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Endocrine System Mrs. Atchison Health Science I

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Function of endocrine system Endocrine glands - Secrete chemicals, hormones, directly into bloodstream. - Ductless glands Exocrine glands - Secrete substance through a duct i.e.Sweat, salivary, lacrimal and pancreas. Hormones = chemical substances that coordinate and direct target cells and organs.

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Negative Feedback Drop in hormone level triggers chain reaction: 1. Blood level of hormone falls 2. Brain gets message and sends out hormone to stimulate gland 3. Gland secretes more hormone 4. When blood levels of hormone increase, the brain hormones stop

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Nervous Control In some cases, sympathetic nervous system causes direct release of hormone from gland i.e. stress may cause the adrenal medulla to secrete adrenaline

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What is a gland? Any organ that produces a secretion called hormones It is ductless Only acts on Target cells

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Question Hormone release provides immediate body responses because the hormones are directed toward: A. cardiac cells. B. cyclic AMP cells. C. synaptic junctions. D. target organ cells

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Answer Target organ cells

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Pituitary Gland Tiny size of a grape Base of brain Connected to hypothalamus Anterior / Posterior lobes Cranial cavity Master Gland

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Anterior Pituitary Lobe GH Growth hormone (somatotropin) responsible for growth and development Prolactin develops breast tissue, stimulates production of milk after childbirth TSH Thyroid stimulating hormone stimulates thyroid cells to produce thyroid hormone = thyroxine (low TSH treated with synthroid) ACTH Adrenocortiocotropic hormone stimulates adrenal cortex

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Question Jackie complained to his/her doctor about nervousness, and weight loss even though he/she has had increased food intake. Laboratory tests revealed that Jackie had an elevated level of which hormone? A. Adrenaline B. Glucagon C. Parathormone D. Thyroxin

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Answer Thyroxin

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Anterior Pituitary contd FSH Follicle stimulating hormone stimulates growth of follicle and production of estrogen in females and sperm in males LH Luteinizing hormone stimulates ovulation and formation of corpus luteum, which produces progesterone in females

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Posterior Pituitary Lobe Vasopressin converts to ADH (antidiuretic hormone) in the bloodstream, acts on kidney to concentrate urine and preserve water in the body Oxytocin released during childbirth causing contractions of the uterus

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Question The pituitary gland is located: A. at the base of the brain. B. atop the kidney. C. in the chest. D. in the pelvic cavity.

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answer At the base of the brain

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Question Which gland is divided into anterior and posterior lobes? A. Gonads B. Pituitary C. Thymus D. Thyroid

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Answer Pituitary

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Question The pregnant woman began to have contractions of the uterus in preparation for childbirth. What is the name of the hormone that initiated her contractions? A. Follicle stimulating hormone B. Luteinizing hormone C. Oxytocin D. Prolactin

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Answer oxytocin

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Thyroid Gland 1. Butterfly-shaped mass of tissue. 2. On either side of larynx, in front of the trachea. 3. H-shaped.

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Thyroid stimulating hormone (stimulates cellular metabolism) Main hormone Thyroxine controlled by secretion of TSH controls rate of metabolism Calcitonin controls calcium ion concentration in the body prevents hypercalcemia

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Question Which gland is butterfly-shaped and located in the anterior neck on either side of the larynx? A. Gonads B. Pituitary C. Thymus D. Thyroid

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Answer Thyroid

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Parathyroid Glands 4 glands size of a grain of rice Attached to posterior thyroid Produce parathormone which helps control blood calcium, prevents hypocalcemia.

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Thymus Gland Endocrine and lymphatic organ Behind sternum, above and in front of heart Begins to disappear at puberty Produces Thymosin reacts upon lymphoid tissue to produce T-lymphocytes

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Question Which gland is posterior to the sternum A. Parathyroid B. Pituitary C. Thymus D. Thyroid

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answer thymus

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Adrenal Glands Adrenal Glands above kidneys Adrenal cortex secretes corticoids (anti-inflammatory hormones) and sex hormones Androgens Male sex hormones Adrenalin hormone from adrenal medulla, powerful cardiac stimulant, fight or flight hormone response to stress Adrenal Medulla also secretes nor epinephrine increases BP and heart rate and constricts blood vessels.

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Question In an emergency situation, the "fight or flight" hormone will increase the heart rate and blood pressure. This hormone is: A. ADH. B. adrenalin. C. insulin. D. thyroxin.

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Answer adrenalin

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Question The adrenal glands are located directly above the kidneys and are: A. composed of only a few cells. B. divided into the cortex and medulla. C. exocrine glands. D. pine-shaped.

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Answer B

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Question A small child was being chased by a large dog. Out of fear, the child ran really fast. Which hormone enabled the child to get away from the dog? A. Adrenal B. Parathyroid C. Pineal D. Thymus

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Answer adrenal

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Question On his way to work, the student witnessed a traffic accident. His heart rate increased and his mental alertness improved as he assisted the victims. The students response result from the release of: A. corticosteroids. B. epinephrine. C. parathromone. D. thyroxin.

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Answer epinepherine

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Gonads Gonads ovaries in female and testes in male Estrogen Development of female reproductive organs, secondary sex characteristics Progesterone Plays a part in the menstrual cycle Testosterone Male reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics

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Question A 19 year old male that has not begun to develop chest hair, a deep voice, or increased muscle mass may be deficient in which hormone? A. Estrogen B. Insulin C. Progesterone D. Testosterone

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Answer Testosterone

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Question A teenage girl that has undeveloped breasts and has not started her menstrual cycle indicates that a hormone deficiency exists. What hormone is deficient? A. Estrogen B. Insulin C. Oxytocin D. Testosterone

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Answer estrogen

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Steroid Abuse-has side effects

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Steroid testing

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question Liver damage, heart disease, testicular changes, and breast growth in males are symptoms of A. Addisons disease. B. Cushings syndrome. C. hyperthyroidism. D. steroid abuse.

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Answer steroids

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Pancreas Pancreas abdominal cavity behind the stomach Endocrine and exocrine functions Islets of Langerhans Insulin production. Insulin promotes utilization of glucose by the cells lowers blood sugar levels

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Question Which endocrine gland contains the Islets of Langerhans? A. Brain stem B. Liver C. Pancreas D. Thymus

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Answer pancreas

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Question Janie has hyperglycemia and is being treated with insulin. Which of Janies endocrine glands is functioning inefficiently? A. Adrenal B. Pancreas C. Pituitary D. Thyroid

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Answer pancreas

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The breast feeding hormone Prolactin

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Question The obstetrician instructs a new mother about the changes in her body He/she explains that her breast milk production is the result of A. growth hormone. B. oxytocin. C. prolactin. D. vasopressin

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Answer prolactin

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Question The pancreas is also an organ of the: A. circulatory system. B. digestive system. C. lymphatic system. D. respiratory system.

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Answer Digestive

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Endocrine Disorders - Dwarfism Hypofunction of pituitary in childhood Small size, but body proportions and intellect normal Sexual immaturity Rx Early diagnosis, injection of growth hormone

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Gigantism Gigantism Hyperfunction of pituitary Too much growth hormone In preadolescence Overgrowth of long bones leads to excessive tallness

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Question The endocrinologist saw a patient whose parents were concerned about their 8 year old childs short stature. The physician suspects that the child may have a deficiency in: A. growth hormone. B. oxytocin. C. prolactin. D. vasopressin

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Answer Growth hormone

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Acromegaly Hyperfunction of pituitary too much growth hormone in adulthood Overdevelopment of bones in face, hands and feet Attacks cartilage so the chin protrudes - lips, nose and extremities enlarge Rx drugs to inhibit growth hormone radiation

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Question A 47 year old man went to see his doctor. When reviewing family pictures, the patients wife noted that her husband had developed enlarged hands, lips and nose, and that his chin protrudes more than it used to. Following some laboratory studies, the doctor diagnosed the patient with: A. acromegaly. B. Graves disease. C. hypothyroidism. D. toxic goiter

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Answer Acromegaly

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Hyperthyroidism Overactive thyroid gland Too much thyroxine leads to enlargement of gland Symptoms Consuming large quantities of food but lose weight nervous irritability Goiter Enlargement of gland Exophthalmos Bulging of eyeballs Trt Partial or total removal of gland, drugs to reduce include thyroxine radiation

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Hypothyroidism Not enough thyroxine May be due to lack of iodine (simple goiter) Other cause inflammation of thyroid which destroys the ability of the gland to make thyroxine Symptoms Dry, itchy skin; dry and brittle hair, constipation, muscle cramps at night.

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Exopthalmus-bulging eyes

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Did you know?

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Question The endocrine disorder that could be prevented by using iodized salt is: A. acromegaly. B. gigantism. C. hyperthyroidism. D. hypothyroidism

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Answer hypothyroidism

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question Terri has an excessive appetite but has trouble gaining weight. She also has exophthalmos. What disorder might she have? A. Addisons disease B. Cushings syndrome C. Hyperthyroidism D. Steroid abuse

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Answer Hyperthyroidism

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Tetany In hypoparathyroidism, decreased calcium levels affect functions of nerves Symptoms Convulsive twitching develops, person dies of spasms in the respiratory muscles Rx Vitamin D, calcium and parathormone.

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Diabetes Mellitus Cause Decreased secretion of insulin Symptoms Polyuria, polyphagia, polydipsia, weight loss, blurred vision, and possible diabetic muscles. If not treated, excess glucose in blood (hyperglycemia) and secreted in urine (glycosuria) If too much insulin given, blood sugar can get too low (hypoglycemia) and person can develop insulin shock. Type II diabetes is not insulin-dependent Most common, usually familial, occurs later in life, usually treated with diet. Test for diabetes Blood sample at home, normal blood sugar is 80-100 mg. screening=urinalysis

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Hyperglycemia (High Blood Glucose) Causes: Too much food, too little insulin or diabetes medicine, illness or stress. Onset: Gradual, may progress to diabetic coma. Symptoms: Extreme thirst, frequent urination, dry skin, hunger, blurred vision, drowsiness, and nausea. What can you do? Take blood glucose tests, and if over 250 mg/dL for several tests, call your doctor.

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Hypoglycemia (Low Blood Glucose) Causes: Too little food, too much insulin or diabetes medicine, or extra exercise. Onset: Sudden, may progress to insulin shock. Symptoms: Shaking, fast heartbeat, sweating, anxious, dizziness, hunger, impaired vision, weakness fatigue, headache, and irritablility. What can you do? Drink glass of orange juice or skim milk, or eat several hard candies, test your blood glucose; if symptoms dont stop call your doctor, within 30 minutes after symptoms go away, eat a light snack (a peanut butter or meat sandwich and a glass of mik.

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Question Janie has hyperglycemia and is being treated with insulin. Which of Janies endocrine glands is functioning inefficiently? A. Adrenal B. Pancreas C. Pituitary D. Thyroid

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Answer pancreas

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Endocrine Terminology 1. Thyroxine Regulates body metabolism 2. Adrenalin Stimulates the heart to beat faster 3. Parathyroid Regulates use of calcium 4. Parathormone Control use of calcium phosphorus 5. Insulin Secreted by pancreas 6. Calcitonin Affects neuromuscular functioing, blood clotting, and holds cells together 7. Estrogen Governs reproduction and fertility 8. Oxytocin Causes the uterus to contract during labor 9. Gonad Sex gland 10. ATCH Hormone secreted by the pituitary gland

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Endocrine Terminology Cont. 11. Acromegaly Enlargement of bones of the extremities. 12. Adenectomy Removal of any gland. 13. Adenoidectomy Removal of the adenoids. 14. Adrenogenic Originating in the adrenals. 15. Dwarfism Condition of being abnormally small. 16. Endocrine Ductless; to secrete within. 17. Endocrinotherapy Treatment with endocrine preparation. 18. Exocrine To secrete through a duct. 19.Goiter Enlarged thyroid gland.

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Endocrine Terminology Cont. 20. Goitrogens Any substance that causes a goiter. 21. Lymphycytopenia Deficiency of lymph cells. 22. Pancreatolysis Breakdown of the pancreas. 23. Parathyrotoxicosis Poisonous condition of the parathyroid. 24. Pinealoma Tumor of the pineal gland. 25. Pituitarigenic Originating in the pituitary. 26. Thyroadenitis Inflammation of the thyroid gland.

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Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Adrenal Cortex Addison's disease- Addison's disease- adrenal glands produce too little cortisol and often insufficient levels of aldosterone as well. What is the cause of Addisons disease? What are the most common symptoms of Addisons disease? How is Addisons disease treated? 4.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the endocrine system

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Hyperpigmented skin

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Treatment-Addisons

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Question Trey has the appearance of a tan even during the winter months. During a physical exam, he had a low blood pressure and low blood sugar. These symptoms are indicative of: A. Addisons disease. B. Cushings syndrome. C. hyperthyroidism. D. steroid abuse.

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Answer Addisons Disease

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Question In an emergency situation, the "fight or flight" hormone will increase the heart rate and blood pressure. This hormone is: A. ADH. B. adrenalin. C. insulin. D. thyroxin

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Answer Adrenalin

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Question The 76 year old female was transported to the hospital following a fall. Upon examination, it was determined that she sustained a fracture of the head of her femur. This injury was likely related to: A. acromegaly. B. bone deformity. C. myxedema. D. osteoporosis.

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Answer osteoporosis

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Cushings Disease high levels of the hormone cortisol Symptoms- Women-Thicker or more visible body and facial hair (hirsutism), irregular or absent menstrual periods Men-Decreased libido, decreased fertility, erectile dysfunction

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Common Signs Weight gain and fatty tissue deposits, particularly around the midsection and upper back, in the face (moon face), and between the shoulders (buffalo hump) Pink or purple stretch marks (striae) on the skin of the abdomen, thighs, breasts and arms Thinning, fragile skin that bruises easily Slow healing of cuts, insect bites and infections Acne