal is overwhelming
The change of the 18th to 20th century truly is
significant
• Social scientist has become specialized academic professional
• Changes the whole society and the educational system of the advanced counties
• Brought great progress in scientific knowledge, it also shown defects and weaknesses
• It enhances the clannishness of academic specialists
• Tended to make the limits between the disciplines more rigid
• To perpetuate specialties which have lost much of their original reason for being
The CONCEPT OF EVOLUTION
• provided a basis for empirical research in the realm of physical development of man, but it also suggested the like hood of discovering new knowledge about human society, it was applied
to CULTURAL CHANGE
ANTHROPOLOGICAL THEORY• Unified body of thought • Combination of the data collected by
ethnographic and archeological research of many men
• The analogy between historical stages of culture and contemporary cultures on different levels led to the
• The development of human personality from birth on was interpreted in analogy with the progress of the HUMAN SPIRIT in history
ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION on the
emergence of:
• Anthropology• Psychology• Sociology
THE ARCHETYPAL EPOCH of SOCIAL SCIENCE
Synthesis of the SCIENCES of Man and SOCIETY
• COMTE, SPENCER and MARX even MILL (later in the century) and German sociology attempted to produce a synthetic social science.
Social scientists began to adopt the scientific method to make sense of the rapid changes accompanying
modernization and industrialization.
COMTE
• he argued that SOCIOLOGY was to be the “queen science” that would stand at the top of a hierarchy of all sciences—
The Law of Three Stages
It states that society as a whole, and each particular science develops through three mentally conceived stages:
(1)the theological stage, (2) the metaphysical stage, (3) the positive stage.
SPENCER• Social Darwinism and Spencer• Herbert Spencer created what he
called "sociology," a synthetic philosophy that tried to find a set of rules explaining social behavior.
• extended Darwin's ideas about evolution into social life and ethics, hence the term "social Darwinism."
• to Spencer's synthetic philosophy, the laws of nature applied without exception to the organic realm as much as the inorganic, and to the human mind as much as the rest of creation.
• Spencer conceptualized society as a "social organism" that evolved from a simpler state to a more complex one, according to the universal law of evolution.
• Spencer is perhaps best known for coining the term "survival of the fittest " elaborating what came to be known as the philosophy of social Darwinism
Marxist History – Historical Materialism
• Marxist history is based strictly on a scientific view of the world, incorporating the science of evolution and the dialectic path of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis.
• Marxist evolution shapes its view of history based on the belief that humanity, as well as other living things, is constantly improving and will continue to do so.
• Marx sees society evolving through stages
• He focuses on dialectical class conflict to control the means of production as the driving force behind social evolution.
18th century
• there was history, not social sciences• the founders of Political Economy (Smith,
Cantillon, Hume, Physiocrats) discovered regularity in the operations of the market which opened the possibility of investigating human actions from a different than moral judgment, namely in terms of human choice and preference
• the elements of social cognition are abstract and not reducible to concrete images one would like to have metaphors.
• These are based in positivist view of social science that holds that social science should be built up by experimental method as ideally applied in Newtonian physics.
ARGUMENT:
• Social sciences have a distinct method, praxeology and verstehen, due to the special character of their objects, and owe their progress through it and do not have to and cannot use the method of the natural sciences.
Economics
• deals with human action, not with objects (as physics does) such as commodities, economic quantities or prices.
Verstehen• Verstehen was introduced into philosophy and
the human sciences (Geisteswissenschaften)• He first made a distinction between nature
and history in terms of the categories of space and time.
The method of the natural sciences is explanation (erklären), while that of history is understanding (verstehen).
• The concept of Verstehen was later used by the German philosopher Wilhelm Dilthey to:
describe the first-person participatory perspective that agents have on their individual experience as well as their
culture, history, and society.
• it is developed in the context of the theory and practice of interpretation (as understood in the context of hermeneutics)
• and contrasted with the external objectivating third-person perspective of explanation (das Erklären) in which human agency, subjectivity, and its products are analyzed as effects of impersonal natural forces in the natural sciences and social structures in sociology.
METHOD
SCIENCE is the method of the natural sciences is explanation.
HISTORY is understanding (verstehen)explanation (erklären),
The 19th century
• The fundamental ideas, themes, and problems of the social sciences
to the problem of order that was created in men’s minds by the weakening of the old order, or European society, under the twin blows of the French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution
Auguste Comte French philosopher
known as the founder of sociology and of positivism. Comte gave the science of sociology its name and established the new subject in a systematic fashion
Concluding Remarks
• The main problem with social sciences is the discontinuity between the laws governing society and the laws of the natural world
• social sciences, the natural world and the social world are interlinked and mutually related, but they remain essentially different.
• Their relationship is one of resources, weather, climate, etc. but not of nature. The nature of society, in social sciences, is essentially different from the nature of the world.
• And the main problem with the natural sciences, is that they tend to reduce the laws governing social organisation to lower order of organisation, like biological explanations
REFLECTIVE ANALYSIS
THE SUBSTANTIVE EMERGENCE OF SOCIAL
SCIENCE
Social Science
Human ScienceHuman Science
Natural ScienceNatural Science
SOCIAL SCIENCE to the FIELD of its OWN: the PROBLEM???
ANACHRONISM
WHY?
• Only in the 19th century was philosophy separated from 'science', and only in the early years of the 20th did 'social science' emerge as a set of disciplinary practices which could become the object of 'philosophy'.
• This is more than a quibble over terms, since there never was a time when issues regarding the nature and methods of acquiring knowledge of the human condition were not contested.
• Moreover, since the lines between a philosophy of social science, a social philosophy, and a social science are also blurred, we consider these matters rather broadly.
• Until lines were drawn, there were no boundaries--and even today the boundaries are fuzzy.
• The intellectual hegemony of Christianity in the West defined the character of inquiry into the human condition.
,Greater integration of the social sciences, each with a well-developed theoretical system of its own, holds out the hope that Comte’s dream of a generalized science of man and society may be achieved in practice
SOCIAL SCIENCE, a PARADIGM
Comte’s dream of a generalized
science of man and society may be achieved in
practice
THANK YOU! And GOD BLESS!