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Features & Benefits• Provides practice questions for the

Science Assessment Framework

• Practice for benchmarks eligible forCriterion Reference Testing

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Permission is granted to reproduce the material contained herein on the condition that such materials be reproduced only for classroom use;be provided to students, teachers, and families without charge; and be used solely in conjunction with theGlencoe Science program. Any other reproduction, for sale or other use, is expressly prohibited.

Send all inquiries to:Glencoe/McGraw-Hill8787 Orion PlaceColumbus, OH 43240

ISBN 0-07-874267-6Printed in the United States of America1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 045 10 09 08 07 06 05

Alabama Science Advisory BoardThe Alabama Science Advisory Board gave the editorial staff feedback on the content ofthe Alabama State Assessment Program. They provided valuable input in the developmentof these materials.

Randall BlackwoodGrissom Virgil High School

Huntsville, AL

Marlaine ByrdTheodore High School

Theodore, AL

Parham B. CainOxford Middle School

Birmingham, AL

Terri ColeEchols Middle School

Northport, AL

Trudy CunninghamS.L. Scarborough Middle School

Mobile, AL

Natalie DavisMae Eanes Middle School

Mobile, AL

Tricia HudsonJ. Larry Newton Middle School

Fairhope, AL

Tamisha JacksonWoodlawn High School

Birmingham, AL

June KalangeGrissom Virgil High School

Huntsville, AL

Janie LloydRobertsdale High School

Robertsdale, AL

Jane MobleyBooker T. Washington Magnet

High SchoolMontgomery, AL

Nancy RoyMillbrook Junior High

Millbrook, AL

Donald SeayHuffman High School

Birmingham, AL

Jessie SimsWoodlawn High School

Birmingham, AL

Rebecca StriplingClay-Chalkville High School

Pinson, AL

Athenia TannerPrattsville Jr. High School

Prattville, AL

Nancy WigginsPrattville High School

Prattville, AL

Contents To the Student . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .iv

Alabama Grade 6 Earth and Space Science Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v

Pretest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1

Objective 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8

Objective 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14

Objective 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18

Objective 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20

Objective 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24

Objective 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26

Objective 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28

Objective 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31

Objective 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33

Objective 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36

Objective 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40

Posttest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41

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To the StudentIn today’s world, knowing science is important for thinking critically, solving problems, and

making decisions. But understanding science can sometimes be a challenge.

Mastering the Alabama Science Assessment Grade 6 provides an opportunity for you to preparefor the science test. The questions in this book are correlated to the Alabama Science AssessmentStandards and contain questions based directly upon Grade 6 content. This book contains:

• Pretest

• Objective-Specific Assessment

• Posttest

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Alabama Grade 6 Earth and Space Science Standards

Students will:

1. Identify global patterns of atmospheric movement, including El Niño, the Gulf Stream, the jetstream, the Coriolis effect, and global winds that influence local weather.

• Predicting local weather and weather patterns

Examples: cold and warm fronts, high and low pressure areas

• Describing the function of instruments and technology used to investigate Earth’s weather,including barometers, thermometers, wind socks, weather vanes, satellites, radar, weatherballoons, and rain gauges

• Using lines of latitude and longitude to locate areas of specific weather events

• Interpreting weather data through observations collected over time

Example: calculating annual precipitation and average temperature

2. Describe factors that cause changes to Earth’s surface over time.

Examples: earthquakes, volcanoes, weathering, erosion, glacial erosion or scouring,deposition, water flow, tornadoes, hurricanes, farming and conservation,mining and reclamation, deforestation and reforestation, waste disposal,global climate changes, greenhouse gases

• Comparing constructive and destructive natural processes and their effects on land formations

Examples: constructive—volcanic and mountain-building processes; destructive—erosion by wind, water, and ice

• Distinguishing rock strata by geologic composition

Examples: predicting relative age of strata by fossil depth, predicting occurrence of natural events by rock composition in a particular strata

3. Describe water and carbon biogeochemical cycles and their effects on Earth.

4. Explain the plate tectonic theory.

Example: using terminology such as continental drift, seafloor spreading, lava, magma,eruption, epicenter, focus, seismic wave, and subduction zone

• Describing types of volcanoes and faults

• Determining energy release through seismographic data

Example: using data from the Mercalli scale and the Richter scale

5. Describe layers of the oceanic hydrosphere, including the pelagic zone, benthic zone, abyssalzone, and intertidal zone.

6. Describe regions of the oceanic lithosphere, including the continental shelf, continental slope,and abyssal plain.

v

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7. Describe Earth’s biomes.

Examples: aquatic biomes, grasslands, deserts, chaparrals, taigas, tundras

• Identifying geographic factors that cause diversity in flora and fauna, including elevation,location, and climate

8. Describe how Earth’s rotation, Earth’s axial tilt, and distance from the equator cause variationsin the heating and cooling of various locations on Earth.

9. Identify the moon’s phases.

• Describing lunar and solar eclipses

• Relating effects of the moon’s positions on oceanic tides

10. Describe components of the universe and their relationships to each other, including stars,planets and their moons, solar systems, and galaxies.

• Identifying the impact of space exploration on innovations in technology

Examples: MRI, microwave, satellite imagery, GPS

• Mapping seasonal changes in locations of constellations in the night sky

• Describing the life cycle of a star

Example: H-R diagram

11. Describe units used to measure distance in space, including astronomical units and light years.

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Name: Date: Class:

Areas of high pressure usually have

A cold weather

B rainy weather

C sunny weather

D cloudy weather

El Niño is a weather phenomenon causedby changes in

A the amount of sunlight that reachesEarth

B the movements of Earth’s tectonicplates

C ocean temperatures and wind patterns

D fish populations in the Pacific Ocean

4

3Earth’s winds are formed by

A Earth’s tilt on its axis

B uneven heating of Earth’s surface

C the revolution of Earth about the Sun

D the gravitational pull of the Sun andthe Moon

A geologist is studying an area that has alot of long, teardrop-shaped hills. Eachhill is made of sand and gravel. All thehills slope in the same direction. Thesehills are evidence of

A glacial activity

B asteroid impact

C volcanic eruption

D colliding continents

2

1

MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONSChoose the best answer for each of the following questions. Mark your answers on the answer sheetprovided by your teacher.

Pretest

OPEN-RESPONSE QUESTIONWrite your answer to the following question on the lined answer sheet provided by your teacher.

Study the figure.

Describe the processes of deposition and erosion that resulted in the sandstone arch shown in the figure.

5

Study the diagram below.

The diagram represents the process thatforms

A folded mountains

B volcanic mountains

C submarine mountains

D fault-block mountains

A black rock with a smooth, glassysurface probably was formed by

A erosion of mountains

B deposition of sediments

C evaporation of seawater

D solidification of molten lava

7

6 Earth’s rocky upper layer is divided intolarge moving parts called

A continents

B islands

C layers

D plates

Plants must take in carbon dioxide fromthe atmosphere to undertakephotosynthesis. Which processcontributes to the availability of carbondioxide in the atmosphere?

A exhalation of air by animals

B evaporation of water from lakes

C dissolution of nitrogen in the soil

D condensation of moisture in the air

9

8


2

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Name: Date: Class:

Pretest


Large areas near Earth’s north and south poles are covered in ice and snow. Ice and snow tendto reflect more solar energy than materials that have darker colors. Suppose large areas of iceand snow melt completely, exposing rocks and soil. How would this affect Earth’s climate?Explain your answer.

10

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Name: Date: Class:

Evaporation, condensation, andprecipitation are all processes in the

A rock cycle

B water cycle

C carbon cycle

D nitrogen cycle

Which of the following is LEAST likely tobe the path of a carbon atom as it movesthrough the carbon cycle?

A air → plant → animal

B plant → animal → air

C animal → air → plant

D plant → air → animal

Which oceanic zone might be coveredwith salt water in the morning andexposed to air in the afternoon?

A abyssal

B benthic

C intertidal

D pelagic

13

12

11 Study the diagram below.

Which type of fault is shown in thediagram?

A normal

B reverse

C slip-strike

D thrust

14


Pretest


Suppose engineers are designing a robot that will crawl along the ocean floor. The robot willenter the water at a beach and travel to a mid-ocean ridge. Describe how the slope of theseafloor changes along the route of the robot’s journey. Be sure to describe the slope of theseafloor in the following locations: continental shelf, continental slope, abyssal plain, and mid-ocean ridge.

15

Which of the following statements isNOT true about the plates that make upEarth’s crust?

A The plates have not moved since Earthwas first formed.

B Different plates move around Earth indifferent directions.

C The plates move slowly around theplanet at different speeds.

D Most of the plates are made of acombination of continental andoceanic crusts.

Study the diagram of the ocean below.

In this diagram, the highest temperaturescan be found in layer

A A

B B

C C

D D

A

B

C

D

17

16 Which biome is MOST likely to be foundin Alabama?

A aquatic

B savanna

C taiga

D tundra

Kelp and other photosynthetic organismsliving in the intertidal zone haveadaptations that help them survive

A without sunlight

B cold temperatures

C periods without water

D extremely high pressures

19

18


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Name: Date: Class:

Pretest


Describe the taiga biome. Your description should include climate, as well as plant and animal life.20

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Name: Date: Class:

The boundary between the continentaland oceanic plates would NOT be found

A at the center of a mid-ocean ridge

B about 70 km inland from the beach

C where the water stops during low tides

D about 70 km from shore out in theocean

Study the figure below.

What phase of the Moon is shown in thefigure?

A crescent

B gibbous

C new

D quarter

22

21 The Mercalli scale, which is used todescribe earthquake intensity, relies onobservations of local damage, such asbroken chimneys and collapsed walls.Which of the following is the MOSTlikely reason two observers using theMercalli scale would give the sameearthquake different ratings?

A One waited until the earthquake wasover.

B One was much closer to the epicenter.

C Both observed buildings constructedby similar techniques.

D Both were about the same distancefrom the focus of the earthquake.

Earth’s hottest land areas tend to be thosethat are closest to

A the Sun

B large cities

C the equator

D power plants

24

23


Pretest


Draw a diagram showing the positions of Earth, the Moon, and the Sun during a solar eclipse.Be sure to label your drawing.25

The tilt of Earth’s axis is responsible for

A solar eclipses

B lunar eclipses

C the changes between the seasons

D the changes between night and day

Which of the following is a NASAinvention that was developed to protectastronauts but is now used in firefighteruniforms, as well as in filtering systemsfor boilers and electric generators?

A helmets

B fire extinguishers

C sprinkler systems

D fire-resistant materials

27

26 Earth’s ocean tides are caused by

A the tilt of Earth

B the force of the wind

C the positions of Mars and Venus

D the positions of the Sun and theMoon

Earth passes between the Moon and theSun, casting a shadow on the Moon. Thissituation is called

A a solar eclipse

B a lunar eclipse

C an Earth eclipse

D a planetary eclipse

29

28


6

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Name: Date: Class:

Pretest


Study the diagram.

The Sun, which is a star in the main sequence,has changed and will continue to change as it ages. It first became a red giant, and later, it will become a white dwarf. Refer to the diagram to explain how the Sun’s temperature andbrightness will change during its life cycle.

30

Whitedwarfs

Giants

Supergiants

Main sequence

10–4

10–2

1

Sun

102

104

40 000 10 000 7 000 6 000 5 000 3 000

Surface temperature (K)

Bri

ghtn

ess

incr

ease

s

Red giants

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Name: Date: Class:

The fifth planet in our solar system hascolorful clouds. It is also the largestplanet. What is the name of this planet?

A Jupiter

B Neptune

C Saturn

D Uranus

Which of these pictures is most likely tohave the highest high tide at the letter T?

A

B

C

D

T

T

T

T

32

31 The Milky Way is the

A galaxy in which Earth is found

B system formed by Earth and theMoon

C universe made up of all stars andplanets

D system formed by the Sun and all theplanets

A light-year should be used to measure a

A comet’s total age

B comet’s top speed

C star’s average brightness

D star’s distance from Earth

34

33


Pretest


Describe three differences between the Sun and other stars.35

Which of the following describes theCoriolis effect?

A The Sun’s radiation causes air to risewhen it is heated.

B The Moon’s gravity causes air to pileup on the Moon side of the Earth.

C Earth’s tilted axis causes moving air toveer toward the southern hemisphere.

D Earth’s rotation causes moving air toveer clockwise in the northernhemisphere.

Over the United States, the winds tend toblow

A from west to east

B from north to south

C along mountain ranges

D along the paths of rivers

Use the paragraph below to answer questions 3–5.

Ocean surface water is heated by the Sun.During a normal year, trade winds in thePacific Ocean blow west, toward Asia. Warmocean surface water is pushed west. As a result,surface water temperatures are about 8°Cwarmer in the western Pacific Ocean than inthe eastern Pacific Ocean. During an El Niñoyear, the trade winds weaken or even reversedirection. When this happens, droughts mayoccur in the western Pacific and flooding may occur in the eastern Pacific.

2

1 During an El Niño year, watertemperatures in the eastern Pacific Ocean

A increase

B decrease

C remain the same

D cannot be predicted

Being able to predict El Niño would beMOST helpful to which industry?

A mining and oil drilling

B forestry and agriculture

C health and medical care

D computer manufacturing

4

3


8

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Name: Date: Class:

Objective 1


Suggest a reason that El Niño can lead to a lower-than-normal amount of rainfall in westernPacific areas. Explain your answer.5

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Name: Date: Class:

Use the figure below to answer questions 6–9.

The Gulf Stream is best described as a

A steady pattern of tropical winds

B current of water from the tropics

C path for arctic weather to follow

D long range of undersea volcanoes

Use the map to find the cities ofHopedale and Stornoway. Compared with the climate of Hopedale, the climateof Stornoway is MOST likely

A cooler

B warmer

C about the same

D impossible to predict

7

6

Labrador Current

Gulf Stream

Nor

thAtla

ntic

Drift

Hopedale

Stornoway

Suppose the Gulf Stream stoppedflowing. The climate of Stornoway wouldMOST likely be

A cooler

B warmer

C about the same

D impossible to predict

How does the Gulf Stream intensifyocean storms on the east coast of theUnited States?

A The high speed of its currents causeserosion.

B Evaporation transfers heat from itswater to the air.

C The sharp change in its directioncauses turbulence.

D It generates high-energy ocean wavesthat hit the beaches.

9

8


Objective 1


Ocean surface water is heated by the Sun. During a normal year, trade winds travel west acrossthe Pacific Ocean, toward Asia. Warm ocean surface water is pushed west. As a result, surfacewater temperatures are about 8°C warmer in the western Pacific Ocean than in the easternPacific Ocean. During an El Niño year, the trade winds weaken or even reverse direction.When this occurs, droughts can occur in the western Pacific and flooding can occur in theeastern Pacific.

La Niña is another weather phenomenon. It occurs in the Pacific Ocean when trade winds are stronger than normal. Predict what will occur during a La Niña year. Be sure to describe winds, ocean currents, and weather effects.

10

Study the picture below.

High, thin, white feathery cloudscontaining ice crystals are usuallyassociated with fair weather, but they canalso indicate approaching storms. Theseclouds are called

A cirrus

B cumulus

C nimbus

D stratus

Cloudy weather usually accompanies anarea of

A high wind

B low pressure

C low humidity

D high temperature

12

11 The map below shows the weatherconditions today.

Where is the weather MOST likely to beclear tomorrow?

A 1

B 2

C 3

D 4

Which is MOST likely to happen if ahigh-pressure system moves out ofMobile and a low-pressure system movesin to replace it?

A The skies will remain clear.

B Stormy weather will be replaced byclear skies.

C Clear skies will be replaced by stormyweather.

D The weather will remain stormy.

14

H

L

LT RAIN/DRIZZLE

2 3

1

4

H

L

13


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Name: Date: Class:

Objective 1


There is a low-pressure warm air mass over the area where you live. There is a high-pressurecold air mass to the northwest. Use what you know about air pressure and air masses topredict how the weather where you live will change. Explain your answer.

15

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Name: Date: Class:

Study the drawing below.

The tool shown in the drawing would be MOST helpful to a scientist who istrying to

A measure the current air pressure

B predict the path of a nearby storm

C measure the amount of water vapor inthe air

D predict whether a cloud will bringrain or snow

16 A barometer is used for measuring

A rainfall

B sunlight

C wind speed

D air pressure

Which tool is used to find the directionof the wind?

A barometer

B thermometer

C weather vane

D humidity detector

Which tool can be used to study weatherfrom many miles away?

A radar

B wind sock

C barometer

D rain gauge

19

18

17


Objective 1


Sketch a rain gauge or describe what it looks like, and explain how it is used.20

Use the map below to answer questions 21–25.The map shows the path of Hurricane Laurafrom its earliest recorded position to its currentposition. A prediction of its future path isshown as well.

What are the current coordinates ofHurricane Laura?

A 37° S, 74° E

B 35° S, 74° E

C 74° S, 37° E

D 74° S, 35° E

21

N

TRACK OF HURRICANE LAURA32°

36°

40°70° 74° 78°

Current positionEarliest recorded position

24 hrs

SealCove

PortCity

Hilton

OldHarbor

What are the coordinates of the earliestknown position of Hurricane Laura?

A 41° S, 79° E

B 38° S, 77° E

C 40° S, 78° E

D 39° S, 77° E

Which coordinates are closest to whereHurricane Laura is predicted to makelandfall?

A 34° S, 71° E

B 35° S, 72° E

C 37° S, 74° E

D 39° S, 77° E

What are the coordinates of the city thatHurricane Laura is predicted to passclosest to?

A 33° S, 75° E

B 33° S, 71° E

C 34° S, 73° E

D 37° S, 75° E

24

23

22


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Name: Date: Class:

Objective 1


Meteorologists tracking the hurricane predict that in 48 hours, the eye will reach 35° S, 72° E.They think that in 72 hours, it will be at 34.5° S, 71° E. Draw the latitude and longitude gridon your answer sheet, and identify these two locations on your grid.

25

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Name: Date: Class:

The noon temperatures for a week, indegrees Celsius, are 22, 28, 26, 27, 25, 24,and 30. What is the mean temperature atnoon for the week?

A 27°C

B 26°C

C 23°C

D 29°C

The average rainfall for the month, incentimeters, for January through May is2.2, 1.8, 2.8, 1.5, and 4.1. What is themedian rainfall for those five months?

A 1.5 cm

B 2.2 cm

C 2.8 cm

D 4.1 cm

29

28Use the sample station model below to answerquestions 26 and 27.

According to the wind barb in the samplestation model, wind is blowing from the

A east

B north

C northwest

D southwest

According to the circle in the samplestation model, the sky is

A completely clear

B slightly cloudy

C about half-covered with clouds

D completely clouded

27

26

25

20

147

–13

Sample Station Model


Objective 1


Study the table below, which shows noon weather data for a week that had one afternoon ofrain.

Which day probably had a rain storm? Explain your answer.

Day

Humidity (%)

Noontemperature (°C)

Mon

57

23

Tue

76

28

Wed

88

30

Thu

100

15

Fri

18

17

30

Volcanic eruptions can blast particles andvarious chemicals high into theatmosphere. These materials can reducethe amount of solar radiation thatreaches Earth’s surface. As a result, amajor volcanic eruption can cause

A global winds to blow at higher speeds

B Earth’s average temperature toincrease

C Earth’s average temperature todecrease

D global climates to become warm anddry

Wind, water, and ice remove soil,sediment, and loose rock fragments fromthe landscape. After these materials aretransported to other areas, they settle tothe ground in a process called

A deposition

B erosion

C precipitation

D weathering

4

3Study the drawing below.

The landform in the drawing, called ahanging valley, was formed by

A forest fire

B glacial erosion

C continental drift

D deposition of sediments

When land is used improperly forfarming or grazing animals,

A the topsoil is often eroded

B new wetland areas are created

C rain easily regenerates soil nutrients

D no damage is done to theenvironment

2

Hangingvalley

Waterfall

1


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Objective 2


Ship Rock, found in northwestern New Mexico, is 600 m tall and 500 m in diameter. It was thefeeder pipe of a large volcano. Although Ship Rock today stands tall over the surroundingdesert, it was formed about 1000 m underground. Scientists think a process called differentialerosion brought Ship Rock to Earth’s surface. How did the material that makes up Ship Rock form? Describe how differential erosion brought Ship Rock to the surface.

5

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Name: Date: Class:

Study the words below.

Creep Slump Rockslide

Which of the following belongs with thewords above?

A ice

B gravity

C mudflow

D glacial erosion

Study the seismograph picture below.

Four earthquakes were recorded in oneplace with the same seismograph. Whichearthquake do you think caused thelargest change to the landscape?

A S

B T

C U

D V

S

T

U

V

7

6 Wind, water, and ice remove soil,sediment, and loose rock fragments fromthe landscape. This process is known as

A deposition

B erosion

C precipitation

D weathering

An earthquake is most likely to affect aforest ecosystem by

A starting wildfires

B causing landslides

C decreasing rainfall

D raising temperatures

9

8


Objective 2


Describe how a tornado can change Earth’s surface. How do a tornado’s changes compare withthe changes caused by a hurricane?10

The Appalachian Mountains formedthrough a series of continental collisions.They have since been affected by runningwater, moving ice, wind, plant life, andanimal activity. They are also affected bya process called isostatic rebound, whichcauses the rock formations to uplift asthey are being eroded. Like mostmountain ranges on land, theAppalachians have been shaped by

A constructive forces only

B constructive and destructive forces

C destructive forces almost exclusively

D neither constructive nor destructiveforces

When a glacier moves through a valley,the valley will become

A wider and deeper

B narrower and deeper

C wider and mostly filled in

D narrower and mostly filled in

14

13Use the figure below to answer questions 11 and 12.

The mountain in the figure has anunusual shape. One side of the mountainis rounded and sloping. The other side isflat and drops straight down to the valleybelow. The flattened shape of this side ofthe mountain was probably created by

A running water

B glacial erosion

C colliding plates

D volcanic activity

Suppose the mountain shown in thefigure is affected primarily by erosionfrom wind and running water in thefuture. How will it look after manythousands of years?

A The mountain will be shorter andmore rounded.

B Both sides of the mountain will dropstraight down to the valley.

C The flattened side of the mountainwill fill in and become rounded.

D The mountain will become taller andwill have more of a cone shape.

12

11


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Objective 2


Volcanic activity can affect landforms as either a constructive or a destructive force. Describe one example of each.15

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Name: Date: Class:

Use the diagram below to answer questions 16 and 17.

Which of the following correctly lists thegeological structures from youngest tooldest?

A 2, 4, 6

B 2, 6, 4

C 4, 6, 2

D 6, 2, 4

In the diagram, the geological structurenumbered 6 is evidence of

A glacial activity

B asteroid impact

C igneous activity

D chemical weathering

17

16

1

2

3

4

5

6

A scientist finds a rock layer made oflarge stones and small pebbles, as well asgravel, sand grains, and particles of silt.They are all mixed together. This rocklayer is MOST likely evidence of

A a former ice age

B a warmer climate

C a volcanic eruption

D an ancient river delta

Scientists find several fossils, each in adifferent rock layer. Assuming the layershave not been disturbed since they weredeposited, the oldest fossil comes fromthe rock layer that is

A darkest in color

B hardest to scratch

C greatest in thickness

D deepest underground

19

18


Objective 2


Describe one way that scientists learn about Earth’s history by studying rock layers.20

One result of cutting down forests is that

A soil erosion is decreased

B oil formation is increased

C more oxygen is left in the atmosphere

D more carbon dioxide is left in theatmosphere

Which carbon-rich material moves mostrapidly through the carbon cycle?

A limestone formed at the ocean floor

B coal deposits buried underground

C dead organic matter found in soil

D diamonds in volcanic vents

Decomposers break down the remains ofdead plants and animals to form

A coal

B oxygen

C soil nitrogen

D carbon dioxide

Without photosynthesis, the level ofcarbon dioxide in the air would

A increase

B remain the same

C decrease slightly

D become dangerously low

4

3

2

1


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Most evaporation in the water cycleoccurs from

A clouds

B glaciers

C oceans

D rivers

Which of the following would MOSTlikely occur if the water cycle stopped?

A Erosion would be reduced.

B Plate movements would speed up.

C Ocean tides would be less frequent.

D All areas would have the same climate.

Photosynthesis, a step in the carboncycle, helps humans meet their need for

A air and food

B air and water

C food and water

D air, water, and food

7

6

5

Objective 3


Oceans are a major component of the water cycle. Draw and label a diagram showing the keyprocesses of the water cycle, and describe the key role of the oceans in maintaining the cycle.8

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Name: Date: Class:

Use the diagram of the water cycle below toanswer questions 9 and 10.


Objective 3


Which part of the water cycle has the greatest effect on Earth’s landforms? Explain youranswer.10

The water cycle plays a vital role insupporting life on Earth. Why is the Sunpart of this diagram?

A It allows the water cycle to be visibleduring the day.

B It gives plants energy to absorbgroundwater from the soil.

C It emits ultraviolet radiation, whichcan be harmful to organisms.

D It provides the energy needed to cyclewater through the environment.

9

In the process called seafloor spreading,the plates below an ocean basin pullapart, and

A they cause tides to develop

B the continental plates move closertogether

C a new floor is created by magma thatfills the rift

D pressure inside Earth creates geysersof water on the surface

The layer beneath the moving tectonicplates is called the

A asthenosphere

B core

C crust

D lithosphere

Which of the following headings in atable of contents would direct you to themost information about Pangaea?

A The Movement of Glaciers

B How to Clean and Prepare Fossils

C Alfred Wegener and Continental Drift

D All You Need to Know About OceanCurrents

3

2

1 Use the diagram below to answer questions 4 and 5.

The area labeled A in the diagram is bestdescribed as a

A seismic wave

B subduction zone

C mid-ocean ridge

D continental plate

4

Ocean

A

Continent


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Objective 4


Use what you know about plate tectonic theory to explain the process shown in the diagramabove. Be sure to include the terms oceanic crust, continental crust, tectonic plates, and mantlein your answer.

5

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Name: Date: Class:

When tectonic plates move, they cancollide, placing a lot of stress on rocks.Breaking rocks produce vibrations thatcan cause

A earthquakes

B gravity

C radiation

D volcanoes

The Mariana Islands in the Pacific Oceanwere formed by volcanic action. Which ofthe following is MOST likely true?

A There are glaciers near the MarianaIslands.

B The Mariana Islands are no longerinhabited.

C Tectonic plates collide near theMariana Islands.

D The Mariana Islands are larger thanmost islands.

9

8Use the map below to answer questions 6 and 7.

As suggested by the map, one of thecauses of volcanic activity on Iceland is

A strong oceanic currents

B melting of large glaciers

C separation of tectonic plates

D formation of submarine mountains

The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is the site of

A seafloor spreading

B fossil fuel formation

C new folded mountains

D an oceanic subduction zone

7

6

North AmericanPlate Eurasian Plate

Iceland

AtlanticOcean

Transform Fault

Mid

-Atla

ntic Ridge


Objective 4


Sketch a diagram, including labels, to show the meanings of these terms: fault, focus, epicenter,and seismic waves. Then, use the terms to describe what happens during an earthquake.10

Use the figure below, which shows plates R andS separated by a fault, to answer questions 11 and 12.

Kelan determines that Plate R is movingnorth relative to Plate S. Kelan shouldconclude that the boundary between thetwo plates is best characterized as a

A normal fault

B reverse fault

C divergent fault

D strike-slip fault

Kirsten thinks the fault is a reverse fault.She should predict that

A the tree will shift southward

B the house will shift northward

C the house and tree will move apart

D the house and tree will become closer

The volcanoes that make up the Hawaiianislands are the largest on Earth, but theyformed from very fluid magma, and theydo NOT have steep sides. These volcanoesare best described as

A volcanic cones

B shield volcanoes

C caldera volcanoes

D composite volcanoes

13

12

11

SR

North

Mount St. Helens is a highly explosive, A-shaped volcano made up of layers of lavaand debris, such as ash. By interpretingthe information in the chart, you wouldclassify Mount St. Helens as a

A shield volcano

B flood volcano

C cinder cone volcano

D composite volcano

14


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Objective 4


The Aleutian Islands of Alaska are an example of a group of island-arc volcanoes. TheHawaiian Islands are an example of a group of oceanic hot-spot volcanoes. Briefly compare the tectonic settings of these two types of volcanoes. That is, compare where the volcanoes are located in terms of tectonic plates.

15

• is very large; produced by collapse of composite volcano after explosive period

• is often associated with plug domes

Characteristics Image

• has lava more viscous than caldera or cinder cone

• releases large amounts of explosive debris from central vent

• discharges widespread flows of very liquid lava

• releases from fractures

• discharges liquid lava from central vent

• is large, sometimes with a collapsed caldera

• is small and explosive• releases liquid lava from

central vent

Cinder cone

Caldera

Composite

Flood

Shield

Volcano

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Name: Date: Class:

To determine the magnitude of anearthquake, the Richter scale uses datacollected by

A barometers

B a seismograph

C scanning radar

D a mass balance

To determine the magnitude of anearthquake, a scientist at a seismic stationuses a seismograph to measure howmuch the ground under the station hasmoved. What other information isneeded to determine the magnitude ofthe earthquake?

A the number of seconds the groundshook

B whether the earthquake occurredunderwater

C the distance from the station to theepicenter

D whether the earthquake was caused bya volcanic eruption

19

18Use the Mercalli scale shown below to answerquestions 16 and 17.

Maya is camping in the forest. She feelsthe ground rumble, and she falls to theground. She sees trees swaying. Hercooking gear falls off the camp stove, andher cloth tent collapses. Using theMercalli scale, Maya should judge thisearthquake to have an intensity of

A less than 4

B no more than 5

C at least 6

D at least 7

Later Maya hikes to the river. There shesees that a large stone bridge hascompletely collapsed. Considering thisobservation, Maya should judge theMercalli earthquake intensity to be

A less than 5

B no more than 6

C at least 7

D greater than 7

17

16

Intensity

4

5

6

7

Observations

It may feel like a heavy truck passing by.

Small objects move. Trees and poles may shake.

It is hard to stand up. Heavy furniture moves. Chimneys are damaged.

There is slight damage to most solid buildings. Some walls may fall.


Objective 4


The Mercalli scale and the Richter scale both can be used to describe the strength of an earthquake. Describe one advantage of using the Richter scale to determine themagnitude of an earthquake. Describe one advantage of using the Mercalli scale to determine the magnitude of an earthquake.

20

In general, ocean upwellings are MOSThelpful to organisms living in coastalwaters because they

A cause tides to rise and fall

B create currents to carry fish across theocean

C bring nutrient-rich water up from thebottom of the ocean

D provide freshwater for the organismsin coastal waters to drink

Some ocean bacteria get energy fromsulfur compounds that are given off byvolcanic vents. These bacteria can survivewithout sunlight, plants, or otherorganisms. These bacteria are adapted tosurvive

A on the ocean surface

B on the deep ocean floor

C just below the ocean surface

D floating in the ocean currents

MOST marine plants that rely onphotosynthesis to make their own foodare located

A on the ocean floor

B near hydrothermal vents

C close to the water surface

D deep in undersea canyons

3

2

1 Study the drawing of oceanic zonesbelow.

One oceanic zone contains nophotosynthetic or chemosyntheticorganisms. Some fish in this zone feed ondecaying organisms that sink down fromother layers. Other fish in this zone arepredators. Sperm whales may dive to thiszone while hunting giant squid. Whichzone in the figure does this describe?

A A

B B

C C

D D

4000 m

1000 m

200 m

6000 m

10,000 m

OCEANIC ZONES

A

B

C

D

4


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Objective 5


Describe two of the physical challenges of exploring Earth’s abyssal zones.5

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Name: Date: Class:

Relative to the benthic and abyssal zones,intertidal zones and reefs contain a highconcentration of plants. The main reasonfor this is that in these parts of the ocean

A there are fewer herbivores

B there are fewer decomposers

C there is more oxygen available

D there is more sunlight available

Under normal conditions, methane is agas. In some areas of the Gulf of Mexico,however, methane is trapped in icelikeformations called methane hydrates.High pressures and low temperaturesmake this possible. Methane hydrates areMOST likely to be found

A in sandy beach regions

B buried along the ocean floor

C floating on the surface of the ocean

D floating slightly below the oceansurface

A scientist in a research submarinedescends from the pelagic zone to theabyssal zone. As the submarine sinks, thescientist should notice

A an increase in water temperature

B an increase in the amount of sunlight

C a decrease in the abundance oforganisms

D a decrease in the amount of salt in thewater

8

7

6 Use the figure below to answer questions 9 and 10.

The organism shown in the figure MOSTlikely lives in which ocean zone?

A photic zone

B benthic zone

C abyssal zone

D intertidal zone

9

30.5 meters


Objective 5


Describe the environment of the organism shown in the figure. Explain how this environmentis able to support the organism.10

If the growth of continental ice sheetscaused sea levels to fall by 80 meters,which part of the ocean floor would beexposed to air?

A ocean basin

B abyssal plain

C subduction zone

D continental shelf

The youngest rock in the oceaniclithosphere is MOST likely to be found

A at a mid-ocean ridge

B on a continental shelf

C on a continental slope

D in a submarine canyon

Use the oil field map below to answer questions 3–5.

Major Producing Fields

TEXAS LOUISIANA

Gunnison

Aspen

2

1 According to the map, most of the majorproducing oil fields are found on the

A ocean basin

B abyssal plain

C subduction zone

D continental shelf

In the region where most majorproducing oil fields are found, theseafloor consists of mostly

A fine mud washed in from the deepocean

B marine organisms and sedimentsfrom rivers

C new rock formed by cooling volcanicmagma

D old rock that was once part of a mid-ocean ridge

4

3


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Objective 6


The figure shows two oil fields that are farther from shore than the rest of the oil fields. Oilrigs built in these fields will obtain oil from a different region of the seafloor. What region ofthe seafloor will these rigs be mining? Explain why it is harder to build oil rigs in this region.

5

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Name: Date: Class:

A continental slope is found adjacent tothe boundary between

A two oceanic plates

B two continental plates

C an oceanic plate and a continentalplate

D a continental plate and a mid-oceanridge

Compared with continental crust,oceanic crust is

A older

B thicker

C more dense

D less volcanic

If an earthquake occurred and dislodgedsediments, it would MOST likely cause aturbidity current that would start at

A the continental slope and travel to theabyssal plain

B the abyssal plain and travel to thecontinental slope

C the continental shelf and travel to thecontinental slope

D the continental slope and travel to thecontinental shelf

8

7

6 Use the figure below to answer questions 9 and 10.

Volcanic activity is most likely to befound at which location?

A A

B B

C C

D D

9

Continentalcrust A

B

C D

Mid-oceanridge


Objective 6


If a subduction zone were to develop, approximately where in the figure would it be located?Explain your answer.10

Deserts do not support as much plantand animal life as other environments.Which of the following factors is LEASTlikely to limit the ability of organisms tolive and grow in desert areas?

A lack of water

B high temperatures

C crowding or lack of space

D soil with little organic matter ornutrients

Which biome has a short growing seasonand a layer of permafrost beneath thesoil?

A desert

B grassland

C rain forest

D tundra

Which group of organisms would MOSTlikely be found in a grassland biome?

A cactus, hawk, rattlesnake

B fox, deer, moss, porcupine

C fern, spider, monkey, toucan

D coyote, prairie dog, sunflower

3

2

1 Use the table below to answer questions 4 and 5.

Which biome is MOST likely representedby the table?

A tundra in Alaska

B desert in California

C grassland in Kentucky

D wetland in Mississippi

4

Avg. Precipitation(cm)0.80.51.30.40.30.30.00.30.30.30.30.3

JanFebMarAprMayJuneJulyAugSepOctNovDec

Avg. Temperature(°C)252426293132313031262725


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Objective 7


Describe the biome represented by the table. Be sure to include a description of its climate andits plant and animal life.5

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Name: Date: Class:

The Everglades area is a wetlandecosystem in Florida. Many kinds ofreptiles and amphibians live in theEverglades, and much of the plant life isunable to tolerate frost. Based on thisinformation, another likely characteristicof the Everglades is

A high salinity

B minimal winds

C nutrient-poor soil

D moderate temperatures

Most of Alabama belongs to whichbiome?

A temperate forest

B tropical grassland

C tropical rain forest

D temperate grassland

A coastal biome has hot, dry summersand cool, wet winters. The soil is shallowand rocky but supports many plantsadapted to dry climates. This biome is

A chaparral

B desert

C grassland

D taiga

8

7

6 Study the biome graph below.

Each region in the graph represents adifferent biome. The region marked X isMOST likely

A desert

B grassland

C temperate forest

D tropical rain forest

9


Objective 7


Compare and contrast two different biomes.10

In which climate would a scientist beMOST likely to find the greatest diversityof plant and animal life?

A hot and dry

B cold and dry

C cold and snowy

D warm and moist

Which area is likely to have the LEASTdiversity of plant life?

A tropical rain forest

B prairie grassland

C temperate forest

D active farmland

2

1 Areas of forest often are cut down tomake room for housing developments. Asa forest decreases in size, which species isLEAST likely to survive?

A wolves that prey on forest deer

B microorganisms that live in soil

C maple trees with deep root systems

D deer that feed on leaves and shrubs

Which biome is likely to have theFEWEST different species of amphibians?

A marsh

B prairie

C tropical rain forest

D temperate rain forest

4

3


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Objective 7


Although coral reefs make up only 0.3 percent of Earth’s ocean surface, they hold 65 percentof all ocean fish species. Explain why coral reefs have such a diversity of fish species.5

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Name: Date: Class:

The average air temperature of a regionis MOST closely related to its distancefrom

A the Sun

B the equator

C active volcanoes

D human settlements

In which drawing is the SHADEDhemisphere the one in which summer isoccurring?

A

B

C

D

2

1 The tilt of Earth’s axis is responsible for

A solar eclipses

B lunar eclipses

C the changes between the seasons

D the changes between night and day

Earth’s rotation causes a heating-and-cooling cycle that repeats once each

A day

B month

C season

D year

4

3


Objective 8



The figure shows that the Sun’s path across the sky changes with the seasons.Explain why this happens.

Summer

Winter

5

Earth’s tropical rain forests have a warmclimate year-round because they

A get so much rainfall

B have so many tall trees

C are so close to the equator

D are inhabited by so many species

The orientation of an area of Earth’ssurface toward or away from the Sunchanges with the seasons. During whichtwo seasons are the orientations of anarea MOST similar?

A fall and spring

B fall and winter

C spring and summer

D summer and winter

9

8Use the graph below, which shows thetemperatures of a region on Earth for one year,to answer questions 6 and 7.

This graph MOST likely represents aregion that is

A close to an ocean

B far from an ocean

C close to the equator

D far from the equator

During which month was this regiontilted MOST toward the Sun?

A January

B April

C June

D August

7

6

10

0

�10

�20

�30

Air

tem

pera

ture

(°C

)

Jan

Feb Mar

AprM

ayJu

ne July

Aug Sep Oct NovDec


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Objective 8


Explain how Earth’s rotation causes a cycle of heating and cooling on Earth.10

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Name: Date: Class:

Which of the following describes a newmoon?

A Half of the lit side of the Moon facesEarth.

B The entire lit side of the Moon facestoward Earth.

C The entire lit side of the Moon facesaway from Earth.

D Approximately one-quarter of the litside of the Moon faces Earth.


What term describes the phase of theMoon shown in the figure?

A crescent

B full

C gibbous

D new

2

1 Half of the side of the Moon that is lit upis visible from Earth during whichphases?

A new moon and full moon

B first quarter and full moon

C last quarter and new moon

D first quarter and last quarter

Tuesday night, just a thin sliver of theMoon was visible. On Friday night, noneof the Moon’s surface could be seen.What was the phase of the Moon onTUESDAY night?

A waxing crescent

B waning crescent

C waxing gibbous

D waning gibbous

4

3


Objective 9


Draw and label the following phases of the Moon.

New Full Crescent Quarter Gibbous

5

Which of the following occurs when theMoon passes directly between Earth andthe Sun?

A a solar eclipse

B a lunar eclipse

C an Earth eclipse


Occasionally, a full moon seems todarken for a short period during anevening. Later that evening, the fullmoon appears normal. This situation iscalled a

A solar eclipse

B lunar eclipse

C waxing gibbous moon

D waning gibbous moon

9

8Study the figure below.

The figure represents

A a solar eclipse

B a lunar eclipse

C an Earth eclipse


A lunar eclipse occurs when

A Earth’s shadow passes over a fullmoon

B the full moon’s shadow passes overEarth

C the Sun’s shadow passes over a fullmoon

D the full moon’s shadow passes over theSun

7

Sun

Moon

Earth

(not to scale)

6


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Objective 9


Draw a diagram showing the positions of Earth, the Moon, and the Sun during a lunar eclipse.Be sure to label your drawing.10

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Name: Date: Class:

The Moon has a greater effect than theSun on Earth’s ocean tides. This isbecause

A the Moon is closer to Earth

B Earth is larger than the Moon

C the Sun is larger than the Moon

D the Sun is hotter than the Moon

What is the primary cause of Earth’socean tides?

A electricity

B friction

C gravity

D magnetism

14

13Use the figure below to answer questions 11 and 12.

Which of the following describes theheight of Earth’s tides when the Moon isin position 1?

A The tides fluctuate unpredictably.

B High tides are highest, and low tidesare lowest.

C There is no difference between highand low tides.

D High and low tides are the same asthey are when the Moon is at anyother position.

As the Moon moves to position 2, Earth’shigh tides will

A move with it

B move unpredictably

C remain in the same places

D not occur

12

11

SunEarth

Moon

2

1

(not to scale)


Objective 9


Study the sketch of Earth and the Moon.

Using H for high tide and L for low tide, locate the positionsof the two high tides and two low tides when Earth and theMoon are in this position.

15

Earth

Moon

(not to scale)


Which planet is shown in the figure?

A Earth

B Jupiter

C Saturn

D Venus

By itself, Earth’s sun is best described as a

A white dwarf

B red supergiant

C large-mass star

D medium-sized star

2

1 Two of the inner, rocky planets are

A Earth and Pluto

B Mars and Venus

C Venus and Saturn

D Mercury and Jupiter

The Sun is made mostly of

A solar energy and air

B asteroids and planets

C hydrogen and helium

D bits of rock and metal

4

3


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Objective 10


Briefly describe the motions of the planets, asteroids, and moons in our solar system.5

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Name: Date: Class:

Our solar system is found in

A an elliptical galaxy

B an Earth-Sun galaxy

C the Milky Way galaxy

D the Andromeda galaxy

Study the model diagram below, whichshows the Milky Way galaxy, as viewedfrom the side.

Which letter best represents the positionof Earth?

A A

B B

C C

D D

C

Centralbulge

Disk containingspiral arms A

BD

7

6 Our nine planets orbit a star that is part of

A the Big Bang

B the Crab nebula

C the Milky Way galaxy

D the Andromeda galaxy

Which of these statements is correct?

A The Moon is part of the Milky Waygalaxy.

B The Sun is at the center of the MilkyWay galaxy.

C The Milky Way galaxy is the onlygalaxy in the universe.

D Most of the stars in the Milky Waygalaxy are in our solar system.

9

8


Objective 10


Using the words galaxy and universe, describe the location of Earth’s solar system.10

NASA’s remote-sensing laser technologyis used to treat people with cloggedarteries. A small tube carries a laser lightand a tiny camera into the body. Whilelooking inside the artery, the doctor aimsthe laser at blockages and vaporizesthem. In what way is this method betterthan open-heart surgery?

A It requires only a small incision.

B The patient can watch the operation.

C The doctor does not need to beskilled.

D No special medical equipment isneeded.

Which of the following is NOT adevelopment that arose out of satellitecommunications technology?

A clearer sound and picturetransmissions

B computerized translation of foreignlanguages

C ability to photograph large regions ofthe planet

D live television broadcasts from aroundthe world

12

11 Which of the following was developed byNASA to help keep track of the millionsof parts used to build a spacecraft and isnow used in many businesses to monitorsales and manage inventories?

A bar codes

B calculators

C warehouses

D cash registers

Which space technology has done theMOST to make the process ofmanufacturing cars more efficient?

A highly sensitive radio-wave receivers

B high-powered fuels for rocket engines

C solar panels that can generateelectricity

D computer programs for design andtesting

14

13


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Objective 10


Describe two impacts of satellite technology on society.15

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Name: Date: Class:

The best way for a scientist to estimatethe age of a star is to look at

A its distance from Earth

B its position in the night sky

C the constellation it is found in

D the color of the light it gives off

Use the figure below to answer questions 17 and 18.

Whitedwarfs

Giants

Supergiants

Main sequence

10–4

10–2

1

Sun

102

104

40 000 10 000 7 000 6 000 5 000 3 000


Bri

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incr

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s

Red giants

16 According to the figure, if the Sunremained a main sequence star andincreased in temperature, it would alsobecome

A smaller

B brighter

C more dense

D more reddish

As the Sun ages and becomes a red giant,it will definitely become

A hotter

B denser

C dimmer

D brighter

John wanted to observe the constellationOrion. One clear night, he stayed upuntil morning looking for Orion butcould not see it. The MOST likely reasonthat John could not find Orion is that hewas looking for it during the wrong

A day of the week

B time of the year

C week of the month

D year of the century

19

18

17


Objective 10


Some constellations, called circumpolar constellations, are visible every day of the year. Otherconstellations can be seen only during certain times. Explain the reason for this difference.20

One astronomical unit is equal to theSun’s

A total mass

B temperature

C average brightness

D distance from Earth

In which of the following lists are theunits in order from LONGEST toSHORTEST?

A light-year, kilometer, astronomicalunit

B astronomical unit, kilometer, light-year

C kilometer, light-year, astronomicalunit

D light-year, astronomical unit,kilometer

2

1 The distance from the Sun to anotherstar, such as Alpha Centauri, is bestdescribed in

A kilometers

B light-years

C nanometers

D astronomical units

Which unit should be used to describethe thickness of Saturn’s ring system?

A kilometers

B light-years

C nanometers

D astronomical units

4

3


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Objective 11


What is a light-year? Explain why astronomers came up with the concept of light-years.5

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To show high- and low-pressure areas,weather maps are drawn with linesconnecting points of equal atmosphericpressure. These lines are called

A equibars

B fronts

C isobars

D isotherms

The Dust Bowl storms of the 1930sdestroyed much of the fertile farmland inthe southern Plains states. Why were thestorms able to cause so much damage?

A Record amounts of rain had washedaway all the soil nutrients.

B The soil had originally containedmore sand and dust than organicmatter.

C The farmers had planted too manytrees, and their crops died in the shade.

D Drought and poor farming practicesdestroyed all the natural conditionsthat held soil in place.

2

1 Which tool is MOST effective atpredicting the path of a hurricane?

A wind sock

B rain gauge

C weather vane

D weather satellite

Which of the following relates primarilyto conditions in the Pacific Ocean?

A El Niño

B the jet stream

C the Gulf Stream

D the Coriolis effect

4

3


Posttest


Study the figure.

Describe the constructive and destructive forces thatformed the landform shown in the figure.

5

1

2

3

Magma

Volcanic neck

Study the diagram below.

Which of the following would be the bestcaption for step 1?

A Plants release carbon into the air inthe form of carbohydrates.

B Plants absorb carbohydrates from theair and store them in their leaves.

C Plants remove carbon dioxide fromthe air and use it to makecarbohydrates.

D Plants convert carbon intocarbohydrates through the process oftranspiration.

1.

2. The carbohydratesare eaten and used by other organisms.

3. The carbon from the carbohydratesis returned to the atmosphere throughrespiration, combustion, and decay.

4. After the carbonis returned to theatmosphere, thecycle continues.

6 A geologist working in the field observesa vertical body of rock cutting throughhorizontal layers. This vertical rockformation is MOST likely to be

A intrusive igneous

B organic sedimentary

C extrusive sedimentary

D nonfoliated metamorphic

Scientists find an underground deposit ofcoal. Based on this, they should concludethat the area was once a

A polar region

B dry grassland

C mountain peak

D tropical swamp

A weather station at 0° N latitude, 90° Wlongitude reports high winds. Thisweather station must be located at the

A equator

B north pole

C south pole

D prime meridian

9

8

7


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While studying the water cycle, Frances read in a textbook that water that was part of a lakeduring the time of the dinosaurs might fall from the sky tomorrow. Explain how this ispossible.

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In general, photosynthetic algae helpother organisms on Earth by

A eating bacteria

B producing oxygen

C warming the oceans

D making carbon dioxide

Use the paragraph and the figure below toanswer questions 12 and 13.

A seismometer has a heavy mass with a penattached. During an earthquake, the base of theseismometer shifts, but the mass remains inplace because of its great inertia. As the baseshifts, the pen makes a series of jagged marksthat scientists can use to judge the strength ofthe earthquake.

For a seismometer to accurately measurethe energy released in an earthquake, itshould have a

A hanging mass that is a perfect sphere

B base that is firmly attached to theground

C pen that writes only when pressedvery hard

D supply of recording paper thatremains perfectly still

12

11 Which of the following seismometerpatterns is most likely to be the result ofthe greatest earthquake intensity?

A a few large peaks

B a straight, flat line

C a row of many small peaks

D a mix of small peaks and flat lines

The population of the ocean’s benthiczone consists mostly of

A plankton

B invertebrates

C marine plants

D predatory fish

14

13


Posttest


Describe the pelagic zone of the ocean. Be sure to include the types of species found there and the conditions that make it possible for those species to survive.15

Many oil deposits form in a relatively flatarea of the ocean floor. This area has adepth of at most 500 m and is usuallywithin 50 km of the coast. It is here thatmost marine life lives, dies, settles to theocean floor, is buried, and eventuallyturns into oil. This region of the seaflooris called the

A abyssal plain

B deep sea trench

C continental shelf

D continental slope

Study the table of daily snowfall below.

What was the average daily snowfall forthe week?

A 6 cm

B 7 cm

C 35 cm

D 42 cm

Day

Monday

Tuesday

Wednesday

Thursday

Friday

Saturday

Sunday

Snowfall (cm)

6

5

8

12

4

0

7

17

16 Use the figure below, which shows one theoryof how earthquakes are caused at a plateboundary, to answer questions 18–20.

Which of the following BEST describesthis type of plate boundary?

A rift depression

B transform fault

C subduction zone

D tectonic divergence

If an earthquake occurs right at the plateboundary, its focus could be found

A at the highest point of the upliftedplate

B at the underground junction of theplates

C in the middle of the rock of the lowerplate

D in the mantle located below the lowerplate

19

18

Between eventsUplift

Shortening

Coa

st

Locked

EarthquakeSubsidence

ExtensionRupture


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Scientists think that powerful earthquakes occur at this plate boundary every 500 years. Useinformation in the diagram and what you know about plate tectonics to describe the process that occurs during the time between earthquakes at this plate boundary.

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Geologists plan to collect samples ofminerals from the continental shelf. Theyshould plan to work about

A 10 km from shore at a depth of4000 m

B 50 km from shore at a depth of 500 m

C 200 km from shore at a depth of2000 m

D 500 km from shore at a depth of600 m

Which of the following lists has thestructures in the correct order, startingfrom the shore?

A continental shelf, continental slope,abyssal plain

B continental shelf, abyssal plain,continental slope

C continental slope, continental shelf,mid-ocean ridge

D continental slope, mid-ocean ridge,continental shelf

24

23Use the map below to answer questions 21, 22,and 25.

The biome labeled 1 on the map is called

A taiga

B chaparral

C temperate grassland

D temperate rain forest

The biome labeled 2 on the map isknown for its

A thick covering of ice

B high annual precipitation

C permanently frozen subsoil

D great diversity of tree species

22

21

21 1


Posttest


Suppose you got lost while exploring the regions shown on the map. Explain how you coulddetermine which of the two labeled biomes you were in by looking at the plant and/or animalspecies around you.

25

Use the figure below to answer questions26–30.

Which of the following BEST describesthe daily heating-and-cooling cycle at 90° S latitude when Earth is oriented asshown in the figure?

A Continuous sunlight leads to constantheating.

B This area is always in a period of dailycooling.

C There are equal daily periods ofheating and cooling.

D The heating period is twice as long asthe cooling period.

26

66 ̊

Day NightN

S

Sun’s rays

23 ˚

0˚–12

–1290°

Which location is receiving the mostdirect sunlight?

A 0° latitude

B 23�12

�° S latitude

C 66�12

�° S latitude

D 90° S latitude

What season is it in Alabama when Earthis oriented as shown in the figure?

A spring

B summer

C fall

D winter

Which location experiences the leastvariation in the amount of directsunlight it receives over the course of theyear?

A 0° latitude

B 23�12

�° S latitude

C 66�12

�° S latitude

D 90° S latitude

29

28

27


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In general, how does the climate at 23�12

�° S latitude compare with the climate at 66�12

�° S latitude?Explain your answer in terms of the information shown in the diagram.30

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Use the figure below to answer questions 31 and 32.

Which phase of the Moon is shown inthe figure?

A new

B gibbous

C last quarter

D waxing crescent

The two lunar phases that immediatelyfollow the phase shown in the figurecould be

A full and then new

B gibbous and then full

C new and then crescent

D crescent and then new

32

31

A solar eclipse can occur when the Moonis in which phase?

A full moon

B half moon

C new moon

D crescent moon

Using lasers to measure the distancebetween Earth and the Moon, scientistshave found that the Moon is slowlymoving away from Earth. Over time, thisis MOST likely to affect

A the length of Earth’s year

B the timing of the seasons

C the heights of the ocean tides

D the order of the Moon’s phases

34

33


Posttest


During spring tides, high tides are higher than normal, and low tides are lower than normal.What causes spring tides? Explain your answer.35

Study the graph below, which shows thelife cycle of a star.

At which stage is a star MOST likely todecrease in brightness?

A cloud to protostar

B red giant to white dwarf

C main sequence star to red giant

D protostar to main sequence star

Whitedwarfs

Giants

Supergiants

Main sequence

10–4

10–2

1

Sun

102

104

40 000 10 000 7 000 6 000 5 000 3 000


Bri

ghtn

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incr

ease

s

Red giants

36 Which characteristic would help ascientist estimate the temperature of astar?

A color

B shape

C number of planets

D distance from Earth

The distance between the Sun and Earthis equal to one

A light-year

B nanometer

C micrometer

D astronomical unit

During a lunar eclipse, Earth, the Moon,and the Sun are arranged in

A a circle

B a triangle

C a straight line

D the same orbit

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Consider the light-year, the kilometer, and the astronomical unit. Which of these units shouldbe used to measure the distance between planets in our solar system? Explain your answer.40

ISBN 0-07-874267-6

9

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90000

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