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ExtendingConserva0on:Interna0onalCapacityBuilding

JukkaJokilehto

London,12November2015

Scope

•  TheCapacityBuildingdocumentwastheresultofalongprocess,associated

withthegeneralinternaEonaldevelopments.Itwasstartedbythegrowing

awarenessofmoresystemaEctrainingtargeEngawiderangeofprofessional,

techniciansaswellasthegeneralpublic.Indeed,withtheevolvingre-

definiEonofwhatisintendedby"heritage",pracEcallyeverybodyinthe

societyshouldbeinvolvedinthecareofhis/herheritage.

•  MyintenEonistothinkaboutthedefiniEonofheritage,andtherelevant

managementprocesses.Iwilltrytodiscusstheinvolvementofdifferent

disciplinesinlinewiththeCapacityBuildingprinciples.OneofthequesEonsis

toclarifytherelaEonshipofwhatapropertyisthatwhatitsignifies,

comparedtothevaluesthatmaybeassociatedwithit.

•  ThisisimportantalreadyinthecontextofWorldHeritageevaluaEons.With

theincreasingnumberofheritagesites,understandingtheirsignificancein

therelevantcultural,socialandenvironmentalcontextbecomescrucial.

Furthermore,anincreasingnumberofheritageproperEes,parEcularlyurban

areas,areatriskduetolarge-scalecommercialandofficedevelopments.

•  So,howshouldwedealwithCapacityBuildinginfaceofthesedifferent

challenges.

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Crea0vityandCulture•  HenriBergson(1859-1941)

ÉLANVITALChairman:Interna'onalCommi.eefor

IntellectualCoopera'on,foundedby

theLeagueofNaEonsin1922

•  AloisRiegl(1857-1905)analysisofheritagevalues:

KUNSTWOLLEN

Riegl

Bergson

Recogni0onofSignificanceandRestora0on

•  FriedrichNietzsche:

“DEATHOFGOD” HumanValuejudgement

•  EugeneViollet-le-Duc:

STYLISTICRESTORATION Emphasisonformanddesign

•  JohnRuskin:

CONSERVATIONMOVEMENT Emphasisonmaterialandsubstance

•  GustavoGiovannoni:

SCIENTIFICRESTORATION Emphasisonevidenceandmethodology

Viollet-le-Duc

Ruskin

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TheoryofRestora0on

RestoraEonconsistsof

themethodologicalmomentinwhichthe

workofartisrecognized

initsphysicalbeingand

initsdualaestheEcand

historicalnature,inview

ofitstransmissiontothe

future.

Laocoön

Interna0onalRecogni0onVeniceCharter,1964

•  Imbuedwithamessagefromthepast,

thehistoricmonumentsofgeneraEonsof

peopleremaintothepresentdayasliving

witnessesoftheirage-oldtradiEons.

•  Peoplearebecomingmoreandmore

consciousoftheunityofhumanvalues

andregardancientmonumentsasa

commonheritage.

•  Thecommonresponsibilitytosafeguard

themforfuturegeneraEonsisrecognized.

Itisourdutytohandthemoninthefull

richnessoftheirauthenEcity.

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‘Monument’•  La0n,Italian:derivesfrom‘moneo’:toremind,

admonish,warn.

•  English:‘thehistoricmonumentsofgenera'onsof

people’

•  French:‘lesœuvresmonumentalesdespeuples’(i.e.the

greatworksorimportantachievementsofthepeoples).

•  Chinese:‘culturalrelics’,whichhadaveryarchaeologicalfeeling.The2015‘PrinciplesfortheConservaEonof

HeritageSitesinChina’,e.g.‘heritagesite’isinterpreted

asacombinaEon:[‘culture+property+ancient+

remains’].

•  Arabic:‘turath’,correspondstothenoEonof‘heritage’,referredtointangibleculturalheritageandliving

tradiEons.Instead,‘athar’,alsoheritage,isunderstoodto

mean‘ruins’

ArchofTitus,Rome

1993TrainingGuidelines(ICOMOS-CIF)GuidelinesonEducaEonandTrainingintheConservaEonofMonuments,EnsemblesandSites

•  TheobjectofconservaEonistoprolongthelifeofculturalheritage

and,ifpossible,toclarifythearEsEc

andhistoricalmessagestherein

withoutthelossofauthenEcityand

meaning.

•  ConservaEonisacultural,arEsEc,technicalandcralacEvitybasedon

humanisEcandscienEficstudies

andsystemaEcresearch.

•  ConservaEonmustrespectthe

culturalcontext.

SirBernardFEILDEN

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CompetenceinHeritageConservaEon

1993Guidelines,arEcle5

A.RecogniseHeritageResourcewithinitsContexta) readamonument,ensembleorsiteandidenEfyitsemoEonal,culturalandusesignificance;

b) understandthehistoryandtechnologyofmonuments,ensemblesorsitesinordertodefinetheiridenEty,planfortheirconservaEon,and

interprettheresultsofthisresearch;

c) understandthesenngofamonument,ensembleorsite,theircontentsandsurroundings,inrelaEontootherbuildings,gardensor

landscapes;

d) findandabsorballavailablesourcesofinformaEonrelevanttothemonument,ensembleorsitebeingstudied;

B.UndertakeSurveyandDocumenta0on

e) understandandanalyzethebehaviourofmonuments,ensemblesandsitesascomplexsystems;

f) diagnoseintrinsicandextrinsiccausesofdecayasabasisforappropriateacEon;

g) inspectandmakereportsintelligibletonon-specialistreadersofmonuments,ensemblesorsites,illustratedbygraphicmeanssuchas

sketchesandphotographs;

C.UnderstandandApplyInterna0onalDoctrine

h) know,understandandapplyUNESCOconvenEonsandrecommendaEons,andICOMOSandotherrecognizedCharters,regulaEonsand

guidelines;

i) makebalancedjudgementsbasedonsharedethicalprinciples,andacceptresponsibilityforthelong-termwelfareofculturalheritage;

D.CollaborateinConserva0onManagement

j) recognizewhenadvicemustbesoughtanddefinetheareasofneedofstudybydifferentspecialists,e.g.wallpainEngs,sculptureand

objectsofarEsEcandhistoricalvalue,and/orstudiesofmaterialsandsystems;

k) giveexpertadviceonmaintenancestrategies,managementpoliciesandthepolicyframeworkforenvironmentalprotecEonand

preservaEonofmonumentsandtheircontents,andsites;

l) documentworksexecutedandmakesameaccessible.

m) workinmulE-disciplinarygroupsusingsoundmethods;

n) beabletoworkwithinhabitants,administratorsandplannerstoresolveconflictsandtodevelopconservaEonstrategiesappropriateto

localneeds,abiliEesandresources;

AimsofCourses

•  ThepracEceofconservaEonisinterdisciplinary;itthereforefollows

thatcoursesshouldalsobe

mul0disciplinary.

•  Professionals,includingacademics

andspecializedcralspersons,who

havealreadyreceivedtheirnormal

qualificaEonwillneedfurther

traininginordertobecome

conserva)onists;equallythosewhoseektoactcompetentlyinhistoric

environment.

Scotland,2014

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HeritageEnvironment

•  1990sCulturalLandscape– WorldHeritage1992

– CouncilofEurope1995•  2000EarthCharter•  2003IntangibleCulturalHeritage•  2005DiversityofCulturalExpressions•  2005ICOMOS,SenngofHeritage

•  2011HUL,HistoricUrbanLandscape

HeritageCommunity

FaroConvenEon,2005

•  CULTURALHERITAGEisagroupofresourcesinheritedfromthepastwhichpeopleidenEfy,independentlyof

ownership,asareflecEonandexpressionoftheir

constantlyevolvingvalues,beliefs,knowledgeand

tradiEons.Itincludesallaspectsoftheenvironment

resulEngfromtheinteracEonbetweenpeopleand

placesthroughEme;

•  AHERITAGECOMMUNITYconsistsofpeoplewhovaluespecificaspectsofculturalheritagewhichthey

wish,withintheframeworkofpublicacEon,tosustain

andtransmittofuturegeneraEons.

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KyotoVisionUNESCO-WH,2012

•  OnlythroughstrengthenedrelaEonshipsbetweenpeopleandheritage,basedon

respectforculturalandbiologicaldiversity

asawhole,integraEngbothtangibleand

intangibleaspectsandgearedtoward

sustainabledevelopment,willthe‘future

wewant’becomeaqainable.

Value•  Valuemeansrecogni0onofquali0esandsignificanceinreferencetocomparablesources

•  2005,CouncilofEuropeFrameworkConven'onontheValueofCulturalHeritageforSociety,‘FaroConvenEon’

•  Culturalheritageisreferredto:

–  “--resourcesinheritedfromthepastwhichpeopleiden'fy,

independentlyofownership,asareflec'onandexpression

oftheirconstantlyevolvingvalues,beliefs,knowledgeand

tradi'ons.Itincludesallaspectsoftheenvironment

resul'ngfromtheinterac'onbetweenpeopleandplaces

through'me.”

•  Inourcontemporarysociety,valueshavebecomeaproduct.

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Valuevs.SignificanceA.   Iden0fica0onofmeaningofan

object(e.g.heritage);B.   Associa0onofvaluetoobject

throughmeaning

Meaning/Significance

Society

Tangible

and/or

Intangible

Society

Compara0veStudywithproper0esofsimilar

meaning

CommunityNeedsShelter,SocialSpace

HumanCrea0vityTypology,Morphology

SIGNIFICANCE

ContextEnvironment

Material

Climaterequirements

CulturalExpression

Form/SubstanceDura0on

Recogni0onofCulturalExpressionsasHeritageVALUEJUDGEMENT

Tradi0onConEnuityand

Maintenance

ModernityRestoraEon

ConservaEon

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CapacityBuilding•  Theprocessbywhichindividuals,organisa0ons,ins0tu0onsandsocie0esdevelopabili0esto–  performfunc0ons,–  solveproblemsand–  setandachieveobjec0ves.

•  3inter-relatedlevels:INDIVIDUAL,INSTITUTIONALANDSOCIETAL

•  POLICYCHOICESANDMODESOFIMPLEMENTATIONamongdevelopmentopEons,basedonanunderstandingof

heritage/environmentpotenEalsandlimitsandofneeds

perceivedbythecommunity/countryconcerned.

WorldHeritageCapacityBuildingStrategy(2011)

•  TheFirstParadigmShih:FromTrainingtoCapacityBuilding–  strengthentheknowledge,abiliEes,skillsandbehaviourofpeoplewithdirectresponsibiliEesforheritageconservaEonand

management,

–  improveinsEtuEonalstructuresandprocessesthrough

empoweringdecision-makersandpolicy-makers,and

–  introduceamoredynamicrelaEonshipbetweenheritageandits

contextand,inturn,greaterreciprocalbenefitsbyamoreinclusive

approach,

•  TheSecondParadigmShih:Connec0ngCapacityBuildingforCulturalandNaturalHeritage

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2013,ICOMOSCIFPrinciplesforCapacityBuildingthroughEduca0onandTraininginSafeguardingandIntegratedConserva0onofCulturalHeritage

•  Thepresentdocumentshouldbeseenasaframeworkdocumentprovidingoverallguidancefortheprinciplesof

Capacity-Buildinginthesafeguardingandconserva'onof

theculturalheritage.

•  Addi'onaldocumentscouldbea.achedprovidingamorein-depthguidanceforspecifictypesofheritageandtarget

audiences,aswellasfordifferenttypesofCapacity-Building

ac'vi'es,orsafeguardingandconserva'onac'ons.

•  TheseprinciplesextendbutdonotreplacetheICOMOS-CIF

1993Guidelines.Itisaddressed,inthefirstplace,tothe

membersofICOMOS,invi'ngthemtodiffusethemessages

thereintothebroaderinterna'onalcommunityofheritage

conserva'onistsandbeyond.

CapacityBuildingRequires:

•  Buildinganetworkofqualifiedteachers,andidenEfyingnecessarydidacEcfaciliEes;

•  Iden0fyingsponsorsandregionalandnaEonalpartnerorganisaEons;

•  Direc0ngfinancialandadministra0vesupporttoheritagemanagement;

•  Organisingcollabora0venetworksofindividualsandinsEtuEonsfortheexchangeofideasandopinionson

approachestoeducaEonandtraining;

•  ExpandingthemarketforconservaEon,researchandtraining,andencouragingthecreaEonofopportuniEesfor

qualified,trainedconservaEonists;aswellas,

•  EnsuringthatthenecessarylegalandregulatoryframeworksenableorganisaEons,insEtuEonsandagenciesatalllevelsandinallsectorstoenhancetheircapaciEes,

developingframeworksandcommunicaEonsystems.

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HistoricUrbanAreas

Urbanhistoricalsitesarepartofa

widertotality,comprisingthe

naturalandthebuiltenvironment

andtheeverydayliving

experienceoftheirdwellersas

well.Withinthiswiderspace,

enrichedwithvaluesofremoteor

recentoriginandpermanently

undergoingadynamicprocessof

successivetransformaEons,new

urbanspacesmaybeconsidered

asenvironmentalevidencesin

theirformaEvestages.

Shiraz,Iran

Recogni0onofhistoricalandarchitecturalvaluesofmonuments

Ahmadabad,India

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Recogni0onofsocial-culturalvaluesin

UrbanAreasAhmadabad,India

Recogni0onofcultural-environmentalsignificanceofwidercontext:CulturalGeography

Ahmadabad

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CulturalLandscape

CulturalLandscape:“--illustra0veoftheevolu0onofhumansocietyandseilementover0me,undertheinfluenceofthephysicalconstraintsand/oropportuni0espresentedbytheirnaturalenvironmentandofsuccessivesocial,economicandculturalforces,bothexternalandinternal.”

HUL,HistoricUrbanLandscape

UNESCO2011

ThisRecommendaEonaddressestheneedtobeqer

integrateandframeurbanheritageconservaEonstrategies

withinthelargergoalsofoverallsustainabledevelopment,

inordertosupportpublicandprivateacEonsaimedat

preservingandenhancingthequalityofthehuman

environment.Itsuggestsalandscapeapproachfor

idenEfying,conservingandmanaginghistoricareaswithin

theirbroaderurbancontexts,byconsideringtheinter-

relaEonshipsoftheirphysicalforms,theirspaEal

organizaEonandconnecEon,theirnaturalfeaturesand

senngs,andtheirsocial,culturalandeconomicvalues.

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UNESCO:HistoricUrbanLandscape(HUL)Assisi,PhDbyVivianaMar0ni,2013

OldRauma,Finland(founded15c;totalpopulaEon40,000;centre800)

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GeneralTargetGroups

•  Communi0esandtheGeneralPublic•  Non-GovernmentalOrganisa0ons(NGOs)•  GovernmentalAuthori0esandIns0tu0ons•  PropertyandSiteManagers•  Conserva0onProjectManagers

TargetGroupsofSpecificProfessions

•  Conserva0onArchitects,Planners,LandscapeArchitects,Engineers•  Conservators/Restorers•  Conserva0onTechnicians,TechnologistsandHeritageRecordingSpecialists•  Conserva0onScien0sts•  Art/ArchitecturalHistorians,Archaeologists,andotherHeritage

Researchers

•  Architects,Planners,LandscapeArchitects,Engineers,Surveyors,Geographers,Topographers,etc.notspecialisedinConservaEon

•  ProfessionalsresponsibleforEnvironmentandSustainableDevelopment,

NatureandNaturalHeritageConservators

•  Economists,Sociologists,Anthropologists,SocialGeographers,LawyersandothersupporEngprofessionals

•  CrahspersonsandAr0sans•  PlannersandEngineersofInfrastructure•  TechniciansofBuildingU0li0esandCommodi0es

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PlanningandImplemenEng

•  Theapproachwouldnormallyinvolvemakinga

criEcalassessmentoftheneedsandtheexisEng

resourcesand,developingsoluEonsinorderto

prepareaStrategicPlanwhilerecognisingthat

emergingstrategiesneedtobeadaptableto

changingcondiEons.

•  TheStrategicPlanshouldaimtodefineindividual

responsibiliEes,andleadtothecreaEonofan

AcEonPlanthatcouldbepursued,monitored

andupdatedatregularintervals.

Involvement

•  AvarietyofinsEtuEonsmaybeinvolvedinCapacityBuilding

iniEaEves–includinguniversiEes,trainingcentres,andrelated

NGOsandIGOsincludingICCROM,eachwithaspecificmandate

forCapacityBuilding.Othersmayengageinamorelimitedor

ad-hocmanner.

•  ThenecessaryspecificresourceswillvarywiththetypeofinsEtuEon,targetgroupandidenEfiedacEvity.

•  EachoftheplannedacEviEesmustbedesignedforthe

competentappropriateaudience.

•  Itisimportanttoconsiderthat,atthestrategiclevelinvolvinga

numberofinsEtuEons;theremayalreadybesufficientfinancial

andhumanresourcestocarryouttheidenEfiedacEviEes.

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OUVTheoutstandinguniversalvalueofculturalandnaturalproperEesis

definedbyArEcles1and2ofthe

ConvenEon.ThesedefiniEonsare

interpretedbytheCommiqeeby

usingtwosetsofcriteria:onesetfor

culturalpropertyandanothersetfor

naturalproperty.(e.g.1992)

TobedeemedofOutstandingUniversalValue,apropertymust

alsomeetthecondiEonsofintegrityand/orauthen0cityandmusthave

anadequateprotec0onandmanagementsystemtoensureits

safeguarding.(2005)

IUCN

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