feasibility study on urgent water resources ...appendix b preliminary design of contingency plans...

INDEPENDENT BOARD FOR NEW KABUL CITY DEVELOPMENT (DEHSABZ-BARIKAB CITY DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY) THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF AFGHANISTAN

FEASIBILITY STUDY ON URGENT WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT AND SUPPLY FOR

KABUL METROPOLITAN AREA THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF AFGHANISTAN

FINAL REPORT

VOLUME 3: MAIN REPORT (2/2) (PARTS 3 & 4)

MARCH 2013

JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY (JICA)

CTI ENGINEERING INTERNATIONAL CO., LTD. YACHIYO ENGINEERING CO., LTD. SANYU CONSULTANTS INC. GE

JR

13-075

Currency Exchange Rate as of January 2012:

1.00 AFN = 1.552 JPY

1.00 AFN = 0.0202 USD

1.00 USD = 76.81 JPY

Location Map of the Study Area

Location Map of Panjshir Fan Aquifer Development

Project Facilities

COMPOSITION OF THE REPORT

Volume 1: Summary

Volume 2: Main Report (1/2)

Part 1: Common Context

Part 2: Feasibility Study on Panjshir Fan Aquifer

Development

Appendices:

Appendix A Test of Infiltration Gallery

Appendix B Preliminary Design of Contingency Plans for Panjshir Fan Aquifer

Development

Appendix C Interview Survey on Awareness of Water Users

Appendix D Preliminary Study on Renewable Energies

Appendix E Draft EIA Report for Panjshir Fan Aquifer Development

Volume 3: Main Report (2/2)

Part 3: Pre-Feasibility Study on Salang Dam

Part 4: Review of Feasibility Study on Gulbahar Dam

Volume 4: Summary in Dari

Annexes (CD) Part 2: Feasibility Study on Panjshir Fan Aquifer Development

ANNEX PART 2_1 COST BREAKDOWN OF INTAKE FACILITY

ANNEX PART 2_2.1 PUMP CALCULATION SHEET

ANNEX PART 2_2.2 DESIGN CALCULATION OF PUMP FACILITIES

ANNEX PART 2_2.3 SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE DOSAGE CALCULATTION

ANNEX PART 2_2.4 PUMP CALCULATION SHEET (ALONG BAGRAM ROAD)


(ALONG BAGRAM ROAD)

ANNEX PART 2_2.6 PUMP CALCULATION SHEET

(THREE-STEP DEVELOPMENT)


(THREE-STEP DEVELOPMENT)

ANNEX PART 2_3.1 WAGE (OPERATION & MAINTENANCE COST)

ANNEX PART 2_3.2 COST OF ELECTRIC POWER

(OPERATION & MAINTENANCE COST)

ANNEX PART 2_3.3 AMOUNT OF BILLED / DISTRIBUTED WATER

(OPERATION & MAINTENANCE COST)

ANNEX PART 2_4 BASIC DATA OF HYDROGEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION

IN THE PANJSHIR FAN

ANNEX PART 2_5 DRAWINGS

ANNEX PART 2_6 COST ANALYSIS BREAK DOWN


ANNEX PART 3_1 LITHOLOGY

ANNEX PART 3_2 LANDSLIDE

ANNEX PART 3_3 GEOLOGIC LOG AND DRILLHOLE CORE PHOTO

ANNEX PART 3_4 DATA OF GROUNDWATER LEVEL

ANNEX PART 3_5 LUGEON TEST RESULTS

ANNEX PART 3_6 LABORATORY TEST RESULTS

ANNEX PART 3_7 PHOTO OF DRILLING WORK

ANNEX PART 3_8 GEOLOGIC MAPS

ANNEX PART 3_9 GEOLOGIC PROFILES

Part 4: Review of Feasibility Study on Gulbahar Dam

ANNEX PART 4_1 GEOLOGIC LOG AND DRILLHOLE CORE PHOTOGRAPHS

PART 3:

PRE-FEASIBILITY STUDY ON

SALANG DAM

The Feasibility Study on Urgent Water Resources Development and Supply for

Kabul Metropolitan Area

Table of Contents

Part 3

CTI Engineering International Co., Ltd. and

Yachiyo Engineering Co., Ltd.

Sanyu Consultants Inc.

i

Feasibility Study on Urgent Water Resources Development and Supply

for Kabul Metropolitan Area

Final Report


Table of Contents

CHAPTER 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 1-1

1.1 Background ........................................................................................................................ 1-1

1.2 General Description of the Project ..................................................................................... 1-1

1.2.1 Target Development ................................................................................................. 1-1

1.2.2 Salang Dam .............................................................................................................. 1-1

1.2.3 Water Conveyance .................................................................................................... 1-1

CHAPTER 2 Project Area ........................................................................................................ 2-1

2.1 Topography and Geology ................................................................................................... 2-1

2.1.1 Topography ............................................................................................................... 2-1

2.1.2 Quaternary Faults ..................................................................................................... 2-2

2.1.3 Geologic Division ..................................................................................................... 2-4

2.2 Meteorology and Hydrology .............................................................................................. 2-5

2.2.1 Location of Salang Dam ........................................................................................... 2-5

2.2.2 Meteorology ............................................................................................................. 2-6

2.2.3 Hydrology ................................................................................................................. 2-7

2.3 Socio-Economic Condition ................................................................................................ 2-8

2.4 Water Use along Salang River .......................................................................................... 2-14

2.4.1 Irrigation and Other Water Uses ............................................................................. 2-14

2.4.2 Jabul Saraj Hydropower Plant ................................................................................ 2-16

CHAPTER 3 Preliminary Study on Dam Operation ............................................................. 3-1

3.1 Water Quality ...................................................................................................................... 3-1

3.1.1 Inspection Items........................................................................................................ 3-1

3.1.2 Result of Water Quality Survey ................................................................................ 3-2

3.2 Water Demand along the Salang River ............................................................................... 3-5

3.3 Reproduction of Long-Term Discharge ............................................................................ 3-10

3.3.1 Outline of the Model .............................................................................................. 3-10

3.3.2 Model Input ............................................................................................................ 3-12

3.3.3 Validation of the Model .......................................................................................... 3-15

3.4 Dam Operation Simulation ............................................................................................... 3-17

3.4.1 Water Balance Model ............................................................................................. 3-17

3.4.2 Operation Conditions.............................................................................................. 3-17

3.4.3 Simulation Results .................................................................................................. 3-19

3.4.4 Hydropower Generation at the Salang Dam ........................................................... 3-23

3.4.5 Influence of Extraction Water to Downstream of Kabul River .............................. 3-23

CHAPTER 4 Geology ............................................................................................................... 4-1

4.1 Regional Geomorphology and Regional Geology .............................................................. 4-1

4.1.1 Regional Geomorphology ........................................................................................ 4-1

4.1.2 Preliminary Quaternary Fault Survey ....................................................................... 4-4

4.1.3 Regional Geology ................................................................................................... 4-18

4.2 Geomorphology and Geology of Reservoir and Surrounding Area ................................. 4-20

4.2.1 Geomorphology of Reservoir and Surrounding Area ............................................. 4-20

4.2.2 Geology around the Dam Site and Reservoir ......................................................... 4-21

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4.2.3 Landslide around the Dam Site and Reservoir ....................................................... 4-25

4.3 Geologic Condition of Dam Sites ..................................................................................... 4-27

4.3.1 Geology of Dam Site A ........................................................................................... 4-27

4.3.2 Geology of Dam Site B ........................................................................................... 4-30

4.3.3 Geology of Dam Site C ........................................................................................... 4-33

4.3.4 Geology of Dam Site D .......................................................................................... 4-36

4.3.5 Geology of Dam Site E ........................................................................................... 4-39

4.4 Results of Geo-Technical Survey ..................................................................................... 4-42

4.4.1 Description of Geo-Technical Survey ..................................................................... 4-42

4.4.2 Purposes .................................................................................................................. 4-42

4.4.3 Selection of Drilling Site and Determination of Drill Length ................................ 4-42

4.4.4 Work Quantities ...................................................................................................... 4-42

4.4.5 Location of the Works ............................................................................................. 4-42

4.4.6 Equipment and Method ........................................................................................... 4-45

4.4.7 Results of Geotechnical Survey .............................................................................. 4-50

4.4.8 Comparison of Rock Mass Classifications in Dam Site ......................................... 4-56

4.4.9 Comparison of Dam Sites ....................................................................................... 4-60

4.5 Construction Material of Dam .......................................................................................... 4-63

4.5.1 Concrete Aggregate ................................................................................................ 4-63

4.5.2 Course Material for Rockfill Dam .......................................................................... 4-63

4.5.3 Core Material for Rockfill Dam.............................................................................. 4-63

4.5.4 Summary of Construction Materials Survey .......................................................... 4-68

4.6 Concluding Remarks and Future Investigations ............................................................... 4-68

4.6.1 Concluding Remarks .............................................................................................. 4-68

4.6.2 Future Investigations .............................................................................................. 4-70

4.7 References......................................................................................................................... 4-72

4.8 Annexes ............................................................................................................................ 4-73

CHAPTER 5 Preliminary Planning of Salang Dam............................................................... 5-1

5.1 Preliminary Selection and Screening of Alternative Dam Sites ......................................... 5-1

5.2 Selection of Optimum Dam Site and Cases of Pre-Feasibility Study of the Salang Dam .. 5-3

5.2.1 Comparison of Dam Site C, D and E ........................................................................ 5-3

5.2.2 Selection of Optimum Dam Site ............................................................................... 5-8

5.2.3 Cases of Pre-Feasibility Study of the Salang Dam ................................................... 5-8

5.3 Reservoir Water Capacity ................................................................................................... 5-8

5.3.1 Components of Storage Capacity ............................................................................. 5-8

5.3.2 Sediment Capacity .................................................................................................... 5-8

5.3.3 Reservoir Water Capacity and Reservoir Water Level ............................................ 5-10

5.4 Dam Type .......................................................................................................................... 5-12

5.4.1 Preliminary Screening of Dam Type ....................................................................... 5-12

5.4.2 Comparison of Concrete Gravity Dam, Zoned Rockfill Dam and Facing Rockfill Dam ........................................................................................................................ 5-12

5.4.3 Selection of Optimum Dam Type ........................................................................... 5-13

5.5 Dam Body of Center Core Rockfill Dam ......................................................................... 5-14

5.5.1 Crest Level .............................................................................................................. 5-14

5.5.2 Constitution of Zones ............................................................................................. 5-16

5.5.3 Safety of Dam Body against Sliding ....................................................................... 5-16

5.5.4 Slope Stability Analysis .......................................................................................... 5-18

5.6 Plan of Dam Body and Reservoir Area ............................................................................. 5-19

5.7 Spillway ............................................................................................................................ 5-21

5.8 Diversion Facilities ........................................................................................................... 5-22

5.9 Outlet Facilities ................................................................................................................. 5-24

5.10 Summary of Preliminary Planning of Salang Dam........................................................... 5-26

5.11 Preliminary Cost Estimate of Dam Construction.............................................................. 5-30



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5.11.1 Direct and Indirect Construction Cost .................................................................... 5-30

5.11.2 Operation and Maintenance Cost ........................................................................... 5-31

5.12 Hydropower Generation ................................................................................................... 5-31

5.12.1 Concept of Hydropower Generation by Dam ......................................................... 5-31

5.12.2 Hydrological Regime at the Proposed Salang Dam Site ........................................ 5-32

5.12.3 Planning of Hydropower ........................................................................................ 5-34

5.12.4 Rough Cost Estimation ........................................................................................... 5-38

5.12.5 Total Power Generation by Salang Dam Project .................................................... 5-39

5.13 Implementation Schedule ................................................................................................. 5-39

5.14 Implementation Organization ........................................................................................... 5-40

5.15 Summary of Project Cost .................................................................................................. 5-41

CHAPTER 6 Preliminary Planning of Water Conveyance ................................................... 6-1

6.1 Options of Route ................................................................................................................ 6-1

6.1.1 Route ........................................................................................................................ 6-1

6.1.2 Hydraulic Power Plant .............................................................................................. 6-1

6.1.3 Comparison of Options............................................................................................. 6-1

6.1.4 Diameter of Pipe ....................................................................................................... 6-2

6.1.5 Examination of Small-Scale Hydraulic Power Plant ................................................ 6-4

6.2 Rough Cost Estimation ....................................................................................................... 6-5

CHAPTER 7 Project Evaluation ............................................................................................. 7-1

7.1 Economic Evaluation.......................................................................................................... 7-1

7.1.1 Study Cases, Conditions and Assumptions ............................................................... 7-1

7.1.2 Economic Cost and Benefit ...................................................................................... 7-2

7.1.3 Economic Costs ........................................................................................................ 7-3

7.1.4 Economic Benefits.................................................................................................... 7-4

7.1.5 Results of Economic Evaluation .............................................................................. 7-7

7.1.6 Conclusion of Economic Evaluation ...................................................................... 7-14

7.2 Financial Evaluation ......................................................................................................... 7-15

7.2.1 Conditions and Assumptions .................................................................................. 7-15

7.2.2 Financial Costs ....................................................................................................... 7-15

7.2.3 Financial Revenue .................................................................................................. 7-16

7.2.4 Results of Financial Evaluation .............................................................................. 7-17

7.2.5 Sensitivity Analysis ................................................................................................ 7-21

7.2.6 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 7-22

7.3 Technical Evaluation ........................................................................................................ 7-22

7.4 Environmental and Social Considerations ........................................................................ 7-22

7.4.1 Plans to be Evaluated.............................................................................................. 7-22

7.4.2 Scoping ................................................................................................................... 7-23

7.4.3 Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures .................................................. 7-24

7.4.4 Public Consultations ............................................................................................... 7-39

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List of Tables

Table 2.2.1 Average Observed Annual Discharge ....................................................................... 2-8

Table 2.3.1 Population and Number of Families around the Dam Site ........................................ 2-9

Table 2.3.2 Average Income ...................................................................................................... 2-11

Table 2.3.3 Population Working Outside of Villages ................................................................ 2-11

Table 2.3.4 Domestic Water Source........................................................................................... 2-13

Table 2.3.5 Electric Supply ........................................................................................................ 2-13

Table 2.4.1 Features of Irrigation Schemes along Salang River ................................................ 2-15

Table 2.4.2 Water Use for Different Purposes in the Surveyed Area ........................................ 2-15

Table 3.1.1 Items for Water Quality Survey and Sampling Sites ................................................ 3-1

Table 3.1.2 Calculation Condition of Vollenweider Model (Dam Site: E) .................................. 3-2

Table 3.1.3 Countermeasures against Nutrient Enrichment ......................................................... 3-3

Table 3.1.4 Results of Water Quality Survey (As of August 2011) ............................................. 3-4

Table 3.2.1 FAO Recommended Irrigation Norm for Crops in Parwan Province ...................... 3-7

Table 3.2.2 Summary of Water Demand Situation in Irrigation Schemes along Salang River (with 50% irrigation efficiency) ................................................................................ 3-8

Table 3.3.1 Average Observed Annual Discharge ..................................................................... 3-13

Table 3.3.2 Outline of Global Climate Data .............................................................................. 3-13

Table 3.3.3 Parameters of Hydrological Model ......................................................................... 3-15

Table 3.4.1 Dam Operation Simulation Conditions ................................................................... 3-18

Table 3.4.2 Assumed Security Level in Drought ....................................................................... 3-20

Table 3.4.3 Effective Capacity of the Salang Dam Site E (Case 1) ........................................... 3-20

Table 3.4.4 Effective Capacity of the Salang Dam, Site E ........................................................ 3-22

Table 3.4.5 Potential Generated Output at the Salang Dam, Site E ........................................... 3-23

Table 3.4.6 Water Volume at Main River Point in the Kabul River Basin ................................ 3-24

Table 4.1.1 List of Quaternary Fault Written in Literature within 10km from Dam Site A ......... 4-5

Table 4.1.2 List of Photographs Used in the Aerial Photo Interpretation .................................... 4-7

Table 4.1.3 Standard of Certainty for Lineament to be Quaternary Fault .................................... 4-8

Table 4.1.4 Result of Interpretation for Geomorphic Elements (1) ........................................... 4-11



Table 4.1.7 Result of Interpretation of Aerial Photograph (1) ................................................... 4-14



Table 4.2.1 Stratigraphy and List of Bedrocks and Soils around the Project Area .................... 4-23

Table 4.2.2 List of Main Faults around the Project Area ........................................................... 4-24

Table 4.2.3 List of Landslides around the Project Area ............................................................. 4-26

Table 4.4.1 Work Quantities ...................................................................................................... 4-42

Table 4.4.2 Location of Actual Drilling Sites ............................................................................ 4-42

Table 4.4.3 Quantities of Drilling .............................................................................................. 4-45

Table 4.4.4 Size of Concrete Scaffoldings ................................................................................. 4-45

Table 4.4.5 Standard of Rock Mass Classifications for Dam Foundation ................................. 4-46

Table 4.4.6 Standards of Drill-hole Core Subdivisions .............................................................. 4-46

Table 4.4.7 Example of Combination of Subdivisions for Rockmass Classification ............... 4-47

Table 4.4.8 Standard of Weathering of Drillhole Core ............................................................... 4-47

Table 4.4.9 Standard of Hydrothermal Alteration for Drillhole Core ........................................ 4-47

Table 4.4.10 Equipment for Lugeon Test ..................................................................................... 4-48

Table 4.4.11 Method of Lugeon Test ........................................................................................... 4-48

Table 4.4.12 Test Standards of Laboratory Tests and Quantities ................................................. 4-49

Table 4.4.13 List of Lugeon Test Results ..................................................................................... 4-53

Table 4.4.14 List of Laboratory Test Results ............................................................................... 4-54

Table 4.4.15 Rock Mass Classification Combination of Subdivisions in BC-1 .......................... 4-56

Table 4.4.16 Rock Mass Classification Combination of Subdivisions in BD-1 .......................... 4-57



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Table 4.4.17 Rock Mass Classification Combination of Subdivisions in BE-1 .......................... 4-58

Table 4.4.18 Difference of Rock Mass Classification Combination of Subdivisions in BC-1, BD-1 and BE-1 ................................................................................................................. 4-59

Table 4.6.1 Conditions of Geology, Rock Mass and Permeability ............................................ 4-69

Table 4.6.2 Items of Survey for Salang Dam ............................................................................. 4-70

Table 4.6.3 List of Geophysical Prospecting Survey for Salang Dam ....................................... 4-70

Table 4.6.4 List of Planned Drilling Survey for Salang Dam .................................................... 4-70

Table ‎5.1.1 Comparison of Main Features of Alternative Dam Sites .......................................... 5-2

Table 5.2.1 Results of Estimation of Affected Population........................................................... 5-4

Table 5.2.2 Required Reservoir Storage Capacity ....................................................................... 5-5

Table 5.2.3 Selection of Optimum Dam Site ............................................................................... 5-6

Table 5.3.1 Major Features of Pre-Feasibility Study Cases of the Salang Dam ........................ 5-11

Table 5.4.1 Dam Types and their Appropriateness .................................................................... 5-12

Table 5.5.1 Calculation of Wave Height.................................................................................... 5-15

Table 5.5.2 Freeboard ................................................................................................................ 5-15

Table 5.5.3 Required Dam Crest Level...................................................................................... 5-16

Table 5.5.4 Calculation Case for Safety of Dam Body against Sliding ..................................... 5-17

Table 5.5.5 Calculation Results of Slope Stability Analysis ..................................................... 5-18

Table 5.6.1 Pre-Feasibility Study Cases of the Salang Dam ..................................................... 5-19

Table 5.9.1 Comparison of Intake Type for Selective Withdrawal ........................................... 5-25

Table 5.9.2 Outflow and Diameter of Conduit Pipe and Outlet Tunnel .................................... 5-26

Table 5.11.1 Direct and Indirect Cost of Salang Dam Construction ........................................... 5-31

Table 5.11.2 Operation and Maintenance Cost of Salang Dam ................................................... 5-31

Table 5.12.1 Hydrological Regime under Consideration ............................................................ 5-32

Table 5.12.2 Planning of Hydropower ......................................................................................... 5-34



Table 5.12.5 Comparison of Results ............................................................................................ 5-37

Table 5.12.6 Cost Estimation of the Hydropower Plant of Salang Dam ..................................... 5-38

Table 5.12.7 Potential Power Generated by Jabul Saraj Hydropower Plant ................................ 5-39

Table 5.12.8 Total Power Generation (Salang Dam and Jabul Saraj Hydropower Plant) ........... 5-39

Table 5.15.1 Project Cost (Initial Investment Cost) for Salang Dam Water Resource Development: Case-1 (V=121MCM, Dam Height=155m, 8.0m3/s for Jabul Saraj Hydro P.S.) ... 5-41

Table 5.15.2 Operation and Maintenance Cost for Salang Dam Water Resource Development: Case-1 (V=121MCM, Dam Height=155m, 8.0m3/s for Jabul Saraj Hydro P.S.) ... 5-42

Table 5.15.3 Project Cost (Initial Investment Cost) for Salang Dam Water Resource Development : Case-2 (V=62MCM, Dam Height=125m, 4.0m3/s for Jabul Saraj Hydro P.S.) ............................................................................................................. 5-42

Table 5.15.4 Operation and Maintenance Cost for Salang Dam Water Resource Development : Case-2 (V=62MCM, Dam Height=125m, 4.0m3/s for Jabul Saraj Hydro P.S.) ..... 5-42

Table 5.15.5 Project Cost (Initial Investment Cost) for Salang Dam Water Resource Development: Case-3 (V=43MCM, Dam Height=115m, 0.0m3/s for Jabul Saraj Hydro P.S.) ..... 5-43

Table 5.15.6 Operation and Maintenance Cost for Salang Dam Water Resource Development: Case-3 (V=43MCM, Dam Height=115m, 0.0m3/s for Jabul Saraj Hydro P.S.) ..... 5-43

Table 6.1.1 Hydraulic Calculation for Water Conveyance Line from Salang Dam .................... 6-3

Table 6.1.2 Recommended Diameters of Pipeline by the Site E Option ..................................... 6-3

Table 6.1.3 Examination of Generated Electric Power ................................................................ 6-5

Table 6.2.1 Lifecycle Cost for Water Conveyance from Salang Dam ......................................... 6-5

Table 6.2.2 Lifecycle Cost for Water Conveyance from Salang Dam ......................................... 6-6

Table 7.1.1 Development Schedule and Water Supply Schedule ................................................ 7-1

Table 7.1.2 Summary of Initial Investment Cost (Economic Value) ........................................... 7-3

Table 7.1.3 Operation and Maintenance Cost for the Water Supply System (Economic Cost) . 7-4

Table 7.1.4 Summary of Total Annual Operation and Maintenance Cost (Economic Cost) ...... 7-4

Table 7.1.5 Expected Benefits from Water Supply to be brought by the Project ........................ 7-5

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Table 7.1.6 Annual Benefit per Capita ......................................................................................... 7-5

Table 7.1.7 Summary of Expected Benefits from Water Supply ................................................. 7-6

Table 7.1.8 Estimated Volume of Electric Power Generation and Benefits ................................ 7-7

Table 7.1.9 Results of Economic Analysis .................................................................................. 7-7

Table 7.1.10 Result of Economic Analysis (50Afs/m3, Case 1) .................................................... 7-8

Table 7.1.11 Result of Economic Analysis (50Afs/m3, Case 2) .................................................... 7-9

Table 7.1.12 Result of Economic Analysis (50Afs/m3, Case 3) .................................................. 7-10




Table 7.1.16 Sensitivity Analysis on the Investment Cost and Benefit (Case 2, 50Afs/m3) ........ 7-14

Table 7.1.17 Sensitivity Analysis on the O&M Cost and Benefit (Case 2, 50Afs/m3) ................ 7-14

Table 7.2.1 Summary of Initial Investment Cost ....................................................................... 7-16

Table 7.2.2 Annual Revenue per Capita .................................................................................... 7-16

Table 7.2.3 Estimated Volume of Electric Power Generation and Revenue.............................. 7-17

Table 7.2.4 Financial Analysis calculated under Different Water Rates ................................... 7-17

Table 7.2.5 Result of Financial Analysis (50Afs/m3) ................................................................ 7-18

Table 7.2.6 Result of Financial Analysis (85Afs/m3) ................................................................ 7-19

Table 7.2.7 FIRR Improvement by Grant Input Rate ................................................................ 7-20

Table 7.2.8 Necessary Water Rate for Cost Recovery by Grant Rate ....................................... 7-20

Table 7.2.9 Necessary Subsidy for Cost Recovery by Grant Rate and Water Rate .................. 7-21

Table 7.2.10 Sensitivity to Changes in Investment Cost and Revenue (85Afs/m3 Case) ........... 7-21

Table 7.2.11 Sensitivity to Changes in O&M Cost and Revenue (85Afs/m3 Case).................... 7-21

Table 7.4.1 Potential Impacts of Salang Dam ............................................................................ 7-24

Table 7.4.2 Degree of Impact by Resettlement .......................................................................... 7-27

Table 7.4.3 Results of Estimation of Affected Population ......................................................... 7-27

Table 7.4.4 Affected Major Social Infrastructures ..................................................................... 7-28

Table 7.4.5 Species of Fish in Salang River .............................................................................. 7-30

Table 7.4.6 Flow Regime at Ghorband River ............................................................................ 7-34

Table 7.4.7 Summary of the IEE ................................................................................................ 7-37

Table 7.4.8 Comparison of the Alternatives (Dam Site) ............................................................ 7-39

Table 7.4.9 Comparison of the Alternatives (Water Conveyance Route) .................................. 7-39

Table 7.4.10 Schedules of the Local Stakeholder Meeting for Salang Dam Project ................... 7-40

Table 7.4.11 Participants of the First Stakeholder Meeting on the Salang Dam Project ............. 7-40

Table 7.4.12 Participants of the Second Stakeholder Meeting on the Salang Dam Project ......... 7-41

Table 7.4.13 Wordings of the Letter Submitted to DCDA at the Second Meeting (Based on the recorded voice reading in the meeting) ................................................................... 7-41

Table 7.4.14 Participants of the Third Stakeholder Meeting on Salang Dam Development ....... 7-42

Table 7.4.15 Submitted Letter to DCDA from the Local Stakeholders ....................................... 7-43



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List of Figures

Figure 2.1.1 Topographic Map of Afghanistan ............................................................................. 2-1

Figure 2.1.2 Locations of Quaternary Fault around the Salang Dam-Site .................................... 2-2

Figure 2.1.3 Locations of Possible Quaternary Fault around the Project Area ............................. 2-3

Figure 2.1.4 Geologic Map around the Project Area .................................................................... 2-4

Figure 2.2.1 Proposed Location of Salang Dam ........................................................................... 2-5

Figure 2.2.2 Annual Temperature and Precipitation ..................................................................... 2-6

Figure 2.2.3 Long-Term Average Monthly Precipitation and Temperature ................................. 2-6

Figure 2.2.4 Parameters and Elevation Difference relative to Jabul Saraj .................................... 2-7

Figure 2.2.5 Long-Term Average Monthly Discharge .................................................................. 2-8

Figure 2.3.1 Location of CDCs around the Proposed Salang Dam Site ........................................ 2-9

Figure 2.3.2 Photo of Cultivated Land along Salang River ........................................................ 2-12

Figure 2.3.3 Photos of Fish Species Caught at Salang River ...................................................... 2-12

Figure 2.3.4 Example of Hydropower Generation at Salang River ............................................ 2-13

Figure 2.4.1 Boundary of Irrigation Survey Area along Salang River ........................................ 2-14

Figure 2.4.2 Overall Water Use Situation in the Surveyed Area ................................................ 2-16

Figure 2.4.3 Situation of Irrigation Canals in the Surveyed Area ............................................... 2-16

Figure 2.4.4 Photographs of Jabal Saraj Hydropower Plant ....................................................... 2-17

Figure 3.1.1 Water Sampling in the Salang River ......................................................................... 3-1

Figure 3.1.2 Vollenweider Model .................................................................................................. 3-2

Figure 3.1.3 Evaluation of Nutrient Enrichment (T-P) ................................................................. 3-3

Figure 3.1.4 Evaluation of Nutrient Enrichment (T-N) ................................................................. 3-3

Figure 3.1.5 Cutoff Fence ............................................................................................................. 3-5

Figure 3.2.1 Location of Fruit-Based Irrigation Schemes ............................................................. 3-6

Figure 3.2.2 Location of Grain-Based Irrigation Schemes............................................................ 3-6

Figure 3.2.3 Monthly Water Demand (MCM) in Grain-Based Schemes ...................................... 3-8

Figure 3.2.4 Monthly Water Demand (m3) in Fruit-Based Schemes ............................................ 3-8

Figure 3.2.5 Overall Monthly Water Demand in Irrigation Schemes along Salang River ............ 3-9

Figure 3.2.6 Total Monthly Water Demand (MCM) for Grain-based Scheme ............................. 3-9

Figure 3.2.7 Total Monthly Water Demand (m3) for Fruit-Based Schemes ................................. 3-9

Figure 3.3.1 Diagram of the Thornthwaite Water Balance Model .............................................. 3-10

Figure 3.3.2 Accumulated Percentage of Area below Respective Elevation .............................. 3-13

Figure 3.3.3 Grid Extracted to Estimate Missing Meteorological Data ...................................... 3-14

Figure 3.3.4 Observed and Estimated Temperature of Jabul Saraj ............................................. 3-14

Figure 3.3.5 Estimated Precipitation by CRU TS3.0 and Observed Precipitation ...................... 3-14

Figure 3.3.6 Estimated Precipitation by GPCP Ver.2.1 and Observed Precipitation .................. 3-15

Figure 3.3.7 Temporal Plot of Observed and Simulated Monthly Discharge (Bagh-i-lala) ....... 3-16

Figure 3.3.8 Observed and Simulated Accumulated Discharge at Bagh-i-lala ........................... 3-16

Figure 3.3.9 Comparison of Observed and Simulated Annual Discharge at Bagh-i-lala ............ 3-16

Figure 3.4.1 Location of Dam Sites ............................................................................................ 3-17

Figure 3.4.2 Irrigation Intake in Salang River............................................................................. 3-17

Figure 3.4.3 Schematic Views of Water Extraction .................................................................... 3-18

Figure 3.4.4 Water Demand for Irrigation Schemes ................................................................... 3-19

Figure 3.4.5 Water Demand for Drinking and Domestic Water ................................................. 3-19

Figure 3.4.6 Number of Months with No Water in the Salang River ......................................... 3-19

Figure 3.4.7 Estimated Annual Average Power Generation ....................................................... 3-20

Figure 3.4.8 Schematic of Dam Operation .................................................................................. 3-20

Figure 3.4.9 Calculated Storage Volume, Dam E (Case1: Security Level: 1/5) ......................... 3-21

Figure 3.4.10 Calculated Storage Volume, Dam E (Case1: Security Level: 1/10) ....................... 3-21

Figure 3.4.11 Calculated Storage Volume, Dam E (Case1: Without Dry-Up) ............................. 3-21

Figure 3.4.12 Schematic Dam Operation (Case 2 and 3) .............................................................. 3-22

Figure 3.4.13 Water Balance between Runoff and Water Demand .............................................. 3-22

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Figure 3.4.14 H-V Curves (Site E) ................................................................................................ 3-23

Figure 3.4.15 Kabul River Network .............................................................................................. 3-24

Figure 4.1.1 Geotectonic Setting of Regional Area ....................................................................... 4-1

Figure 4.1.2 Distributions of Main Quaternary Fault in Afghanistan ............................................ 4-1

Figure 4.1.3 Locations of Earthquake Epicenter around the Project Area .................................... 4-2

Figure 4.1.4 Topographic Map of Afghanistan .............................................................................. 4-3

Figure 4.1.5 Main Topographic Regions of Afghanistan ............................................................... 4-3

Figure 4.1.6 Locations of Quaternary Fault around the Salang Dam Site ..................................... 4-4

Figure 4.1.7 Fault Types around the Salang Dam Site .................................................................. 4-5

Figure 4.1.8 Locations of Possible Quaternary Fault Written in Literature around the Project Area ................................................................................................................................... 4-6

Figure 4.1.9 Index Map of Aerial Photographs and Observed Areas ............................................ 4-7

Figure 4.1.10 Schematic Geomorphic Elements Caused by the Quaternary Fault Movement ....... 4-8

Figure 4.1.11 Result of Aerial Photo Interpretation ...................................................................... 4-10

Figure 4.1.12 Hazard Map around the Project Area ...................................................................... 4-17

Figure 4.1.13 Main Geologic Regions of Afghanistan .................................................................. 4-18

Figure 4.1.14 Geologic Map around the Project Area ................................................................... 4-19

Figure 4.2.1 Topographic Map of the Project Area ..................................................................... 4-20

Figure 4.2.2 Geologic Map of the Project Area ........................................................................... 4-22

Figure 4.2.3 Location Map of Landslides around the Dam Site .................................................. 4-25

Figure 4.3.1 Geologic Map around Dam Site A .......................................................................... 4-27

Figure 4.3.2 Geologic Profile along Dam Axis A and Salang River ........................................... 4-28

Figure 4.3.3 Upstream View of Dam Site A and Outcrop of Granite .......................................... 4-29

Figure 4.3.4 Geologic Map around Dam Site B .......................................................................... 4-30

Figure 4.3.5 Geologic Profile along Dam Axis B and Salang River ........................................... 4-31

Figure 4.3.6 Upstream View of Dam Site B and Outcrops of Gabbro and BF-1 ........................ 4-32

Figure 4.3.7 Geologic Map around Dam Site C .......................................................................... 4-33

Figure 4.3.8 Geologic Profile along Dam Axis C and Salang River ........................................... 4-34

Figure 4.3.9 Upstream View of Dam Site C and Outcrop of Granite with Pegmatite Intrusive, Cave of Crystalline Limestone ................................................................................ 4-35

Figure 4.3.10 Geologic Map around Dam Site D .......................................................................... 4-36

Figure 4.3.11 Geologic Profile along Dam Axis D and Salang River ........................................... 4-37

Figure 4.3.12 Upstream View of Dam Site D and Outcrop of Granite Containing Mafic Inclusion, DF-1 and DF-2 ........................................................................................................ 4-38

Figure 4.3.13 Geologic Map around Dam Site E .......................................................................... 4-39

Figure 4.3.14 Geologic Profile along Dam Axis E and Salang River ........................................... 4-40

Figure 4.3.15 Downstream View of Dam Site E and Outcrop of Psamitic Schist Containing Interbedded Quartzite, EF-1 Fault ........................................................................... 4-41

Figure 4.4.1 Location Map of the Project Area ........................................................................... 4-43

Figure 4.4.2 Location Map of Drilling Sites ............................................................................... 4-44

Figure 4.4.3 Calculation of Lugeon Value ................................................................................... 4-48

Figure 4.4.4 Calculation of Converted Lugeon Value ................................................................. 4-48

Figure 4.4.5 Schematic Model of Lugeon Test ............................................................................ 4-49

Figure 4.4.6 Schematic Columnar Section of BC-1 .................................................................... 4-50

Figure 4.4.7 Schematic Columnar Section of BD-1 .................................................................... 4-51

Figure 4.4.8 Schematic Columnar Section of BE-1 .................................................................... 4-52

Figure 4.4.9 Relationship of Rock Species between Drilling Depth and σc ............................... 4-55

Figure 4.4.10 Relationship of Rock Hardness between Drilling Depth and σc ............................. 4-55

Figure 4.4.11 Percentages of Rock Mass Classification Combination of Subdivisions in BC-1 .. 4-56

Figure 4.4.12 Percentages of Rock Mass Classification Combination of Subdivisions in BD-1 .. 4-57

Figure 4.4.13 Percentages of Rock Mass Classification Combination of Subdivisions in BE-1 .. 4-58

Figure 4.4.14 Geologic Profile along and across Dam Axis .......................................................... 4-60

Figure 4.4.15 Rock Mass Classification Profiles Along and Across Dam Axis ............................ 4-61

Figure 4.4.16 Lugeon Value Distribution Profiles Along and Across Dam Axis .......................... 4-62



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ix

Figure 4.5.1 Survey Areas for Borrow Area of Fine Material ..................................................... 4-64

Figure 4.5.2 Distributions of Soft Sediment and Locations of Survey Area for Borrow Area .... 4-65

Figure 4.5.3 Soft Sediment around the BA-A Site ...................................................................... 4-66

Figure 4.5.4 Soft Sediment around the BA-B Site ...................................................................... 4-66

Figure 4.5.5 Soft Sediment around the BA-C Site ...................................................................... 4-67

Figure 4.5.6 Soft Sediment around the BA-D Site ...................................................................... 4-67

Figure 4.5.7 Soft Sediment around the BA-E Site ...................................................................... 4-67

Figure 4.6.1 Location Map of Planned Geophysical Prospecting Survey and Drilling survey ... 4-71

Figure 4.6.2 Profile of Planned Drilling Survey ......................................................................... 4-71

Figure 5.1.1 Locations of Alternative Dam Site ........................................................................... 5-1

Figure ‎5.1.2 Reservoir Water Depth – Reservoir Storage Capacity Curve ................................... 5-2

Figure ‎5.1.3 Relationship of Reservoir Storage Capacity and Number of Affected House .......... 5-3

Figure 5.2.1 Plan of Dam Body at C / D / E at V=43MCM / 62MCM / 121MCM ...................... 5-7

Figure 5.3.1 Sediment Load in River and Sediment Deposit in Reservoir ................................... 5-9

Figure 5.3.2 Reservoir Capacity Allocation at Dam Site E ......................................................... 5-11

Figure 5.5.1 Typical Cross Section of Center Core Rockfill Dam .............................................. 5-19

Figure 5.6.1 Plan of Dam Body and Reservoir Area at Dam Site E (Case 1: Reservoir Storage Capacity: 121 MCM 8.0 m3/s for Jabul Saraj Hydropower Station) ...................... 5-19

Figure 5.6.2 Plan of Dam Body and Reservoir Area at Dam Site E (Case 2: Reservoir Storage Capacity: 62 MCM, 4.0 m3/s for Jabul Saraj Hydropower Station) ....................... 5-20

Figure 5.6.3 Plan of Dam Body and Reservoir Area at Dam Site E (Case 3: Reservoir Storage Capacity: 43 MCM, 0.0 m3/s for Jabul Saraj Hydropower Station) ....................... 5-20

Figure 5.7.1 Alternative Study on Layout Plan of Spillway (Case 1) ......................................... 5-21

Figure 5.8.1 Types of Tunnel Cross Section ............................................................................... 5-23

Figure 5.12.1 Concept of the Hydropower at the Salang Dam ..................................................... 5-32

Figure 5.12.2 H-H Chart at Dam Site E ........................................................................................ 5-33

Figure 5.13.1 Project Implementation Schedule for Salang Dam Construction ........................... 5-40

Figure 6.1.1 Water Conveyance Route from Salang Dam ............................................................ 6-1

Figure 6.1.2 Conceptual Longitudinal Profile of Conveyance Line from Salang Dam ................ 6-2

Figure 6.1.3 Longitudinal Profile of Water Conveyance from Salang Dam (Option-1-1 and Option-1-2) ............................................................................................................... 6-4

Figure 6.1.4 Longitudinal Profile of Water Conveyance from Salang Dam (Option-2) ............... 6-4

Figure 6.2.1 Lifecycle Cost for Water Conveyance from Salang Dam (Simple Accumulation) .. 6-6

Figure 7.4.1 Locations of Villages and Dam Sites ...................................................................... 7-23

Figure 7.4.2 Options for Water Conveyance Route from Salang Dam ....................................... 7-23

Figure 7.4.3 Planned Reservoir Area and the Affected Villages ................................................ 7-26

Figure 7.4.4 Locations of Major Social Infrastructures .............................................................. 7-28

Figure 7.4.5 Land Use along the Route of Pipeline Option-1 ..................................................... 7-29

Figure 7.4.6 Condition of the Project Site ................................................................................... 7-30

Figure 7.4.7 Section of Charikar Road with Installed Pipeline ................................................... 7-31

Figure 7.4.8 Section of the Arterial Road along Salang River with Installed Pipeline ............... 7-31

Figure 7.4.9 Average Downstream Flow Volume from Salang River ........................................ 7-33

Figure 7.4.10 Estimated Discharge of Ghorband River at Infiltration Gallery ............................. 7-34

Figure 7.4.11 Location of Bridges ................................................................................................ 7-35

Figure 7.4.12 Yearly Fluctuation of Downstream Flow Volume .................................................. 7-36

Abbreviations

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x CTI Engineering International Co., Ltd. and



Abbreviations and Acronyms

ADB : Asian Development Bank AMA : Afghanistan Meteorological Authority ANDS : Afghanistan National Development Strategy AUWSSC : Afghanistan Urban Water Supply and Sewerage Corporation CAS : Central Asian Region CAWSS : Central Authority for Water Supply and Sewerage CDC : Community Development Council CSO : Central Statistics Office DCDA : Dehsabz-Barikab Development Authority DCIP : Ductile Cast-Iron Pipe DDA : District Development Assembly DEM : Digital Elevation Model DSS : Decision Support System EIA : Environmental Impact Assessment EIRP : Emergency Infrastructure Reconstruction Project EIRR : Economic Internal Rate of Return FAO : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FIRR : Financial Internal Rate Of Return F/C : Foreign Currency FRP : Fiber Reinforced Plastic GOA : Government of Afghanistan GTI : Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GTZ : Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit IA : Irrigation Association IBRD : International Bank for Reconstruction and Development IEE : Initial Environmental Examination IPCC : Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change JICA : Japan International Cooperation Agency JWT : JICA Water Team (The Study Team of this Study) KfW : Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau KMA : Kabul Metropolitan Area KMAMP : Master Plan for the Kabul Metropolitan Area KNC : Kabul New City LC : Local Council L/C : Local Currency MACCA : Mine Action Coordination Center of Afghanistan MAIL : Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Livestock MBTA : Ministry of Border and Tribal Affairs MEW : Ministry of Energy and Water MoF : Ministry of Finance MoH : Ministry of Health MoM : Ministry of Mines MPW : Ministry of Public Welfare MUDA : Ministry of Urban Development Affairs MRRD : Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development NEPA : National Environmental Protection Agency NGO : Non-Governmental organization NOAA : National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration NPV : Net Present Value PET : Potential Evapotranspiration PH : Phase PRT : Provincial Reconstruction Team RAP : Resettlement Action Plan RBA : River Basin Agency RBC : River Basin Council SC : Steering Committee SCoW : Supreme Council on Water SRBA : Sub-River Basin Agency SRBC : Sub-River Basin Council TWG : Technical Working Group USAID : United States Agency for International Development USGS : United States Geological Survey WB : The World Bank WMO : World Meteorological Organization WUA : Water Users Association



Abbreviations / Measurement Unit

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xi

Glossary

Shura : Village governing body (its members are elected by vote) Sharia : Islamic doctrine on human behavior and activities Malik : Village chief (an elder person leading the village) Mirab : Water master (a person entrusted to oversee the irrigation network and distribute the water to

farmlands based on respective water rights

Measurement Units

(Length) (Time) mm : millimeter(s) s, sec : second(s) cm : centimeter(s) min : minute(s) m : meter(s) h, hr : hour(s) km : kilometer(s) d, dy : day(s) y, yr : year(s) (Area) mm2 : square millimeter(s) (Volume) cm2 : square centimeter(s) cm3 : cubic centimeter(s) m2 : square meter(s) m3 : cubic meter(s) km2 : square kilometer(s) l, ltr : liter(s) ha : hectare(s) MCM : million cubic meter(s) (Weight) (Speed/Velocity) g, gr : gram(s) cm/s : centimeter per second kg : kilogram(s) m/s : meter per second ton : ton(s) km/h : kilometer per hour (Electricity) (Others) kW : kilowatt(s) LCD, lcd : liter per capita per day kWh : kilowatt hour(s) MW : megawatt(s) MWh : megawatt hour(s)



Chapter 1

Part 3




1-1

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

<Change of Names of Panjshir Fan Aquifer and Gulbahar Dam>

It was agreed at the Steering Committee Meeting on October 7, 2012 that the names of Panjshir Fan Aquifer and Gulbahar Dam would be changed to Sayad Fan Aquifer and Panjshir Dam respectively to more precisely indicate their site locations. In this Final Report, however, the old names are still used. 1.1 Background

Two dams have been proposed in the Kabul Metropolitan Area Master Plan (KMAMP) as the water source for Phase-3 of the water resources development and supply plan for Kabul New City (KNC); namely, the Gulbahar Dam and the Salang Dam. One of the two dams is supposed to shoulder the water demand for 2022 and thereafter. The Salang Dam, of which candidate sites are located at about 10 to 20km upstream of Jabul Saraj Town on the Salang River, is proposed as the alternative to the Gulbahar Dam in the KMAMP.

The Salang River which originates in the Hindu Kush Mountains is rich in water resources. In view of the high altitude of the possible dam sites of more than 1,900 m, it is expected that the dam can deliver water to the KNC by gravity without pumps.

1.2 General Description of the Project

1.2.1 Target Development

The water demand proposed by KMAMP has been modified as explained in Chapter 4 of Part 1. The Salang Dam is supposed to develop 52.4 MCM/year by 2022.

1.2.2 Salang Dam

The Salang Dam has been tentatively designed in the KMAMP as a rock-fill type dam with the height of 110 m and the storage volume of 40 MCM. The dam site, dam type and preliminary dam design has been determined through engineering design, geotechnical surveys, social and environmental considerations, economic analysis, etc.

1.2.3 Water Conveyance

Water from the Salang Dam is to be conveyed to the Paymonar Water Treatment Plant as shown in the location map. Since the elevation of the dam site is higher than that of the treatment plant, there is a possibility that water from the dam will be conveyed to the treatment plant by gravity without pumps.



Chapter 2

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2-1

CHAPTER 2 PROJECT AREA

2.1 Topography and Geology

2.1.1 Topography

The project area is located in Northern Afghanistan at the southern part of the Hindu Kush Mountains. The Hindu Kush Mountains extend from northeast to southwest. The highest peak of these mountains is Mt. Tirich Mir (EL.7,690 m). They extend eastward to the Karakoram Range and to the Himalayan Mountains (Figure 2.1.1).

Figure 2.1.1 Topographic Map of Afghanistan

Project Area

Chapter 2

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2-2 CTI Engineering International Co., Ltd. and



2.1.2 Quaternary Faults

Afghanistan is situated at the place where the Eurasian, Indian and Arabian plates meet each other. Many Quaternary faults such as the Paghman Fault, the Hari Rud Fault, the Panjshir Fault and the Sorubi Fault exist around the project area (Figure 2.1.2). According to recent literature1, these faults do not reach the Salang Dam area (Figure 2.1.3).

After Ruleman et al. 2007：USGS open-file report 2007-1103

Figure 2.1.2 Locations of Quaternary Fault around the Salang Dam-Site

1USGS open-file report 2007-1103, http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1103/

Hari Rud Fault

E69° E70°

N35°

km 0 20 80 40 100 60

Paghman Fault (Charman Fault System)

Sorubi Fault

Panjshir Fault Project Area



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2-3

Red circle shows the distance from Dam Site A.

After Ruleman et al. 2007：USGS open-file report 2007-1103

Figure 2.1.3 Locations of Possible Quaternary Fault around the Project Area

Dam Site E

Dam Site D

Dam Site A

Dam Site B

Dam Site C

Hari Rud Fault

Panjshir Fault

Chapter 2

Part 3






2.1.3 Geologic Division

Bedrocks of the project area generally consist of Proterozoic gneiss, granite and gabbro, Paleozoic sandstone, siltstone, limestone ultramafic rocks, and Mesozoic granite (Figure 2.1.4). These are hard and massive rocks.

Geochronologic Classification Numerical Age (Ma) Mark Geologic Name Lithology Eon Era Period Epoch

Phanerozoic

Cenozoic Quaternary

Holocene 0 – 0.0117 Alluvium Shingly and detrital sediments, gravel, sand more abundant than silt and clay

Holocene- Pleistocene

Fan alluvium and colluvium

Shingly and detrital sediments, gravel, sand, clay

Pleistocene 0.0117 – 2.588 Loess Loess more abundant than sand, clay

Mesozoic Triassic Early 246 – 251 Granite Granite

Paleozoic

Carboniferous Early 318 – 359 Ultramafic intrusions Dunite, peridotite, serpentinite

Devonian- Silurian 359 – 444

Limestone and dolomite

Limestone and dolomite more abundant than schist, sandstone

Ordovician 444 – 488 Sandstone and siltstone Sandstone, shale, chert

Proterozoic Paleoproterozoic

Late 542 – 1,600 (2,050)

Gneiss and granite Gneiss-granite, granite, plagiogranite

Gabbro and mafic metavolcanics

Gabbro, metadiabase, amphibolite, diolite, plagiogranite

Early 1,600 (2,050) – 2,500 Gneiss

Two-mica, biotite, biotite-amphibole, garnet-biotite, garnet-silimanite-biotite, pyroxene-amphibole, plagioclase and cordierite gneiss; schist , migmatite, quartzite, marble, amphibolite

After Lindsay et al. 2005: USGS Geologic map

Figure 2.1.4 Geologic Map around the Project Area

Dam Site A

Dam Site D

Dam Site E

N

Dam-axis

0 5km

Dam Site B

Dam Site C



Chapter 2

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2-5

2.2 Meteorology and Hydrology

2.2.1 Location of Salang Dam

For the drinking water supply to Kabul New City and electric power generation, the Salang Dam Project needs to be examined. According to THE STUDY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MASTER PLAN FOR THE KABUL METROPOLITAN AREA IN THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF AFGHANISTAN (hereinafter referred to as the Master Plan), it is planned that the water volume of 44.70MCM/year is to be supplied to the new city.

The location of Salang Dam is shown in Figure 2.2.1 and, as of September 2011, three (3) candidate dam sites dam are proposed. In consideration of geography, topography, social and economic efficiency and so on, Dam Site E in the uppermost stream has been selected as the most suitable dam site.

Hydrological Station

Meteorological Station

Shukhi

Bagh-i-lala

Pul-i-ashawa

Gulbahar (Panjshir Riv.)

Gulbahar (Shutl Riv.)

North SalangSouth Salang

Jabul Saraj

KabulPaghman

Kariz Mir

Salang River Basin

Panjshir

Riv.

Gorband Riv.

Kabul Riv.

Logar

Riv

.

Figure 2.2.1 Proposed Location of Salang Dam

Candidate Salang Dam Site

Dam Site E

Chapter 2

Part 3






2.2.2 Meteorology

To understand the meteorological condition around the Salang Dam site, temperature and precipitation have been examined. The nationwide observation network in Afghanistan was established by the Afghanistan Meteorological Authority (AMA) in 1953. Unfortunately, meteorological data from the mid-1980’s to the beginning of 2000’s were missing due to the longstanding national conflict. Since 2005, rehabilitation works on the monitoring system of AMA were made; however, these were not complete. Annual temperature and precipitation are shown in Figure 2.2.2.

Figure 2.2.2 Annual Temperature and Precipitation

According to the observed data, annual precipitation in North and South Salang is 2 to 3 times more than that of Kabul and Jabul Saraj. It is guessed that precipitation in the mountain area is the major water source of Salang River. Annual average temperature observed at Kabul seems to have an increasing trend. On the other hand, no clear trend could be seen in the temperature data observed at Jabul Saraj.

Long term average monthly precipitation and temperature are shown in Figure 2.2.3. As seen in the figure, most of rainfalls occur between November and May and little rainfall is expected in June to September.

Figure 2.2.3 Long-Term Average Monthly Precipitation and Temperature

South Salang

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1956

1958

1960

1962

1964

1966

1968

1970

1972

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1976

1978

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

Anuual P

recip

itatio

n(m

m)

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Annual A

vera

ge

Tem

pera

ture

(Co)

Annual Precipitation

Average Temperature

data missing

North Salang

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1956

1958

1960

1962

1964

1966

1968

1970

1972

1974

1976

1978

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1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

Anuual P

recip

itatio

n(m

m)

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2A

nnual A

vera

ge

Tem

pera

ture

(Co)


Average Temperature

data missing

Jabul Saraj

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1956

1958

1960

1962

1964

1966

1968

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1972

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1978

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1982

1984

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1988

1990

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1996

1998

2000

2002

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2010

Anuual P

recip

itatio

n(m

m)

8

10

12

14

16

18

Annual A

vera

ge

Tem

pera

ture

(Co)


Average Temperature

data missing

Kabul

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1956

1958

1960

1962

1964

1966

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1972

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1978

1980

1982

1984

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Anuual P

recip

itatio

n(m

m)

6

8

10

12

14

16

Annual A

vera

ge

Tem

pera

ture

(Co)


Average Temperature

data missing

Ave Temp. 12.4 deg Ave Precipitation. 297.2 mm

Ave Temp. -0.2 deg Ave Precipitation. 946.9 mm

Ave Temp. 15.1 deg

Ave Precipitation. 445.2 mm

Ave Temp. 2.7 deg

Ave Precipitation. 971.5 mm

Source: Afghanistan Metrological Authority

Kabul

0

50

100

150

200

250

Oct.

Nov.

Dec

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

Jun.

Jul.

Aug.

Sep.

Anuual P

recip

itatio

n(m

m)

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

Annual A

vera

ge

Tem

pera

ture

(Co)

Precipitation

Temperature

Jabul Saraj

0

50

100

150

200

250

Oct.

Nov.

Dec

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

Jun.

Jul.

Aug.

Sep.

Anuual P

recip

itatio

n(m

m)

-20

-10

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30

Annual A

vera

ge

Tem

pera

ture

(Co)

Precipitation

Temperature

North Salang

0

50

100

150

200

250

Oct.

Nov.

Dec

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

Jun.

Jul.

Aug.

Sep.

Anuual P

recip

itatio

n(m

m)

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

Annual A

vera

ge

Tem

pera

ture

(Co)

Precipitation

TemperatureSouth Salang

0

50

100

150

200

250

Oct.

Nov.

Dec

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

Jun.

Jul.

Aug.

Sep.

Anuual P

recip

itatio

n(m

m)

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

Annual A

vera

ge

Tem

pera

ture

(Co)

Precipitation

Temperature




Chapter 2

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2-7

Temperature among the stations has a good linear-correlation. Temperatures y degree at the five stations, North Salang, South Salang, Kariz Mir, Paghman, and Kabul could be estimated from the temperature of Jabul Saraj, as follows:

nnn bxay Where; x is temperature at Jabul Saraj, an and bn are regression parameters, n is the number of meteorological station. Correlation between elevation difference relative to Jabul Saraj and two regression parameters; namely, a and b, could be as shown in Figure 2.2.4. Parameters a and b at arbitrary elevation could be calculated from the figure, and with these parameters known, temperature at arbitrary elevation from the temperature of Jabul Saraj.

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

1.1

-0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

Elevation Defference relative to Jabul Saraj(Thousand m)a

-15

-12

-9

-6

-3

0

3

6

b(C

o)

a

b

Figure 2.2.4 Parameters and Elevation

Difference relative to Jabul Saraj

2.2.3 Hydrology

As with the meteorological observation network, no hydrological observation was made during the civil war. Therefore, the period of available hydrological data is from 1980s to 2000s.

Long-term Average Monthly Discharge is shown in Table 2.2.1 and Figure 2.2.5. Average annual runoff depth at Gulbahar (Panjshir River) and Bagh-i-lala are 474mm and 668mm respectively, which are 2.6 to 3.6 times larger than that of Pul-i-ashawa. It could be said that snowfall in the mountain range running north of the Kabul River Basin gives advantage to Salang and Panjshir River in terms of water resources development.

Chapter 2

Part 3






Table 2.2.1 Average Observed Annual Discharge

Station River Catchment Area (km2)

Average Annual Discharge Volume (MCM)

Average Annual Runoff Depth (mm)

Shukhi Panjshir 10,887 2,925 269 Pul-i-ashawa Ghorband 4,040 730 181

Gulbahar (Panjshir Riv.) Panjshir 3,530 1,673 474 Bagh-i-lala Salang 438 326 668

Source: Ministry of Energy and Water, JICA Study Team

Figure 2.2.5 Long-Term Average Monthly Discharge

2.3 Socio-Economic Condition

The proposed site of Salang Dam is located along Salang River in Salang District, Parwan Province. The population of Salang District is 24,900 (Central Statistics Organization, 2011-12)); 75% of the working population earns their living from agriculture according to the information of MRRD (2007).

The following social information is based on the interview survey conducted in this study. The interviewer visited 13 CDCs around the project site (Figure 2.3.1) and asked questions from the representatives of the villages such as Malik based on the prepared questionnaire.

Shukhi

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River: Panjshir

Catchment Area: 10,887 km2

River: Panjshir Catchment Area: 3,530 km

2

River: Ghorband

Catchment Area: 4,040 km2

River: Salang

Catchment Area: 438 km2



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Figure 2.3.1 Location of CDCs around the Proposed Salang Dam Site

(1) Population and Villages

There are thirteen CDCs around the project site. Each CDC is composed of two to eleven villages. Some of them are very small villages consisting of less than 10 houses. Based on the interview results, population of each CDC is between 280 and 2,176. Most of the people living in this area are Tajik.

Population and number of families of the thirteen CDCs around the project site are shown in following table.

Table 2.3.1 Population and Number of Families around the Dam Site

Name of CDC Villages Population Number of Families

Bina Loud (no info) 513 65 Wonamak 1. Wonamak

2. Bero kar 345 59

Honarw-e-Paeen 1. Honarw-e-paeen 2. Seh khasat

280 130

Jafarak 1. Jafarak 2. Jafarak-e-bala

430 50

Bina loud

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3. Petaaw Sartikacheh (no info) 625 138 Hijan 1. Hijan-e-paeen

2. Hijan-e-bala 3. Zacheen 4. Langarha 5. Jawar shamsherha 6. Gorg bordah 7. Badal khil 8. Khoramha 9. Amir khil 10. Mohammad khil 11. Arezo khi

2,176 277

Qalatak 1. Qualatak 2. Aghil-e- qoolam 3. Do abi 4. Gardane 5. Pas-e-hesarak

642 166

Aqli-e-Khan 1. Aghil-e-khan 2. Baq-e-maidan 3. Deh qoochak 4. Azar cheen

1,389 177

Nawachi Paeen 1. Nawach paeen 2. Aghil-e- bala 3. Choqurak

600 114

Baba Shongol 1. Baba shonghol 2. Jawar-e-bala

310 57

Nawache Bala 1. Nawach bala 2. Pass kandi

925 173

Paja 1. Paja 2. Benawach

620 95

Takhma 1. Baba mardan 2. Takhma 3. Chaparaq 4. Lalme sabzak

1,300 198

Total - 10,155 1,699 Note: Based on the Interview Survey in 2011.

(2) Economic Condition

Table 2.3.2 shows the average income at each village as provided by the representatives. The monthly income per family is generally low, between 2,000 and 5,500 Afs, compared with the average income in Parwan Province2 which shows that more than 80% of the families in Parwan Province earn over 5,000 Afs per month.

Most occupations in the villages are agriculture and livestock-raising. The other major income source is working outside of the villages because job opportunities in the area are limited. In reality, tens or hundreds of people in each CDC are working in the other large cities such as Kabul and Charikar or Iran (Table 2.3.3).

2 Social Study Report for Feasibility Study of Gulbahar Storage Dam Project, Ministry of Energy and Water,

2010



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Table 2.3.2 Average Income

Unit: AF/family/month

Name of CDC Agriculture Non-agriculture Total

Bina Loud 5,000 200 5,200 Wonamak 3,500 1,500 5,000 Honarw-e-Paeen 1,500 500 2,000 Jafarak 2,000 1,000 3,000 Sartikacheh 2,500 2,000 4,500 Hijan 1,500 3,000 4,500 Qalatak 2,000 1,500 3,500 Aqli-e-Khan 2,000 3,500 5,500 Nawachi Paeen 1,500 3,000 4,500 Baba Shongol 1,000 3,000 4,000 Nawache Bala 100 3,000 3,100 Paja 100 3,000 3,100 Takhma 1,500 3,000 4,500

Note: Based on the Interview Survey in 2011

Table 2.3.3 Population Working Outside of Villages

Name of CDC Population working outside of villages Work Places

Bina Loud 101 Iran, Kandahar, Hilmand Wonamak 90 Iran, Salang, Charikar, Kabul Honarw-e-Paeen 122 Iran, Salang, Kabul Jafarak 55 Iran Sartikacheh 72 Iran Hijan 311 Kabul, Charikar, Kabul, Hilmand Qalatak 154 Kabul, Charikar, Kandahar Aqli-e-Khan 179 Kabul, Charikar, Kandahar, Hilmand Nawachi Paeen 87 Kabul, Charikar Baba Shongol 61 Kabul Nawache Bala 108 Kabul, Charikar Paja 183 Iran, Kandahar, Hilmand, Kabul Takhma 211 Kabul, Charikar

Note: Based on the Interview Survey in 2011

(3) Agriculture

The rocky mountainous topographic feature in the area seems not to be suitable for cultivation; however, people produce crops at riverside and terraced fields. The produced crops are wheat, maize, potato, fruits and nuts. According to the interview results, there is no clear ownership of agricultural land and no landowner owns a large area. Every farmer cultivates his small land which he claims as his own.

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Figure 2.3.2 Photo of Cultivated Land along Salang River

(4) Fishery

Fishing activity at Salang River is scarce: all of the interviewed representatives of the villages answered that there is no fishing activity at Salang River. However, some of the villagers were found catching fish using net in the river. According to them, few villagers catch fish of less than three kilograms per week during the summer season. The fish species they catch are rainbow trout and ray-finned fish (Figure 2.3.3).

Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout)

Schizothorax plagiostomus (ray-finned fish)

Figure 2.3.3 Photos of Fish Species Caught at Salang River

(5) Domestic Water Use and Electric Supply

Domestic water sources at the CDCs are tabulated in Table 2.3.4. People use river water as drinking water and for other purposes. Except some villages which have tap water piped from spring, people fetch water manually from river and spring. Water supply is mainly the role of women although men help in winter season.

Table 2.3.5 shows electricity supply at each village. Electricity is generated by small-scale hydropower generator (Figure 2.3.4), oil generator and solar power. In some CDCs, 10-60% of families do not have any electricity at all. Moreover, use of the available electricity is limited only to lighting in a few hours at night at all CDCs.



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Table 2.3.4 Domestic Water Source

Name of CDC For Drinking For other domestic uses Volume of water use (liter/day/family)

Bina Loud River and spring River 160 Wonamak River and spring River and spring 150 Honarw-e-Paeen River River 180 Jafarak River River 150 Sartikacheh Spring Spring 120 Hijan River and spring River and spring 180 Qalatak River and spring River and spring 200 Aqli-e-Khan Tap water from spring Tap water from spring 180 Nawachi Paeen River and tap water from spring River and tap water from spring 180 Baba Shongol Tap water from spring River and tap water from spring 170 Nawache Bala Spring Spring 150 Paja River and spring River and spring 150 Takhma Tap water from spring and open spring River and tap water from spring 160 Note: Based on the Interview Survey in 2011.

Table 2.3.5 Electric Supply

Name of CDC Rate of families which have electric supply (%) Electric source

Bina Loud 60 Hydropower Wonamak 100 Hydropower Honarw-e-Paeen 100 Hydropower Jafarak 100 Hydropower Sartikacheh 100 Hydropower Hijan 80 Hydropower Qalatak 100 Hydropower Aqli-e-Khan 100 Oil generator Nawachi Paeen 100 Oil generator and solar Baba Shongol 100 Hydropower Nawache Bala 90 Solar Paja 80 Oil generator Takhma 40 Solar and hydropower Note: Based on the Interview Survey in 2011.

Figure 2.3.4 Example of Hydropower Generation at Salang River

(6) Health Condition

The most frequent disease in this area is diarrhea; the number of patients at each CDC is between tens and hundreds in one year. The other major diseases listed through the interview are tuberculosis, malaria, hepatitis and kidney stones.

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2.4 Water Use along Salang River

2.4.1 Irrigation and Other Water Uses

Statements and data provided herein have been collected and verified by three means: (i) detailed field surveys by a local Afghan company hired by JWT; (ii) field observation and literature investigation by the JICA expert in-charged; and (iii) consultation with relevant institutions such as agriculture departments in Salang and Jabul Saraj districts, and Shora of villages. Shora is the village governing body, whose members are elected by vote of village population.

Totally, 20 irrigation schemes are within the boundary of the Surveyed Area (Figure 2.4.1), all receiving water from Salang River, and belonging to the two districts of Jabul Saraj (8 schemes) and Salang (12 schemes) of Parwan Province. Some of the main canals are centuries old, with recognized water rights, formal water user groups, and applying the Mirab water distribution system. Water right (quota) of each scheme is registered with the Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Livestock (MAIL), as well as the Ministry of Energy and Water (MEW) of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. Water user groups are formally recognized and registered in the same ministries. Mirab (water master) is a person entrusted to oversee the irrigation network, and distribute the water to farmlands based on respective water rights. The cultivators collectively pay the wage of the Mirab at the rate of 7 kg of wheat per 0.2 ha of landholding.

Figure 2.4.1 Boundary of Irrigation Survey Area along Salang River

In general, canals are unlined, have an average discharge of 0.22m3/s, and operated and maintained by farmers. In case of damage/deterioration, farmers hire laborers for repair work, and pay the labor cost collectively. Since the entire arable land in these schemes are irrigated, no irrigation expansion is considered. Land is used for fruit, cereal, pulse/bean, and vegetable cultivation, and land ownership is through religious (Sharia) recognition. In this case owners register their holdings with the Ministry of Justice and acquire a formal land ownership document. Names and features of the schemes are provided in Table 2.4.1.



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Table 2.4.1 Features of Irrigation Schemes along Salang River

Scheme/Main Canal Discharge of Monthly Use Intake/Year Scheme Irrigation Irrigation Water Water for other No. of HouseholdName Main Canal (m3/s) (m3) (m3) Area (ha) Area (ha) Use (1000 m3) Uses (1000 m3) Beneficiary

Goe Afghan 0.85 2,203,200 26,438,400 700 700 25116.5 1321.92 Hanzakhil, Chinarkhil, Chinaky 4000Goe Bakhshi 0.125 324,000 3,888,000 100 100 29959.2 1576.8 Eshq Abad, Abed Khil, Sorkhakan 3000Goe Belavdan 0.32 829,440 9,953,280 340 340 8758.8 1194.3 Dehbala, Mirkhans, Normadkhil 2000 Jabal SarajGoe Ibrahimkhan 1.47 3,810,240 45,722,880 800 800 41607.8 4115.1 Jabarkhil, Ashraf khil, Hashimkhil 8000Goe Kolokhi 0.1 259,200 3,110,400 25 25 2954.9 155.5 Guzar, Madkhan khil, Shibaqikhil 2000Goe Zardkhil 0.3 777,600 9,331,200 130 130 8864.6 466.6 Zardkhils, Shamoradkhil 500Jabal Saraji Goe Barq 1.6 4,147,200 49,766,400 800 800 44789.8 4976.6 Tajikan, Madadkhil, Qadarkhil 10000Goe Kalan 1.91 4,950,720 59,408,640 230 230 53467.8 5940.9 Baine Bagha, Taglar 2500Awchakar 0.02 51,840 622,080 1.0 1.0 591.0 31.1 Qalatak (Aghale Ghulam) 20Paja Bala 0.03 77,760 933,120 6.0 6.0 839.8 93.3 Paja Bala 30Charmaghz Mastan 0.04 103,680 1,244,160 1.0 1.0 97.5 6.2 Qalatak( Aghala khan ) 30Do Abi 0.06 155,520 1,866,240 1.0 1.0 1791.6 74.6 Qalatak (Do Abi) 30Hatikar 0.09 233,280 2,799,360 2.0 2.0 2547.4 251.9 Aghala khan 40Malamal 0.055 142,560 1,710,720 1.0 1.0 1608.1 102.6 Aghala khan 40 SalangDewtarmak 0.018 46,656 559,872 2.0 2.0 509.5 50.4 Qalatak (Dewtarmak) 10Babashangul 0.11 285,120 3,421,440 2.0 2.0 3216.2 205.3 Baba shangul 30Badam Joe 0.06 155,520 1,866,240 2.0 2.0 1698.3 168.0 Azanchin 30Badamak 0.034 89,424 1,073,088 1.0 1.0 1008.7 64.4 Qalatak (Badamak) 30Bagh e mirhamza 0.13 336,960 4,043,520 0.5 0.5 3800.9 242.6 Qalatak (Aghala khan) 10Azanchin Canal 0.026 67,392 808,704 1.0 1.0 744.0 64.7 Nawach 15

Total 7.348 19,047,312 228,567,744 3,145.5 3,145.5 233,972.3 21,102.9 32,315

Beneficiary VillagesDistrictMain Major crops

(Berries, Almond, peach)

(Wheat, tomato, beans)Grain, Vegetable, pulse

Fruits

Some of

Source: Field surveys through an Afghan local company hired by the JICA Water Team. Figures for Irrigation Area slightly modified and

adjusted based on GIS measurement. Note: Monthly estimation = measured discharge of canal (m3/s) x 60 (seconds) x 60 (minutes) x 24 (days) x 30 (months).

Yearly estimation = measured discharge of canal (m3/s) x 60 (seconds) x 60 (minutes) x 24 (days) x 30 (months) x 12 (years).

Table 2.4.2 indicates water use ratios in each scheme, and Figure 2.4.2 show overall ratios for entire surveyed area. Since farming is the major occupation of inhabitants, largest amount of water is used for irrigation. Schemes with less arable land, undertake livestock-raising as another source of income, thus utilizing more water for this purpose. Water use by local institutions (mosque, school), shops and small enterprises is included in drinking and house use portions. It should be noted that most households have dug wells in their home yards as main source of drinking water. However, people working in the fields and those with no immediate access to well water, use the canal as an emergency source of drinking water. The situation of irrigation canals is reflected in Figure 2.4.3.

Table 2.4.2 Water Use for Different Purposes in the Surveyed Area

Scheme/Main Canal Name

Purposes and Water Use Livestock Drinking House Use Irrigation

Goe Afghan 1% 2% 3% 94% Goe Bakhshi 1% 2% 2% 95% Goe Belavdan 1% 2% 2% 95% Goe Ibrahimkhan 1% 3% 4% 92% Goe Kolokhi 1% 3% 3% 93% Goe Zardkhil 1% 2% 2% 95% Jabal Saraj Goe Barq 2% 3% 5% 90% Goe Kalan 2% 3% 5% 90% Awchakar 1% 2% 2% 95% Paja Bala 2% 2% 4% 92% Charmaghz Mastan 1.5% 2.0% 2.7% 93.8% Do Abi 1.4% 2.0% 1.6% 95.0% Hatikar 2.0% 3.0% 4.0% 91.0% Malamal 1.0% 3.0% 2.0% 94.0% Dewtarmak 2.0% 4.0% 3.0% 91.0% Baba Shangul 2.0% 1.5% 3.0% 93.5% Badam Joe 2.0% 3.0% 4.0% 91.0% Badamak 2.0% 1.5% 2.5% 94.0% Bagh Mirhamza 1.0% 2.0% 3.0% 94.0% Azanchin 2.0% 3.0% 3.0% 92.0%

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1.5%

2.5%

3.0%

93.0%Livestock

Drinking

House use

Irrigation Figure 2.4.2 Overall Water Use Situation in the Surveyed Area

Figure 2.4.3 Situation of Irrigation Canals in the Surveyed Area

2.4.2 Jabul Saraj Hydropower Plant

At about 10 to 15km below the candidate sites of the Salang Dam, there is an historical run-of-the-river hydropower station. It is the Jabul Saraj Hydropower Station constructed in 1919, the oldest in Afghanistan.

Water diverted from the Salang River is conveyed to the power plant by a 2km-long headrace canal and a 1.5m diameter and 190m mild steel penstock pipe. The water is returned to the Salang River immediately after being used for the power generation. The original installed capacity of turbines was 2.54 MW. However, the capacity has been reduced dramatically because of the old and poorly maintained hydraulic machines. Only one of the four turbines is currently working to generate 300kW for local households by actually using 1.6 m3/s of water discharge with 27m of gross head. This power plant is now being rehabilitated by Parwan PRT, and hopefully, will be completed within this year, 2012. When completed, the full capacity would increase to 2.0 MW with 8m3/s of design discharge with 37m of gross head. According to the consultant who designed the rehabilitation work, the increased power will be used for a cement factory and a textile factory, in principle, and the local residents in Jabal Saraj Town, too, if there is surplus.



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Figure 2.4.4 Photographs of Jabal Saraj Hydropower Plant

Since augmentation of the power capacity of the Jabul Suraj Hydropower Plant requires more water, the plant might be disadvantageous to the Salang Dam Project. The capacity of the reservoir depends upon how much water is released to the downstream users. The dam will have to release more water for the hydropower station, and the increased water demand requires the Salang Dam to have a bigger and costlier reservoir. On the other hand, the Salang Dam can also generate hydropower and might replace the Jabul Suraj Hydropower Station. Therefore, the Salang Dam shall be examined as a multipurpose dam with water supply and hydropower generation purposes in combination with the Jabul Saraj Hydropower Station.

(a) Existing Powerhouse Building (b) Abandoned Old Turbine

(c) Reconstructed Intake (Tyrol Type) (d) New RCC Penstock (under Construction)

feasibility study on urgent water resources ...appendix b preliminary design of contingency plans...

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