Echinoderm Research and Diversityin Latin America

Juan José AlvaradoFrancisco Alonso Solís-MarínEditors

Echinoderm Research andDiversity in Latin America

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EditorsJuan José AlvaradoCentro de Investigaciónes en Ciencias

del Mar y LimnologiaUniversidad de Costa RicaSan JoséCosta Rica

Francisco Alonso Solís-MarínInstituto de Ciencias del Mar, y LimnologiaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMéxico CityMexico

ISBN 978-3-642-20050-2 ISBN 978-3-642-20051-9 (eBook)DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-20051-9Springer Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London

Library of Congress Control Number: 2012941234

� Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part ofthe material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission orinformation storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilarmethodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are briefexcerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for thepurpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of thework. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions ofthe Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must alwaysbe obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the CopyrightClearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in thispublication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exemptfrom the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date ofpublication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility forany errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, withrespect to the material contained herein.

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We would like to dedicate this book to thepioneers of echinoderms research in LatinAmerican. To Marı́a Elena Caso, IreneBernasconi, Luis Roberto Tomassi andEvelyn Zoppi de Roa.

Foreword

This is a remarkable book. First and foremost, it compiles an immense amount ofliterature on all aspects of echinoderm biology and ecology over an extremelybroad geographical range. This will be extremely useful because much of theliterature is relatively unknown to the world at large. The description of theoceanography and marine environments of each country in a comprehensive waywill be of considerable interest to marine biologists in general.

One of the most interesting aspects of this book is the section devoted to thehistory of echinoderm studies in each country. The first reports about echinodermswere isolated and sporadic, not systematic studies. These generally did not beginuntil the 1850s with various foreign expeditions along the coasts of Latin America.Studies of echinoderms by workers in Latin American countries themselves didnot begin to develop appreciably until the 1950s. This has changed in a dramaticway. In the latter part of the twentieth century, interest in marine biology andrecognition of its importance in terms of basic science, the environment andconservation, and economics increased greatly. This led to an increase in thenumber of marine biologists in general and of echinoderm biologists in particular.The amount of research activity that has developed since then is impressive.Another thing that impressed me, apparent in the book, is the passion of LatinAmerican biologists for echinoderms, their commitment to conservation, theirdesire to assist their countries through their efforts, and their collegiality.

Florida, USA, March 2012 John M. LawrenceDepartment of Integrative Biology,

University of South Florida,Tampa

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Foreword

Juan José Alvarado is one of those students who, from very early on, denoted aclear interest in Marine Science and at some point defined his area of interest.When he started looking at the echinoderms of Costa Rica and later, at thosereported and collected from Coco Island National Park, he found what he waslooking for. Since then, he has been actively carrying out research on echinoderms,and most important, he has drawn attention to the activities regarding this groupthat are taking place in Latin America. First, with the publication of Research onEchinoderms in Latin America in 2005 (Revista de Biología Tropical, Volume 53,Supplement 3: 387 p.). Then, with the creation of the Iberoamerican EchinodermNetwork Red Iberoamericana de Equinodermos (RIE) in 2006. And in 2008, withthe publication of another Special Issue on echinoderm research in Latin America:Revista de Biología Tropical, 56 (Suppl. 3): 360 p. Now, together with FranciscoSolís-Marín from the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), theyhave put together an outstanding compilation of echinoderm research in Ibero-america. The dedication of this book to the pioneering Latin American echinodermresearchers is a tribute to their great work and an acknowledgment of the fruit theirearly and many times solitary work has borne. It is a great honor for me to writethis Foreword, for I consider their work a significant step for biological research inthe region..

San José, Costa Rica, March 2012 Jorge CortésCentro de Investigación en Ciencias

del Mar y Limnología (CIMAR),Universidad de Costa Rica

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Preface

The Iberoamerican Echinoderms Network (Red Iberoamericana de Equinodermos)(RIE) (http://zicatela.umar.mx/*redequinos/2/) was created in August 2006 at the12th International Echinoderms Congress in New Hampshire, United States, as aninitiative to strengthen academic connections between Iberoamerican echinodermresearchers. The RIE seeks to fortify the links of researchers in the differentcountries of the region, being a bridge of communication and exchange of ideas. Itseeks to be the platform for discussion and communication of priority projects forLatin America echinoderms. It seeks to offer the opportunity of collaborativework, to place the region among the principal research and conservation regions ofthe world. Likewise, the RIE intends to support students interested in echinodermresearch. To enrich their formation, it will offer information about researchers whocould help in their projects, courses, seminars, or symposia, as well as providingliterature. The goal of the RIE is to develop workshops, congresses, specialjournals supplements and books, and to support the development of the knowledgeof the echinoderms in Latin America.

The first effort of the RIE was the preparation and publication of a Special Issueof the Revista de Biología Tropical (International Journal of Tropical Biology andConservation) (Alvarado, J. J. and Cortés, J. (Editors). 2005. Research on Echi-noderms in Latin America, Volume 53, Supplement 3: 387 p.) (http://www.ots.ac.cr/tropiweb/intpages/suppl/sup53-3.html). This initiative was born during the 11thInternational Echinoderms Congress in Münich, Germany, in 2003. This SpecialIssue compiled 28 papers from 12 countries by 62 authors, touching topics as diverseas paleontology in the Uruguayan region and fisheries models of sea cucumbers inBaja California. The second output of the RIE was a second supplement of theRevista de Biología Tropical (Alvarado, J.J. and Cortés, J. (Editors). 2008. Researchon Echinoderms in Latin America II, Volume 56, Supplement 3: 360 p.) (http://www.ots.ac.cr/tropiweb/intpages/suppl/sup56-3.html). This issue compiled 21 papersfrom eight countries by 46 authors in Latin America (including an invited paper fromthe Canary Islands). Those papers demonstrated the high degree of knowledge ofsome countries in topics such as diversity, ecology, aquaculture, and fisheries. It alsoidentified countries where more efforts are needed.

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The third effort was the establishment of the first Latin American EchinodermCongress (Congreso Latinoamericano de Equinodermos-CLE) held in PuertoMadryn, Argentina, between 13 and 18 November 2011. This congress wasorganized by the Centro Nacional Patagónico (CENPAT), the Museo Argentino deCiencias Naturales ‘‘Bernardino Rivadavia’’ (MACN), and the Universidad Nac-ional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco. A total of 112 people participated in thisevent with 76 oral presentations and 54 Poster, covering the following themes:biogeography, biochemistry, ecology, physiology, paleontology, fisheries andaquaculture, reproduction and development, and taxonomy, systematics, andevolution.

This book represents the fourth output and the confirmation of the commitmentof the RIE with the international scientific community. The book represents anextensive recompilation of information about all the research done in the regionfrom theses, reports, books, and scientific journals. We were able to identify thestrengths and weaknesses of each country and also allow the international scien-tific community to be able to access information that was held in reports, theses,and local papers that were written in Spanish, allowing a greater diffusion of theresults and conclusions obtained. Our goal is to improve the echinoderm researchon the region and with this road map establish future research in collaboration withthe different laboratories and researchers that participated in this book.

Juan José AlvaradoFrancisco Solís-Marín

xii Preface

Acknowledgments

First of all, we thank each of the authors of the chapters that have made thiscompilation about Echinoderm Research and Diversity in Latin America possible,to share their knowledge and passion for such a star group. Muchas gracias!

We also would like to acknowledge the help and support of all the reviewers whowith their comments and suggestions improved this book: Chris Pomory, CynthiaLara de Castro, David Pawson, Harilaos Lessios, John Pearse, Manuel Rey Méndez,Marc Eléaume, Martin Brogger, Nieves Elvira, Pablo González, Philip Lambert,Rosa del Valle, Tim O’hara, Tom Hopkins. We wish to grant specialcredit to John Lawrence and Jorge Cortés who with all the patience, interest,and care reviewed each of the chapters, leaving their wisdom on every page.

We wish to grant special credit to all the students from the Laboratorio deSistemática y Ecología de Equinodermos from the Instituto de Ciencias del Mar yLimnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, for their help with thefinal elaboration of the appendix: Mauricio Valdés De Anda, Julio Adrián ArriagaOchoa, Andrea Alejandra Caballero Ochoa, Tania Pineda Enríquez, CarolinaMartín Cao-Romero, Yoalli Quetzalli Hernández Díaz, Alejandra Martínez Melo,Viridiana Tapia Ramírez, Guadalupe Bribiesca Contreras, Pedro Josué GarcésSolchaga, Nancy Escandón Flores, Lucia Alejandra Hernández Herrejón andCarlos García Linares.

We appreciate the help of Monica Chavez in preparing all the figures in thisbook and Cindy Fernandez who always believed in this project and was a keystonefor the final elaboration. JJ Alvarado is grateful to CONACYT (México) andCONICIT-MICIT (Costa Rica). Finally, we thank Marion Schnider andSPRINGER for their interest in this book.

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Contents

1 Echinoderm Research and Diversity in Latin America. . . . . . . . . 1Juan José Alvarado and Francisco Alonso Solís-Marín

2 The Echinoderms of Mexico: Biodiversity, Distributionand Current State of Knowledge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Francisco A. Solís-Marín, Magali B. I. Honey-Escandón,M. D. Herrero-Perezrul, Francisco Benitez-Villalobos,Julia P. Díaz-Martínez, Blanca E. Buitrón-Sánchez,Julio S. Palleiro-Nayar and Alicia Durán-González

3 Central America Echinoderms: Diversity, Ecologyand Future Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67Juan José Alvarado, Enrique Barraza and Tito Isaac Sancho-Mejías

4 Echinoderm Diversity in Panama: 144 Years of ResearchAcross the Isthmus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107Simon E. Coppard and Juan José Alvarado

5 Echinoderms of Colombia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145Milena Benavides-Serrato, Giomar Helena Borrero-Pérez,Jaime R. Cantera K, Mishal Cohen-Rengifo and Raúl Neira

6 Echinoderms of Ecuador . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183Jorge Sonnenholzner, Margarita Brandt, Vanessa Francisco,Alex Hearn, María Luzuriaga, Paulina Guarderasand Juan Carlos Navarro

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7 Echinoderms from Venezuela: Scientific Recount,Diversity and Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235César Lodeiros, Alberto Martín, Vanessa Francisco, Nicida Noriega,Yusbelly Díaz, Jeny Reyes, Orangel Aguilera and José Alió

8 Echinoderms of Peru . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277Yuri Hooker, Elba Prieto-Rios and Francisco A. Solís-Marín

9 Echinoderm from Brazil: Historical Research and the CurrentState of Biodiversity Knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301Carlos R. R. Ventura, Michela Borges, Lúcia S. Campos,Leticia V. Costa-Lotufo, Carolina A. Freire, Valéria F. Hadel,Cynthia. L. C. Manso, José R. M. C. Silva, Yara Tavaresand Cláudio G. Tiago

10 Echinoderm Research in Uruguay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345Sergio Martínez

11 Echinoderms from Argentina: Biodiversity, Distributionand Current State of Knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359Martín I. Brogger, Damián G. Gil, Tamara Rubilar,Mariano I. Martinez, María Enriqueta Díaz de Vivar,Mariana Escolar, Lucía Epherra, Analía F. Pérezand Alejandro Tablado

12 Echinoderms of the Cuban Archipelago. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403Rosa del Valle-García, Mercedes Abreu-Pérez, FranciscoAlonso Solís-Marín and Alfredo Laguarda-Figueras

13 Recent Echinoderms from Hispaniola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425Alejandro Herrera-Moreno and Liliana Betancourt

14 Review of Echinoderm Research in Puerto Rico,with the Focus on Biological and Ecological Aspects . . . . . . . . . 437Stacey M. Williams, Milena Benavides-Serrato, Jose E. García-Arrarás,Edwin A. Hernández-Delgado and Ruber Rodriguez Barreras

15 Echinoderms of the Canary Islands, Spain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471José Carlos Hernández, Sabrina Clemente, Fernando Tuya,Angel Pérez-Ruzafa, Carlos Sangil, Leopoldo Moro-Abadand Juan José Bacallado-Aránega

xvi Contents

16 Latin America Echinoderm Biodiversity and Biogeography:Patterns and Affinities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511A. Pérez-Ruzafa, J. J. Alvarado, F. A. Solís-Marín, J. C. Hernández,A. Morata, C. Marcos, M. Abreu-Pérez, O. Aguilera, J. Alió,J. J. Bacallado-Aránega, E. Barraza, M. Benavides-Serrato,F. Benítez-Villalobos, L. Betancourt-Fernández, M. Borges,M. Brandt, M. I. Brogger, G. H. Borrero-Pérez,B. E. Buitrón-Sánchez, L. S. Campos, J. R. Cantera, S. Clemente,M. Cohen-Renfijo, S. E. Coppard, L. V. Costa-Lotufo,R. del Valle-García, M. E. Díaz de Vivar,J. P. Díaz-Martínez, Y. Díaz, A. Durán-González, L. Epherra,M. Escolar, V. Francisco, C. A. Freire, J. E. García-Arrarás,D. G. Gil, P. Guarderas, V. F. Hadel, A. Hearn,E. A. Hernández-Delgado, A. Herrera-Moreno, M. D Herrero-Pérezrul,Y. Hooker, M. B. I. Honey-Escandón, C. Lodeiros, M. Luzuriaga,C. L. C. Manso, A. Martín, M. I. Martínez, S. Martínez,L. Moro-Abad, E. Mutschke, J. C. Navarro, R. Neira, N. Noriega,J. S. Palleiro-Nayar, A. F. Pérez, E. Prieto-Ríos, J. Reyes,R. Rodríguez-Barreras, T. Rubilar, T. I. Sancho-Mejia, C. Sangil,J. R. M. C. Silva, J. I. Sonnenholzner, C. R. R. Ventura, A. Tablado,Y. Tavares, C. G. Tiago, F. Tuya and S. M. Williams

Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655

Contents xvii

Chapter 13Recent Echinoderms from Hispaniola

Alejandro Herrera-Moreno and Liliana Betancourt

13.1 Introduction

The Island of Hispaniola is the second largest in the Archipelago of the GreaterAntilles. It is located between 17�3601500N and 19�5700900N, and 68�1902200W and74�4103300W. Its geographical boundaries are the Atlantic Ocean to the north, theCaribbean Sea to the south, the Mona Channel to the East, which separates it fromPuerto Rico, and in the West, the Windward Passage and the Jamaica Channel,which separate it from Cuba and Jamaica, respectively. The 76,480 km2 of itsterritory is divided politically into two countries: Dominican Republic to the eastand the Republic of Haiti in the west, separated by a land border of 360 km.

The Republic of Haiti has a total area of 27,750 km2, which includes themainland territory plus several islands and islets such as Gonave (743 km2),Tortue (180 km2), Vache (52 km2), Cayemites (45 km2) and Navassa (5.2 km2).The Dominican Republic has an area of 48,442 km2 of mainland in addition toseveral islands and islets such as Saona (117 km2), Beata (27 km2) and Catalina(9.6 km2). Two oceanic banks: Christmas and Silver Banks, with areas of 70 and150 km2 respectively, are located to the north of Samana in the Atlantic Ocean.

The coastline of Hispaniola extends for about 3,059 km (1,288 km belong to 16Dominican coastal provinces and 1,771 km to nine Haitian coastal provinces)containing ecosystems such as sandy beaches, rocky shores, cliffs, estuaries,coastal lagoons and mangrove forests. On the Haitian coast important mangrovesareas are reported along the north and northeast coast in the Bays of Fort Liberté,l’Acul, Caracol, the Artibonite estuary and the Islands Les Cayes, Vache, Gonaveand Cayemite (Ehrlich et al. 1987). Along the Dominican coast the largest areas ofmangroves are found in the Bay of Samaná and Montecristi.

A. Herrera-Moreno (&) � L. BetancourtPrograma EcoMar, Inc., Santo Domingo, Dominican Republice-mail: ongprogramaecomar@yahoo.com

J. J. Alvarado and F. A. Solís-Marín (eds.), Echinoderm Research and Diversityin Latin America, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-20051-9_13,� Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013

425

The Dominican shelf has a surface area of 8,130 km2 extending down to 200 mdepth, with an average width of 7.5 km. The platform area of Haiti is estimated at6,683 km2 and is on average narrower. Important coastal habitats include sandy ormuddy bottoms (related to the degree of terrigenous influence), commonly pop-ulated with abundant macrophytobenthos, especially seagrasses, followed by coralpatches and fringing or barrier reefs. In Haiti coral reefs occur near Vache Island,all around Gonave Island in the central Bay of Port-au-Prince, on the RocheloisBank, at Cayemites Islands, off the northern coast of the southern peninsula, andfrom the border with the Dominican Republic in the east to Acul Bay just west ofCape Haitien (Creary et al. 2008). Well preserved reefs are found at NavassaIsland (Causey et al. 2000).

In the Dominican Republic important reef areas include the MontecristiNational Park barrier reef in the north-west (where the shelf is widest), narrowhigh-energy reefs in the central region, and the Bávaro-Macao-Punta Cana barrierreef system at the eastern end. Samaná Bay receives many rivers and is the largestestuary of the insular Caribbean. Coastal reefs in the vicinity are poorly developed,but the Christmas and Silver Banks reef systems are about 100 km to the north. Tothe south, on the Caribbean coast, are the well-studied reefs of National East Parkand the adjacent Saona Island. Uplifted carbonate terraces with reefs growing onnarrow platforms are present in the west from Catalina Island to beyond SantoDomingo (e.g. Boca Chica and the Submarine National Park La Caleta). Condi-tions are not good for reefs in the south-west, except on the shallow sheltered shelfeast of Cabo Beata at National Park Jaragua (Woodley et al. 2000).

13.2 Research

Echinoderm studies of the waters around Hispaniola Island have a long history.The Haitian collection of David Friedrich Weinland from 1857 (NMNH 2002) andthe work on holothuroids by Emil Selenka (1867), with the record of Actinopygaagassizi (Selenka, 1867) in Haiti and the description of the type specimen ofHolothuria grisea Selenka, 1867, are among the earliest contributions.

William More Gabb made collections in the Dominican Republic in 1878 anddeposited several specimens of Echinometra lucunter (Linnaeus, 1758) in the U.S.National Museum of Natural History (Rathbun, 1886). In December 1878, duringthe Blake Expedition, the echinoid Salenocidaris varispina (A. Agassiz, 1880) wascollected northwest of Haiti at 2,195 m depth (A. Agassiz, 1880). Dodërlein andHartmeyer (1910) and Verrill (1915) summarized previous records of asteroidsfrom Hispaniola. Hubert L. Clark (1919) provided the first taxonomic summary ofHaitian echinoderms listing more than 20 species of all classes, except crinoids.

In the 1930s, new contributions to the knowledge of echinoderms fromHispaniola include Deichmann (1930) who summarized previous records for theDominican Republic and Haiti in her review of the holothurians of the western partof the Atlantic Ocean. The handbook of the littoral echinoderms of Porto Rico and

426 A. Herrera-Moreno and L. Betancourt

the other West Indian Islands (H.L. Clark 1933) also summarized historicalinformation about all classes of echinoderms for Hispaniola, except crinoids, withsome new records. Austin H. Clark (1939) listed 19 species of shallow-waterechinoderms (between 1 and 2 m depth) collected in two localities in the north ofHaiti (Cape Haitien and Tortue Island) during the Smithsonian-Hartford expedi-tion of March 1937, aboard the RV Joseph Conrad.

New collections took place during the 1930s on five expeditions: Parish-Smithsonian in 1930 to Haiti on the yacht Esperanza, Norcross-Bartlett in July 1931to the southwest of Santo Domingo down to 200 m depth on the schooner EffieMorrissey, Johnson–Smithsonian Deep-Sea in February 1933 on the Yacht Carolineat depths from 26 to 40 m at twelve stations inside the Bay and around the Peninsulaof Samaná (Bartsch 1933), RV Stranger in February 1933 in Port-au-Prince and theRV Atlantis in April 1939 dredging to 1,170 m deep at one station to the northeast ofHaiti (H.L. Clark 1941). These expeditions contributed new records for Hispaniolaincluding two deep-water asteroid species: Persephonaster patagiatus (Sladen,1889) and Phormosoma placenta sigsbei (A. Agassiz, 1880). The expeditions of1931 and 1933 collected the first specimens of crinoids: Poliometra prolixa (Sladen,1881) and Nemaster rubiginosa (Pourtalés, 1869).

In the decade of 1960s two expeditions took place. The exploratory fishingvessel Silver Bay in October 1963 made collections at six stations between 92 and348 m deep in the north, northeast and east of the Dominican Republic. Theexploratory fishing vessel Oregon in June and May, 1965 and December 1969collected between 11 and 59 m deep at four stations off the north Haitian coast andthe northeast Dominican coast. During this period, Parslow and Clark (1963)summarized the zoogeographical distribution of shallow-water (less than 17 mdeep) ophiuroids known for the West Indies, including 11 species from Hispaniola,updating the previous list of H.L. Clark (1919). Deichmann (1963) summarizedprevious records of holothuroids for Haiti. Halpern (1969) mentioned the asteoridLitonotaster intermedius (Perrier, 1884) found in the Windward Pass, betweenCuba and Hispaniola, at a depth between 1,958 and 3,294 m (Downey 1973).

From January to July 1970 and July 1971 the most prolific expeditions carriedout in Hispaniolan waters took place aboard the RV John Elliot Pillsbury.Collections were made at seven stations in Haiti, between 31 and 2,545 m deep,and 33 stations in Dominican Republic, between 9 and 3,109 m deep (Fig. 13.1)(Staiger and Voss 1970). Meyer et al. (1978) included the RV John Elliot Pillsburycollections in their zoogeographical study of western Atlantic Ocean crinoids,offering the most complete summary of this group, with 19 species listed forDominican and Haitian waters. In her review of the Order Brisingida forthe Atlantic Ocean, Downey (1986) also incorporated Haitian specimens from thePillsbury expeditions. A.M. Clark (1987) described the type specimen of theasteoridHenricia downeyae A.M. Clark, 1987 from a Haitian locality, registered inthe catalogue of types of the NMNH (Ahearn 1995). Two more records for Haitifrom this period were the holothuroid Psolus tuberculosus Théel, 1886 (Miller andPawson 1984) and the asteroid Ceramaster grenadensis grenadensis (Perrier,1881) (Halpern 1970).

13 Recent Echinoderms from Hispaniola 427

All these expeditions increased the collections of the five classes of echino-derms from Hispaniola in international museums with 541 specimens of 132species located in the U.S. Museum of Natural History (NMNH 2002), FloridaMuseum of Natural History (FLMNH 2010), Museum of Comparative Zoology atHarvard University (MCZ 2010) and Museum of Natural Sciences of Berlin (ZMB2010). The RV John Elliot Pillsbury expeditions had a decisive role in theenrichment of collections, particularly with deep-sea species, that at the end of the1970s, 90 % of the crinoid, asteroid, and echinoid species known from Hispaniolawere already described and deposited in different museums.

In the Dominican Republic, the creation of the Center of Marine BiologyResearch (CIBIMA) in 1962 promoted coastal and marine biodiversity research.Between the decades from 1970 to 1990, CIBIMA produced summarized list ofechinoids and asteroids (Cicero et al. 1976), ophiuroids (Rathe 1978) and holo-thuroids (Briones 1983). Multiple reports were finally compiled into a preliminarystudy on coastal and marine biodiversity of the Dominican Republic (CIBIMA1992). From these investigations, 242 specimens of 58 species are deposited in theNational Museum of Natural History of Santo Domingo (MNHNSD 2008).

In May 1979, the Autonomous University of Santo Domingo, along with theUniversity of Puerto Rico, implemented an expedition on board the RV Crawfordto make inventories of the southeast Dominican reefs of La Caleta and Catalinaand Saona Islands (Williams et al. 1983). Later the IDECOOP expedition

Fig. 13.1 Localities where collections of echinoderms have been made by several expeditionsand national and international projects on the shelf and oceanic waters of Hispaniola

428 A. Herrera-Moreno and L. Betancourt

(Fig. 13.1) made collections between 142 and 270 m deep with three new recordsfor the deep-sea Dominican echinoderms: the crinoid Cenocrinus asterius (Lin-naeus, 1775); the ophiuroid Astronicda isidis Lyman, 1872 and the echinoidConolampas sigsbei (A. Agassiz, 1878) (Rivas 1983). Studies carried out byresearchers from East Carolina University in Montecristi reefs (Luczkovich 1991)extended the reports of Dominican crinoids with the record of Tropiometra cari-nata (Lamarck, 1816).

The information on Haitian echinoderms comes from old collections, that havealready been mentioned, and some more recent studies carried out by foreigninstitutions. In June 1988, a detailed study at 13 stations on different ecologicalzones (from the reef lagoon to the frontal reef) of the Arcadines coral reefs wasmade by the World Wildlife Fund and the Conservation Foundation WilcoxAssociates, between 0.3 and 21 m depth (Wilcox et al. 1989). Twelve species ofcommon shallow-water echinoderms were reported. Hendler et al. (1995) sum-marized the echinoderms from approximately 17 old Haitian records.

With the implementation of the Hispabiota Marina Project (Herrera-Morenoand Betancourt 2012) by Programa EcoMar, Inc. in the Dominican Republic abibliographical and taxonomic review of echinoderm species was done for the firsttime, with a historical and insular approach (Herrera-Moreno and Betancourt2004). A database was created with the results of collections of echinoderms frommore than 150 localities of the coastal zone, the shelf and the deep zone ofHispaniola (Fig. 13.1). This project added 60 species to the national inventory ofCIBIMA (1992) confirming 123 species for Dominican coastal and marine zone. Italso compiled for the first time 79 species for Haiti. A total of 156 species forHispaniola (Appendix) is discussed in the present report.

13.3 Diversity and Distribution

The numbers of echinoderms in different taxonomic categories for the DominicanRepublic, Haiti and Hispaniola are summarized in Table 13.1. There are 22 speciesof crinoids (18 for the Dominican Republic and eight for Haiti), subdivided into 17genera, nine families and four orders. About five species of crinoids are found incoral reef environments at depths to 45 m deep including those which, according toHendler et al. (1995), are more common and accessible to conventional scubadiving. The remaining species are distributed below 100 to 1,033 m deep.

The list of asteroids has 33 known species (18 for Haiti and 21 for theDominican Republic) subdivided into 24 genera, 11 families and seven orders.Downey (1973) in her review of the asteroids in the Gulf of Mexico and theCaribbean described 95 species and noted that the asteroid fauna from Hispaniolawas practically unknown. The bathymetric ranges of the asteroid species knownfrom Hispaniola varies from 0.3 to 3,493 m deep. About eight species are dis-tributed from the surface to 50 m deep primarily from the mangroves to the reeffront, with the remaining species found below 50 m deep.

13 Recent Echinoderms from Hispaniola 429

Thirty species of ophiuroids are known for Hispaniola (21 for Haiti and 24 forthe Dominican Republic), subdivided into 20 genera, 12 families and two orders.Most species of ophiuroids are distributed in water less than 30 m deep found inseagrass beds and coral reefs. Only four species were collected between 148 and366 m deep.

Fifty species of echinoids are listed (21 for Haiti and 41 for the DominicanRepublic) subdivided into 36 genera (including one species identified only to thegenus level), 17 families and 12 orders. Although bathymetric data are notavailable for all species, the collections from Hispaniola contain the more commonshallow-water species from mangrove habitats, seagrass beds and coral reefs. Atleast about 30 species are distributed from 100 to 2,545 m depth.

The list of holothurians of Hispaniola includes 21 species (11 for Haiti and 18for the Dominican Republic) with ten genera, seven families and three orders.Most species of holothuroid are common in shallow sedimentary environments.Three species are found between 243 and 1,400 m deep.

13.4 Ecology

In the Dominican Republic, echinoderm species are mentioned in the inventoriesof invertebrates of seagrass beds and coral reefs from Manzanillo to Punta Rucia inMontecristi (Luczkovich 1991; CIBIMA 1998), Puerto Plata (Herrera-Moreno and

Table 13.1 Summary of the numbers of different taxonomic categories for echinofauna groupsof Dominican Republic (DO), Haiti (HA) and Hispaniola (HI)

Orders Families Genus Species

Crinoidea HA 3 4 7 8DO 4 9 14 18HI 4 9 17 22

Asteroidea HA 7 11 16 18DO 4 7 14 22HI 7 11 24 33

Ophiuroidea HA 2 9 12 21DO 2 11 15 24HI 2 12 20 30

Echinoidea HA 7 12 15 21DO 10 16 31 41HI 12 17 36 50

Holothuroidea HA 3 6 7 11DO 3 5 7 18HI 3 7 10 21

TOTAL HA 22 42 57 79DO 23 48 81 123HI 28 57 107 156

430 A. Herrera-Moreno and L. Betancourt

Betancourt 2009), Samaná (Sang and Lysenko 1994; Sang 1996), Punta Cana,Bávaro (CURPOB 2000; Brandt et al. 2003), National East Park (Vega et al. 1997)and Isla Saona in La Altagracia, Catalinita in La Romana, La Caleta in SantoDomingo (Williams et al. 1983), Haina in San Cristóbal (Herrera-Moreno et al.2009), Las Calderas Bay in Peravia (Almonte 1976), Puerto Viejo in Azua(González et al. 1978) and Jaragua National Park in Pedernales (Weil 2006).In Haiti, inventories with echinoderm species include Lamentin (Beebe 1928), LesArcadins reefs (FoProBIM 1985; Wilcox et al. 1989) and Navassa (Miller 2003).

Due to the dramatic reduction of black sea urchin Diadema antillarum in theCaribbean in the 1980s, the presence of this species is always highlighted in allinventories and some abundance surveys have been done. In the Dominican reefs,Chiappone (2001) estimated an average density of D. antillarum of 0.03 ind50 m-2 for the coral reefs in the National East Park, between 9 and 17 m depth.He also estimated 9.15 ind 50 m-2 in the Boca Chica reefs between 4 and 20 mdepth. Brandt et al. (2003) reported a maximum density of 5.4 ind 10 m-2 in thereefs of Punta Cana and Bavaro with the highest average values in the deep fore-reef (1.2 ind 10 m-2) in relation to the shallow areas of the back-reef (0.5 indi-viduals/10 m2). For Caracol Bay in Haiti, Hay (1984) reported 20 ind m-2,between 3 and 10 m depth. FoProBIM (FoProBIM 1985) found densities of D.antillarum up to 14.5 ind 100 m-2 at 5 m depth in the area of Les Arcadines. Morerecently, abundance values from 0 to 1.5 ind 10 m-2 have been reported in thesame area by Linton (2003).

However, ecological studies at the level of echinoderm populations or com-munities seem to be scarce. In the Dominican Republic, Chiappone (2001) con-ducted a study measuring density and size distribution for five species of echinoids(D. antillarum, Echinometra viridis, Echinometra lucunter, Eucidaris tribuloidesand Tripneustes ventricosus) in the National East Park and Boca Chica. Tewfiket al. (2005) studied the impact of anthropogenic enrichment on the seagrass foodweb at two locations in southern Dominican Republic (Pedernales and Barahona),involving several species of echinoderms, categorized by them as three consumerfunctional groups: (a) generalists (regular urchins: Lytechinus variegatus, T.ventricosus, D. antillarium); (b) subsurface deposit feeders (red heart urchinMeoma ventricosa and sand dollars) and (c) surface deposit feeders (cushion seastar Oreaster reticulatus and sea cucumbers). Hay (1984) compared the activity ofgrazing fish and sea urchins in the Bay of Caracol in Haiti, on an overexploitedcoral reef including density data of Diadema antillarum and its rate of con-sumption of Thalassia testudinum.

13.5 Aquaculture and Fisheries

Commercial fishing of sea cucumber takes place in the Dominican Republic.According to the Dominican Council of Fisheries and Aquaculture CODOPESCAin 2002 there was an export of 57.6 MT, equivalent to 9 % of seafood exports. The

13 Recent Echinoderms from Hispaniola 431

figures for years 2007, 2008 and 2009 indicate much smaller export volumes with1.27, 2.37 and 1.37 MT, respectively. The trading company for sea cucumbers inthe Dominican Republic is NETCO C x A which operates from Juan de BolañoBeach in Montecristi with CODOPESCA permissions for exportation to the UnitedStates. There are no studies that scientifically support this exploitation. In fact,there is no information on the species being harvested, minimum sizes, closeseasons or any other descriptive parameters of an organized fishery. The survivalof these echinoderm populations is seriously threatened. According to Toral-Granda (2008), between 2002 and 2003, China imported 2,607 kg of dry weight ofsea cucumbers from Dominican Republic and 10,680 kg of dry weight from Haiti.In Haiti, the Caribbean SeaFood Company announces online the sale of dried seacucumbers of the species Stichopus badionotus.

13.6 Threats

The threats to echinoderms are not very different from those faced by other marinegroups of Hispaniola. The destruction of ecosystems (mainly mangroves, seagrassbeds and coral reefs) due to coastal development (human settlements, agriculture,industrial and tourist facilities and/or fishing) and tourism activities (especiallydiving) is the major threat that affects all groups. In addition to impacts of habitatdestruction, some groups of echinoderms are exploited for commercial purposes.These include some species of sea cucumbers used for human consumption andsome species of starfish and sea urchins used for sale as aquarium species(SERCM 2004). Other echinoderm species, such as the sand dollar Mellita quin-quiesperforata and the starfish Oreaster reticulatus are collected for handicraftsthat are sold in tourist establishments. Some fishermen also use this asteroidspecies as bait in net traps. No ecological studies or fisheries biology research havebeen done to support a sustainable exploitation of these resources.

13.7 Recommendations

It is essential to train a group of national specialists from Haiti and the DominicanRepublic in the systematic of all echinoderm classes that can work closely togetherto better understand the echinofauna of Hispaniola. The National Museum ofNatural History in Santo Domingo should be involved in the development andreview of the marine collections. New investigations in structural ecology andpopulation dynamics of echinoderms must be initiated for those species that maybe subject to some kind of extractive use. For exploited species, it is also necessaryto conduct fishery biology investigations for the establishment of closed seasons,protected areas from fishing and legal minimum sizes. Fishing regulations andfishery statistics are crucial for a sustainable exploitation of these species. Marine

432 A. Herrera-Moreno and L. Betancourt

research should continue increasing the knowledge of the echinoderms in newareas of the Dominican and Haitian platforms, including exploration of deeperzones.

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Appendix

Solís-Marín FA, JJ Alvarado, M Abreu-Pérez, O Aguilera, J Alió, JJ Bacallado-Aránega, E Barraza, M Benavides-Serrato, F Benítez-Villalobos, L Betancourt-Fernández, M Borges, M Brandt, MI Brogger, GH Borrero-Pérez, BE Buitrón-Sánchez, LS Campos, J Cantera, S Clemente, M Cohen-Renjifo, S Coppard,LV Costa-Lotufo, R del Valle-García, Y Díaz, ME Díaz de Vivar, JP Díaz-Martínez, A Durán-González, L Epherra, M Escolar, V Francisco, CA Freire,JE García-Arrarás, DG Gil, P Guarderas, VF Hadel, A Hearn, JC Hernández,EA Hernández-Delgado, A Herrera-Moreno, MD Herrero-Pérezrul, Y Hooker,MBI Honey-Escandón, C Lodeiros, M Luzuriaga, CLC Manso, A Martín,MI Martinez, S Martínez, L Moro-Abad, E Mutschke, JC Navarro, R Neira,N Noriega, JS Palleiro-Nayar, AF Pérez, A Pérez-Ruzafa, E Prieto-Rios, J Reyes,R Rodríguez, T Rubilar, T Sancho-Mejía, C Sangil, JRMC Silva,JI Sonnenholzner, CR Ventura, A Tablado, Y Tavares, CG Tiago, F Tuya,SM Williams

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cten

rega

lis

Gra

y,18

400–

204

mb,

rb,s

bx

xx

xA

stro

pect

ensu

lcat

usL

udw

ig,

1905

95–1

21x

xx

Ast

rope

cten

verr

illi

deL

orio

l,18

992–

488

mb,

rb,s

bx

xx

x

Ast

rope

cten

orna

tiss

imus

Fis

her,

1906

278–

286

rb,s

bx

Bat

hybi

aste

rlo

ripe

sS

lade

n,18

8980

–500

sbx

Dip

saca

ster

exim

ius

Fis

her,

1905

377–

971

mb,

sbx

xD

ytas

ter

gilb

erti

Fis

her,

1905

1573

–433

5m

b,sb

xx

xx

xL

epty

chas

ter

iner

mis

(Lud

wig

,19

05)

732–

1593

xx

xx

Mim

astr

ella

cogn

ata

(Sla

den,

1889

)10

–242

4m

b,rb

x

Psi

last

erch

arco

ti(K

oehl

er,

1906

)20

–324

8sb

xP

sila

ster

pect

inat

us(F

ishe

r,19

05)

1866

xP

sila

ster

slad

eni

Lud

wig

,19

0514

85–1

618

xP

erse

phon

aste

rar

mig

erL

udw

ig,

1905

x

Tet

hyas

ter

cana

licu

latu

s(A

.H

.C

lark

,19

16)

23–3

00rb

xx

xx

Thr

issa

cant

hias

peni

cill

atus

(Fis

her,

1905

)55

–150

3sb

xx

Fam

ilyG

onio

pect

inid

aeC

teno

disc

uspr

ocur

ator

Sla

den,

1889

50–1

050

mb

x

Cte

nodi

scus

cris

patu

s(R

etzi

us,

1805

)10

–194

6m

bx

xx

Lui

dia

(Pla

tast

eria

s)la

tira

diat

a(G

ray,

1871

)10

–12

mb,

sbx

(con

tinu

ed)

546 Appendix

Tab

leA

.1(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XR

EV

GU

AS

AL

HO

NN

ICC

RC

CO

CP

AN

CO

LM

AL

GA

LE

CU

PE

RC

HL

PA

S

Lui

dia

arm

ata

Lud

wig

,19

0533

–126

sbx

xx

Lui

dia

asth

enos

oma

Fis

her,

1906

xL

uidi

abe

llon

aeL

ütke

n,18

654–

55rb

,sb

xx

xL

uidi

aco

lum

bia

(Gra

y,18

40)

0–22

0m

b,sb

xx

xx

Lui

dia

ferr

ugin

eaL

udw

ig,

1905

280

mb

xx

Lui

dia

foli

olat

a(G

rube

,18

66)

3–55

mb,

sbx

xx

xx

Lui

dia

lati

radi

ata

(Gra

y,18

71)

1.5–

12m

b,sb

xx

xx

xL

uidi

am

agel

lani

caL

eipo

ldt,

1895

0–40

rb,s

bx

x

Lui

dia

phra

gma

H.

L.

Cla

rk,

1910

1–38

6sb

xx

x

Lui

dia

port

eri

A.

H.

Cla

rk,

1917

110

xL

uidi

asu

perb

aA

.H.C

lark

,191

73–

250

mb,

sb,r

ubx

xx

xx

xL

uidi

ate

ssel

lata

Lüt

ken,

1859

18sb

xx

xx

Fam

ilyP

orce

llana

ster

idae

Ere

mic

aste

rcr

assu

s(S

lade

n,18

83)

1570

–633

0rb

xx

xx

xx

Ere

mic

aste

rpa

cific

us(L

udw

ig,

1905

)14

63–5

780

mb,

sbx

xx

xx

xx

Ere

mic

aste

rvi

cinu

sL

udw

ig,

1907

5204

–720

0m

bx

Por

cell

anas

ter

ceru

leus

Wyv

ille

-T

hom

son,

1877

1158

–603

5m

bx

xx

Styr

acas

ter

pauc

ispi

nus

Lud

wig

,19

0742

40–4

337

mb

x

Tho

raca

ster

cyli

ndra

tus

Sla

den,

1883

2600

–530

3m

bx

x

Fam

ilyP

seud

arch

aste

rida

eP

seud

arch

aste

rdi

scus

Sla

den,

1889

117–

400

mb,

rb,s

bx

Pse

udar

chas

ter

pect

inif

erL

udw

ig,

1905

1180

–357

5sb

,rub

,mb

xx

xx

(con

tinu

ed)

Appendix 547

Tab

leA

.1(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XR

EV

GU

AS

AL

HO

NN

ICC

RC

CO

CP

AN

CO

LM

AL

GA

LE

CU

PE

RC

HL

PA

S

Pse

udar

chas

ter

pulc

her

Lud

wig

,19

0570

0–16

20sb

,rub

xx

Pse

udar

chas

ter

pusi

llus

Fis

her,

1905

98–8

00sb

,rub

x

Pse

udar

chas

ter

verr

illi

Lud

wig

,19

0599

9x

Ord

erN

otom

yoti

daF

amily

Ben

thop

ecti

nida

eB

enth

opec

ten

acan

thon

otus

Fis

her,

1905

1800

–193

6rb

x

Ben

thop

ecte

nco

gnat

us(L

udw

ig,

1905

)30

58x

Ben

thop

ecte

npe

ctin

ifer

(Lud

wig

,19

05)

1485

–232

3rb

xx

x

Ben

thop

ecte

nsp

inul

iger

(Lud

wig

,19

05)

1618

–232

3x

x

Cal

yptr

aste

rte

nuis

sim

usB

erna

scon

i,19

660–

732

sbx

Che

iras

ter

(Lui

dias

ter)

plan

eta

(Sla

den,

1889

)35

0–50

0sb

x

Che

iras

ter

(Lui

dias

ter)

cali

forn

icus

Zie

senh

enne

,19

4248

8–51

2m

bx

Nea

rcha

ster

acic

ulos

us(F

ishe

r,19

10)

466–

1903

mb,

sbx

x

Pec

tina

ster

agas

sizi

Lud

wig

,19

0579

0–23

23m

b,rb

xx

xx

xx

Ord

erV

alva

tida

Fam

ilyA

cant

hast

erid

aeA

cant

hast

erpl

anci

(Lin

naeu

s,17

58)

0–30

cr,r

bx

xx

xx

xx

xF

amily

Ast

erin

idae

Ast

erin

afim

bria

taP

erri

er,

1875

0–30

0m

b,rb

xM

erid

iast

ram

odes

ta(V

erri

ll,

1870

)21

3rb

,sb

xx

xx

xx

Pat

iria

chil

ensi

s(L

ütke

n,18

59)

2–40

rb,k

fx

x

(con

tinu

ed)

548 Appendix

Tab

leA

.1(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XR

EV

GU

AS

AL

HO

NN

ICC

RC

CO

CP

AN

CO

LM

AL

GA

LE

CU

PE

RC

HL

PA

S

Pat

iria

min

iata

Ver

rill

,19

130–

300

cr,r

bx

xP

atir

iell

aca

lcar

ata

(Per

rier

,18

75)

0–20

rbx

x

Pat

irie

lla

exig

ua(L

amar

ck,

1816

)0–

3x

Fam

ilyA

ster

odis

cidi

dae

Am

phia

ster

insi

gnis

Ver

rill

,18

680–

128

cr,m

b,rb

,sb

xx

xx

xx

Pau

lia

horr

ida

Gra

y,18

4033

–121

rbx

xx

xx

Fam

ilyA

ster

opse

idae

Ast

erop

sis

cari

nife

ra(L

amar

ck,

1816

)3–

60cr

,rb

xx

xx

xx

Der

mas

teri

asim

bric

ata

(Gru

be,

1857

)2–

260

rbx

Fam

ilyG

aner

iidae

Cyc

ethr

ave

rruc

osa

(Phi

lipp

i,18

57)

0–27

0rb

,sb

xx

Gan

eria

falk

land

ica

Gra

y,18

470–

145

rb,s

bx

Gan

eria

hahn

iP

erri

er,

1891

0–13

5rb

,sb

xF

amily

Gon

iast

erid

aeC

eram

aste

rgr

enad

ensi

spa

tago

nicu

s(S

lade

n,18

89)

75–8

98x

x

Cer

amas

ter

pata

goni

cus

(Sla

den,

1889

)10

–898

rb,m

b,sb

xx

x

Cer

amas

ter

lept

ocer

amus

(Fis

her,

1905

)38

2–12

48m

b,rb

xx

Cry

ptop

elta

ster

lepi

dono

tus

Fis

her,

1905

188–

1244

sbx

x

Hip

past

eria

phry

gian

a(P

arel

ius,

1768

)0–

400

rbx

Hip

past

eria

falk

land

ica

Fis

her,

1940

225–

1148

rbx

(con

tinu

ed)

Appendix 549

Tab

leA

.1(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XR

EV

GU

AS

AL

HO

NN

ICC

RC

CO

CP

AN

CO

LM

AL

GA

LE

CU

PE

RC

HL

PA

S

Hip

past

eria

spin

osa

Ver

rill

,19

0950

–512

rbx

Lit

onot

aste

rtu

mid

usH

.L

.C

lark

,19

2040

66–5

196

mb

x

Med

iast

erel

egan

sL

udw

ig,

1905

1789

xx

xM

edia

ster

tran

sfug

aL

udw

ig,

1905

840–

900

sbx

xM

edia

ster

tene

llus

Fis

her,

1905

580–

1192

sbx

Nym

phas

ter

diom

edea

eL

udw

ig,

1905

702–

1810

mb,

sbx

xx

xx

Pil

lsbu

rias

ter

erne

sti

(Lud

wig

,19

05)

2149

x

Fam

ilyM

ithr

odiid

aeM

ithr

odia

brad

leyi

Ver

rill

,18

700–

14cr

,rb

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

Fam

ilyO

dont

aste

rida

eA

codo

ntas

ter

elon

gatu

sel

onga

tus

(Sla

den,

1889

)8–

400

rb,s

bx

Aco

dont

aste

rel

onga

tus

gran

ulif

erus

(Koe

hler

,19

12)

74–8

41rb

,sb

x

Dip

lodo

ntia

ssi

ngul

aris

(Mül

ler

&T

rosc

hel,

1843

)0–

84rb

,sb

xx

Odo

ntas

ter

mer

idio

nali

s(E

.A.

Sm

ith,

1876

)0–

646

rb,s

bx

Odo

ntas

ter

peni

cill

atus

(Phi

lipp

i,18

70)

6–40

0rb

,sb

x

Fam

ilyO

phid

iast

erid

aeL

eias

ter

cori

aceu

sP

eter

s,18

52x

Lei

aste

rgl

aber

Pet

ers,

1852

2–15

crx

Lei

aste

rte

res

(Ver

rill

,18

71)

1–57

cr,r

bx

xx

xx

Lin

ckia

colu

mbi

aeG

ray,

1840

0–10

0cr

,rb

xx

xx

x

(con

tinu

ed)

550 Appendix

Tab

leA

.1(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XR

EV

GU

AS

AL

HO

NN

ICC

RC

CO

CP

AN

CO

LM

AL

GA

LE

CU

PE

RC

HL

PA

S

Lin

ckia

guil

ding

iG

ray,

1840

rbx

xx

Lin

ckia

mul

tifo

ra(L

amar

ck,

1816

)x

Nar

ciss

iagr

acil

isA

.H.

Cla

rk,

1916

56–9

1rb

xx

x

Nar

ciss

iagr

acil

ism

alpe

loen

sis

Dow

ney,

1975

20–5

9cr

,rb

xx

Oph

idia

ster

agas

sizi

Per

rier

,18

811–

75rb

x

Oph

idia

ster

ludw

igi

deL

orio

l,19

00x

x

Pha

ria

pyra

mid

ata

(Gra

y,18

40)

0–13

0cr

,rb,

sbx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xP

hata

ria

mio

nact

isZ

iese

nhen

ne,

1942

x

Pha

tari

aun

ifas

cial

is(G

ray,

1840

)0–

50cr

,rb,

sbx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

x

Tam

aria

obst

ipa

Zie

senh

enne

,19

4267

–79

xx

Tam

aria

stri

aD

owne

y,19

7515

–49

rbx

xF

amily

Por

aniid

aeP

oran

ia(P

oran

ia)

anta

rcti

caE

.A.

Sm

ith,

1876

0–90

0m

b,rb

,sb

x

Por

anio

psis

echi

nast

erP

erri

er,

1891

5–45

0m

b,rb

,sb

x

Por

anio

psis

infla

tus

(Fis

her,

1906

)48

–109

4x

x

Fam

ilyO

reas

teri

dae

Nid

orel

lia

arm

ata

(Gra

y,18

40)

0–18

3cr

,rb,

rub

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xP

enta

cera

ster

cum

ingi

(Gra

y,18

40)

2–92

cr,r

b,sb

xx

xx

xx

xx

Fam

ilySo

last

erid

aeL

opha

ster

furc

illi

ger

Fis

her,

1905

86–4

200

mb,

rb,r

ubx

xx

xL

opha

ster

stel

lans

Sla

den,

1889

15–4

50rb

,sb

x (con

tinu

ed)

Appendix 551

Tab

leA

.1(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XR

EV

GU

AS

AL

HO

NN

ICC

RC

CO

CP

AN

CO

LM

AL

GA

LE

CU

PE

RC

HL

PA

S

Par

alop

hast

eran

tarc

ticu

sK

oehl

er,

1912

88–7

50sb

x

Sola

ster

regu

lari

sS

lade

n,18

895–

800

rb,s

b,m

bx

Ord

erV

elat

ida

Fam

ilyK

oret

hras

teri

dae

Per

ibol

aste

rfo

llic

ulat

usS

lade

n,18

8910

–460

rbx

Fam

ilyP

tera

ster

idae

Dip

lopt

eras

ter

sem

iret

icul

atus

(Sla

den,

1882

)30

0–15

00rb

,sb

x

Dip

lopt

eras

ter

verr

ucos

us(S

lade

n,18

82)

0–47

0sb

x

Pte

rast

ercf

.di

apha

nus

(Lud

wig

,19

05)

1410

xx

Pte

rast

ergi

bber

(Sla

den,

1882

)7–

460

rbx

Pte

rast

eraf

finis

Sm

ith,

1876

80–1

30rb

xP

tera

ster

affin

isle

brun

iPer

rier

,189

174

–341

sbx

Hym

enas

ter

crem

node

sH

.L

.C

lark

,19

2043

35m

bx

Hym

enas

ter

grac

ilis

Lud

wig

,19

0524

18–

3241

xx

xx

Hym

enas

ter

pell

ucid

usT

hom

son,

1873

13–3

240

mb

x

Hym

enas

ter

plat

yaca

nthu

sL

udw

ig,

1905

2487

–28

77x

xx

Hym

enas

ter

quad

risp

inos

usF

ishe

r,19

0577

8–32

40m

bx

xx

Hym

enas

ter

tria

sH

.L

.C

lark

,19

2052

03m

bx

Hym

enas

ter

viol

aceu

sL

udw

ig,

1905

x

(con

tinu

ed)

552 Appendix

Tab

leA

.1(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XR

EV

GU

AS

AL

HO

NN

ICC

RC

CO

CP

AN

CO

LM

AL

GA

LE

CU

PE

RC

HL

PA

S

Ord

erSp

inul

osid

aF

amily

Ech

inas

teri

dae

Ech

inas

ter

(Ech

inas

ter)

parv

ispi

nus

A.

H.

Cla

rk,

1916

18–2

8rb

x

Ech

inas

ter

(Oth

ilia

)ac

ulea

ta(G

ray,

1840

)3–

24sb

xx

Ech

inas

ter

(Oth

ilia

)sp

inul

osus

Ver

rill

,18

691–

55cr

,mb,

rbx

Ech

inas

ter

(Oth

ilia

)te

nuis

pinu

sV

erri

ll,

1871

0–18

rbx

Ech

inas

ter

crib

ella

Lüt

ken,

1871

x

Ech

inas

ter

cyli

ndri

cus

Mei

ssne

r,18

92x

Ech

inas

ter

pana

men

sis

Lei

pold

t,18

95x

Hen

rici

aas

pera

Fis

her,

1906

487–

570

rbx

Hen

rici

aas

then

acti

sF

ishe

r,19

1091

–125

0rb

x

Hen

rici

acl

arki

Fis

her,

1910

226–

2001

rbx

x

Hen

rici

agr

acil

is(L

udw

ing,

1905

)26

7–12

44rb

x

Hen

rici

ale

vius

cula

(Sti

mps

on,

1857

)0–

228

rbx

Hen

rici

ana

na(L

udw

ig,

1905

)57

–200

rbx

x

(con

tinu

ed)

Appendix 553

Tab

leA

.1(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XR

EV

GU

AS

AL

HO

NN

ICC

RC

CO

CP

AN

CO

LM

AL

GA

LE

CU

PE

RC

HL

PA

S

Hen

rici

aob

esa

(Sla

den,

1889

)22

–940

rbx

xx

Hen

rici

ase

min

udus

(A.

H.

Cla

rk,

1916

)66

6rb

xx

Hen

rici

ast

uder

iP

erri

er,

1891

0–43

0rb

,sb,

rub

xx

Ord

erF

orci

pula

tida

Fam

ilyA

ster

iidae

Ana

ster

ias

anta

rcti

ca(L

ütke

n,18

57)

0–35

0rb

x

Ana

ster

ias

pedi

cell

aris

(Köe

hler

,19

23)

0–12

0sb

x

Ana

ster

ias

spir

abil

is(B

ell,

1881

)34

–54

x

Ana

ster

ias

vari

um(P

hili

ppi,

1870

)0–

350

rbx

Ast

rom

etis

sert

ulif

era

(Xan

tus,

1860

)11

–156

cr,r

bx

xx

Ast

rost

ole

plat

ei(M

eiss

ner,

1896

)0–

20rb

x

Ast

rost

ole

pasc

hae

(H.

L.

Cla

rk,

1920

)rb

x

Cor

onas

ter

mar

chen

usZ

iese

nhen

ne,

1942

52–8

4cr

,rb,

rub

xx

xx

Cos

mas

teri

aslu

rida

(Phi

lipp

i,18

58)

0–65

0m

b,rb

,sb

x

Dip

last

eria

sbr

andt

i(B

ell,

1881

)0–

500

mb,

rb,s

bx

Dis

tola

ster

ias

robu

sta

(Lud

wig

,19

05)

3334

xx

x

(con

tinu

ed)

554 Appendix

Tab

leA

.1(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XR

EV

GU

AS

AL

HO

NN

ICC

RC

CO

CP

AN

CO

LM

AL

GA

LE

CU

PE

RC

HL

PA

S

Eva

ster

ias

tros

chel

i(S

tim

pson

,18

62)

x

Lep

tast

eria

spu

sill

aF

ishe

r,19

3037

rbx

Mey

enas

ter

gela

tino

sus

(Mey

en,

1834

)0–

22rb

xx

x

Pis

aste

rbr

evis

pinu

s(S

tim

pson

,18

57)

0–10

2rb

x

Pis

aste

rgi

gant

eus

(Sti

mps

on,

1857

)0–

374

rbx

Pis

aste

roc

hrac

eus

(Bra

ndt,

1835

)0–

8rb

xx

Rat

hbun

aste

rca

lifo

rnic

usF

ishe

r,19

06rb

x

Scle

rast

eria

sal

exan

dri

(Lud

wig

,19

05)

61–3

84x

xx

xx

Scle

rast

eria

she

tero

paes

Fis

her,

1924

18–4

57rb

xx

Fam

ilyC

osci

nast

erid

aeP

sali

dast

erm

orda

xF

ishe

r,19

4080

–600

sbx

Fam

ilyH

elia

ster

idae

Hel

iast

erca

nopu

sP

erri

er,

1875

inte

rtid

alrb

x

Hel

iast

ercu

min

gii

(Gra

y,18

40)

0–14

rbx

Hel

iast

erhe

lian

thus

(Lam

arck

,18

16)

0–20

rb,s

bx

xx

Hel

iast

erku

bini

jiX

antu

s,18

600–

20rb

xx

x

(con

tinu

ed)

Appendix 555

Tab

leA

.1(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XR

EV

GU

AS

AL

HO

NN

ICC

RC

CO

CP

AN

CO

LM

AL

GA

LE

CU

PE

RC

HL

PA

S

Hel

iast

erm

icro

brac

hius

Xan

thus

,18

600–

20rb

xx

x

Hel

iast

erpo

lybr

achi

usH

.L

.C

lark

,19

070–

20rb

xx

x

Hel

iast

erso

lari

sA

.H

.C

lark

,19

20rb

x

Lab

idia

ster

radi

osus

Lüt

ken,

1871

5–45

0rb

x

Fam

ilyP

edic

ella

ster

idae

Am

pher

aste

rhy

pero

nchu

s(H

.L

.C

lark

,19

13)

0–52

0rb

,rub

xx

Hyd

rast

eria

sim

prov

isus

(Lud

wig

,19

05)

1618

–24

18x

Tar

sast

erco

cosa

nus

(Lud

wig

,19

05)

245

xx

Tar

sast

erga

lapa

gens

is(L

udw

ig,

1905

)70

4x

Fam

ilyP

ycno

podi

idae

Pyc

nopo

dia

heli

anth

oide

s(B

rand

t,18

35)

0–45

5rb

x

Fam

ilySt

icha

ster

idae

All

osti

chas

ter

cape

nsis

(Per

rier

,18

75)

0–10

0rb

x

Stic

hast

erst

riat

usM

ülle

r&

Tro

sche

l,18

400–

80rb

,sb,

kfx

x

Fam

ilyZ

oroa

ster

idae

(con

tinu

ed)

556 Appendix

Tab

leA

.1(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XR

EV

GU

AS

AL

HO

NN

ICC

RC

CO

CP

AN

CO

LM

AL

GA

LE

CU

PE

RC

HL

PA

S

Cne

mid

aste

rnu

dus

(Lud

wig

,19

05)

1366

–26

00m

b,rb

xx

Cne

mid

aste

rw

yvil

lii

Sla

den,

1889

x

Myx

oder

ma

long

ispi

num

(Lud

wig

,19

05)

980–

2418

mb,

rbx

xx

x

Myx

oder

ma

plat

yaca

nthu

m(H

.L

.C

lark

,19

13)

395–

650

mb,

rbx

Myx

oder

ma

qaw

ashq

ari

(Moy

ana

&L

arra

in,

1976

)

0–72

3sb

xx

Myx

oder

ma

sacc

ulat

um(F

ishe

r,19

05)

1000

–15

46m

b,rb

x

Zor

oast

erm

agni

ficus

Lud

wig

,19

0530

56–

3667

mb,

sbx

xx

Zor

oast

erop

hiur

usF

ishe

r,19

0569

5–22

26m

b,sb

x

Ord

erB

risi

ngid

aF

amily

Bri

sing

idae

Ast

roli

rus

pana

men

sis

(Lud

wig

,19

05)

48–2

418

xx

xx

x

Hym

enod

iscu

sm

onac

anth

aH

.L

.C

lark

,19

20

4064

mb

x

Hym

enod

iscu

ste

nell

a(L

udw

ig,

1905

)24

18x

Fam

ilyF

reye

llida

eF

reya

ster

abe

ntho

phil

a(S

lade

n,18

89)

4064

–46

67m

bx

(con

tinu

ed)

Appendix 557

Tab

leA

.1(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XR

EV

GU

AS

AL

HO

NN

ICC

RC

CO

CP

AN

CO

LM

AL

GA

LE

CU

PE

RC

HL

PA

S

Fre

yell

ain

sign

isL

udw

ig,

1905

3182

–32

79x

xx

x

Fre

yell

apa

cific

aL

udw

ig,

1905

x

Fre

yell

apr

opin

qua

Lud

wig

,19

05x

Fre

yell

aste

rsc

alar

is(A

.H

.C

lark

,19

16)

x

Cla

ssO

phiu

roid

eaO

rder

Eur

yalid

aF

amily

Ast

eron

ychi

dae

Ast

eron

yxex

cava

taL

ütke

n&

Mor

tens

en,

1899

266–

1236

sbx

Ast

eron

yxlo

veni

Mül

ler

&T

rosc

hel,

1842

152–

2663

cr,m

b,sb

xx

x

Ast

eron

yxlo

ngifi

ssus

Doe

derl

ein,

1927

266–

1800

x

Ast

rodi

apl

ana

(Lüt

ken

&M

orte

nsen

,18

99)

717–

3058

xx

xx

Fam

ilyA

ster

osch

emat

idae

Ast

eros

chem

aru

brum

(Lym

an,

1882

)35

0–73

1x

Ast

eros

chem

asu

blae

veL

ütke

n&

Mor

tens

en,

1899

1271

xx

Fam

ilyG

orgo

noce

phal

idae

(con

tinu

ed)

558 Appendix

Tab

leA

.1(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XR

EV

GU

AS

AL

HO

NN

ICC

RC

CO

CP

AN

CO

LM

AL

GA

LE

CU

PE

RC

HL

PA

S

Ast

roca

neum

spin

osum

(Lym

an,

1875

)4–

183

cr,m

b,sb

,rb

xx

xx

Ast

rode

ndru

mga

lapa

gens

isA

.H

.C

lark

,19

16

717

x

Ast

rodi

ctyu

mpa

nam

ense

(Ver

rill

,18

67)

2355

9cr

,sb

xx

xx

xx

Ast

roto

ma

agas

sizi

iL

yman

,18

752–

1180

rbx

Gor

gono

ceph

alus

chil

ensi

s(P

hili

ppi,

1858

)4–

900

rbx

Gor

gono

ceph

alus

diom

edea

eL

ütke

n&

Mor

tens

en,

1899

1271

x

Ord

erO

phiu

rida

Fam

ilyO

phio

myx

idae

Oph

iom

yxa

pana

men

sis

Lüt

ken

&M

orte

nsen

,18

99

60–2

93rb

,sb

xx

xx

Oph

iom

yxa

vivi

para

Stu

der,

1876

15–3

99rb

x

Oph

ioly

cus

nutr

ix(M

orte

nsen

,19

36)

70–4

538

sbx

Fam

ilyA

mph

iuri

dae

Am

phil

epis

nuda

Tom

mas

i,19

76x

Am

phil

epis

pate

nsL

yman

,18

7938

4–40

87m

bx

xx

Fam

ilyA

mph

iuri

dae

(con

tinu

ed)

Appendix 559

Tab

leA

.1(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XR

EV

GU

AS

AL

HO

NN

ICC

RC

CO

CP

AN

CO

LM

AL

GA

LE

CU

PE

RC

HL

PA

S

Am

phic

ontu

sm

inut

usH

ill,

1940

9–22

xx

Am

phic

hond

rius

gran

ulat

us(L

ütke

n&

Mor

tens

en,

1899

)

280–

384

mb,

sbx

xx

Am

phic

hond

rius

laev

isZ

iese

nhen

ne,

1940

4–15

cr,

rbx

x

Am

phio

dia

assi

mil

is(L

ütke

n&

Mor

tens

en,

1899

)

3334

xx

x

Am

phio

dia

gris

ea(L

jung

man

,18

67)

54x

xx

Am

phio

dia

occi

dent

alis

(Lym

an,

1860

)0–

367

mb,

sbx

x

Am

phio

dia

oers

tedi

(Lüt

ken,

1856

)0.

2–1

mb,

rbx

xx

x

Am

phio

dia

plat

yspi

naN

iels

en,

1932

350

rbx

x

Am

phio

dia

scul

ptil

isZ

iese

nhen

ne,

1940

4–15

rbx

x

Am

phio

dia

tabo

gae

Nie

lsen

,19

320–

364

rbx

xx

xx

Am

phio

dia

urti

ca(L

yman

,18

60)

9–80

rb,s

bx

x

Am

phio

dia

viol

acea

(Lüt

ken,

1856

)x

xx

Am

phio

dia

vici

naH

.L

.C

lark

,19

4064

mb

x

Am

phip

holi

sel

evat

aN

iels

en,

1932

0–73

sbx

x

(con

tinu

ed)

560 Appendix

Tab

leA

.1(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XR

EV

GU

AS

AL

HO

NN

ICC

RC

CO

CP

AN

CO

LM

AL

GA

LE

CU

PE

RC

HL

PA

S

Am

phip

holi

sgr

anul

ata

(Lüt

ken

&M

orte

nsen

,18

99)

280–

384

x

Am

phip

holi

sla

evid

isca

H.

L.

Cla

rk,

1909

xx

Am

phip

holi

spu

geta

na(L

yman

,18

60)

4–16

20sb

xx

x

Am

phip

holi

spu

ntar

enae

(Lüt

ken,

1856

)0–

508

mb

x

Am

phip

holi

ssq

uam

ata

(Del

leC

hiaj

e,18

28)

0–12

00cr

,m,m

b,sb

,sg,

rub,

rbx

xx

xx

x

Am

phio

plus

(Am

phio

plus

)st

rong

ylop

lax

(H.

L.

Cla

rk,

1911

)

4–14

08m

b,sb

x

Am

phio

plus

(Am

phio

plus

)co

nior

tode

sH

.L

.C

lark

,19

18

1207

mb

x

Am

phio

plus

dale

us(L

yman

,18

79)

2690

–32

19rb

xx

Am

phio

plus

phil

ohel

min

thiu

sZ

iese

nhen

ne,

1940

15–7

3m

bx

Am

phio

plus

mag

ella

nica

(Mor

tens

en,

1936

)35

–174

x

Am

phio

plus

text

ilis

(Koe

hler

,19

07)

x

Am

phiu

raan

omal

aL

yman

,18

7530

0–15

00x

(con

tinu

ed)

Appendix 561

Tab

leA

.1(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XR

EV

GU

AS

AL

HO

NN

ICC

RC

CO

CP

AN

CO

LM

AL

GA

LE

CU

PE

RC

HL

PA

S

Am

phiu

raar

cyst

ata

H.

L.

Cla

rk,

1911

6–84

9m

b,rb

,sb

xx

xx

Am

phiu

raeu

geni

aeL

jung

man

,18

670–

582

x

Am

phiu

ra(A

mph

iura

)di

omed

eae

Lüt

ken

&M

orte

nsen

,18

99

44–3

017

sbx

xx

x

Am

phiu

ra(A

mph

iura

)m

agel

lani

caL

jung

man

,18

67

0–30

0x

Am

phiu

ra(O

phio

nem

a)he

xaca

ntha

Nie

lsen

,19

32

x

Am

phiu

raca

lbuc

aM

orte

nsen

,19

520–

300

x

Am

phiu

raca

rcha

raH

.L

.C

lark

,19

1115

87m

b,rb

,sb

x

Am

phiu

raga

stra

cant

haL

ütke

n&

Mor

tens

en,

1899

1207

mb,

sbx

Am

phiu

ragy

mno

gast

raL

ütke

n&

Mor

tens

en,

1899

549–

2323

xx

Am

phiu

ragy

mno

pora

Lüt

ken

&M

orte

nsen

,18

99

333

x

Am

phiu

rano

taca

ntha

Lüt

ken

&M

orte

nsen

,18

99

1236

mb,

sbx

Am

phiu

raot

teri

Lju

ngm

an,

1872

80rb

x

(con

tinu

ed)

562 Appendix

Tab

leA

.1(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XR

EV

GU

AS

AL

HO

NN

ICC

RC

CO

CP

AN

CO

LM

AL

GA

LE

CU

PE

RC

HL

PA

S

Am

phiu

rapo

lyac

anth

aL

ütke

n&

Mor

tens

en,

1899

1271

xx

Am

phiu

rapa

pill

ata

Lüt

ken

&M

orte

nsen

,18

99

702

x

Am

phiu

rapr

ince

psK

oehl

er,

1907

0–30

0x

Am

phiu

rase

min

uda

Lüt

ken

&M

orte

nsen

,18

99

9–40

96rb

,sb

x

Am

phiu

rase

rpen

tina

Lüt

ken

&M

orte

nsen

1899

770–

1865

xx

Am

phiu

rave

rtic

illa

taL

jung

man

,18

67x

Mic

roph

ioph

olis

gem

inat

a(L

eC

onte

,18

51)

0–82

mb,

rb,s

bx

xx

xx

Mic

roph

ioph

olis

plat

ydis

ca(N

iels

en,

1932

)

0–13

7m

b,sb

xx

xx

x

Mic

roph

ioph

olis

punt

aren

ae(L

ütke

n,18

56)

xx

Oph

iocn

ida

cali

forn

ica

Zie

senh

enne

,19

406–

302

mb,

rb,s

bx

Oph

iocn

ida

hisp

ida

(Le

Con

te,

1851

)0–

794

cr,r

bx

x

(con

tinu

ed)

Appendix 563

Tab

leA

.1(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XR

EV

GU

AS

AL

HO

NN

ICC

RC

CO

CP

AN

CO

LM

AL

GA

LE

CU

PE

RC

HL

PA

S

Oph

ioph

ragm

usch

ilen

sis

(Mül

ler

&T

rosc

hel,

1843

)

0–40

rb,s

bx

x

Oph

ioph

ragm

usdi

saca

nthu

sZ

iese

nhen

ne,

1940

x

Oph

ioph

ragm

usm

argi

natu

s(L

ütke

n,18

56)

0–13

4sb

xx

xx

xx

Oph

ioph

ragm

usop

hiac

toid

esZ

iese

nhen

ne,

1940

xx

x

Oph

ioph

ragm

uspa

ucis

pinu

sN

iels

en,

1932

0–13

4x

xx

Oph

ioph

ragm

usst

ella

tus

Zie

senh

enne

,19

4018

–73

x

Oph

ioph

ragm

usta

boge

nsis

Nie

lsen

,19

320–

128

sbx

xx

xx

Oph

iost

igm

ate

nue

Lüt

ken,

1856

1–10

1rb

xx

x

Tri

plod

iaab

dita

(A.

M.

Cla

rk,

1970

)x

Fam

ilyH

emie

urya

lidae

Am

phig

ypti

spe

rple

xaN

iels

en,

1932

0–14

3m

b,rb

,sb

x

Oph

ioch

ondr

usst

elli

ger

Lym

an,

1879

73–4

39x

Sigs

beia

laev

isZ

iese

nhen

ne,

1940

55–6

4x

(con

tinu

ed)

564 Appendix

Tab

leA

.1(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XR

EV

GU

AS

AL

HO

NN

ICC

RC

CO

CP

AN

CO

LM

AL

GA

LE

CU

PE

RC

HL

PA

S

Sigs

beia

line

ata

Lüt

ken

&M

orte

nsen

,18

9943

–183

rbx

xx

Fam

ilyO

phia

cant

hida

eSu

bfam

ilyO

phia

cant

hina

eO

phia

cant

haan

tarc

tica

Koe

hler

,19

0090

–400

4sb

x

Oph

iaca

ntha

bath

ybia

H.

L.

Cla

rk,

1911

1993

rbx

Oph

iaca

ntha

cont

igua

Lüt

ken

&M

orte

nsen

,18

99

1062

–16

44x

xx

Oph

iaca

ntha

cosm

ica

Lym

an,

1878

147–

4840

mb,

rb,s

bx

xx

x

Oph

iaca

ntha

cost

ata

Lüt

ken

&M

orte

nsen

,18

99

733–

1271

mb,

sbx

xx

Oph

iaca

ntha

cyre

naA

.H

.C

lark

,19

1671

7x

Oph

iaca

ntha

deru

ens

Koe

hler

,18

99x

Oph

iaca

ntha

dipl

asia

H.

L.

Cla

rk,

1911

9–14

08cr

,mb,

sbx

Oph

iaca

ntha

frig

ida

Koe

hler

,19

0916

67–

3914

x

Oph

iaca

ntha

hirt

aL

ütke

n&

Mor

tens

en,

1899

1244

–15

48m

b,sb

x

Oph

iaca

ntha

inco

nspi

cua

Lüt

ken

&M

orte

nsen

,18

99

702–

1485

xx

(con

tinu

ed)

Appendix 565

Tab

leA

.1(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XR

EV

GU

AS

AL

HO

NN

ICC

RC

CO

CP

AN

CO

LM

AL

GA

LE

CU

PE

RC

HL

PA

S

Oph

iaca

ntha

mar

supi

alis

Lym

an,

1878

x

Oph

iaca

ntha

mon

ilif

orm

isL

ütke

n&

Mor

tens

en,

1899

519–

1244

mb,

sbx

x

Oph

iaca

ntha

paci

fica

Lüt

ken

&M

orte

nsen

,18

99

2877

x

Oph

iaca

ntha

pauc

ispi

naL

ütke

n&

Mor

tens

en,

1899

2690

x

Oph

iaca

ntha

pent

acri

nus

Lüt

ken,

1869

434–

598

sbx

Oph

ioca

ntha

phra

gma

Zie

senh

enne

,19

4013

–644

rb,s

bx

xx

xx

Oph

iaca

ntha

quad

risp

ina

H.

L.

Cla

rk,

1917

183–

549

rbx

Oph

iaca

ntha

rhac

hoph

ora

H.

L.

Cla

rk,

1911

115–

1552

mb,

rb,s

bx

Oph

iaca

ntha

rose

aL

yman

,18

7832

–153

8rb

,sb

x

Oph

iaca

ntha

sava

gica

Tom

mas

i,19

7611

71–

1180

x

Oph

iaca

ntha

sent

osa

Lym

an,

1878

2067

–52

03m

bx

x

Oph

iaca

ntha

sim

ilis

A.

H.

Cla

rk,

1916

717

x

Oph

iaca

ntha

spin

ifer

aL

ütke

n&

Mor

tens

en,

1899

999–

1865

x

(con

tinu

ed)

566 Appendix

Tab

leA

.1(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XR

EV

GU

AS

AL

HO

NN

ICC

RC

CO

CP

AN

CO

LM

AL

GA

LE

CU

PE

RC

HL

PA

S

Oph

iaca

ntha

vivi

para

Lju

ngm

an,

1870

0–10

97rb

,kf

x

Oph

iole

bes

mor

tens

eni

A.

H.

Cla

rk,

1916

717

x

Oph

iotr

eta

vale

ncie

nnes

iva

lenc

ienn

esi

(Lym

an,

1879

)

549

x

Subf

amily

Oph

iohe

linae

Oph

ioth

olia

spat

hife

r(L

yman

,18

79)

x

Subf

amily

Oph

iopl

inth

acin

aeO

phio

mit

rell

ach

ilen

sis

Mor

tens

en,

1952

25–3

00x

Oph

ioph

thal

mus

norm

ani

(Lym

an,

1879

)51

–260

0m

b,rb

,sb

xx

Oph

ioth

amnu

sdu

pla

Tom

mas

i,19

7611

71–

1180

x

Oph

iuro

tham

nus

laev

is(L

ütke

n&

Mor

tens

en,

1899

)

1008

x

Subf

amily

Oph

ioto

min

aeO

phio

tom

apa

ucis

pina

(Lüt

ken

&M

orte

nsen

,18

99)

1643

–40

82m

bx

xx

x

Oph

ioli

mna

anta

rcti

ca(L

yman

,18

79)

88–2

750

x (con

tinu

ed)

Appendix 567

Tab

leA

.1(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XR

EV

GU

AS

AL

HO

NN

ICC

RC

CO

CP

AN

CO

LM

AL

GA

LE

CU

PE

RC

HL

PA

S

Fam

ilyO

phia

ctid

aeH

emip

holi

sco

rdif

era

Bos

c,18

0218

–34

crx

x

Hem

ipho

lis

grac

ilis

Ver

rill

,18

6734

mb

xx

xx

xx

x

His

tam

pica

dupl

icat

a(L

yman

,18

75)

125–

2870

cr,m

b,rb

xx

xx

x

Oph

iact

isas

peru

la(P

hili

ppi,

1858

)0–

576

rb,k

fx

x

Oph

iact

iskr

oeye

riL

ütke

n,18

560–

60rb

,sb,

mb,

rub

xx

x

Oph

iact

issa

vign

yi(M

ülle

r&

Tro

sche

l,18

42)

0–51

8cr

,m,r

b,sg

,rub

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

x

Oph

iact

issi

mpl

ex(L

eC

onte

,18

51)

0–30

2cr

,rb

xx

xx

xx

xx

x

Oph

iact

ispl

ana

Lym

an,

1869

xx

x

Oph

iact

ispr

ofun

diL

ütke

n&

Mor

tens

en,

1899

1008

x

Oph

ioph

olis

bake

riM

cCle

ndon

,19

099–

1006

cr,r

bx

Fam

ilyO

phio

chit

onid

aeO

phio

chit

onca

rina

tus

Lüt

ken

&M

orte

nsen

,18

99

589–

1355

sb,r

ubx

x

Oph

ioch

iton

fast

igat

usL

yman

,18

7873

3x

(con

tinu

ed)

568 Appendix

Tab

leA

.1(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XR

EV

GU

AS

AL

HO

NN

ICC

RC

CO

CP

AN

CO

LM

AL

GA

LE

CU

PE

RC

HL

PA

S

Fam

ilyO

phio

com

idae

Oph

ioco

ma

aeth

iops

Lüt

ken,

1859

0–30

.5cr

,rb,

sbx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

x

Oph

ioco

ma

alex

andr

iL

yman

,18

600–

70cr

,rb,

sbx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

Oph

ioco

ma

dent

ata

Mül

ler

&T

rosc

hel,

1842

x

Oph

ioco

ma

erin

aceu

sM

ülle

r&

Tro

sche

l,18

428

x

Oph

ioco

ma

long

ispi

naH

.L

.C

lak,

1917

x

Oph

ioco

mel

lasc

hmit

tiA

.H

.C

lark

,19

395–

40cr

,rb

xx

x

Oph

ioco

mel

lase

xrad

ia(D

unca

n,18

87)

cr,r

bx

x

Oph

ioco

min

ani

gra

(Abi

ldga

ard,

inO

.F.

Mül

ler,

1789

)

236–

549

sbx

Oph

iops

ila

cali

forn

ica

A.

H.

Cla

rk,

1921

33–2

01rb

x

Fam

ilyO

phio

derm

atid

aeD

iope

derm

ada

nian

um(V

erri

ll,

1867

)7–

137

cr,m

b,rb

,sb

xx

xx

x

Oph

iocr

ytus

gran

ulos

usN

iels

en,

1932

0–79

rb,s

gx

x

Oph

iode

rma

appr

essa

(Say

,18

25)

0–20

cr,r

bx

Oph

iode

rma

elap

sL

ütke

n,18

56x

(con

tinu

ed)

Appendix 569

Tab

leA

.1(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XR

EV

GU

AS

AL

HO

NN

ICC

RC

CO

CP

AN

CO

LM

AL

GA

LE

CU

PE

RC

HL

PA

S

Oph

iode

rma

pana

men

seL

ütke

n,18

590–

20cr

,rb,

sbx

xx

xx

xx

xx

x

Oph

iode

rma

pent

acan

tha

H.

L.

Cla

rk,

1917

183

xx

Oph

iode

rma

tere

s(L

yman

,18

60)

0–54

cr,r

b,sb

xx

xx

xx

xx

Oph

iode

rma

vans

yoci

Hen

dler

,19

9615

.2–2

7rb

x

Oph

iode

rma

vari

egat

umL

ütke

n,18

560–

110

mb,

rb,s

bx

xx

xx

xx

Oph

iode

rma

sodi

pall

ares

iC

aso,

1986

4–9

rb,s

bx

Oph

iopa

epal

edi

plax

(Nie

lsen

,19

32)

0–23

0m

b,sb

xx

x

Oph

iuro

coni

sbi

spin

osa

Zie

senh

enne

,19

374–

143

sbx

xx

Fam

ilyO

phio

nere

idid

aeO

phio

nere

isal

bom

acul

ata

E.A

.S

mit

h,18

77

73–1

55x

xx

Oph

ione

reis

annu

lata

(Le

Con

te,

1851

)0–

229

cr,r

b,sb

xx

xx

xx

xx

x

Oph

ione

reis

dubi

a(M

ülle

r&

Tro

sche

l,18

42)

x

Oph

ione

reis

eury

brac

hipl

axH

.L

.C

lark

,19

11

mb

x

(con

tinu

ed)

570 Appendix

Tab

leA

.1(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XR

EV

GU

AS

AL

HO

NN

ICC

RC

CO

CP

AN

CO

LM

AL

GA

LE

CU

PE

RC

HL

PA

S

Oph

ione

reis

perp

lexa

Zie

senh

enne

,19

400–

73cr

,rb

xx

xx

Oph

ione

reis

porr

ecta

Lym

an,

1860

0–30

rbx

Oph

ione

reis

scha

yeri

(Mül

ler

&T

rosc

hel,

1844

)

x

Fam

ilyO

phio

tric

hida

eO

phio

thri

xga

lapa

gens

isL

ütke

n&

Mor

tens

en,

1899

0–54

9cr

,mb,

rb,s

bx

x

Oph

ioth

ela

grac

ilis

Nie

lsen

,19

327–

9cr

,rb

xx

x

Oph

ioth

ela

mir

abil

isV

erri

ll,

1867

5–20

cr,m

b,rb

xx

xx

xx

xx

Oph

ioth

rix

mag

nific

aL

yman

,18

600–

20cr

,mb,

rb,s

bx

x

Oph

ioth

rix

rudi

sL

yman

,18

740–

1rb

,cr,

sbx

Oph

ioth

rix

spic

ulat

aL

eC

onte

,18

510–

2059

cr,m

b,rb

,sb

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

Fam

ilyO

phiu

rida

eSu

bfam

ilyO

phio

lepi

dina

eO

phio

lepi

scr

assa

Nie

lsen

,19

326–

230

mb,

rb,s

bx

x

Oph

iole

pis

gris

eaH

.L

.C

lark

,19

407–

13m

bx

xx

xx

x

Oph

iole

pis

paci

fica

Lüt

ken,

1856

0–18

cr,r

bx

xx

(con

tinu

ed)

Appendix 571

Tab

leA

.1(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XR

EV

GU

AS

AL

HO

NN

ICC

RC

CO

CP

AN

CO

LM

AL

GA

LE

CU

PE

RC

HL

PA

S

Oph

iole

pis

plat

eia

Zie

senh

enne

,19

401–

12cr

,rb,

sb,r

ubx

xx

Oph

iole

pis

vari

egat

aL

ütke

n,18

561–

110

cr,m

b,sb

xx

xx

x

Oph

iom

usiu

mgl

abru

mL

ütke

n&

Mor

tens

en,

1899

878–

5203

mb,

rb,s

bx

xx

xx

xx

x

Oph

iom

usiu

mdi

omed

eae

Lüt

ken

&M

orte

nsen

,18

99

702–

1485

x

Oph

iom

usiu

mly

man

iT

hom

son,

1873

51–2

906

mb,

sbx

xx

xx

x

Oph

iom

usiu

mva

riab

ile

Lüt

ken

&M

orte

nsen

,18

99

267–

902

mb,

rbx

x

Oph

iopl

ocus

esm

arki

Lym

an,

1874

0–74

rb,s

gx

Oph

iopl

ocus

hanc

ocki

Zie

senh

enne

,19

35x

Oph

iosp

halm

ajo

llie

nse

(McC

lend

on,

1909

)17

–123

0m

b,rb

,sb

xx

x

Oph

iozo

nell

aal

ba(L

ütke

n&

Mor

tens

en,

1899

)

1408

–24

87x

xx

Oph

iozo

nell

acl

ypea

ta(L

yman

,18

83)

x

Oph

iozo

nell

aco

ntig

ua(L

ütke

n&

Mor

tens

en,

1899

)

2417

–24

87x

x

Oph

iozo

nell

afa

lkla

ndic

aM

orte

nsen

,19

36x (con

tinu

ed)

572 Appendix

Tab

leA

.1(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XR

EV

GU

AS

AL

HO

NN

ICC

RC

CO

CP

AN

CO

LM

AL

GA

LE

CU

PE

RC

HL

PA

S

Subf

amily

Oph

iole

ucin

aeO

phie

rnus

adsp

ersu

sad

sper

sus

Lym

an,

1883

770–

1245

mb,

sbx

xx

Oph

iern

usad

sper

sus

anne

cten

sL

ütke

n&

Mor

tens

en,

1899

770–

1158

x

Oph

iern

uspo

lypo

rum

Lüt

ken

&M

orte

nsen

,18

99

1207

–12

44x

Oph

iern

usse

min

udus

Lüt

ken

&M

orte

nsen

,18

99

840–

4082

mb,

sbx

xx

Subf

amily

Oph

iuri

nae

Am

phio

phiu

raab

cisa

(Lüt

ken

&M

orte

nsen

,18

99)

245–

3714

rb,s

bx

xx

Am

phio

phiu

rair

regu

lari

sZ

iese

nhen

ne,

1940

x

Am

phio

phiu

raob

tect

a(L

ütke

n&

Mor

tens

en,

1899

)

2197

xx

x

Am

phio

phiu

raol

igop

ora

(H.

L.

Cla

rk,

1913

)11

52m

bx

Am

phio

phiu

rapa

ucis

quam

aZ

iese

nhen

ne,

1940

x

Am

phio

phiu

rasu

perb

a(L

ütke

n&

Mor

tens

en,

1899

)

51–1

820

mb

x

(con

tinu

ed)

Appendix 573

Tab

leA

.1(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XR

EV

GU

AS

AL

HO

NN

ICC

RC

CO

CP

AN

CO

LM

AL

GA

LE

CU

PE

RC

HL

PA

S

Am

phio

phiu

rave

mae

Kyt

e,19

8737

39–

4124

x

Gym

noph

iura

conc

ava

Tom

mas

i,19

76x

Gym

noph

iura

mol

lis

Lüt

ken

&M

orte

nsen

,18

99

2417

–24

87x

xx

Oph

ioct

enam

itin

umL

yman

,18

7829

–920

rb,s

b,kf

x

Oph

ioct

enha

stat

umL

yman

,18

7811

59–

2877

xx

xx

xx

x

Oph

iogo

nado

eder

lein

i(K

oehl

er,

1901

)x

Oph

iono

tus

vict

oria

eB

ell,

1902

5–75

2m

b,rb

,sb

x

Oph

iom

astu

sbu

lufo

nica

Tom

mas

i,19

7611

71–

1180

x

Oph

iom

astu

sm

olin

aeC

asti

llo-

Ala

rcon

,19

68in

tert

idal

rbx

Oph

iom

astu

stu

berc

ulat

aT

omm

asi,

1976

1171

–11

80x

Oph

iom

isid

ium

leur

umZ

iese

nhen

ne,

1940

x

Oph

iost

eira

koeh

leri

A.

H.

Cla

rk,

1917

733

x

Oph

ioph

yllu

mm

argi

natu

mA

.H.C

lark

,19

16

717

x

(con

tinu

ed)

574 Appendix

Tab

leA

.1(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XR

EV

GU

AS

AL

HO

NN

ICC

RC

CO

CP

AN

CO

LM

AL

GA

LE

CU

PE

RC

HL

PA

S

Oph

iopl

inth

usdi

visa

(Lüt

ken

&M

orte

nsen

,18

99)

2075

–24

87x

Oph

iopl

inth

usin

flata

(Koe

hler

,18

97)

1484

x

Oph

iopl

inth

usin

orna

ta(L

yman

,18

78)

1485

–24

18x

x

Oph

iopl

inth

usne

xila

(Kyt

e,19

87)

x

Oph

ioty

pasi

mpl

exK

oehl

er,

1897

3652

–38

11x

Oph

iura

(Oph

iuro

glyp

ha)

irro

rata

irro

rata

(Lym

an,

1878

)

405-

5869

mb,

sbx

xx

xx

xx

x

Oph

iura

flage

llat

a(L

yman

,18

78)

128–

2014

mb

xx

Oph

iura

lept

octe

nia

H.

L.

Cla

rk,

1911

27–3

239

sb,r

ubx

Oph

iura

luet

keni

i(L

yman

,18

60)

0–10

97m

b,rb

,sb

xx

Oph

iura

lym

ani

(Lju

ngm

an,

1871

)30

–800

rb,s

b,kf

x

Oph

iura

nana

(Lüt

ken

&M

orte

nsen

,18

99)

1650

x

Oph

iura

plan

a(L

ütke

n&

Mor

tens

en,

1899

)20

70–

3241

xx

xx

xx

(con

tinu

ed)

Appendix 575

Tab

leA

.1(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XR

EV

GU

AS

AL

HO

NN

ICC

RC

CO

CP

AN

CO

LM

AL

GA

LE

CU

PE

RC

HL

PA

S

Oph

iura

sten

obra

chia

H.

L.

Cla

rk,

1917

3667

xx

The

odor

iam

adse

niT

omm

asi,

1976

x

Cla

ssE

chin

oide

aO

rder

Cid

aroi

daF

amily

Cid

arid

aeA

ustr

ocid

aris

cana

licu

lata

(A.A

gass

iz,

1863

)

1–84

5rb

,sb

x

Aus

troc

idar

issp

inul

osa

Mor

tens

en,

1910

13–6

41x

Cen

troc

idar

isdo

eder

lein

i(A

.A

gass

iz,

1898

)

87–5

50sb

xx

xx

Euc

idar

isth

ouar

sii

(Val

enci

enne

s,18

46)

0–15

0cr

,mb,

rb,s

bx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

Euc

idar

isth

ouar

sii

gala

page

nsis

Doe

derl

ein,

1887

0–15

0rb

xx

Hes

pero

cida

ris

aste

risc

usH

.L

.C

lark

,19

48

2–18

3cr

,mb,

rb,s

bx

xx

xx

x

Hes

pero

cida

ris

dubi

a(H

.L

.C

lark

,19

07)

55–6

00x

xx

x

Hes

pero

cida

ris

hous

toni

anus

H.

Cla

rk,

1939

45x

Hes

pero

cida

ris

pana

men

sis

(A.

Aga

ssiz

,18

98)

48–2

74x

xx

x

(con

tinu

ed)

576 Appendix

Tab

leA

.1(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XR

EV

GU

AS

AL

HO

NN

ICC

RC

CO

CP

AN

CO

LM

AL

GA

LE

CU

PE

RC

HL

PA

S

Hes

pero

cida

ris

perp

lexa

(H.

L.

Cla

rk,

1907

)10

–150

0rb

,mb,

sbx

xx

xx

x

Fam

ilyC

teno

cida

rida

eA

poro

cida

ris

mil

leri

(A.

Aga

ssiz

,18

98)

300–

3937

mb,

rb,s

bx

xx

xx

Fam

ilyH

isto

cida

rida

eH

isto

cida

ris

cobo

si(A

.A

gass

iz,

1898

)70

2x

Ord

erE

chin

othu

rioi

daF

amily

Ech

inot

huri

idae

Ara

eoso

ma

eury

patu

mA

.A

gass

iz&

H.

L.

Cla

rk,

1909

1227

x

Ara

eoso

ma

lept

aleu

mA

.A

gass

iz&

H.

L.

Cla

rk,

1909

740–

1046

rbx

x

Tro

mik

osom

ahi

spid

um(A

.A

gass

iz,

1898

)18

20–

3375

rb,s

bx

xx

xx

xx

Tro

mik

osom

apa

nam

ense

(A.

Aga

ssiz

,18

98)

2054

–33

74m

b,rb

xx

xx

Fam

ilyK

ampt

osom

atid

aeK

ampt

osom

aas

teri

as(A

.A

gass

iz,

1881

)10

20–

1278

mb

x

(con

tinu

ed)

Appendix 577

Tab

leA

.1(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XR

EV

GU

AS

AL

HO

NN

ICC

RC

CO

CP

AN

CO

LM

AL

GA

LE

CU

PE

RC

HL

PA

S

Ord

erD

iade

mat

oida

Fam

ilyA

spid

odia

dem

atid

aeP

lesi

odia

dem

agl

obul

osum

(A.

Aga

ssiz

,18

98)

2830

–39

00m

bx

xx

Ple

siod

iade

ma

horr

idum

(A.

Aga

ssiz

,18

98)

1625

–33

81x

xx

xx

Fam

ilyD

iade

mat

idae

Ast

ropy

gapu

lvin

ata

(Lam

arck

,18

16)

0–90

cr,m

b,rb

,sb

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

Cen

tros

teph

anus

coro

natu

s(V

erri

ll,

1867

)0–

125

cr,r

b,sb

xx

xx

xx

xx

Cen

tros

teph

anus

rodg

ersi

i(A

.A

gass

iz,

1863

)

x

Cen

tros

teph

anus

sylv

iae

Fel

l,19

75x

Dia

dem

am

exic

anum

A.

Aga

ssiz

,18

630–

113

mb,

cr,r

b,sb

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

Dia

dem

apa

ucis

pinu

m(A

.A

gass

iz,

1863

)x

Dia

dem

asa

vign

yiM

iche

lin,

1845

1–3

rb,

sbx

Ech

inot

hrix

cala

mar

is(P

alla

s,17

74)

0–46

cr,r

bx

Ech

inot

hrix

diad

ema

(Lin

naeu

s,17

58)

3–5

crx

Ord

erP

edin

oida

Fam

ilyP

edin

idae

(con

tinu

ed)

578 Appendix

Tab

leA

.1(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XR

EV

GU

AS

AL

HO

NN

ICC

RC

CO

CP

AN

CO

LM

AL

GA

LE

CU

PE

RC

HL

PA

S

Cae

nope

dina

diom

edea

eM

orte

nsen

,19

3972

3–85

0x

Ord

erSa

leni

oida

Fam

ilySa

leni

idae

Sale

noci

dari

sm

ilia

ris

(A.

Aga

ssiz

,18

98)

1159

–33

76x

xx

xx

Ord

erA

rbac

ioid

aF

amily

Arb

aciid

aeA

rbac

iadu

fres

nii

(Bla

invi

lle,

1825

)0–

315

rbx

Arb

acia

spat

ulig

era

(Val

enci

enne

s,18

46)

0–50

sb,r

b,m

bx

x

Arb

acia

stel

lata

(Bla

invi

lle,

1825

)0–

92cr

,mb,

rb,

sbx

xx

xx

xx

xx

x

Dia

lith

ocid

aris

gem

mif

era

A.

Aga

ssiz

,18

98

3193

–32

79x

x

Tet

rapy

gus

nige

r(M

olin

a,18

72)

0–25

rb,s

bx

x

Ord

erC

amar

odon

taF

amily

Par

echi

nida

eL

oxec

hinu

sal

bus

(Mol

ina,

1782

)0–

340

rbx

x

Ord

erT

emno

pleu

roid

aF

amily

Tem

nopl

euri

dae

Pse

udec

hinu

sm

agel

lani

cus

(Phi

lipp

i,18

57)

0–82

0rb

,kf

xx (con

tinu

ed)

Appendix 579

Tab

leA

.1(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XR

EV

GU

AS

AL

HO

NN

ICC

RC

CO

CP

AN

CO

LM

AL

GA

LE

CU

PE

RC

HL

PA

S

Fam

ily

Tox

opne

usti

dae

Lyt

echi

nus

anam

esus

H.

L.

Cla

rk,

1912

1–20

7cr

,mb,

rb,s

bx

Lyt

echi

nus

pana

men

sis

Mor

tens

en,

1921

x

Lyt

echi

nus

pict

us(V

erri

ll,

1867

)0–

300

cr,r

b,m

b,sb

xx

xx

x

Lyt

echi

nus

sem

itub

ercu

latu

s(V

alen

cien

nes

inL

.A

gass

iz,

1846

)

0–13

4rb

,cr,

sbx

xx

Tri

pneu

stes

depr

essu

sA

.A

gass

iz,

1863

0–75

cr,r

b,sb

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

Tri

pneu

stes

grat

illa

(Lin

naeu

s,17

58)

1–6

rbx

x

Tox

opne

uste

sro

seus

(A.

Aga

ssiz

,18

63)

0–55

cr,r

b,sb

,mb

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

x

Fam

ilySt

rong

yloc

entr

otid

aeA

lloc

entr

otus

frag

ilis

Jack

son,

1912

50–1

200

mb,

rb,s

bx

Stro

ngyl

ocen

trot

usfr

anci

scan

us(A

.A

gass

iz,

1863

)

4–84

rb,s

bx

Stro

ngyl

ocen

trot

uspu

rpur

atus

(Sti

mps

on,

1857

)

0–16

1m

b,rb

x

Ord

erE

chin

oida

Fam

ilyE

chin

idae

Fam

ilyE

chin

omet

rida

e

(con

tinu

ed)

580 Appendix

Tab

leA

.1(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XR

EV

GU

AS

AL

HO

NN

ICC

RC

CO

CP

AN

CO

LM

AL

GA

LE

CU

PE

RC

HL

PA

S

Cae

noce

ntro

tus

gibb

osus

(L.

Aga

ssiz

&D

esor

,18

46)

0–35

rbx

xx

Ech

inom

etra

insu

lari

sH

.L

.C

lark

,19

120–

50rb

,sb

xx

x

Ech

inom

etra

mat

haei

(Bla

invi

lle,

1825

)x

Ech

inom

etra

oblo

nga

(Bla

invi

lle,

1825

)0–

34cr

,rb

xx

xx

x

Ech

inom

etra

vanb

runt

iA

.A

gass

iz,

1863

0–10

6cr

,rb,

sbx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

x

Ech

inos

trep

hus

acic

ulat

usA

.A

gass

iz,

1863

x

Ord

erC

lype

aste

roid

aF

amily

Cly

peas

teri

dae

Cly

peas

ter

elon

gatu

sH

.L

.C

lark

,19

4810

sbx

Cly

peas

ter

euro

paci

ficus

H.

L.

Cla

rk,

1914

0–40

2m

b,sb

,rb

xx

xx

xx

x

Cly

peas

ter

ochr

usH

.L

.C

lark

,19

140–

162

rb,s

bx

xx

xx

x

Cly

peas

ter

reti

cula

tus

Lin

naeu

s,17

58x

Cly

peas

ter

rotu

ndus

(A.

Aga

ssiz

,18

63)

0–92

rb,s

b,m

bx

xx

xx

xx

xx

Cly

peas

ter

spec

iosu

sV

erri

ll,

1870

0–12

8rb

,sb

xx

xx

Fam

ilyD

endr

aste

rida

e

(con

tinu

ed)

Appendix 581

Tab

leA

.1(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XR

EV

GU

AS

AL

HO

NN

ICC

RC

CO

CP

AN

CO

LM

AL

GA

LE

CU

PE

RC

HL

PA

S

Den

dras

ter

exce

ntri

cus

(Esc

hsch

oltz

,18

31)

0–23

2m

b,rb

,sb

x

Den

tras

ter

laev

isH

.L

.C

lark

,19

4813

–22

sbx

Den

dras

ter

mex

ican

usH

.L

.C

lark

,19

480–

30sb

x

Den

dras

ter

vizc

aino

ensi

sG

rant

&H

ertl

ein,

1938

0–30

sbx

Fam

ilyM

ellit

idae

Enc

ope

coco

siH

.L

.C

lark

,19

484–

15sb

x

Enc

ope

ecua

dore

nsis

H.

L.

Cla

rk,

1948

1–3

sbx

Enc

ope

gran

dis

L.

Aga

ssiz

,18

410–

120

sbx

xx

xx

x

Enc

ope

insu

lari

sH

.L

.C

lark

,19

481–

10sb

x

Enc

ope

irre

gula

ris

H.

L.

Cla

rk,

1948

0–36

.6sb

xx

Enc

ope

laev

isH

.L

.C

lark

,19

480–

7sb

xx

xx

Enc

ope

mic

heli

niL

.A

gass

iz,

1841

3–90

sbx

Enc

ope

mic

ropo

raL

.A

gass

iz,

1841

0–82

mb,

sbx

xx

xx

xx

xx

x

Enc

ope

mic

ropo

raec

uado

rens

isH

.L

.C

lark

,19

48

1–5

sbx

x

Enc

ope

mic

ropo

rain

sula

ris

H.

L.

Cla

rk,

1948

1–10

sbx

(con

tinu

ed)

582 Appendix

Tab

leA

.1(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XR

EV

GU

AS

AL

HO

NN

ICC

RC

CO

CP

AN

CO

LM

AL

GA

LE

CU

PE

RC

HL

PA

S

Enc

ope

mic

ropo

rair

regu

lari

sH

.L

.C

lark

,19

48

1sb

x

Enc

ope

mic

ropo

rate

trap

ora

L.

Aga

ssiz

,18

41

3sb

x

Enc

ope

paci

fica

(Ver

rill

,18

67)

0–40

sbx

Enc

ope

pers

pect

iva

L.

Aga

ssiz

,18

418–

27m

b,sb

xx

xx

Enc

ope

wet

mor

eiA

.H

.C

lark

,19

461–

45sb

xx

xx

Mel

lita

gran

tii

Mor

tens

en,

1948

0–10

sbx

x

Mel

lita

kana

koffi

Dur

ham

,19

610–

102.

9sb

xx

x

Mel

lita

long

ifiss

aM

iche

lin,

1858

0–60

sbx

xx

xx

xx

xx

x

Mel

lita

nota

bili

sH

.L

.C

lark

,19

470.

5–0.

9sb

xx

xx

Mel

lite

lla

stok

esii

(L.

Aga

ssiz

,18

41)

0–10

sb,

mb

xx

xx

x

Ord

erC

assi

dulo

ida

Fam

ilyC

assi

dulid

aeR

hync

hola

mpa

spa

cific

us(A

.A

gass

iz,

1863

)6–

134

rb,s

bx

xx

x

Ord

erH

olas

tero

ida

Fam

ilyP

ourt

ales

iidae

Cys

tocr

epis

seti

gera

(A.

Aga

ssiz

,18

98)

3182

x

(con

tinu

ed)

Appendix 583

Tab

leA

.1(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XR

EV

GU

AS

AL

HO

NN

ICC

RC

CO

CP

AN

CO

LM

AL

GA

LE

CU

PE

RC

HL

PA

S

Pou

rtal

esia

tann

eri

A.

Aga

ssiz

,18

98x

Fam

illy

Ure

chin

idae

Cys

tech

inus

love

niA

.A

gass

iz,

1898

x

Pil

emat

echi

nus

rath

buni

(A.

Aga

ssiz

,18

98)

3374

xx

Ure

chin

usna

resi

anus

A.

Aga

ssiz

,18

7975

5–44

00x

Ord

erSp

atan

goid

aF

amily

Aer

opsi

dae

Aer

opsi

sfu

lva

(A.

Aga

ssiz

,18

98)

1455

–52

00m

bx

xx

x

Fam

ilyB

riss

idae

Bri

ssop

sis

colu

mba

ris

A.

Aga

ssiz

,18

9858

9–32

79m

b,sb

xx

x

Bri

ssop

sis

paci

fica

(A.

Aga

ssiz

,18

98)

9–23

7sb

,mb,

rbx

xx

xx

x

Bri

ssus

agas

sizi

iD

oede

rlei

n,18

85x

Bri

ssus

obes

usV

erri

ll,

1867

0–24

0sb

,cr,

rbx

xx

xx

xx

Bri

ssus

late

cari

natu

s(L

eske

,17

78)

x

Meo

ma

fran

gibi

lis

Che

sher

,19

7096

x

Meo

ma

vent

rico

sagr

andi

sG

ray,

1851

0–20

0sb

xx

xx

xx

Met

alia

nobi

lis

Ver

rill

,18

670–

18sb

xx

(con

tinu

ed)

584 Appendix

Tab

leA

.1(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XR

EV

GU

AS

AL

HO

NN

ICC

RC

CO

CP

AN

CO

LM

AL

GA

LE

CU

PE

RC

HL

PA

S

Met

alia

spat

agus

(Lin

naeu

s,17

58)

x

Rha

bdob

riss

uspa

cific

usH

.L

.C

lark

,19

406–

137

sb,m

b,sb

xx

x

Fam

ilyH

emia

ster

idae

Hem

iast

erte

nuis

(A.

Aga

ssiz

,18

98)

980–

4027

xx

xx

Fam

ilyL

oven

iidae

Hom

olam

pas

hast

ata

A.

Aga

ssiz

,18

9817

85–

3376

xx

xx

Lov

enia

cord

ifor

mis

A.

Aga

ssiz

,18

720–

210

mb,

sbx

xx

xx

x

Fam

ilyM

acro

pneu

stid

aeA

rgop

atag

usac

ulea

ta(A

.A

gass

iz,

1898

)19

52x

Fam

ilyM

aret

iidae

Nac

ospa

tang

usob

long

a(M

orte

nsen

,19

50)

x

Fam

ilyP

alae

otro

pida

eSc

ripp

sech

inus

fishe

riA

llis

on,

Dur

ham

&M

intz

,19

67

270–

460

x

Fam

ilyP

rena

ster

idae

Tri

pylu

sex

cava

tus

Phi

lipp

i,18

450–

130

x

Fam

ilySc

hiza

ster

idae

Aba

tus

cave

rnos

us(P

hili

ppi,

1845

)0–

760

x (con

tinu

ed)

Appendix 585

Tab

leA

.1(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XR

EV

GU

AS

AL

HO

NN

ICC

RC

CO

CP

AN

CO

LM

AL

GA

LE

CU

PE

RC

HL

PA

S

Aba

tus

phil

ippi

iL

ovén

,18

7127

–804

x

Ace

ste

ovat

aA

.A

gass

iz&

H.

L.

Cla

rk,

1907

x

Aga

ssiz

iasc

robi

cula

taV

alen

cien

nes,

1846

0–20

9m

b,rb

,sb

xx

xx

xx

xx

Bri

sast

erla

tifr

ons

(A.

Aga

ssiz

,18

98)

9–28

17m

b,sb

xx

x

Bri

sast

erm

osel

eyi

(A.

Aga

ssiz

,18

81)

124–

730

x

Bri

sast

erto

wns

endi

(A.

Aga

ssiz

,18

98)

x

Moi

raat

ropo

scl

otho

Mic

heli

n,18

5510

–40

mb,

sbx

xx

Schi

zast

erro

tund

atus

(Doe

derl

ein,

1906

)x

Tri

pyla

ster

phil

ippi

i(G

ray,

1851

)0–

100

sbx

Fam

ilySp

atan

gida

eSp

atan

gus

cali

forn

icus

H.

L.

Cla

rk,

1917

10–6

44m

b,rb

,sb

x

Cla

ssH

olot

huro

idea

Ord

erD

endr

ochi

roti

daF

amily

Cuc

umar

iidae

Aby

ssoc

ucum

isab

ysso

rum

(Thé

el,

1886

)32

41–

4000

xx

xx

Aby

ssoc

ucum

isal

batr

ossi

Che

rbon

nier

,19

47

1585

–56

90x

(con

tinu

ed)

586 Appendix

Tab

leA

.1(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XR

EV

GU

AS

AL

HO

NN

ICC

RC

CO

CP

AN

CO

LM

AL

GA

LE

CU

PE

RC

HL

PA

S

Cuc

umar

iach

ilen

sis

Lud

wig

,18

7532

–162

x

Cuc

umar

iafla

mm

aS

olís

-Mar

ín&

Lag

uard

a-F

igue

ras,

1999

0–15

rbx

xx

xx

x

Cla

doda

ctyl

acr

ocea

(Les

son,

1830

)0–

4300

sbx

Het

eroc

ucum

isgo

deffr

oyi

(Sem

per,

1868

)

0–37

9rb

,sb

xx

Hem

ioed

ema

spec

tabi

lis

(Lud

wig

,18

82)

1464

2sb

x

Lep

tope

ntac

tani

naD

eich

man

n,19

41x

Lep

tope

ntac

tano

vaD

eich

man

n,19

41x

Lep

tope

ntac

tapa

nam

ica

Dei

chm

ann,

1941

x

Neo

cucu

mis

pana

men

sis

Hed

ing

&P

anni

ng,

1954

x

Neo

cucu

mis

vele

roni

s(D

eich

man

n,19

41)

0–22

rbx

xx

Pat

talu

sm

olli

sS

elen

ka,

1868

0–45

rbx

x

Pen

tact

apa

nam

ensi

sV

erri

ll,

1867

x

Pse

udoc

nus

cali

forn

icus

(Sem

per,

1868

)0–

190

cr,r

b,sb

xx

xx

xx

xx

Pse

udoc

nus

dubi

osus

(Sem

per,

1868

)0–

300

rb,s

bx

(con

tinu

ed)

Appendix 587

Tab

leA

.1(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XR

EV

GU

AS

AL

HO

NN

ICC

RC

CO

CP

AN

CO

LM

AL

GA

LE

CU

PE

RC

HL

PA

S

Pse

udoc

nus

dubi

osus

leon

inus

(Sem

per,

1868

)0–

300

rb,s

bx

x

Pse

udoc

nus

perr

ieri

(Eck

man

,19

27)

0–19

7rb

,sb

x

Stau

rocu

cum

isab

ysso

rum

(Thé

el,

1886

)15

87–

4088

mb,

rbx

xx

Ster

eode

rma

laev

igat

aV

erri

ll,

1876

x

Thy

onel

lam

exic

ana

(Dei

chm

ann,

1941

)10

–35

sb,r

ubx

x

Tra

chyt

hyon

ele

chle

ri(L

ampe

rt,

1885

)5–

238

rbx

Tra

chyt

hyon

epe

ruan

a(S

empe

r,18

68)

5–42

rbx

x

Fam

ilyP

hyllo

phor

idae

All

othy

one

mex

ican

a(D

eich

man

n,19

46)

xx

Ath

yoni

dium

chil

ensi

s(S

empe

r,18

68)

0–13

sb,r

b,kf

xx

Eut

hyon

idiu

mov

ulum

Dei

chm

ann,

1938

x

Eut

hyon

idiu

mve

lero

nis

Dei

chm

ann,

1937

0.3

xx

Pen

tam

era

beeb

eiD

eich

man

n,19

3873

x

Pen

tam

era

chie

rchi

a(L

udw

ig,

1887

)0–

78cr

,sb,

rbx

xx

xx

x

Pen

tam

era

chil

oens

is(L

udw

ig,

1887

)6–

124

sbx

(con

tinu

ed)

588 Appendix

Tab

leA

.1(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XR

EV

GU

AS

AL

HO

NN

ICC

RC

CO

CP

AN

CO

LM

AL

GA

LE

CU

PE

RC

HL

PA

S

Pen

tam

era

zaca

eD

eich

man

n,19

3824

mb,

rb,s

bx

xx

Phy

rell

aac

ulea

ta(L

udw

ig,

1894

)x

Thy

one

bide

ntat

aD

eich

man

n,19

412–

30cr

,rb

xx

xx

Thy

one

neof

usus

Dei

chm

ann,

1941

x

Thy

one

para

fusu

sD

eich

man

n,19

4125

–35

mb,

sbx

Thy

one

stra

nger

iD

eich

man

n,19

410–

12rb

x

Fam

ilyP

solid

aeL

isso

thur

iaha

ncoc

ki(D

eich

man

n,19

41)

1–30

1rb

x

Lis

soth

uria

mor

tens

eni

Paw

son,

1967

x

Lis

soth

uria

orna

taV

erri

ll,

1867

0–37

cr,r

bx

xx

xx

x

Lis

soth

uria

vele

roni

s(D

eich

man

n,19

41)

x

Neo

psol

idiu

mco

nver

gens

(Her

ouar

d,19

01)

15kf

x

Pso

lidi

umdi

scif

orm

is(T

héel

,18

86)

8–44

8rb

x

Pso

lidi

umdo

rsip

esL

udw

ig,

1886

11–4

51cr

,mb,

rb,s

bx

xx

x

Pso

lidi

umek

man

iD

eich

man

n,19

41x

(con

tinu

ed)

Appendix 589

Tab

leA

.1(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XR

EV

GU

AS

AL

HO

NN

ICC

RC

CO

CP

AN

CO

LM

AL

GA

LE

CU

PE

RC

HL

PA

S

Pso

lidi

umeu

bull

atum

Dei

chm

ann,

1941

x

Pso

lidi

umgr

acil

eL

udw

ig,

1894

2323

x

Pso

lidi

umpa

nam

ense

Lud

wig

,18

9423

23x

Pso

lidi

umpl

anum

Dei

chm

ann,

1941

16–1

10x

Pso

lus

anta

rcti

cus

Phi

lipp

i,18

576–

1080

rbx

Pso

lus

chit

onoi

des

H.

L.

Cla

rk,

1901

0–24

7rb

x

Pso

lus

digi

tatu

sL

udw

ig,

1894

1271

x

Pso

lus

diom

edea

eL

udw

ig,

1894

13–3

02rb

,sb

xx

xx

Pso

lus

para

dubi

osus

Car

riol

&F

éral

,19

8510

–567

rbx

Pso

lus

pata

goni

cus

Ekm

an,

1925

0–11

0rb

,kf

x

Pso

lus

squa

mat

us(K

oren

,18

44)

7–10

87rb

xx

Pso

lus

squa

mat

usse

greg

atus

Per

rier

,19

057–

207

rbx

Fam

ilySc

lero

dact

ylid

aeA

froc

ucum

isov

ulum

(Sel

enka

,18

67)

0–7

rb,c

rx

xx

x

Ape

ntam

era

lepr

aD

eich

man

n,19

4155

–91

sbx

x

(con

tinu

ed)

590 Appendix

Tab

leA

.1(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XR

EV

GU

AS

AL

HO

NN

ICC

RC

CO

CP

AN

CO

LM

AL

GA

LE

CU

PE

RC

HL

PA

S

Ath

yone

glas

sell

i(D

eich

man

n,19

36)

0–6

sbx

Eut

hyon

idie

lla

zaca

e(D

eich

man

n,19

38)

17–2

5rb

xx

x

Neo

pent

amer

aan

exig

uaD

eich

man

n,19

418–

22cr

xx

Neo

thyo

negi

bber

(Sel

enka

,18

67)

0–50

cr,r

bx

xx

xx

xx

Neo

thyo

negi

bbos

aD

eich

man

n,19

410–

14rb

xx

xx

Neo

thyo

nepa

nam

ensi

s(L

udw

ig,

1887

)0–

8.6

rbx

x

Pac

hyth

yone

lugu

bris

(Dei

chm

ann,

1939

)cr

,rb

x

Pac

hyth

yone

pseu

dolu

gubr

isD

eich

man

n,19

41

12cr

,rb

x

Ord

erD

acty

loch

irot

ida

Fam

ilyY

psilo

thur

iidae

Yps

ilot

huri

abi

tent

acul

ata

(Lud

wig

,18

93)

225–

4082

mb,

sbx

xx

xx

xx

x

Ord

erA

spid

ochi

roti

daF

amily

Hol

othu

riid

aeA

ctin

opyg

am

auri

tian

a(Q

uoy

&G

aim

ard,

1833

)x

Hol

othu

ria

(Cys

tipu

s)ca

soae

Lag

uard

a-F

igue

ras

&S

olís

-Mar

ín,

2009

45–1

00sb

xx

(con

tinu

ed)

Appendix 591

Tab

leA

.1(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XR

EV

GU

AS

AL

HO

NN

ICC

RC

CO

CP

AN

CO

LM

AL

GA

LE

CU

PE

RC

HL

PA

S

Hol

othu

ria

(Cys

tipu

s)in

habi

lis

Sel

enka

,18

671–

203

cr,r

b,sb

xx

xx

xx

x

Hol

othu

ria

(Cys

tipu

s)ri

gida

(Sel

enka

,18

67)

0–22

mb,

sb,r

bx

xx

xx

Hol

othu

ria

(Hal

odei

ma)

atra

(Jae

ger,

1833

)5–

26m

b,cr

,rb,

sbx

xx

xx

Hol

othu

ria

(Hal

odei

ma)

chil

ensi

sS

empe

r,18

68x

Hol

othu

ria

(Hal

odei

ma)

inor

nata

Sem

per,

1868

0–18

rbx

xx

xx

Hol

othu

ria

(Hal

odei

ma)

kefe

rste

ini

(Sel

enka

,18

67)

0–27

rb,s

b,cr

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

x

Hol

othu

ria

(Les

sono

thur

ia)

pard

alis

Sel

enka

,18

67

0–30

6cr

,rb,

mb,

sbx

xx

xx

xx

xx

x

Hol

othu

ria

(Mer

tens

ioth

uria

)hi

lla

Les

son,

1830

0.3–

52cr

,rb,

sbx

xx

xx

xx

x

Hol

othu

ria

(Mer

tens

ioth

uria

)le

ucos

pilo

ta(B

rand

t,18

35)

1–17

rb,s

bx

xx

xx

xx

Hol

othu

ria

(Pla

type

rona

)di

ffici

lis

Sem

per,

1868

0–10

0m

b,rb

,sb,

crx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

Hol

othu

ria

(Pla

type

rona

)pa

rvul

a(S

elen

ka,

1867

)

1–4

xx

(con

tinu

ed)

592 Appendix

Tab

leA

.1(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XR

EV

GU

AS

AL

HO

NN

ICC

RC

CO

CP

AN

CO

LM

AL

GA

LE

CU

PE

RC

HL

PA

S

Hol

othu

ria

(Sel

enko

thur

ia)

care

reH

oney

-Esc

andó

n&

Sol

ís-M

arín

,20

11

0–6

rbx

x

Hol

othu

ria

(Sel

enko

thur

ia)

lubr

ica

Sel

enka

,18

67

0–55

cr,r

b,sb

,mb

xx

xx

xx

xx

Hol

othu

ria

(Sel

enko

thur

ia)

port

oval

lart

ensi

sC

aso,

1954

0–59

cr,r

bx

xx

xx

xx

Hol

othu

ria

(Sel

enko

thur

ia)

thee

liD

eich

man

n,19

38

0–55

rbx

xx

xx

Hol

othu

ria

(Sem

pero

thur

ia)

cine

rasc

ens

(Bra

ndt,

1835

)

x

Hol

othu

ria

(Sem

pero

thur

ia)

imit

ans

Lud

wig

,18

75

0–22

rb,s

b,cr

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

Hol

othu

ria

(Sem

pero

thur

ia)

lang

uens

Sel

enka

,18

67

0–91

rb,m

b,sb

xx

xx

Hol

othu

ria

(Sta

urop

ora)

plur

icur

iosa

Dei

chm

ann,

1937

0–13

0rb

,cr,

sbx

xx

xx

xx

Hol

othu

ria

(The

elot

huri

a)pa

rapr

ince

psD

eich

man

n,19

37

0–64

cr,r

b,sb

xx

x

(con

tinu

ed)

Appendix 593

Tab

leA

.1(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XR

EV

GU

AS

AL

HO

NN

ICC

RC

CO

CP

AN

CO

LM

AL

GA

LE

CU

PE

RC

HL

PA

S

Hol

othu

ria

(Thy

mio

syci

a)ar

enic

ola

Sem

per,

1868

1–12

1rb

,sb,

crx

xx

xx

xx

xx

Hol

othu

ria

(Thy

mio

syci

a)im

pati

ens

(For

skaa

l,17

75)

0–67

cr,r

b,sb

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

Hol

othu

ria

(Van

eyot

huri

a)za

cae

Dei

chm

ann,

1937

77–2

50m

b,rb

,sb

xx

xx

xx

x

Lab

idod

emas

amer

ican

umD

eich

man

n,19

38

0.5–

16rb

,cr,

sbx

xx

xx

xx

Lab

idod

emas

mac

cull

ochi

(Dei

chm

ann,

1958

)

1–18

rb,s

b,cr

xx

xx

x

Fam

ilySt

icho

podi

dae

Apo

stic

hopu

spa

rvim

ensi

s(H

.L.C

lark

,19

13)

0–36

mb,

rb,s

bx

Isos

tich

opus

fusc

us(L

udw

ig,

1875

)0–

61cr

,rb,

mb,

sbx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

x

Par

asti

chop

usca

lifo

rnic

us(S

tim

pson

,18

57)

1–18

0m

b,rb

x

Stic

hopu

sho

rren

sS

elen

ka,

1867

0–20

cr,r

b,sb

xx

xx

Stic

hopu

sm

onot

uber

cula

tus

(Quo

y&

Gai

mar

d,18

33)

x

Fam

ilySy

nalla

ctid

ae

(con

tinu

ed)

594 Appendix

Tab

leA

.1(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XR

EV

GU

AS

AL

HO

NN

ICC

RC

CO

CP

AN

CO

LM

AL

GA

LE

CU

PE

RC

HL

PA

S

Bat

hypl

otes

mos

eley

i(T

héel

,18

86)

24–6

90m

b,rb

xx

Bat

hypl

otes

nata

ns(M

.S

ars,

1868

)Ö

ster

gren

,18

96

1644

xx

Bat

hypl

otes

pata

giat

usF

ishe

r,19

0716

44x

Cap

heir

asu

lcat

aL

udw

ig,

1893

2877

–43

34m

bx

x

Mes

eres

mac

dona

ldi

Lud

wig

,18

9416

44x

x

Mes

eres

torv

us(T

héel

,18

86)

x

Mes

othu

ria

(Mes

othu

ria)

mul

tipe

sL

udw

ig,

1894

725–

4064

mb

xx

xx

Mes

othu

ria

(Zyg

othu

ria)

lact

ea(T

héel

,18

86)

x

Mol

padi

odem

asat

lant

icus

(R.

Per

rier

,18

98)

x

Mol

padi

odem

asne

ovil

losu

sO

’Lou

ghli

n&

Ahe

arn,

2005

2487

–36

67x

Mol

padi

odem

asus

tula

tus

O’L

ough

lin

&A

hear

n,20

05

x

Mol

padi

odem

asvi

llos

us(T

héel

,18

86)

3667

x

Mol

padi

odem

asvi

olac

eus

(Thé

el,

1886

)x

(con

tinu

ed)

Appendix 595

Tab

leA

.1(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XR

EV

GU

AS

AL

HO

NN

ICC

RC

CO

CP

AN

CO

LM

AL

GA

LE

CU

PE

RC

HL

PA

S

Pae

lopa

tide

sco

nfun

dens

Thé

el,

1886

1571

–40

70m

bx

x

Pae

lopa

tide

ssu

spec

taL

udw

ig,

1894

2323

x

Pse

udos

tich

opus

mac

dona

ldi

(Lud

wig

,18

94)

2149

x

Pse

udos

tich

opus

mol

lis

Thé

el,

1886

100–

5203

mb,

sbx

xx

xx

x

Pse

udos

tich

opus

peri

patu

s(S

luit

er,

1901

)11

58–

3667

xx

x

Syna

llac

tes

aeni

gma

Lud

wig

,18

9424

18–

4334

mb,

sbx

xx

xx

Syna

llac

tes

alex

andr

iL

udw

ig,

1894

589–

1008

xx

Syna

llac

tes

trip

lax

A.

H.

Cla

rk,

1920

549

x

Syna

llac

tes

virg

ulas

olid

aM

assi

n&

Hen

dric

kx,

2010

1030

mb

x

Ord

erE

lasi

podi

daF

amily

Dei

mat

idae

Dei

ma

vali

dum

paci

ficum

Lud

wig

,18

9416

18–

2487

mb,

sbx

xx

x

One

irop

hant

am

utab

ilis

affin

isL

udw

ig,

1894

3241

xx

x

One

irop

hant

am

utab

ilis

mut

abil

isT

héel

,18

7932

41–

3670

mb

xx

x

One

irop

hant

ase

tige

ra(L

udw

ig,

1893

)36

67–

4088

x

(con

tinu

ed)

596 Appendix

Tab

leA

.1(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XR

EV

GU

AS

AL

HO

NN

ICC

RC

CO

CP

AN

CO

LM

AL

GA

LE

CU

PE

RC

HL

PA

S

Fam

ilyE

lpid

iidae

Ach

lyon

ice

ecal

care

aT

héel

,18

7916

08–

3587

mb,

sbx

Am

peri

ma

nare

si(T

héel

,18

82)

2010

–71

30m

bx

Am

peri

ma

vitj

azi

Geb

ruk,

1988

x

Elp

idia

atak

ama

Bel

yaev

,19

7177

20m

bx

Elp

idia

chil

ensi

sB

elya

ev,

1971

2710

–46

00m

bx

Pen

iago

nean

ames

a(A

.H

.C

lark

,19

20)

x

Pen

iago

nedi

apha

na(T

héel

,18

82)

4140

–41

60m

bx

Pen

iago

neel

onga

ta(T

héel

,18

79)

4140

–41

60m

bx

Pen

iago

negr

acil

is(L

udw

ig,

1894

)24

87–

4160

mb

xx

Pen

iago

nein

term

edia

Lud

wig

,18

9324

18–

3667

mb

xx

Pen

iago

nepa

pill

ata

Han

sen,

1975

x

Pen

iago

nevi

trea

Thé

el,

1882

1160

–45

07m

bx

xx

xx

x

Scot

opla

nes

clar

kiH

anse

n,19

7535

70–

5107

mb

xx

Scot

opla

nes

glob

osa

Thé

el,

1879

545–

6770

mb

x

(con

tinu

ed)

Appendix 597

Tab

leA

.1(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XR

EV

GU

AS

AL

HO

NN

ICC

RC

CO

CP

AN

CO

LM

AL

GA

LE

CU

PE

RC

HL

PA

S

Fam

ily

Lae

tmog

onid

aeL

aetm

ogon

eth

eeli

Lud

wig

,18

9324

18x

Lae

tmog

one

viol

acea

Thé

el,

1879

466–

5083

x

Pan

nych

iam

osel

eyi

Thé

el,

1882

199–

2599

mb,

sbx

xx

x

Fam

ilyP

elag

othu

rida

eE

nypn

iast

esex

imia

Thé

el,

1882

4140

–41

60pe

lagi

cx

Pel

agot

huri

ana

tatr

ixL

udw

ig,

1893

0–45

05pe

lagi

cx

xx

xx

xx

Fam

ilyP

sych

ropo

tida

eB

enth

odyt

esin

cert

aL

udw

ig,

1893

2418

x

Ben

thod

ytes

sang

uino

lent

aT

héel

,18

82

978–

2323

mb

xx

xx

xx

Ben

thod

ytes

typi

caT

héel

,18

8211

58–

4700

mb

xx

x

Psy

chro

naet

esha

nsen

iP

awso

n,19

8338

52–

4189

mb

x

Psy

chro

pote

sde

pres

sa(T

héel

,18

82)

x

Psy

chro

pote

slo

ngic

auda

Thé

el,

1882

3334

–41

60m

bx

xx

xx

Psy

chro

pote

sve

rruc

osa

(Lud

wig

,18

94)

2418

–41

60m

bx

xx

x

Ord

erM

olpa

diid

a

(con

tinu

ed)

598 Appendix

Tab

leA

.1(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XR

EV

GU

AS

AL

HO

NN

ICC

RC

CO

CP

AN

CO

LM

AL

GA

LE

CU

PE

RC

HL

PA

S

Fam

ilyC

audi

nida

eC

erap

lect

ana

trac

hyde

rma

H.L

.Cla

rk,

1908

5203

mb

x

Hed

ingi

aca

lifo

rnic

a(L

udw

ig,

1894

)85

–285

0sb

,mb

xx

Par

acau

dina

chil

ensi

sch

ilen

sis

(Mül

ler,

1850

)0–

990

mb,

sbx

x

Fam

ilyM

olpa

diid

aeM

olpa

dia

anta

rcti

ca(T

héel

,18

86)

80–1

218

mb,

sbx

Mol

padi

ain

term

edia

(Lud

wig

,18

94)

53–2

972

mb

xx

x

Mol

padi

agr

anul

ata

(Lud

wig

,18

94)

2690

–58

69m

bx

x

Mol

padi

am

uscu

lus

Ris

so,

1826

37–6

134

mb,

sbx

xx

xx

xx

xx

Mol

padi

asp

inos

a(L

udw

ig,

1893

)32

79x

Ord

erA

podi

daF

amily

Chi

rido

tida

eC

hiri

dota

apon

ocri

taA

.H

.C

lark

,19

209–

137

cr,r

b,sb

xx

Chi

rido

tapa

cific

aH

edin

g,19

28x

Chi

rido

tapi

sani

iL

udw

ig,

1886

0–22

8m

b,sb

x

Chi

rido

tari

gida

Sem

per,

1868

2–9

cr,r

b,sb

x

(con

tinu

ed)

Appendix 599

Tab

leA

.1(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XR

EV

GU

AS

AL

HO

NN

ICC

RC

CO

CP

AN

CO

LM

AL

GA

LE

CU

PE

RC

HL

PA

S

Tae

niog

yrus

cont

ortu

s(L

udw

ig,

1875

)0–

560

mb,

sb,k

fx

Tro

chod

ota

purp

urea

(Les

son,

1830

)0–

36rb

,sb

x

Fam

ilyM

yrio

troc

hida

eM

yrio

troc

hus

giga

nteu

sA

.H

.C

lark

,19

2036

67m

bx

x

Myr

iotr

ochu

s(O

ligo

troc

hus)

bath

ybiu

sA

.H

.C

lark

,19

20

3667

mb

x

Fam

ilySy

napt

idae

Ana

pta

fall

axL

ampe

rt,

1889

0–35

0sb

x

Epi

tom

apta

tabo

gae

Hed

ing,

1928

0–10

xx

Eua

pta

gode

ffroy

i(S

empe

r,18

68)

0–79

cr,r

b,sb

xx

xx

x

Pol

yple

ctan

aoc

ulat

aH

edin

g,19

28x

Pro

tank

yra

abys

sico

la(T

héel

,18

86)

x

Pro

tank

yra

bryc

hia

(Ver

rill

,18

85)

3900

–40

00x

xx

x

Pro

tank

yra

paci

fica

(Lud

wig

,18

94)

870–

4990

mb

xx

x

Hab

itat

clas

sifi

cati

on:

crC

oral

Ree

fs,

mm

angr

oves

,m

bm

uddy

bott

om,

rbro

cky

bott

om,

sbsa

ndy

bott

om,

sgse

agra

ss,

rub

rubb

lebo

ttom

,kf

kelp

fore

st.

Cou

ntri

esab

brev

iati

on:M

EX

Mex

ico,

RE

VR

evil

lagi

gedo

Arc

hipe

lago

,GU

AG

uate

mal

a,SA

LE

lSal

vado

r,H

ON

Hon

dura

s,N

ICN

icar

agua

,CR

CC

osta

Ric

a,C

OC

Coc

osIs

land

,P

AN

Pan

ama,

CO

LC

olom

bia,

MA

LM

alpe

loIs

land

,G

AL

Gal

apag

osA

rchi

pela

go,

EC

UE

cuad

or,

PE

RP

erú,

CH

LC

hile

,P

AS

Eas

tern

Isla

nds

600 Appendix

Tab

leA

.2T

axon

omic

list

ofth

eE

chin

oder

ms

ofth

eA

tlan

tic

Oce

anan

dC

arib

bean

Sea

ofL

atin

Am

eric

aan

dth

eC

anar

yIs

land

sD

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XB

EL

GU

AH

ON

NIC

CR

CP

AN

CO

LV

EN

cV

EN

aB

RA

UR

GA

RG

MA

VC

UB

HA

IR

DO

PR

IC

AN

Cla

ssC

rino

idea

Ord

erC

omat

ulid

aF

amily

Ant

edon

idae

Ant

edon

bifid

a(P

enna

nt,

1777

)0–

400

rb,r

ubx

xA

nted

onnu

ttin

gi(A

.H

.C

lark

,19

36)

364–

429

rbx

Car

yom

etra

alop

eA

.H

.C

lark

,19

4047

5–64

0rb

x

Car

yom

etra

atla

ntid

isA

.H

.C

lark

,19

4036

6–53

0m

bx

x

Car

yom

etra

lisa

A.

H.

Cla

rk,

1940

702

rbx

Car

yom

etra

mon

ilic

irra

A.

H.

Cla

rk,

1940

x

Car

yom

etra

spin

osa

A.

H.

Cla

rk,

1940

x

Car

yom

etra

tenu

ipes

(A.

H.

Cla

rk,

1908

)38

6rb

xx

Coc

com

etra

gutt

ata

A.

H.

Cla

rk,

1918

288–

480

mb,

rb,r

ubx

xx

Coc

com

etra

hage

nii

(Pou

rtal

ès,

1867

)14

–104

6rb

,rub

xx

Coc

com

etra

nigr

olin

eata

A.

H.

Cla

rk,

1918

40–9

87cr

,rb,

rub

xx

xx

Com

aton

iacr

ista

ta(H

artl

aub,

1912

)50

–396

cr,r

bx

Cte

nant

edon

kinz

iei

Mey

er,

1972

Sep

-49

crx

xx

Hyp

alom

etra

defe

cta

(Car

pent

er,

1888

)46

–400

cr,m

b,rb

xx

xx

xx

Isom

etra

vivi

para

Mor

tens

en,

1917

79–3

50m

b,sb

,rub

xx

Lep

tom

etra

celt

ica

(M’A

ndre

w&

Bar

rett

,18

58)

x

Phr

ixom

etra

nutr

ix(M

orte

nsen

,19

18)

137–

150

mb,

rb,s

bx

x

(con

tinu

ed)

Appendix 601

Tab

leA

.2(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XB

EL

GU

AH

ON

NIC

CR

CP

AN

CO

LV

EN

cV

EN

aB

RA

UR

GA

RG

MA

VC

UB

HA

IR

DO

PR

IC

AN

Pol

iom

etra

prol

ixa

(Sla

den,

1881

)21

9x

Tri

chom

etra

cube

nsis

(Pou

rtal

ès,

1869

)21

0–48

29m

b,rb

xx

xx

Zen

omet

raco

lum

nari

s(C

arpe

nter

,18

81)

309–

1033

mb,

rbx

x

Fam

ilyP

enta

met

rocr

inid

aeP

enta

met

rocr

inus

atla

ntic

us(P

erri

er,

1883

)86

0–16

74m

b,sb

x

Supe

rfam

ilyC

omas

tera

cea

Fam

ilyC

omas

teri

dae

Com

acti

nia

echi

nopt

era

(Mül

ler,

1840

)2–

1033

cr,r

b,sb

,sg,

rub

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

Com

acti

nia

mer

idio

nali

sm

erid

iona

lis

(L.A

gass

iz,1

865)

3–10

33cr

,rb,

sbx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

Com

acti

nia

mer

idio

nali

sha

rtla

ubi

Mes

sing

,19

7858

–373

cr,r

bx

xx

Com

issi

ave

nust

us(A

.H

.C

lark

,19

09)

24–4

79cr

,mb,

rb,r

ubx

xx

xx

Dav

idas

ter

disc

oide

us(C

arpe

nter

,18

88)

0–64

0cr

,br,

rub

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

x

Dav

idas

ter

rubi

gino

sus

(Pou

rtal

ès,

1869

)0–

334

cr,r

bx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

x

Lep

tone

mas

ter

venu

stus

A.

H.

Cla

rk,

1909

55–7

77m

bx

xx

Nem

aste

rgr

andi

sA

.H

.C

lark

,19

093–

124

cr,r

bx

xx

xx

x

Neo

com

atel

laal

ata

(Pou

rtal

ès,

1878

)10

–560

cr,b

rx

xx

x

Neo

com

atel

laeu

ropa

eaA

.H

.C

lark

,19

1346

6–96

0rb

,rub

x

Neo

com

atel

lapu

lche

lla

(Pou

rtal

ès,

1878

)3–

695

cr,b

rx

xx

xx

x

Fam

ilyC

olob

omet

rida

eA

nalc

idom

etra

arm

ata

(Pou

rtal

ès,

1869

)3–

155

crx

xx

xx

xx

xx

x

(con

tinu

ed)

602 Appendix

Tab

leA

.2(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XB

EL

GU

AH

ON

NIC

CR

CP

AN

CO

LV

EN

cV

EN

aB

RA

UR

GA

RG

MA

VC

UB

HA

IR

DO

PR

IC

AN

Ana

lcid

omet

raca

ribb

ea(A

.H

.C

lark

,19

08)

23–2

6x

Fam

ilyC

hari

tom

etri

dae

Cri

nom

etra

brev

ipin

nabr

evip

inna

(Pou

rtal

ès,

1867

)69

–795

cr,r

bx

xx

xx

xx

Cri

nom

etra

brev

ipin

naco

ncin

naA

.H

.C

lark

,19

0920

1–36

7rb

x

Cri

nom

etra

brev

ipin

nadi

adem

a(H

artl

aub,

1912

)32

0–45

7rb

x

Cri

nom

etra

brev

ipin

nagr

anul

ifer

a(P

ourt

alès

,18

78)

185–

475

rbx

Cri

nom

etra

brev

ipin

nam

arga

rita

cea

A.H

.Cla

rk,1

909

320–

457

rbx

Cri

nom

etra

brev

ipin

napu

lchr

aA

.H

.C

lark

,19

0948

4–56

7rb

x

Fam

ilyT

hala

ssom

etri

dae

Hor

aeom

etra

dupl

ex(C

arpe

nter

,18

88)

159–

567

rbx

xx

Styl

omet

rasp

inif

era

(Car

pent

er,

1881

)69

–658

cr,r

b,sb

,rub

xx

xx

xx

xx

Fam

ilyT

ropi

omet

rida

eT

ropi

omet

raca

rina

ta(L

amar

ck,

1816

)0–

84cr

,rb,

rub

xx

xx

Fam

ilyA

tele

crin

idae

Ate

lecr

inus

bala

noid

esC

arpe

nter

,18

8151

2–28

90m

b,rb

,sb

xx

xx

x

Fam

ilyB

athy

crin

idae

Bat

hycr

inus

grac

ilis

Wyv

ille

-T

hom

son,

1877

x

Mon

acho

crin

usca

ribb

eus

(A.

H.

Cla

rk,

1908

)68

4–15

74m

b,rb

xx

x

Fam

ilyB

ourg

ueti

crin

idae

Con

ocri

nus

lofo

tens

is(S

ars,

1868

)x

Dem

ocri

nus

coni

fer

(A.

H.

Cla

rk,

1909

)15

5–17

50cr

,mb,

rbx

xx

xx

xx

(con

tinu

ed)

Appendix 603

Tab

leA

.2(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XB

EL

GU

AH

ON

NIC

CR

CP

AN

CO

LV

EN

cV

EN

aB

RA

UR

GA

RG

MA

VC

UB

HA

IR

DO

PR

IC

AN

Dem

ocri

nus

brev

is(A

.H

.C

lark

,19

09)

374–

1574

mb

xx

Dem

ocri

nus

raw

soni

(Pou

rtal

ès,

1874

)70

–650

mb,

rbx

xx

xx

Fam

ilySe

ptoc

rini

dae

Rou

xicr

inus

vest

itus

Mir

onov

&Pa

wso

n,20

1042

1–88

7m

bx

Ord

erIs

ocri

nida

Fam

ilyIs

ocri

nida

eE

ndox

ocri

nus

(Dip

locr

inus

)w

yvil

leth

omso

ni(J

effr

eys,

1870

)

x

End

oxoc

rinu

spa

rrae

(Ger

vais

,18

35)

154–

971

cr,m

b,rb

xx

xx

xx

End

oxoc

rinu

spr

iono

des

(H.

L.

Cla

rk,

1941

)80

.7rb

x

Isoc

rinu

sbl

akei

(Car

pent

er,

1884

)22

0–12

00cr

,rb,

rub

xx

Neo

crin

usde

coru

sT

hom

son,

1864

154–

1219

mb,

rb,r

ubx

xx

xx

x

Fam

ilyIs

selic

rini

dae

Cen

ocri

nus

aste

rius

(Lin

naeu

s,17

67)

170–

412

cr,m

b,rb

xx

x

Ord

erC

yrto

crin

ida

Fam

ilyH

olop

odid

aeH

olop

usra

ngii

Orb

igny

,18

379–

700

rbx

xx

Cla

ssA

ster

oide

aO

rder

Pax

illos

ida

Fam

ilyA

stro

pect

inid

aeA

stro

pect

enac

utir

adia

tus

Tor

tone

se,

1956

35–6

6sb

xx

Ast

rope

cten

alli

gato

rP

erri

er,

1881

22–5

76cr

,mb,

sb,r

ubx

xx

xx

xx

Ast

rope

cten

amer

ican

usV

erri

ll,

1880

110–

641

mb,

sb,r

ubx

xx

x

(con

tinu

ed)

604 Appendix

Tab

leA

.2(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XB

EL

GU

AH

ON

NIC

CR

CP

AN

CO

LV

EN

cV

EN

aB

RA

UR

GA

RG

MA

VC

UB

HA

IR

DO

PR

IC

AN

Ast

rope

cten

anti

llen

sis

Lüt

ken,

1860

3–27

8m

b,sb

,rub

xx

xx

x

Ast

rope

cten

aran

ciac

us(L

inna

eus,

1758

)1–

180

sb,r

ubx

Ast

rope

cten

arti

cula

tus

Say

,18

250–

256

mb,

sbx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

x

Ast

rope

cten

bras

ilie

nsis

Mül

ler

&T

rosc

hel,

1842

2–60

sbx

xx

x

Ast

rope

cten

bras

ilie

nsis

rien

sis

Doe

derl

ein,

1917

18–6

6sb

x

Ast

rope

cten

cari

bem

exic

anen

sis

Cas

o,19

9051

.3ru

bx

Ast

rope

cten

cing

ulat

usS

lade

n,18

8316

–135

0m

b,sb

,rub

xx

xx

xx

xx

x

Ast

rope

cten

com

ptus

Ver

rill

,19

1518

–130

sb,r

ubx

x

Ast

rope

cten

dupl

icat

usG

ray,

1840

0–55

0m

b,sb

,sg,

rub

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

Ast

rope

cten

herm

atop

hilu

sSl

aden

,18

8315

–150

0x

Ast

rope

cten

irre

gula

ris

(Pen

nant

,17

77)

10–1

000

mb,

sb,r

ubx

Ast

rope

cten

mar

gina

tus

Gra

y,18

400.

5–13

0m

b,sb

,rub

xx

xx

xx

xx

Ast

rope

cten

niti

dus

Ver

rill

,19

1511

–686

mb,

sb,r

ubx

xx

xx

Ast

rope

cten

spin

ipho

rus

Mad

sen,

1950

45x

Ast

rope

ctin

ides

mes

actu

s(S

lade

n,18

83)

80–1

65x

Bat

hybi

aste

rlo

ripe

sS

lade

n,18

8980

–500

mb,

sbx

xx

Bla

kias

ter

coni

cus

Per

rier

,18

8155

–366

sbx

xx

x

Dip

saca

ster

anti

llen

sis

Hal

pern

,19

6811

3–36

27cr

x

(con

tinu

ed)

Appendix 605

Tab

leA

.2(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XB

EL

GU

AH

ON

NIC

CR

CP

AN

CO

LV

EN

cV

EN

aB

RA

UR

GA

RG

MA

VC

UB

HA

IR

DO

PR

IC

AN

Dyt

aste

rgr

andi

sno

bili

sSl

aden

,18

8933

05–

4846

x

Dyt

aste

rin

sign

isP

erri

er,

1884

2209

–36

54sb

x

Lep

tych

aste

rke

rgue

lene

nsis

E.

A.

Sm

ith,

1876

27–1

83x

x

Lon

chot

aste

rta

rtar

eus

Sla

den,

1889

4390

x

Per

seph

onas

ter

echi

nula

tus

H.

L.

Cla

rk,

1941

196–

720

cr,m

b,sb

xx

xx

xx

xx

Per

seph

onas

ter

lept

acti

sH

.L

.C

lark

,19

4129

28–

3294

x

Per

seph

onas

ter

pata

giat

us(S

lade

n,18

89)

733–

2165

mb,

sbx

xx

xx

xx

Plu

tona

ster

agas

sizi

agas

sizi

Ver

rill

,18

8070

–311

0cr

,mb,

sbx

xx

Plu

tona

ster

bifr

ons

(Wyv

ille

-T

hom

son,

1873

)80

0–29

70x

x

Plu

tona

ster

efflo

resc

ens

(Per

rier

,18

84)

666–

2061

mb,

sbx

xx

Psi

last

eran

drom

eda

flora

e(V

erri

ll,

1878

)14

09–

1629

mb,

sbx

Psi

last

erca

ssio

peS

lade

n,18

8915

1–16

80m

b,sb

xx

xx

x

Psi

last

erhe

rwig

i(B

erna

scon

i,19

72)

100–

800

xx

Tet

hyas

ter

gran

dis

(Ver

rill

,18

99)

24–1

39m

b,sb

xx

xx

Tet

hyas

ter

subi

nerm

is(P

hili

ppi,

1837

)50

–140

0m

bx

Tet

hyas

ter

vest

itus

vest

itus

(Say

,18

25)

5–30

6m

b,sb

xx

xx

xx

Fam

ilyC

teno

disc

idae

Cte

nodi

scus

aust

rali

sL

ütke

n,18

7170

–460

5sb

,rub

xx

x

(con

tinu

ed)

606 Appendix

Tab

leA

.2(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XB

EL

GU

AH

ON

NIC

CR

CP

AN

CO

LV

EN

cV

EN

aB

RA

UR

GA

RG

MA

VC

UB

HA

IR

DO

PR

IC

AN

Cte

nodi

scus

cris

patu

s(R

etzi

us,

1805

)14

15–

1865

x

Fam

ilyG

onio

pect

inid

aeG

onio

pect

ende

mon

stra

nsPe

rrie

r,18

8130

0–12

50m

b,sb

xx

xx

x

Pri

onas

ter

eleg

ans

Ver

rill

,18

9920

8–53

5m

b,sb

xx

xx

x

Fam

ilyL

uidi

idae

Lui

dia

alte

rnat

aal

tern

ata

(Say

,18

25)

0–15

00m

,mb,

sbx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

x

Lui

dia

bard

aben

sis

Perr

ier,

1881

60–4

30m

b,rb

,sb

xx

xx

xx

Lui

dia

cili

aris

(Phi

lipp

i,18

37)

1–40

0sb

xL

uidi

acl

athr

ata

(Say

,18

25)

0–17

5m

b,rb

,sb,

rub

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

Lui

dia

hete

rozo

naba

rim

aeJo

hn&

A.

M.

Cla

rk,

1954

16–9

0m

b,sb

xx

xx

x

Lui

dia

law

renc

eiH

opki

ns&

Kno

tt,

2010

0–17

5m

bx

Lui

dia

ludw

igi

scot

tiB

ell,

1917

33–1

57m

b,rb

,sb

xx

xx

Lui

dia

patr

iae

Ber

nasc

oni,

1941

100–

126

mb,

sbx

Lui

dia

saga

min

aac

icul

ata

Mor

tens

en,

1933

71–8

3sb

x

Lui

dia

sars

iD

üben

&K

oren

,18

45x

Lui

dia

sars

iel

egan

sP

erri

er,

1875

60–3

65m

b,sb

xx

Lui

dia

sene

gale

nsis

(Lam

arck

,18

16)

0–73

mb,

sbx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

Fam

ilyP

orce

llana

ster

idae

Ere

mic

aste

rvi

cinu

sL

udw

ig,

1907

3950

–72

50m

b,ru

bx

Styr

acas

ter

horr

idus

Slad

en,

1883

3410

–50

62sb

x

Tho

raca

ster

cyli

ndra

tus

Sla

den,

1883

2540

–59

90m

b,sb

xx

x

(con

tinu

ed)

Appendix 607

Tab

leA

.2(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XB

EL

GU

AH

ON

NIC

CR

CP

AN

CO

LV

EN

cV

EN

aB

RA

UR

GA

RG

MA

VC

UB

HA

IR

DO

PR

IC

AN

Fam

ilyP

seud

arch

aste

rida

eP

seud

arch

aste

rdi

scus

Sla

den,

1889

140–

283

xx

Pse

udar

chas

ter

grac

ilis

grac

ilis

(Sla

den,

1889

)17

0–29

40m

b,sb

xx

xx

xx

xx

x

Pse

udar

chas

ter

pare

lii

(Düb

en&

Kov

en,

1846

)26

5–86

9x

Ord

erN

otom

yoti

daF

amily

Ben

thop

ecti

nida

eB

enth

opec

ten

sim

plex

sim

plex

(Per

rier

,18

81)

1175

–37

13m

b,sb

,rb

xx

Ben

thop

ecte

nsp

inos

usV

erri

ll,

1884

1857

–19

58m

bx

Che

iras

ter

(Bar

bado

sast

er)

echi

nula

tus

(Per

rier

,18

75)

130–

5062

cr,m

b,sb

,rb

xx

xx

xx

xx

Che

iras

ter

(Che

iras

ter)

ludw

igi

Fish

er,

1913

1266

sb,r

bx

Che

iras

ter

(Che

iras

ter)

plan

usV

erri

ll,

1915

226–

1339

mb,

sb,r

bx

xx

x

Che

iras

ter

(Che

iras

ter)

sepi

tus

(Ver

rill

,18

85)

485–

5062

mb,

sbx

xx

x

Che

iras

ter

(Chr

isto

pher

aste

r)bl

akei

A.

M.

Cla

rk,

1981

250–

1958

mb,

sb,r

bx

xx

xx

x

Che

iras

ter

(Chr

isto

pher

aste

r)m

irab

ilis

(Per

rier

,18

81)

380–

1470

mb,

sb,r

bx

xx

xx

Che

iras

ter

(Lui

dias

ter)

plan

eta

(Sla

den,

1889

)37

0–50

0m

bx

x

Gau

ssas

ter

anta

rcti

cus

(Sla

den,

1889

)33

05m

bx

Pec

tina

ster

grac

ilis

Ver

rill

,19

1557

6x

Ord

erV

alva

tida

Fam

ilyA

ster

inid

aeA

llop

atir

iaoc

elli

fera

(Gra

y,18

47)

30–2

00m

b,ru

bx

(con

tinu

ed)

608 Appendix

Tab

leA

.2(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XB

EL

GU

AH

ON

NIC

CR

CP

AN

CO

LV

EN

cV

EN

aB

RA

UR

GA

RG

MA

VC

UB

HA

IR

DO

PR

IC

AN

Ast

erin

afim

bria

taP

erri

er,1

875

0–25

0m

b,sb

,rub

xx

Ast

erin

agi

bbos

a(P

enna

nt,

1777

)0–

130

rb,r

ubx

Ast

erin

ast

elli

fera

(Moe

bius

,18

59)

0–50

mb,

sb,r

ubx

xx

Ast

erin

ides

foli

um(L

ütke

n,18

60)

0–25

6cr

,rb,

sb,r

ubx

xx

xx

xx

Ast

erin

ides

hart

mey

eri

(Doe

derl

ein,

1910

)0–

1rb

xx

x

Ast

erin

ides

pom

pom

(A.

M.

Cla

rk,

1983

)3–

6rb

xx

Ast

erin

opsi

spi

losa

(Per

rier

,18

81)

11–2

56m

b,sb

xx

Tre

mas

ter

mir

abil

isV

erri

ll,

1880

150–

1060

rb,r

ubx

xx

Steg

nast

erw

esse

li(P

erri

er,

1875

)0–

183

cr,r

b,sb

,rub

xx

xx

Fam

ilyA

ster

opse

idae

Por

anie

lla

echi

nula

ta(P

erri

er,

1881

)3–

339

cr,r

bx

xx

xx

Fam

ilyC

haet

aste

rida

eC

haet

aste

rno

dosu

sPe

rrie

r,18

7530

–114

0m

b,rb

,sb

xx

xx

x

Fam

ilyG

aner

iidae

Cyc

ethr

ave

rruc

osa

(Phi

lipp

i,18

57)

0–50

0sb

,rub

xx

x

Gan

eria

falk

land

ica

Gra

y,18

470–

135

sb,r

ubx

xP

erkn

aste

rsl

aden

i(P

erri

er,

1891

)12

0–50

0x

x

Vem

aste

rsu

datl

anti

cus

Ber

nasc

oni,

1965

5055

–52

08x

Fam

ilyG

onia

ster

idae

Ant

heno

ides

pier

cei

Per

rier

,18

8120

–844

mb,

sbx

xx

xx

xx

xx

Apo

llon

aste

ryu

cata

nens

isH

alpe

rn,

1970

1097

–11

75m

b,sb

xx

(con

tinu

ed)

Appendix 609

Tab

leA

.2(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XB

EL

GU

AH

ON

NIC

CR

CP

AN

CO

LV

EN

cV

EN

aB

RA

UR

GA

RG

MA

VC

UB

HA

IR

DO

PR

IC

AN

Ast

roce

ram

usbr

achy

acti

sH

.L

.C

lark

,19

4142

0–10

67m

b,sb

xx

x

Cer

amas

ter

gren

aden

sis

(Per

rier

,18

81)

70–3

109

mb,

sbx

xx

xx

x

Cer

amas

ter

gren

aden

sis

gren

aden

sis

(Per

rier

,18

81)

200–

3109

mb

xx

x

Cer

amas

ter

gren

aden

sis

pata

goni

cus

(Sla

den,

1889

)10

6–19

2x

x

Cir

ceas

ter

amer

ican

us(A

.H

.C

lark

,19

16)

500–

1450

mb,

sbx

xx

x

Cla

dast

erru

dis

Ver

rill

,18

9915

0–90

0m

b,sb

xD

ipla

sias

ter

prod

uctu

s(A

.H

.C

lark

,19

17)

78–5

67m

b,sb

x

Flo

rias

ter

may

aD

owne

y,19

8093

3–10

24m

b,sb

x

Gon

iast

erte

ssel

latu

s(L

amar

ck,

1816

)16

–155

cr,m

b,sb

,rb

xx

xx

Hip

past

eria

falk

land

ica

Fis

her,

1940

251–

225

xx

Hip

past

eria

phry

gian

aar

gent

inen

sis

Ber

nasc

oni,

1961

108–

162

x

Lit

onot

aste

rin

term

ediu

s(P

erri

er,

1884

)19

58–

3530

mb,

rb,s

bx

xx

xx

Med

iast

erba

irdi

(Ver

rill

,188

2)64

0–15

90sb

,rb

xx

Med

iast

erpe

dice

llar

is(P

erri

er,

1881

)19

7–58

0m

b,rb

,sb

xx

x

Nym

phas

ter

aren

atus

(Per

rier

,18

81)

60–3

000

mb,

sbx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

Par

agon

aste

rgr

andi

sH

.L

.C

lark

,19

4125

7–54

0sb

xx

Par

agon

aste

rsu

btil

is(P

erri

er,

1881

)18

45–

4700

rb,s

bx

Paw

sona

ster

parv

us(P

erri

er,

1881

)30

–600

mb,

rb,s

bx

xx

x

(con

tinu

ed)

610 Appendix

Tab

leA

.2(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XB

EL

GU

AH

ON

NIC

CR

CP

AN

CO

LV

EN

cV

EN

aB

RA

UR

GA

RG

MA

VC

UB

HA

IR

DO

PR

IC

AN

Pel

tast

erpl

acen

ta(M

ülle

r&

Tro

chel

,18

42)

10–1

107

mb,

sbx

xx

xx

Pli

ntha

ster

dent

atus

(Per

rier

,18

84)

60–2

910

mb,

rb,s

bx

xx

xx

xx

x

Ros

aste

ral

exan

dri

(Per

rier

,18

81)

60–2

940

cr,m

b,sb

xx

xx

xx

Tes

sell

aste

rno

tabi

lis

H.

L.

Cla

rk,

1941

329–

575

mb,

sbx

x

Tos

iapa

rva

(Per

rier

,18

81)

100–

600

xx

xF

amily

Lei

last

erid

aeL

eila

ster

radi

ans

(Per

rier

,18

81)

102–

293

sb,r

ubx

xx

Fam

ilyM

ithr

odiid

aeM

ithr

odia

clav

iger

a(L

amar

ck,

1816

)0–

157

cr,r

b,sb

xx

xx

Fam

ilia

Odo

ntas

teri

dae

Aco

dont

aste

rel

onga

tus

gran

ulif

erus

(Koe

hler

,19

12)

40–8

40sb

,rub

xx

Dip

lodo

ntia

ssi

ngul

aris

(Mül

ler

&T

rosc

hel,

1843

)0–

84rb

,sb

x

Odo

ntas

ter

peni

cill

atus

(Phi

lipp

i,18

70)

8–35

0m

b,sb

,rub

xx

Odo

ntas

ter

hisp

idus

Ver

rill

,18

8050

–116

0m

b,sb

xx

Fam

ilyO

phid

iast

erid

aeC

opid

aste

rca

vern

icol

aS

olís

-M

arín

&L

agua

rda-

Fig

uera

s,20

10

13–1

8m

bx

Cop

idas

ter

lym

ani

A.

H.

Cla

rk,

1948

0–34

cr,m

b,rb

xx

xx

Hac

elia

atte

nuat

a(G

ray,

1840

)1–

150

sb,r

ubx

Hac

elia

supe

rba

H.

L.

Cla

rk,

1921

91–2

00rb

xx

Lin

ckia

bouv

ieri

Per

rier

,18

750–

380

cr,r

bx

xL

inck

iagu

ildi

ngi

Gra

y,18

400–

298

cr,s

g,rb

,sb

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

(con

tinu

ed)

Appendix 611

Tab

leA

.2(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XB

EL

GU

AH

ON

NIC

CR

CP

AN

CO

LV

EN

cV

EN

aB

RA

UR

GA

RG

MA

VC

UB

HA

IR

DO

PR

IC

AN

Lin

ckia

nodo

saP

erri

er,

1875

0–47

5cr

,rb,

sbx

xx

xx

Nar

ciss

iaca

nari

ensi

s(d

’Orb

igny

,18

39)

37–1

55rb

xx

Nar

ciss

iatr

igon

aria

Sla

den,

1889

37–7

50cr

,rb,

sbx

xx

xx

x

Oph

idia

ster

alex

andr

iV

erri

ll,

1915

52–5

85x

x

Oph

idia

ster

baye

riA

.H.C

lark

,19

48in

tert

idal

rub

x

Oph

idia

ster

guil

ding

iiG

ray,

1840

0–33

0cr

,rb

xx

xx

xx

x

Oph

idia

ster

ophi

dian

us(L

amar

ck,

1816

)0–

105

rbx

Tam

aria

flori

dae

(Per

rier

,18

81)

50–6

00rb

,sb

xx

Tam

aria

halp

erni

Dow

ney,

1971

180–

510

cr,r

b,sb

xx

x

Fam

ilyO

reas

teri

dae

Ore

aste

rre

ticu

latu

s(L

inna

eus,

1758

)0–

1500

cr,m

,rb,

sb,s

g,ru

bx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

Fam

ilyP

oran

iidae

Mar

gina

ster

pect

inat

usP

erri

er,

1881

166–

450

cr,m

b,rb

,rub

xx

xx

Por

ania

(Por

ania

)an

tarc

tica

mag

ella

nica

Stu

der,

1876

18–3

20sb

,rub

xx

Por

ania

(Por

ania

)pu

lvil

lus

insi

gnis

Ver

rill

,18

9535

–680

rbx

Por

anio

psis

echi

nast

erP

erri

er,

1891

30–4

20sb

,rub

x

Por

anio

psis

mir

a(d

eL

orio

l,19

04)

0–50

0x

x

Fam

ilySo

last

erid

aeL

aetm

aste

rsp

ecta

bili

s(P

erri

er,

1881

)15

21rb

x

Lop

hast

erve

rril

liA

.H

.C

lark

,19

386–

1100

mb,

rb,s

b,ru

bx

xx

x

(con

tinu

ed)

612 Appendix

Tab

leA

.2(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XB

EL

GU

AH

ON

NIC

CR

CP

AN

CO

LV

EN

cV

EN

aB

RA

UR

GA

RG

MA

VC

UB

HA

IR

DO

PR

IC

AN

Sola

ster

cari

bbae

usV

erri

ll,

1915

64–8

69m

b,rb

xx

Ord

erV

elat

ida

Fam

ilyC

aym

anos

telli

dae

Cay

man

oste

lla

spin

imar

gina

taB

elya

ev,

1978

3109

–34

93m

bx

Fam

ilyK

oret

hras

teri

dae

Per

ibol

aste

rfo

llic

ulat

usSl

aden

,18

8981

–133

xx

Rem

aste

rgo

urdo

niK

oehl

er,

1912

10–5

40x

x

Rem

aste

rpa

lmat

us(P

erri

er,

1881

)29

6–58

5m

b,rb

,sb

xx

xx

Fam

ilyM

yxas

teri

dae

Pyt

hona

ster

mur

rayi

Sla

den,

1889

3477

x

Fam

ilyP

tera

ster

idae

Cal

yptr

aste

rco

aS

lade

n,18

8226

0–93

0x

Cal

yptr

aste

rpe

rson

atus

(Per

rier

,18

85)

2151

–65

60m

b,rb

xx

x

Dip

lopt

eras

ter

clar

kiB

erna

scon

i,19

3782

–177

x

Dip

lopt

eras

ter

verr

ucos

us(S

lade

n,18

82)

74–2

70x

Hym

enas

ter

anom

alus

Sla

den,

1882

1984

–26

06rb

x

Hym

enas

ter

pell

ucid

usT

hom

son,

1873

1784

–32

94sb

xx

Hym

enas

ter

perg

amen

tace

usSl

aden

,18

8248

46sb

xx

Hym

enas

ter

rega

lis

Ver

rill

,18

9518

57x

Hym

enas

ter

rex

Per

rier

,18

8511

39–

2285

rbx

x

Pte

rast

erab

ysso

rum

(Ver

rill

,18

95)

576–

3740

rbx

x

(con

tinu

ed)

Appendix 613

Tab

leA

.2(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XB

EL

GU

AH

ON

NIC

CR

CP

AN

CO

LV

EN

cV

EN

aB

RA

UR

GA

RG

MA

VC

UB

HA

IR

DO

PR

IC

AN

Pte

rast

erac

icul

a(D

owne

y,19

70)

196–

3713

cr,m

bx

xx

Pte

rast

eraf

finis

lebr

uni

Per

rier

,18

9174

–341

xx

Pte

rast

erca

ribb

aeus

Per

rier

,18

8127

5–82

5m

b,sb

,rub

xx

Pte

rast

ergi

bber

(Sla

den,

1882

)27

–500

xx

Pte

rast

erm

ilit

ario

ides

mil

itar

ioid

esH

.L

.C

lark

,19

4127

1–46

6m

bx

x

Pte

rast

erm

ilit

ario

ides

stoi

beH

.L

.C

lark

,19

4177

7m

bx

Pte

rast

erm

ilit

aris

(Mül

ler,

1776

)54

9–59

4x

Pte

rast

erpe

rson

atus

Sla

den,

1891

480–

1780

mb

x

Pte

rast

erru

gosu

sH

.L

.C

lark

,19

4191

–466

mb,

sbx

xx

Pte

rast

erst

elli

fer

Sla

den,

1882

79–2

804

xx

Ord

erSp

inul

osid

aF

amily

Ech

inas

teri

dae

Ech

inas

ter

(Ech

inas

ter)

mod

estu

sP

erri

er,

1881

60–4

75m

b,rb

,sb

xx

xx

xx

x

Ech

inas

ter

(Ech

inas

ter)

sepo

situ

s(R

etzi

us,

1783

)2–

250

rb,s

g,ru

b

Ech

inas

ter

(Oth

ilia

)br

asil

iens

isM

ülle

r&

Tro

sche

l,18

42

0–36

0m

b,rb

,sb,

sgx

xx

xx

x

Ech

inas

ter

(Oth

ilia

)ec

hino

phor

us(L

amar

ck,

1816

)0–

55cr

,m,m

b,rb

,sb,

rub

xx

xx

xx

xx

Ech

inas

ter

(Oth

ilia

)gu

yane

nsis

A.

M.

Cla

rk,

1987

13–1

19m

b,sb

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

Ech

inas

ter

(Oth

ilia

)se

ntus

(Say

,18

25)

0–17

5cr

,rb,

sb,s

g,ru

bx

xx

xx

xx

x

Ech

inas

ter

(Oth

ilia

)se

rpen

tari

usM

ülle

r&

Tro

sche

l,18

42

10–2

00cr

,mb,

sbx

x

(con

tinu

ed)

614 Appendix

Tab

leA

.2(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XB

EL

GU

AH

ON

NIC

CR

CP

AN

CO

LV

EN

cV

EN

aB

RA

UR

GA

RG

MA

VC

UB

HA

IR

DO

PR

IC

AN

Ech

inas

ter

(Oth

ilia

)sp

inul

osus

Ver

rill

,18

691–

238

cr,m

b,sb

,rb

xx

xx

xx

Hen

rici

aan

till

arum

(Per

rier

,18

81)

192–

1390

sb,r

ubx

xx

xx

x

Hen

rici

ado

wne

yae

A.

M.

Cla

rk,

1987

342–

1037

sb,r

ubx

x

Hen

rici

aob

esa

(Sla

den,

1889

)22

–210

sb,r

ubx

xH

enri

cia

sang

uino

lent

a(O

.F.

Mül

ler,

1776

)0–

200

x

Hen

rici

ase

xrad

iata

(Per

rier

,18

81)

29–3

66sb

,rub

xx

Hen

rici

ast

uder

i(P

erri

er,1

891)

74–4

30sb

,rub

xx

Ord

erF

orci

pula

tida

Fam

ilyA

ster

iidae

Ana

ster

ias

anta

rcti

ca(L

ütke

n,18

57)

1–18

3ru

b,rb

xx

Ana

ster

ias

min

uta

Per

rier

,187

50–

100

xA

nast

eria

spe

dice

llar

is(K

oehl

er,

1923

)0–

120

xx

Ana

ster

ias

spir

abil

is(B

ell,

1881

)34

–54

x

Ast

eria

sfo

rbes

i(D

esor

,18

48)

0–61

9rb

,rub

xx

xC

osci

nast

eria

sli

near

is(P

erri

er,

1881

)36

6rb

x

Cos

cina

ster

ias

tenu

ispi

na(L

amar

ck,

1816

)0–

165

rb,s

b,ru

bx

xx

x

Cos

mas

teri

aslu

rida

(Phi

lipp

i,18

58)

0–65

0m

b,sb

xx

Dip

last

eria

sbr

andt

i(B

ell,

1881

)0–

450

sb,m

b,ru

bx

x

Let

hast

eria

sau

stra

lis

Fis

her,

1923

81–1

55x

x

Lys

aste

rias

perr

ieri

(Stu

der,

1885

)0–

320

x

Mar

thas

teri

asgl

acia

lis

(Lin

naeu

s,17

58)

0–18

0rb

x

(con

tinu

ed)

Appendix 615

Tab

leA

.2(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XB

EL

GU

AH

ON

NIC

CR

CP

AN

CO

LV

EN

cV

EN

aB

RA

UR

GA

RG

MA

VC

UB

HA

IR

DO

PR

IC

AN

Neo

smil

aste

rst

eine

ni(S

tude

r,18

85)

xx

Per

issa

ster

ias

poly

acan

tha

H.

L.

Cla

rk,

1923

96–7

60m

b,sb

x

Psa

lida

ster

mor

dax

Fis

her,

1940

80–6

00x

x

Scle

rast

eria

sco

ntor

ta(P

erri

er,

1881

)38

4–60

7x

x

Scle

rast

eria

sta

nner

i(V

erri

ll,

1895

)x

Step

hana

ster

ias

albu

la(S

tim

pson

,18

53)

33–2

300

cr,s

gx

xx

Cor

onas

ter

bria

reus

(Ver

rill

,18

82)

50–7

00cr

,rb

xx

xx

x

Fam

ilyH

elia

ster

idae

Lab

idia

ster

radi

osus

Lüt

ken,

1871

5–20

0sb

,rub

xx

Fam

ilyP

edic

ella

ster

idae

Am

pher

aste

ral

amin

osD

owne

y,19

7125

6–30

89sb

x

Ped

icel

last

erpo

urta

lesi

iPe

rrie

r,18

8133

8–46

6m

bx

xx

Fam

ilySt

icha

ster

idae

All

osti

chas

ter

hart

ti(R

athb

un,

1879

)14

7–38

0x

Smil

aste

rias

trir

emis

Sla

den,

1889

0–27

07x

x

Fam

ilyZ

oroa

ster

idae

Cne

mid

aste

rsi

gsbe

ei(P

erri

er,

1894

)36

5–73

5m

b,sb

xx

Dor

aste

rco

nste

llat

usD

owne

y,19

7034

5–91

4m

b,rb

,sb

xx

xx

xx

Mam

mas

ter

sigs

beei

(Per

rier

,18

80)

430–

613

mb

xx

Zor

oast

erfu

lgen

sT

hom

son,

1873

220–

3000

mb,

rb,s

bx

xx

xx

xx

(con

tinu

ed)

616 Appendix

Tab

leA

.2(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XB

EL

GU

AH

ON

NIC

CR

CP

AN

CO

LV

EN

cV

EN

aB

RA

UR

GA

RG

MA

VC

UB

HA

IR

DO

PR

IC

AN

Ord

erB

risi

ngid

aF

amily

Bri

sing

idae

Bri

sing

aco

stat

aV

erri

ll,

1884

630–

1903

cr,m

b,rb

xx

x

Hym

enod

iscu

sco

rona

ta(G

.O

.S

ars,

1872

)10

0–29

04m

bx

Hym

enod

iscu

sve

rtic

illa

ta(S

lade

n,18

89)

640

rbx

Mid

gard

iaxa

ndar

osD

owne

y,19

7236

6–46

0sb

xx

Nov

odin

iaam

eric

ana

(Ver

rill

,18

80)

408–

576

mb

x

Nov

odin

iaan

till

ensi

s(A

.H

.C

lark

,19

34)

366–

2700

mb,

sbx

xx

Nov

odin

iapa

ndin

a(S

lade

n,18

89)

54–9

90rb

xx

Steg

nobr

isin

gasp

lend

ens

H.

L.

Cla

rk,

1926

402–

933

xx

Fam

ilyF

reye

llida

eC

olpa

ster

scut

iger

ula

Sla

den,

1889

930–

2790

mb

xx

Fre

yast

era

mex

ican

a(A

.H

.C

lark

,19

39)

2683

–51

10rb

x

Fre

yast

era

tube

rcul

ata

(Sla

den,

1889

)33

60–

5620

x

Fre

yell

ael

egan

s(V

erri

ll,1

884)

2928

–32

94x

Fre

yell

am

icro

spin

aV

erri

ll,

1894

1848

x

Cla

ssO

phiu

roid

eaO

rder

Eur

yalid

aF

amily

Ast

eron

ychi

dae

Ast

eron

yxlo

veni

Mül

ler

&T

rosc

hel,

1842

265–

2499

cr,r

b,sb

xx

xx

Ast

rodi

ate

nuis

pina

(Ver

rill

,18

84)

512–

935

xx

(con

tinu

ed)

Appendix 617

Tab

leA

.2(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XB

EL

GU

AH

ON

NIC

CR

CP

AN

CO

LV

EN

cV

EN

aB

RA

UR

GA

RG

MA

VC

UB

HA

IR

DO

PR

IC

AN

Fam

ilyA

ster

osch

emat

idae

Ast

eros

chem

aar

enos

umL

yman

,18

7867

7–15

55x

x

Ast

eros

chem

abr

achi

atum

Lym

an,

1879

108–

783

crx

x

Ast

eros

chem

ael

onga

tum

Koe

hler

,19

1442

–708

cr,r

b,sb

xx

Ast

eros

chem

ain

tect

umL

yman

,18

7823

8–47

5cr

,sb

xx

Ast

eros

chem

ala

eve

(Lym

an,

1875

)42

–539

crx

xx

x

Ast

eros

chem

aol

igac

tes

(Pal

las,

1788

)12

4–52

1cr

xx

Ast

eros

chem

ate

nue

Lym

an,

1875

66–1

80x

Oph

iocr

eas

lum

bric

usL

yman

,18

6915

–600

xx

Oph

iocr

eas

oedi

pus

Lym

an,

1879

1061

–22

28cr

x

Oph

iocr

eas

spin

ulos

usL

yman

,18

8322

7–57

6cr

xx

Fam

ilyG

orgo

noce

phal

idae

Ast

erop

orpa

annu

lata

Lüt

ken,

1856

15–3

97cr

,rb,

sb,r

ubx

xx

xx

xx

x

Ast

erop

orpa

pulc

hra

H.

L.

Cla

rk,

1915

320–

475

x

Ast

racm

em

ucro

natu

s(L

yman

,18

69)

70–5

21cr

xx

Ast

roca

neum

herr

erai

(H.

L.

Cla

rk,

1918

)0–

25cr

x

Ast

roch

ele

lym

ani

Ver

rill

,187

80–

300

xA

stro

cycl

usca

ecil

ia(L

ütke

n,18

56)

20–6

77cr

,rb,

sbx

xx

Ast

rocn

ida

isid

is(D

ucha

ssai

ng,

1850

)20

–180

crx

x

(con

tinu

ed)

618 Appendix

Tab

leA

.2(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XB

EL

GU

AH

ON

NIC

CR

CP

AN

CO

LV

EN

cV

EN

aB

RA

UR

GA

RG

MA

VC

UB

HA

IR

DO

PR

IC

AN

Ast

rogo

mph

usva

llat

usL

yman

,18

6960

–800

cr,r

bx

xx

Ast

ropa

rtus

med

iter

rane

us(R

isso

,18

26)

32–2

65m

b,rb

,sb

x

Ast

roph

yton

mur

icat

um(L

amar

ck,

1816

)0–

508

cr,r

b,sb

,sg,

rub

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

Ast

roto

ma

agas

sizi

iL

yman

,18

7574

–100

0x

xx

Gor

gono

ceph

alus

chil

ensi

s(P

hili

ppi,

1858

)0–

500

xx

xx

Schi

zost

ella

bifu

rcat

aA

.H

.C

lark

,19

5212

–46

crx

x

Ord

erO

phiu

rida

Fam

ilyO

phio

myx

idae

Oph

iobl

enna

anti

llen

sis

Lüt

ken,

1859

1–24

cr,r

bx

xx

xx

Oph

iobr

achi

onun

cina

tus

Lym

an,

1883

457

mb

x

Oph

ioby

rsa

perr

ieri

Lym

an,

1883

527

x

Oph

ioby

rsa

serp

ens

Lym

an,

1883

51–1

26cr

,rb

xx

x

Ast

roge

ron

supi

nus

(Lym

an,

1883

)53

0–11

43x

Oph

iole

ptop

lax

bras

ilia

naT

omm

asi

&A

breu

,19

7415

–520

x

Oph

iom

yxa

brev

icau

daV

erri

ll,

1899

23–3

60m

bx

Oph

iom

yxa

flacc

ida

(Say

,18

25)

0–15

00cr

,rb,

sb,s

gx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

x

Oph

iom

yxa

pent

agon

a(L

amar

ck,

1816

)0–

1060

mb,

rb,s

b,sg

,rub

x

Oph

iom

yxa

stim

pson

ii(L

yman

,18

75)

108–

472

mb

x

Oph

iom

yxa

tum

ida

Lym

an,

1883

23–6

01cr

,mb,

rb,s

bx

xx

x

(con

tinu

ed)

Appendix 619

Tab

leA

.2(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XB

EL

GU

AH

ON

NIC

CR

CP

AN

CO

LV

EN

cV

EN

aB

RA

UR

GA

RG

MA

VC

UB

HA

IR

DO

PR

IC

AN

Oph

iom

yxa

vivi

para

Stu

der,

1876

0–18

3x

xx

Oph

ioph

rixu

squ

adri

spin

osus

(Koe

hler

,19

14)

265–

510

x

Oph

iopr

ium

cerv

icor

nis

(Lym

an,

1883

)x

Oph

iosc

iasm

aat

tenu

atum

Lym

an,

1878

130–

540

x

Oph

iosc

olex

disa

cant

hus

H.

L.

Cla

rk,

1915

342–

549

rb,

mb

xx

Oph

iosc

olex

glac

iali

sM

ülle

r&

Tro

sche

l,18

4250

–272

7x

Oph

iosc

olex

nutr

ix(M

orte

nsen

,19

36)

xx

x

Oph

iosc

olex

serr

atus

H.

L.

Cla

rk,

1900

166

sbx

Oph

iosy

zygu

sdi

saca

nthu

sH

.L

.C

lark

,19

1112

7–27

8cr

,mb

x

Fam

ilyA

mph

ilepi

dida

eA

mph

ilep

isno

rveg

ica

(Lju

ngm

an,

1865

)10

0–29

00m

bx

Am

phil

epis

sanm

atie

nsis

Ber

nasc

oni

&D

’Ago

stin

o,19

75

1–14

5x

x

Am

phil

epis

teod

orae

Tom

mas

i&

Abr

eu,

1974

x

Fam

ilyA

mph

iuri

dae

Am

phil

imna

mir

abil

is(H

.L

.C

lark

,19

41)

200–

550

mb

xx

x

Am

phil

imna

oliv

acea

(Lym

an,

1869

)15

–600

mb,

rb,s

bx

xx

xx

x

Am

phio

dia

atra

(Sti

mps

on,

1852

)1.

5–10

0sb

xx

x

Am

phio

dia

guil

lerm

osob

eron

iC

aso,

1979

0.9–

3.4

sbx

(con

tinu

ed)

620 Appendix

Tab

leA

.2(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XB

EL

GU

AH

ON

NIC

CR

CP

AN

CO

LV

EN

cV

EN

aB

RA

UR

GA

RG

MA

VC

UB

HA

IR

DO

PR

IC

AN

Am

phio

dia

habi

lis

Alb

uque

rque

,C

ampo

s-C

reas

ey&

Gui

lle,

2001

34x

Am

phio

dia

plan

ispi

na(v

onM

arte

ns,

1867

)0–

578

mb,

sb,s

g,ru

bx

xx

xx

xx

Am

phio

dia

pulc

hell

a(L

yman

,18

69)

0–37

0cr

,mb,

rb,s

b,sg

xx

xx

xx

xx

Am

phio

dia

tryc

hna

H.L

.Cla

rk,

1918

1–16

0m

,sb,

sg,r

ubx

xx

xx

xx

Am

phio

dia

viol

acea

(Lüt

ken,

1856

)x

Am

phio

plus

(Am

phio

plus

)ab

ditu

s(V

erri

ll,

1871

)6–

587

mb,

sbx

xx

x

Am

phio

plus

(Am

phio

plus

)br

asil

iens

isT

omm

asi,

1970

x

Am

phio

plus

(Am

phio

plus

)co

nior

tode

sH

.L

.C

lark

,19

180–

1207

cr,m

b,rb

,sg

xx

x

Am

phio

plus

(Am

phio

plus

)se

pult

usH

endl

er,

1995

0–82

cr,m

b,rb

,sg

xx

Am

phio

plus

(Am

phio

plus

)th

rom

bode

sH

.L

.C

lark

,19

180.

3–0.

6m

b,sg

x

Am

phio

plus

(Uni

oplu

s)in

cisu

s(L

yman

,18

83)

1639

xx

Am

phio

plus

albi

dus

(Lju

ngm

an,

1867

)1–

500

mb,

rb,s

bx

xx

Am

phio

plus

dale

us(L

yman

,18

79)

x

Am

phio

plus

lucy

aeT

omm

asi,

1971

5–60

0sb

xx

Am

phio

plus

mat

hild

aeT

omm

asi

&A

breu

,19

740–

120

x

Am

phio

plus

pere

grin

ator

(Koe

hler

,19

12)

x

Am

phio

plus

tum

idus

(Lym

an,

1878

)70

–578

mb

x

(con

tinu

ed)

Appendix 621

Tab

leA

.2(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XB

EL

GU

AH

ON

NIC

CR

CP

AN

CO

LV

EN

cV

EN

aB

RA

UR

GA

RG

MA

VC

UB

HA

IR

DO

PR

IC

AN

Am

phip

holi

sgr

acil

lim

a(S

tim

pson

,18

52)

0–63

mb,

sbx

xx

Am

phip

holi

sja

nuar

iiL

jung

man

,18

671–

311

cr,m

b,rb

,sg,

rub

xx

xx

x

Am

phip

holi

spa

chyb

acte

raH

.L

.C

lark

,19

18x

Am

phip

holi

ssq

uam

ata

(Del

leC

hiaj

e,18

28)

0–19

62cr

,m,r

b,sb

,sg,

rub

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

x

Am

phip

holi

ssu

btil

is(L

jung

man

,18

67)

0–13

30x

Am

phiu

ra(A

mph

iura

)ca

llid

aA

lbuq

uerq

ue,

Cam

pos-

Cre

asey

&G

uill

e,20

01

50x

Am

phiu

ra(A

mph

iura

)co

rrec

taK

oehl

er,

1907

x

Am

phiu

ra(A

mph

iura

)gr

andi

squa

ma

Lym

an,

1869

x

Am

phiu

ra(A

mph

iura

)m

agel

lani

caL

jung

man

,18

670–

400

xx

x

Am

phiu

ra(A

mph

iura

)ro

sea

Tom

mas

i&

Oli

veir

a,19

76x

Am

phiu

ra(O

phio

nem

a)in

tric

ata

Lüt

ken,

1869

1–60

0x

Am

phiu

raal

gida

Koe

hler

,191

1x

Am

phiu

rabe

lgic

aeK

oehl

er,

1900

xx

Am

phiu

rach

iaje

iF

orbe

s,18

435–

1200

xA

mph

iura

com

plan

ata

Lju

ngm

an,

1867

0–81

0x

x

Am

phiu

racr

assi

pes

Lju

ngm

an,

1867

0–60

mb,

sbx

xx

Am

phiu

rade

ichm

anni

Tom

mas

i,19

65x

Am

phiu

radi

duct

aK

oehl

er,

1914

x

(con

tinu

ed)

622 Appendix

Tab

leA

.2(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XB

EL

GU

AH

ON

NIC

CR

CP

AN

CO

LV

EN

cV

EN

aB

RA

UR

GA

RG

MA

VC

UB

HA

IR

DO

PR

IC

AN

Am

phiu

raeu

geni

aeL

jung

man

,18

670–

800

mb

xx

x

Am

phiu

rafib

ulat

aK

oehl

er,

1913

2–81

0cr

,rb,

sb,s

g,ru

bx

xx

x

Am

phiu

rafle

xuos

aL

jung

man

,18

670–

50ru

bx

x

Am

phiu

rair

acia

eT

omm

asi

&O

live

ira,

1976

x

Am

phiu

rajo

ubin

iK

oehl

er,

1912

5–38

34ru

bx

xx

Am

phiu

raki

nber

giL

jung

man

,18

723–

300

x

Am

phiu

rala

tisp

ina

Lju

ngm

an,

1867

10–5

0x

x

Am

phiu

ram

uell

eriM

arkt

anne

r-T

urne

rets

cher

,18

8713

4–60

0x

Am

phiu

raot

teri

Lju

ngm

an,

1872

198–

3200

mb,

sbx

xx

xx

Am

phiu

rapa

lmer

iL

yman

,18

825–

479

cr,r

bx

xx

x

Am

phiu

rapr

ince

psK

oehl

er,

1907

0–10

7m

b,sb

xx

xx

Am

phiu

rara

thbu

niK

oehl

er,

1914

29–5

02m

bx

x

Am

phiu

rasc

abri

uscu

la(L

ütke

n,18

59)

0–26

xx

Am

phiu

rase

mie

rmis

Lym

an,

1869

82–1

448

mb

xx

Am

phiu

rast

imps

onii

Lüt

ken,

1859

0–28

44cr

,rb,

sb,r

ubx

xx

xx

x

Mic

roph

ioph

olis

atra

(Sti

mps

on,

1852

)1–

38m

bx

xx

Mic

roph

ioph

olis

grac

illi

ma

(Sti

mps

on,

1854

)0–

26m

bx

xx

x

Mic

roph

ioph

olis

subt

ilis

(Lju

ngm

an,

1867

)x

(con

tinu

ed)

Appendix 623

Tab

leA

.2(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XB

EL

GU

AH

ON

NIC

CR

CP

AN

CO

LV

EN

cV

EN

aB

RA

UR

GA

RG

MA

VC

UB

HA

IR

DO

PR

IC

AN

Nud

amph

iura

carv

alho

iT

omm

asi,

1965

15–1

17x

Oph

iocn

ida

love

ni(L

jung

man

,18

67)

7–48

x

Oph

iocn

ida

scab

raL

yman

,18

7911

00x

Oph

iocn

ida

scab

rius

cula

(Lüt

ken,

1859

)0–

70cr

,rb,

sgx

xx

Oph

ione

phth

ysli

mic

ola

Lüt

ken,

1869

1–12

cr,m

,sb,

mb

xx

xx

Oph

ioph

ragm

usch

ilen

sis

(Mül

ler

&T

rosc

hel,

1843

)0–

112

xx

Oph

ioph

ragm

uscu

banu

s(A

.H

.C

lark

,19

17)

1–36

m,m

b,sg

xx

x

Oph

ioph

ragm

usfil

ogra

neus

(Lym

an,

1875

)0–

3x

x

Oph

ioph

ragm

uslu

etke

ni(L

jung

man

,18

72)

0–50

x

Oph

ioph

ragm

usm

oore

iT

hom

as,

1965

1–2

rbx

Oph

ioph

ragm

uspu

lche

rH

.L

.C

lark

,19

180.

5–33

cr,m

,mb,

sg,r

ubx

xx

xx

xx

Oph

ioph

ragm

usri

isei

(Lüt

ken,

1859

)1–

311

cr,m

b,sb

xx

xx

xx

Oph

ioph

ragm

usse

ptus

(Lüt

ken,

1859

)0.

3–11

6cr

,m,m

b,sb

xx

xx

xx

x

Oph

ioph

ragm

usw

urde

man

i(L

yman

,18

60)

2–11

cr,s

bx

xx

Oph

iost

igm

ais

ocan

thum

(Say

,18

25)

0–22

3cr

,mb,

sg,s

b,ru

bx

xx

xx

xx

xx

Oph

iost

igm

asi

vaH

endl

er,

1995

0.5–

99cr

,rb

xx

xx

Fam

ilyH

emie

urya

lidae

Hem

ieur

yale

pust

ulat

aV

onM

arte

ns,

1867

128–

148

xx

x

(con

tinu

ed)

624 Appendix

Tab

leA

.2(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XB

EL

GU

AH

ON

NIC

CR

CP

AN

CO

LV

EN

cV

EN

aB

RA

UR

GA

RG

MA

VC

UB

HA

IR

DO

PR

IC

AN

Oph

ioch

ondr

ella

squa

mos

a(L

yman

,18

83)

604

x

Oph

ioch

ondr

usco

nvol

utus

Lym

an,

1869

165–

720

crx

x

Oph

ioch

ondr

uscr

assi

spin

usL

yman

,18

8342

0x

Oph

ioch

ondr

usgr

acil

isV

erri

ll,

1899

198–

468

x

Oph

ioch

ondr

usst

elli

ger

Lym

an,

1879

144–

1080

xx

Sigs

beia

coni

fera

Koe

hler

,19

144–

450

mb

xx

xx

Sigs

beia

mur

rhin

aL

yman

,18

7816

–706

cr,m

bx

xx

x

Fam

ilyO

phia

cant

hida

eSu

bfam

ilyO

phia

cant

hina

eO

phia

cant

haab

yssi

cola

G.

O.

Sar

s,18

7135

–351

mb,

rub

x

Oph

iaca

ntha

affin

isK

oehl

er,

1914

366–

420

x

Oph

iaca

ntha

aris

tata

Koe

hler

,18

9582

2–17

00x

Oph

iaca

ntha

aspe

raL

yman

,18

7832

0x

Oph

iaca

ntha

bide

ntat

a(R

etzi

us,

1805

)32

–473

0cr

,mb,

rbx

xx

Oph

iaca

ntha

bras

ilie

nsis

Tom

mas

i&

Abr

eu,

1974

145–

380

x

Oph

iaca

ntha

cerv

icor

nis

Lym

an,

1883

366–

539

x

Oph

iaca

ntha

cras

side

nsV

erri

ll,

1885

980–

3120

mb

x

Oph

iaca

ntha

dens

ispi

naM

orte

nsen

,19

36x

Oph

iaca

ntha

echi

nula

taL

yman

,18

7830

4–19

58m

b,rb

,sb

xx

x

(con

tinu

ed)

Appendix 625

Tab

leA

.2(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XB

EL

GU

AH

ON

NIC

CR

CP

AN

CO

LV

EN

cV

EN

aB

RA

UR

GA

RG

MA

VC

UB

HA

IR

DO

PR

IC

AN

Oph

iaca

ntha

ensi

fera

(Ver

rill

,18

99)

198–

468

x

Oph

iaca

ntha

mes

embr

iaH

.L

.C

lark

,19

1525

2–11

25m

bx

x

Oph

iaca

ntha

met

alla

cta

H.

L.

Cla

rk,

1915

295–

763

mb

xx

Oph

iaca

ntha

pent

acri

nus

Lüt

ken,

1869

320–

1249

xx

x

Oph

iaca

ntha

rose

aL

yman

,18

7840

2–15

38m

b,rb

x

Oph

iaca

ntha

scut

ata

Lym

an,

1878

521–

549

x

Oph

iaca

ntha

sert

ata

(Lym

an,

1869

)18

3–61

8cr

,rb

x

Oph

iaca

ntha

stel

lata

Lym

an,

1875

183

x

Oph

iaca

ntha

seto

sa(R

etzi

us,

1805

)40

–148

0sb

x

Oph

iaca

ntha

vivi

para

Lju

ngm

an,

1870

0–10

97x

xx

x

Oph

iaca

nthe

lla

tros

chel

i(L

yman

,18

78)

185–

238

cr,r

b,sb

x

Oph

ialc

aea

nutt

ingi

iV

erri

ll,

1899

366

x

Oph

iotr

eta

line

olat

a(L

yman

,18

83)

347–

521

x

Oph

iotr

eta

mix

ta(L

yman

,18

78)

338–

442

x

Oph

iotr

eta

sert

ata

(Lym

an,

1869

)29

3–56

7m

bx

x

Oph

iotr

eta

vale

ncie

nnes

iva

lenc

ienn

esi

(Lym

an,

1879

)20

0–14

40x

Oph

iotr

eta

vale

ncie

nnes

iru

fesc

ens

(Koe

hler

,18

96)

155–

1440

mb

x

(con

tinu

ed)

626 Appendix

Tab

leA

.2(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XB

EL

GU

AH

ON

NIC

CR

CP

AN

CO

LV

EN

cV

EN

aB

RA

UR

GA

RG

MA

VC

UB

HA

IR

DO

PR

IC

AN

Subf

amily

Oph

iohe

linae

Oph

iom

yces

frut

ecto

sus

Lym

an,

1869

151–

410

mb

x

Oph

iom

yces

mir

abil

isL

yman

,18

6927

0–56

0rb

x

Subf

amily

Oph

iopl

inth

acin

aeO

phio

cam

axau

ster

aV

erri

ll,

1899

198–

1045

x

Oph

ioca

max

fasc

icul

ata

Lym

an,

1883

208–

979

mb,

rb,s

bx

xx

xx

xx

Oph

ioca

max

hyst

rix

Lym

an,

1878

171–

695

mb

xx

Oph

iom

itra

orna

taV

erri

ll,

1899

201

x

Oph

iom

itra

robu

sta

Koe

hler

,19

1439

5x

Oph

iom

itra

vali

daL

yman

,18

6913

1–60

8cr

xx

Oph

iom

itre

lla

clav

iger

a(L

jung

man

,18

65)

250–

1500

x

Oph

iom

itre

lla

conf

erta

(Koe

hler

,19

22)

xx

Oph

iom

itre

lla

cord

ifer

aK

oehl

er,

1909

x

Oph

iom

itre

lla

glab

ra(H

.L

.C

lark

,19

01)

crx

x

Oph

iom

itre

lla

ingr

ata

Koe

hler

,19

08x

Oph

iom

itre

lla

laev

ipel

lis

(Lym

an,

1883

)15

5–50

7cr

xx

Oph

iopl

inth

aca

card

uus

(Lym

an,

1878

)79

6m

bx

Oph

iopl

inth

aca

chel

ys(W

yvil

le-T

hom

son,

1878

)79

5–33

05x

x

Oph

iopl

inth

aca

dips

acos

(Lym

an,

1878

)77

7x

(con

tinu

ed)

Appendix 627

Tab

leA

.2(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XB

EL

GU

AH

ON

NIC

CR

CP

AN

CO

LV

EN

cV

EN

aB

RA

UR

GA

RG

MA

VC

UB

HA

IR

DO

PR

IC

AN

Oph

ioth

amnu

sex

igua

(Lym

an,

1878

)43

9x

Subf

amily

Oph

ioto

min

aeO

phio

lim

nali

ttor

alis

Koe

hler

,19

130–

63x

Oph

iopr

isti

shi

rsut

a(L

yman

,18

75)

147–

830

crx

Oph

ioto

ma

grac

ilis

(Koe

hler

,19

14)

490–

1236

mb

x

Fam

ilyO

phia

ctid

aex

Hem

ipho

lis

cord

ifer

aB

osc,

1802

0–52

0cr

,mb,

rb,s

b,ru

bx

xx

xx

x

His

tam

pica

dupl

icat

a(L

yman

,18

75)

125–

2870

cr,m

bx

xx

His

tam

pica

rugo

sa(H

.L

.C

lark

,19

41)

1125

–12

81x

Oph

iact

isab

yssi

cola

(M.

Sar

s,18

61)

125–

4000

mb,

rbx

Oph

iact

isal

gico

laH

.L

.C

lark

,19

330–

24cr

xx

x

Oph

iact

isas

peru

la(P

hili

ppi,

1858

)0–

310

xx

x

Oph

iact

isba

lli

(W.

Tho

mps

on,

1840

)30

–176

5rb

x

Oph

iact

isbr

asil

iens

isM

anso

,19

881.

5–16

3x

Oph

iact

isdi

spar

Ver

rill

,18

9962

xO

phia

ctis

ljun

gman

iM

arkt

anne

r-T

urne

rets

cher

,18

87

x

Oph

iact

islo

rica

taL

yman

,18

6919

8m

bx

Oph

iact

isly

man

iL

jung

man

,18

720–

600

rbx

Oph

iact

ism

uell

eri

Lüt

ken,

1856

14–6

7sb

xx

xx

(con

tinu

ed)

628 Appendix

Tab

leA

.2(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XB

EL

GU

AH

ON

NIC

CR

CP

AN

CO

LV

EN

cV

EN

aB

RA

UR

GA

RG

MA

VC

UB

HA

IR

DO

PR

IC

AN

Oph

iact

isqu

inqu

erad

iaL

jung

man

,18

710–

640

cr,m

b,rb

,sb,

sgx

xx

xx

xx

x

Oph

iact

isru

brop

oda

Sing

leta

ry,

1973

2–32

crx

Oph

iact

issa

vign

yi(M

ülle

r&

Tro

sche

l,18

42)

0–15

00cr

,m,r

b,sb

,sg,

rub

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

x

Oph

iact

isvi

rens

(M.

Sar

s,18

57)

0–90

rbx

Fam

ilyO

phio

chit

onid

aeO

phio

chit

onte

rnis

pinu

sL

yman

,18

8337

7–35

50m

b,rb

xx

xx

Oph

iopl

axcl

arim

unda

eT

omm

asi,

1970

x

Oph

iopl

axlj

ungm

ani

Lym

an,

1875

22–4

71cr

xx

x

Oph

iopl

axpa

rdal

isH

.L.C

lark

,19

4134

7x

Oph

iopl

axsp

inul

ifer

aH

.L

.C

lark

,19

4127

4–42

0x

Fam

ilyO

phio

com

idae

Oph

ioco

ma

echi

nata

(Lam

arck

,18

16)

0–18

3cr

,m,r

b,sb

,sg,

rub

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

Oph

ioco

ma

pauc

igra

nula

taD

evan

ey,

1974

0–45

5cr

,rb

xx

x

Oph

ioco

ma

pum

ila

Lüt

ken,

1859

0–36

8cr

,rb,

sgx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

x

Oph

ioco

ma

riis

eiL

ütke

n,18

591–

2cr

xx

Oph

ioco

ma

wen

dtii

Mül

ler

&T

rosc

hel,

1842

0–38

4cr

,m,r

b,sg

,rub

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

x

Oph

ioco

mel

laop

hiac

toid

es(H

.L

.C

lark

,19

01)

0–70

cr,r

b,sb

,sg,

rub

xx

xx

xx

x

Oph

ioco

mel

lase

xrad

ia(D

unca

n,18

87)

x

Oph

ioco

min

ani

gra

(Abi

ldga

ard,

inO

.F.

Mül

ler,

1789

)

0–40

0sb

,rub

x

(con

tinu

ed)

Appendix 629

Tab

leA

.2(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XB

EL

GU

AH

ON

NIC

CR

CP

AN

CO

LV

EN

cV

EN

aB

RA

UR

GA

RG

MA

VC

UB

HA

IR

DO

PR

IC

AN

Oph

iops

ila

aran

eaF

orbe

s,18

430–

185

sg,r

ubx

Oph

iops

ila

fulv

aL

yman

,18

7829

–320

crx

xO

phio

psil

agu

inee

nsis

Koe

hler

,19

1418

–110

x

Oph

iops

ila

hart

mey

eriK

oehl

er,

1913

1–18

3cr

,rb,

sbx

xx

xx

xx

Oph

iops

ila

mac

ulat

a(V

erri

ll,

1899

)41

–300

0x

x

Oph

iops

ila

riis

eiL

ütke

n,18

590–

366

cr,m

,rb,

sgx

xx

xx

xx

xx

Oph

iops

ila

vitt

ata

H.

L.

Cla

rk,

1918

4–15

cr,r

bx

xx

Fam

ilyO

phio

derm

atid

aeB

athy

pect

inur

ahe

ros

(Lym

an,

1879

)27

6–31

50m

b,sb

xx

xx

xx

x

Oph

iora

chne

lla

angu

lata

(Lym

an,

1883

)x

Oph

iara

chne

lla

pete

rsi

(Lym

an,

1878

)32

0–47

5x

Oph

ioco

nis

forb

esi

(Hel

ler,

1863

)20

–200

rbx

Oph

ioco

nis

mil

iari

aL

yman

,18

7844

4–75

9x

Oph

iode

rma

anit

aeH

otch

kiss

,19

82cr

,sb

x

Oph

iode

rma

appr

essa

(Say

,18

25)

0–58

0cr

,rb,

sg,r

ubx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

Oph

iode

rma

besn

ardi

Tom

mas

i,19

700–

600

x

Oph

iode

rma

brev

icau

dum

Lüt

ken,

1856

0–64

cr,r

b,sb

,sg

xx

xx

xx

xx

x

Oph

iode

rma

brev

ispi

num

(Say

,18

25)

1–22

3cr

,m,m

b,rb

,sb,

sg,r

ubx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

Oph

iode

rma

cine

reum

Mül

ler

&T

rosc

hel,

1842

0–17

19cr

,m,s

b,sg

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

(con

tinu

ed)

630 Appendix

Tab

leA

.2(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XB

EL

GU

AH

ON

NIC

CR

CP

AN

CO

LV

EN

cV

EN

aB

RA

UR

GA

RG

MA

VC

UB

HA

IR

DO

PR

IC

AN

Oph

iode

rma

diva

eT

omm

asi,

1971

x

Oph

iode

rma

ensi

feru

mH

endl

er&

Mil

ler,

1984

10–3

0cr

,rb

xx

x

Oph

iode

rma

gutt

atum

Lüt

ken,

1859

0–30

cr,r

b,ru

bx

xx

x

Oph

iode

rma

janu

arii

Lüt

ken,

1856

0–15

00cr

xx

Oph

iode

rma

long

icau

dum

(Ret

zius

,18

05)

0–20

0sg

,rub

x

Oph

iode

rma

phoe

nium

H.

L.

Cla

rk,

1918

1–14

cr,r

b,sb

xx

xx

x

Oph

iode

rma

rubi

cund

umL

ütke

n,18

560–

360

cr,s

g,rb

,sb,

rub

xx

xx

xx

xx

Oph

iode

rma

squa

mos

issi

mum

Lüt

ken,

1856

3–85

cr,r

bx

xx

x

Oph

iopa

epal

ego

esia

naL

jung

man

,18

7210

1–43

6cr

,mb,

sbx

xx

Oph

iuro

chae

tali

ttor

alis

(Koe

hler

,19

13)

1–11

0cr

,sb

x

Fam

ilyO

phio

nere

idid

aeO

phio

nere

isdo

labr

ifor

mis

John

&A

.M

.C

lark

,19

5410

–93

cr,m

bx

x

Oph

ione

reis

oliv

acea

H.

L.

Cla

rk,

1901

0–50

0cr

,m,s

bx

xx

xx

xx

x

Oph

ione

reis

reti

cula

ta(S

ay,

1825

)0–

1500

cr,m

,rb,

sb,s

g,ru

bx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

x

Oph

ione

reis

sexr

adia

Mor

tens

en,

1936

18–1

30x

Oph

ione

reis

squa

mul

osa

Koe

hler

,19

130.

5–11

0cr

,sb,

rb,s

g,ru

bx

xx

xx

xx

Oph

ione

reis

vitt

ata

Hen

dler

,19

9510

–126

crx

xx

x

Fam

ilyO

phio

tric

hida

eO

phio

thel

ada

nae

Ver

rill

,18

69x

(con

tinu

ed)

Appendix 631

Tab

leA

.2(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XB

EL

GU

AH

ON

NIC

CR

CP

AN

CO

LV

EN

cV

EN

aB

RA

UR

GA

RG

MA

VC

UB

HA

IR

DO

PR

IC

AN

Oph

iotr

icho

ides

lym

ani

Lud

wig

,18

82x

Oph

ioth

rix

(Oph

ioth

rix)

ails

aeT

omm

asi,

1970

x

Oph

ioth

rix

(Oph

ioth

rix)

trin

dade

nsis

Tom

mas

i,19

70x

Oph

ioth

rix

angu

lata

(Say

,18

25)

0.5–

540

cr,m

,mb,

rb,s

b,sg

,rub

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

x

Oph

ioth

rix

angu

lata

viol

acea

(Mül

ler

&T

rosc

hel,

1842

)x

Oph

ioth

rix

brac

hyac

tis

H.

L.

Cla

rk,

1915

1–6

cr,r

b,ru

bx

xx

xx

Oph

ioth

rix

cim

arH

endl

er,

2005

0–10

cr,s

gx

x

Oph

ioth

rix

frag

ilis

(Abi

ldga

ard,

1789

)0–

1250

rb,s

g,ru

bx

Oph

ioth

rix

line

ata

Lym

an,

1860

0–74

cr,r

bx

xx

xx

x

Oph

ioth

rix

luet

keni

Wyv

ille

-T

hom

son,

1873

50–5

00rb

,sb,

rub

x

Oph

ioth

rix

mac

ulat

aL

jung

man

,18

7211

4–41

0x

Oph

ioth

rix

oers

tedi

iL

ütke

n,18

560–

31cr

,sb,

mb,

sg,r

b,ru

bx

xx

xx

xx

xx

Oph

ioth

rix

pall

ida

Lju

ngm

an,

1871

183

x

Oph

ioth

rix

plat

yact

isH

.L

.C

lark

,19

3941

rbx

Oph

ioth

rix

rath

buni

Lud

wig

,18

828–

600

x

Oph

ioth

rix

stri

Hen

dler

,20

050–

10cr

xx

Oph

ioth

rix

suen

soni

iL

ütke

n,18

560–

1000

cr,m

,mb,

rb,s

bx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

Oph

ioth

rix

syno

ecin

aS

chop

pe,

1996

0–5

rbx

(con

tinu

ed)

632 Appendix

Tab

leA

.2(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XB

EL

GU

AH

ON

NIC

CR

CP

AN

CO

LV

EN

cV

EN

aB

RA

UR

GA

RG

MA

VC

UB

HA

IR

DO

PR

IC

AN

Fam

ilyO

phiu

rida

eSu

bfam

ilyO

phio

lepi

dina

eA

mph

ipho

lizo

nade

lica

taH

.L

.C

lark

,19

1515

–600

mb

xx

Oph

iole

pis

ails

aeH

endl

er&

Tur

ner,

1987

156–

353

x

Oph

iole

pis

eleg

ans

Lüt

kens

,18

591–

329

cr,m

,mb,

rb,s

b,sg

,rub

xx

xx

xx

xx

Oph

iole

pis

gem

ma

Hen

dler

&T

urne

r,19

872–

139

cr,r

b,sb

xx

x

Oph

iole

pis

impr

essa

Lüt

ken,

1859

0–15

00cr

,rb,

sb,s

g,ru

bx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

Oph

iole

pis

kier

iH

endl

er,

1979

2–8

sgx

xx

Oph

iole

pis

pauc

ispi

na(S

ay,

1825

)0–

37cr

,m,r

b,sb

,sg,

rub

xx

xx

xx

xx

x

Oph

iole

pis

paw

soni

Hen

dler

,19

8824

.4x

Oph

ioli

pus

agas

sizi

iL

yman

,18

7814

6–31

0rb

x

Oph

iom

idas

dubi

us(L

yman

,18

78)

158–

272

x

Oph

iom

usiu

mac

ufer

umL

yman

,18

7576

–575

cr,m

b,rb

xx

xx

Oph

iom

usiu

man

aeli

sae

Tom

mas

i&

Abr

eu,

1974

180–

260

x

Oph

iom

usiu

mco

nstr

ictu

mM

orte

nsen

,19

36x

Oph

iom

usiu

meb

urne

umL

yman

,18

6935

–347

7cr

,mb,

sbx

xx

x

Oph

iom

usiu

mle

ptob

rach

ium

H.

L.

Cla

rk,

1941

1249

–15

18sb

xx

Oph

iom

usiu

mlü

tken

iL

yman

,18

7819

0–27

8rb

,sb

x

Oph

iom

usiu

mly

man

iTho

mso

n,18

7362

–470

0m

b,rb

,sb,

rub

xx

xx

(con

tinu

ed)

Appendix 633

Tab

leA

.2(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XB

EL

GU

AH

ON

NIC

CR

CP

AN

CO

LV

EN

cV

EN

aB

RA

UR

GA

RG

MA

VC

UB

HA

IR

DO

PR

IC

AN

Oph

iom

usiu

mm

icro

poru

mH

.L

.C

lark

,19

4134

7–53

0x

Oph

iom

usiu

mm

onil

ifor

me

H.

L.

Cla

rk,

1941

1125

x

Oph

iom

usiu

mpl

anum

Lym

an,

1879

368–

4062

rb,s

bx

Oph

iom

usiu

msc

ulpt

umV

erri

ll,

1899

475

x

Oph

iom

usiu

mse

rrat

umL

yman

,18

7852

0–31

03rb

,sb

xx

Oph

iom

usiu

mst

ella

tum

Ver

rill

,18

9935

6–52

1x

Oph

iom

usiu

mte

stud

oL

yman

,18

7560

–914

cr,r

b,sb

xx

x

Oph

iom

usiu

mva

lidu

mL

jung

man

,18

7210

8–27

32cr

,mb

xx

x

Oph

iopl

ocus

janu

arii

(Lüt

ken,

1856

)0–

180

rb,s

b,ru

bx

xx

Oph

iosp

halm

aar

mig

erum

(Lym

an,

1878

)26

2–40

24rb

,sb

xx

x

Oph

iosp

halm

ady

scri

tum

H.

L.

Cla

rk,

1941

512–

713

x

Oph

iosp

halm

am

onop

lax

H.

L.

Cla

rk,

1915

376–

746

x

Oph

ioth

yreu

sgo

esii

Lju

ngm

an,

1872

144–

540

crx

xx

Oph

iozo

nell

acl

ypea

ta(L

yman

,18

83)

158–

272

x

Oph

iozo

nell

afa

lkla

ndic

aM

orte

nsen

,19

36x

x

Oph

iozo

nell

agr

anul

ifer

aH

.L

.C

lark

,19

4110

06–

1098

rb,s

bx

x

Oph

iozo

nell

am

arm

orea

Lym

an,

1883

484–

1385

x

Oph

iozo

nell

am

oles

ta(K

oehl

er,

1904

)21

15x

(con

tinu

ed)

634 Appendix

Tab

leA

.2(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XB

EL

GU

AH

ON

NIC

CR

CP

AN

CO

LV

EN

cV

EN

aB

RA

UR

GA

RG

MA

VC

UB

HA

IR

DO

PR

IC

AN

Oph

iozo

nell

ani

vea

(Lym

an,

1875

)70

–124

9rb

,sb

xx

x

Oph

iozo

nell

ate

ssel

lata

(Lym

an,

1879

)32

0–47

5x

Subf

amily

Oph

iole

ucin

aeO

phio

stri

atus

stri

atus

(Mor

tens

en,

1933

)27

0–35

00x

Oph

iern

usad

sper

sus

adsp

ersu

sL

yman

,18

8368

–365

0m

b,rb

xx

x

Oph

iole

uce

depr

essu

m(L

yman

,18

69)

585

x

Oph

iopy

ren

long

ispi

nus

Lym

an,

1878

329

x

Oph

iost

riat

usat

lant

icus

(Mor

tens

en,

1933

)29

6–39

6m

bx

Subf

amily

Oph

iuri

nae

Am

phio

phiu

ram

etab

ula

H.

L.

Cla

rk,

1915

274–

1830

mb,

sbx

xx

Am

phio

phiu

raoe

dign

atha

H.

L.

Cla

rk,

1915

284–

944

mb

xx

x

Am

phio

phiu

raor

nata

(Lym

an,

1878

)x

Ant

hoph

iura

ingo

lfiF

asm

er,

1930

21–1

200

crx

Oph

iam

bix

deva

neyi

Pat

erso

n,19

8514

6–49

4m

bx

Oph

ioct

enam

itin

umL

yman

,18

7846

–545

xx

x

Oph

iom

astu

sm

erid

iona

lis

(Lym

an,

1879

)x

Oph

iom

astu

ssa

teli

tae

Tom

mas

i&

Abr

eu,

1974

115–

600

x

Oph

iom

astu

sse

cund

usL

yman

,18

7810

8–20

35m

b,sb

xx

x

Oph

iom

isid

ium

pulc

hell

um(W

yvil

le-T

hom

son,

1878

)11

–306

1cr

,rb,

sbx

xx

(con

tinu

ed)

Appendix 635

Tab

leA

.2(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XB

EL

GU

AH

ON

NIC

CR

CP

AN

CO

LV

EN

cV

EN

aB

RA

UR

GA

RG

MA

VC

UB

HA

IR

DO

PR

IC

AN

Oph

iom

isid

ium

spec

iosu

mK

oehl

er,

1914

880–

1636

mb

xx

Oph

iom

isid

ium

tom

mas

iiB

orge

s,M

onte

iro

&A

mar

al,

2006

250–

808

x

Oph

iopl

eura

iner

mis

(Lym

an,

1878

)17

86x

Oph

iopl

inth

usab

ysso

rum

(Lym

an,

1883

)33

8–36

6x

Oph

iopl

inth

usin

orna

ta(L

yman

,18

78)

54–3

384

xx

Oph

iopl

inth

usm

arte

nsi

(Stu

der,

1885

)x

Oph

ioph

ycis

mir

abil

isK

oehl

er,

1901

x

Oph

iura

acer

vata

(Lym

an,

1869

)20

–190

0cr

,mb,

rb,s

bx

xx

xx

x

Oph

iura

cari

nife

ra(K

oehl

er,

1901

)40

0x

Oph

iura

carn

eaL

ütke

n,18

5840

–126

0m

b,sb

xO

phiu

racl

emen

s(K

oehl

er,

1904

)x

Oph

iura

falc

ifer

a(L

yman

,18

69)

73–1

037

mb

xx

Oph

iura

fall

axC

herb

onni

er,

1959

20–8

42m

b,sb

xx

Oph

iura

grub

eiH

elle

r,18

6310

–350

mb,

sb,r

ubx

Oph

iura

(Oph

iuro

glyp

ha)

irro

rata

conc

reta

(Koe

hler

,19

01)

600–

4315

mb,

sbx

Oph

iura

(Oph

iuro

glyp

ha)

irro

rata

irro

rata

(Lym

an,

1878

)

x

Oph

iura

ljun

gman

i(L

yman

,18

78)

46–6

398

mb,

rb,s

bx

xx

Oph

iura

lym

ani

(Lju

ngm

an,

1871

)0–

463

xx

x

(con

tinu

ed)

636 Appendix

Tab

leA

.2(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XB

EL

GU

AH

ON

NIC

CR

CP

AN

CO

LV

EN

cV

EN

aB

RA

UR

GA

RG

MA

VC

UB

HA

IR

DO

PR

IC

AN

Oph

iura

ophi

ura

(Lin

naeu

s,17

58)

0–30

0m

b,sb

x

Oph

iura

sars

i(L

ütke

n,18

55)

82–8

27m

bx

Oph

iura

scom

baP

ater

son,

1985

358–

3943

rb,s

bx

Oph

iura

tene

ra(L

yman

,18

83)

158–

500

mb

xO

phiu

rast

erpe

riss

usH

.L.

Cla

rk,

1939

x

Cla

ssE

chin

oide

aO

rder

Cid

aroi

daF

amily

Cid

arid

aeA

ustr

ocid

aris

cana

licu

lata

(A.

Aga

ssiz

,18

63)

1–42

4x

x

Aus

troc

idar

islo

riol

i(M

orte

nsen

,19

03)

160–

1081

x

Aus

troc

idar

issp

inul

osa

Mor

tens

en,

1910

124–

641

xx

Cal

ocid

aris

mic

ans

(Mor

tens

en,

1903

)33

–624

mb,

rb,s

bx

x

Cid

aris

abys

sico

la(A

.Aga

ssiz

,18

69)

225–

375

mb,

rb,s

bx

Cid

aris

blak

ei(A

.A

gass

iz,

1878

)27

0–72

0m

b,rb

xx

Cid

aris

cida

ris

(Lin

naeu

s,17

58)

50–2

000

mb

xx

Cid

aris

rugo

sa(H

.L

.C

lark

,19

07)

40–5

40m

b,rb

,sb

xx

xx

Euc

idar

istr

ibul

oide

str

ibul

oide

s(L

amar

ck,

1816

)0–

1500

cr,r

b,sb

,sg,

rub

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

His

toci

dari

snu

ttin

giM

orte

nsen

,19

2622

5–74

0m

b,rb

,sb

xx

His

toci

dari

spu

rpur

ata

(Wyv

ille

-Tho

mso

n,18

72)

300–

1800

x

His

toci

dari

ssh

arre

ri(A

.A

gass

iz,

1880

)20

0–

740

rb,s

bx

x

(con

tinu

ed)

Appendix 637

Tab

leA

.2(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XB

EL

GU

AH

ON

NIC

CR

CP

AN

CO

LV

EN

cV

EN

aB

RA

UR

GA

RG

MA

VC

UB

HA

IR

DO

PR

IC

AN

Ster

eoci

dari

sin

golfi

ana

Mor

tens

en,

1903

300–

1745

mb,

rb,s

bx

x

Styl

ocid

aris

affin

is(P

hili

ppi,

1845

)22

–100

0cr

,mb,

rb,s

b,ru

bx

xx

xx

xx

x

Styl

ocid

aris

line

ata

Mor

tens

en,

1910

20–1

717

cr,m

b,rb

,sb,

rub

xx

xx

xx

xx

Tre

toci

dari

sba

rtle

tti

(A.

Aga

ssiz

,18

80)

48–1

089

mb,

rb,s

bx

xx

xx

xx

Fam

ilyR

habd

icid

arid

aeP

oroc

idar

ispu

rpur

ata

(Wyv

ille

-Tho

mso

n,18

72)

640–

782

rb,s

bx

x

Ord

erE

chin

othu

rioi

daF

amily

Ech

inot

huri

idae

Ara

eoso

ma

bell

iM

orte

nsen

,19

0313

0–10

20m

b,sb

xx

xx

xx

Ara

eoso

ma

fene

stra

tum

(Tho

mso

n,18

72)

16–1

180

mb,

rb,s

bx

xx

xx

Cal

veri

osom

ahy

stri

x(W

yvil

le-

Tho

mso

n,18

72)

360–

2545

mb,

sbx

xx

Hyg

roso

ma

pete

rsii

(A.

Aga

ssiz

,18

80)

200–

3700

mb,

sbx

xx

Pho

rmos

oma

plac

enta

plac

enta

Tho

mso

n,18

7250

–370

0m

b,sb

xx

xx

xx

xx

Pho

rmos

oma

plac

enta

sigs

bei

A.

Aga

ssiz

,18

8020

0–18

00m

bx

x

Sper

osom

agr

imal

dii

Koe

hler

,18

9730

0–23

00x

Ord

erD

iade

mat

oida

Fam

ilyA

spid

odia

dem

atid

aeA

spid

odia

dem

aja

coby

iA

.A

gass

iz,

1880

170–

720

cr,m

b,rb

xx

xx

xx

Asp

idod

iade

ma

tons

umA

.A

gass

iz,

1879

180–

925

x

Ple

siod

iade

ma

anti

llar

um(A

.A

gass

iz,

1880

)68

4–31

11m

b,rb

,sb

xx

xx

xx

Fam

ilyD

iade

mat

idae

Ast

ropy

gam

agni

fica

A.

H.

Cla

rk,

1934

5–89

cr,r

b,sb

,sg,

rub

xx

xx

xx

x

(con

tinu

ed)

638 Appendix

Tab

leA

.2(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XB

EL

GU

AH

ON

NIC

CR

CP

AN

CO

LV

EN

cV

EN

aB

RA

UR

GA

RG

MA

VC

UB

HA

IR

DO

PR

IC

AN

Ast

ropy

ganu

ptia

lis

Tom

mas

i,19

581–

20x

Cen

tros

teph

anus

besn

ardi

Ber

nasc

oni,

1955

x

Cen

tros

teph

anus

long

ispi

nus

(Phi

lipp

i,18

45)

10–1

000

cr,m

b,rb

,sb,

rub

xx

x

Cen

tros

teph

anus

long

ispi

nus

rubi

cing

ulus

H.

L.

Cla

rk,

1921

33–8

42sb

,rub

xx

x

Dia

dem

aan

till

arum

anti

llar

um(P

hili

ppi,

1845

)0–

800

cr,m

,rb,

sb,s

g,ru

bx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

Dia

dem

aas

cens

ioni

sM

orte

nsen

,19

091–

400

x

Ord

erP

edin

oida

Fam

ilyP

edin

idae

Cae

nope

dina

cube

nsis

A.

Aga

ssiz

,18

6922

0–12

00m

b,rb

,sb

xx

xx

Ord

erSa

leni

oida

Fam

ilySa

leni

idae

Sale

nia

goes

iana

Lov

én,

1874

90–8

42rb

xx

Sale

noci

dari

spr

ofun

di(D

unca

n,18

77)

200–

3700

mb,

rb,s

bx

xx

Sale

noci

dari

sva

risp

ina

A.

Aga

ssiz

,18

6925

0–30

15m

b,rb

,sb

xx

xx

xx

Ord

erA

rbac

ioid

aF

amily

Arb

aciid

aeA

rbac

iadu

fres

nii

(Bla

invi

lle,

1825

)0–

340

rb,r

ubx

xx

Arb

acia

lixu

la(L

inna

eus,

1758

)0–

50rb

,sb

xx

Arb

acia

punc

tula

ta(L

amar

ck,

1816

)0–

225

cr,r

b,sb

,sg,

rub

xx

xx

xx

x

Coe

lopl

euru

sflo

rida

nus

A.

Aga

ssiz

,18

7160

–238

0cr

,mb,

rb,s

bx

xx

xx

xx

x

Hab

roci

dari

ssc

utat

a(A

.A

gass

iz,

1880

)92

0–14

00x

Pod

ocid

aris

scul

pta

A.

Aga

ssiz

,18

698–

780

cr,m

b,rb

,sb

xx

(con

tinu

ed)

Appendix 639

Tab

leA

.2(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XB

EL

GU

AH

ON

NIC

CR

CP

AN

CO

LV

EN

cV

EN

aB

RA

UR

GA

RG

MA

VC

UB

HA

IR

DO

PR

IC

AN

Ord

erC

amar

odon

taF

amily

Par

echi

nida

eL

oxec

hinu

sal

bus

(Mol

ina,

1782

)30

–340

rb,r

ubx

x

Par

acen

trot

usga

imar

di(B

lain

vill

e,18

25)

1–5

x

Par

acen

trot

usli

vidu

s(L

amar

ck,

1816

)0–

80rb

,sg

x

Psa

mm

echi

nus

mic

rotu

berc

ulat

us(B

lain

vill

e,18

25)

x

Ord

erT

emno

pleu

roid

aF

amily

Tem

nopl

euri

dae

Gen

ocid

aris

mac

ulat

aA

.A

gass

iz,

1869

12–5

00cr

,mb,

rb,s

bx

xx

x

Pse

udec

hinu

sm

agel

lani

cus

(Phi

lipp

i,18

57)

1–36

1rb

,rub

xx

x

Tri

gono

cida

ris

albi

daA

.A

gass

iz,

1869

70–7

20cr

,rb,

sbx

xx

Fam

ilyT

oxop

neus

tida

eL

ytec

hinu

sca

llip

eplu

sH

.L

.C

lark

,19

1222

–357

rb,s

bx

x

Lyt

echi

nus

euer

ces

H.

L.

Cla

rk,

1912

40–7

77m

b,rb

,sb

xx

xx

Lyt

echi

nus

vari

egat

usca

roli

nus

A.

Aga

ssiz

,18

630–

250

rb,s

b,ru

b,sg

x

Lyt

echi

nus

vari

egat

usva

rieg

atus

(Lam

arck

,18

16)

0–58

0cr

,mb,

rb,s

b,sg

,rub

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

x

Lyt

echi

nus

wil

liam

siC

hesh

er,

1968

3–25

6cr

,rb,

sb,s

g,ru

bx

xx

xx

xx

Pse

udob

olet

iaoc

cide

ntal

isH

.L

.C

lark

,19

2169

–155

x

Spha

erec

hinu

sgr

anul

aris

(Lam

arck

,18

16)

3–10

0rb

x

Tox

opne

uste

spi

leol

us(L

amar

ck,

1816

)0–

35cr

,mb,

rb,s

bx

(con

tinu

ed)

640 Appendix

Tab

leA

.2(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XB

EL

GU

AH

ON

NIC

CR

CP

AN

CO

LV

EN

cV

EN

aB

RA

UR

GA

RG

MA

VC

UB

HA

IR

DO

PR

IC

AN

Tri

pneu

stes

vent

rico

sus

(Lam

arck

,18

16)

0–84

2cr

,rb,

sb,s

g,ru

bx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

x

Ord

erE

chin

oida

Fam

ilyE

chin

idae

Ech

inus

escu

lent

usL

inne

aeus

,17

5810

–289

rbx

Ech

inus

tylo

des

H.

L.

Cla

rk,

1912

350–

760

sbx

Gra

cile

chin

usgr

acil

is(A

.A

gass

iz,

1869

)69

–457

mb,

rb,s

bx

xx

Ster

echi

nus

agas

sizi

iM

orte

nsen

,19

1024

–470

xx

Ster

echi

nus

neum

ayer

i(M

eiss

ner,

1900

)13

–250

x

Fam

ilyE

chin

omet

rida

eE

chin

omet

ralu

cunt

erlu

cunt

er(L

inna

eus,

1758

)0–

45cr

,rb,

sg,r

ubx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

x

Ech

inom

etra

viri

dis

A.A

gass

iz,

1863

0–40

cr,m

,rb,

sb,s

g,ru

bx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

x

Ord

erH

olec

typo

ida

Fam

ilyE

chin

onei

dae

Ech

inon

eus

cycl

osto

mus

Les

ke,

1778

0.5–

585

cr,m

b,rb

,sb,

sg,r

ubx

xx

xx

xx

xx

x

Ord

erC

lype

aste

roid

aF

amily

Cly

peas

teri

dae

Cly

peas

ter

aloy

sioi

(Bri

to,

1959

)x

Cly

peas

ter

ches

heri

Ser

afy,

1970

18–1

01cr

,mb,

sbx

xx

xx

Cly

peas

ter

cycl

opil

usH

.L

.C

lark

,19

4169

–460

sbx

x

Cly

peas

ter

eucl

astu

sH

.L

.C

lark

,19

4136

–530

cr,m

b,sb

xx

xx

xx

Cly

peas

ter

lam

prus

H.

L.

Cla

rk,

1914

78–4

50cr

,mb,

sbx

xx

xx

x

(con

tinu

ed)

Appendix 641

Tab

leA

.2(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XB

EL

GU

AH

ON

NIC

CR

CP

AN

CO

LV

EN

cV

EN

aB

RA

UR

GA

RG

MA

VC

UB

HA

IR

DO

PR

IC

AN

Cly

peas

ter

luet

keni

Mor

tens

en,

1948

9–55

sbx

x

Cly

peas

ter

oliv

eira

iK

rau,

1952

50sb

xC

lype

aste

rpr

ostr

atus

Rav

enel

,18

4815

–75

sbx

xx

x

Cly

peas

ter

rave

neli

iA

.A

gass

iz,

1869

20–2

78m

b,sb

xx

x

Cly

peas

ter

rosa

ceus

(Lin

naeu

s,17

58)

0–28

5sb

,sg

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

x

Cly

peas

ter

spec

iosu

sV

erri

ll,

1870

x

Cly

peas

ter

subd

epre

ssus

(Gra

y,18

25)

1–21

0m

b,rb

,sb,

sg,r

ubx

xx

xx

xx

x

Fam

ilyE

chin

ocya

mid

aeE

chin

ocya

mus

gran

dipo

rus

Mor

tens

en,

1907

99–2

500

mb,

sbx

xx

x

Ech

inoc

yam

usm

acro

stom

usM

orte

nsen

,19

0717

0–22

86sb

xx

Ech

inoc

yam

uspu

sill

us(M

ülle

r,17

76)

0–12

50sb

,rub

x

Fam

ilyM

ellit

idae

Enc

ope

aber

rans

Mar

tens

,18

6713

–32

sbx

Enc

ope

emar

gina

ta(L

eske

,17

78)

0–60

mb,

sbx

xx

xx

xx

x

Enc

ope

mic

heli

niL

.A

gass

iz,

1841

0–24

0sb

,sg

xx

x

Leo

dia

sexi

espe

rfor

ata

(Les

ke,

1778

)0–

180

sb,s

g,ru

bx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

x

Mel

lita

quin

quie

sper

fora

ta(L

eske

,17

78)

0–18

0m

b,sb

,rub

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

x

Mel

lita

quin

quie

sper

fora

tala

tiam

bula

cra

(H.

L.

Cla

rk,

1840

)

0–10

sbx

Mel

lita

tenu

isH

.L.C

lark

,194

00–

3sb

,rub

xO

rder

Cas

sidu

loid

aF

amily

Cas

sidu

lidae

(con

tinu

ed)

642 Appendix

Tab

leA

.2(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XB

EL

GU

AH

ON

NIC

CR

CP

AN

CO

LV

EN

cV

EN

aB

RA

UR

GA

RG

MA

VC

UB

HA

IR

DO

PR

IC

AN

Cas

sidu

lus

cari

baea

rum

Lam

arck

,18

010.

5–19

7sb

xx

xx

Cas

sidu

lus

infid

usM

orte

nsen

,19

483.

5x

Cas

sidu

lus

mit

isK

rau,

1954

1–45

xE

urho

dia

reli

cta

Moo

i,19

9069

–155

xF

amily

Ech

inol

ampa

dida

eC

onol

ampa

ssi

gsbe

i(A

.A

gass

iz,

1878

)13

0–80

0m

b,rb

,sb

xx

xx

x

Ech

inol

ampa

sde

pres

saG

ray,

1851

37–3

66sb

xx

x

Ord

erH

olas

tero

ida

Fam

ilyP

ourt

ales

iidae

Pou

rtal

esia

mir

anda

A.

Aga

ssiz

,18

6945

0–58

50x

Ord

erSp

atan

goid

aF

amily

Ast

eros

tom

atid

aeA

rcha

eopn

eust

eshy

stri

x(A

.A

gass

iz,

1880

)22

–161

0m

bx

xx

x

Fam

ilyB

riss

idae

Ana

bris

sus

dam

esi

(A.A

gass

iz,

1881

)64

0x

Bri

ssop

sis

alta

Mor

tens

en,

1907

181–

329

mb,

sbx

Bri

ssop

sis

atla

ntic

aM

orte

nsen

,19

0718

–641

mb,

sbx

xx

xx

xx

xx

Bri

ssop

sis

atla

ntic

am

edit

erra

nea

Mor

tens

en,

1913

37–3

200

mb

xx

xx

Bri

ssop

sis

elon

gata

elon

gata

Mor

tens

en,

1907

3–27

0m

b,sb

xx

xx

xx

xx

Bri

ssus

unic

olor

(Les

ke,

1778

)0–

250

mb,

rb,s

b,ru

bx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xL

inop

neus

tes

long

ispi

nus

(A.

Aga

ssiz

,18

78)

55–7

20m

bx

xx

xx

Meo

ma

vent

rico

save

ntri

cosa

(Lam

arck

,18

16)

0.3–

293

cr,m

b,sb

,rb,

sg,r

ubx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

x

Neo

pneu

stes

mic

rast

eroi

des

(A.

Aga

ssiz

,18

78)

148–

330

x

(con

tinu

ed)

Appendix 643

Tab

leA

.2(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XB

EL

GU

AH

ON

NIC

CR

CP

AN

CO

LV

EN

cV

EN

aB

RA

UR

GA

RG

MA

VC

UB

HA

IR

DO

PR

IC

AN

Pal

aeob

riss

ushi

lgar

diA

.A

gass

iz,

1880

150–

1025

mb

xx

Pal

eopn

eust

escr

ista

tus

A.

Aga

ssiz

,18

7369

–805

cr,m

b,rb

,sb

xx

xx

x

Pal

eopn

eust

esjo

seph

inae

Lov

én,

1872

350–

436

x

Pal

eopn

eust

esth

olof

orm

isC

hesh

er,

1968

90–5

25cr

,mb

xx

Pla

giob

riss

usgr

andi

s(G

mel

in,

1788

)1–

210

sb,s

gx

xx

xx

xx

xx

Ple

thot

aeni

aan

gula

ris

Che

sher

,19

6856

7–57

0m

b,sb

x

Ple

thot

aeni

asp

atan

goid

es(A

.A

gass

iz,

1883

)11

7–61

9m

b,sb

xx

x

Rha

bdob

riss

usco

stae

(Gas

co,

1876

)25

–200

mb,

sbx

Rhy

nobr

issu

scu

neus

Coo

ke,

1957

0–10

sbx

Fam

ilyH

emia

ster

idae

Hol

anth

usex

perg

itus

(Lov

én,

1874

)38

0–48

33m

b,sb

xx

x

Fam

ilyL

oven

iidae

Ech

inoc

ardi

umco

rdat

um(P

enna

nt,

1777

)0–

230

sbx

x

Fam

ilyM

aret

iidae

Hom

olam

pas

frag

ilis

(A.

Aga

ssiz

,18

69)

350–

3550

mb,

sbx

xx

xx

Hom

olam

pas

love

nioi

des

Mor

tens

en,

1948

910

x

Fam

ilyP

rena

ster

idae

Tri

pylu

sex

cava

tus

Phi

lipp

i,18

4550

–113

xx

Fam

ilySc

hiza

ster

idae

Aba

tus

agas

sizi

i(P

feff

er,

1889

)75

–970

xA

batu

sca

vern

osus

(Phi

lipp

i,18

45)

1–67

6m

b,sb

xx

Aba

tus

phil

ippi

iL

ovén

,18

7171

–225

xx

(con

tinu

ed)

644 Appendix

Tab

leA

.2(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XB

EL

GU

AH

ON

NIC

CR

CP

AN

CO

LV

EN

cV

EN

aB

RA

UR

GA

RG

MA

VC

UB

HA

IR

DO

PR

IC

AN

Ace

ste

bell

idif

era

Tho

mso

n,18

7711

6–52

20sb

xx

x

Aga

ssiz

iaex

cent

rica

A.

Aga

ssiz

,18

6927

–900

cr,m

b,sb

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

x

Bri

sast

erfr

agil

is(D

üben

&K

oren

,18

46)

x

Bri

sast

erm

osel

eyi

(A.

Aga

ssiz

,18

81)

401–

1100

x

Hyp

sela

ster

lim

icol

us(A

.A

gass

iz,

1878

)27

–340

mb,

sbx

xx

Moi

raat

ropo

scl

otho

Mic

heli

n,18

550–

445

mb,

rb,s

bx

xx

xx

xx

xx

x

Ova

cana

life

rus

(Lam

arck

,18

16)

9–10

0m

b,sb

x

Tri

pyla

ster

phil

ippi

i(G

ray,

1851

)13

–595

xx

Schi

zast

erdo

eder

lein

i(C

hesh

er,

1972

)9–

220

mb,

sbx

xx

xx

xx

x

Schi

zast

erflo

ridi

ensi

s(C

hesh

er,

1972

)12

–65

sbx

xx

xx

xx

Schi

zast

eror

bign

yanu

sA

.A

gass

iz,

1880

22–5

00m

b,sb

xx

xx

Fam

ilySp

atan

gida

eSp

atan

gus

purp

ureu

s(M

ülle

r,17

76)

15–9

00m

b,sb

,rub

x

Cla

ssH

olot

huro

idea

Ord

erD

endr

ochi

roti

daF

amily

Cuc

umar

iidae

Asl

iale

fevr

ei(B

arro

is,

1882

)6–

25rb

xC

lado

dact

yla

croc

ea(L

esso

n,18

30)

0–43

00m

b,rb

,sb,

rub

xx

suri

nam

ensi

s(S

empe

r,18

68)

0–5

rb,s

gx

xx

xx

xx

Cuc

umar

iam

anoe

lina

Tom

mas

i,19

71x

(con

tinu

ed)

Appendix 645

Tab

leA

.2(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XB

EL

GU

AH

ON

NIC

CR

CP

AN

CO

LV

EN

cV

EN

aB

RA

UR

GA

RG

MA

VC

UB

HA

IR

DO

PR

IC

AN

Dua

smod

acty

lase

guro

ensi

s(D

eich

man

n,19

30)

0–50

cr,r

b,sb

,sg

xx

xx

Eut

hyon

acta

soli

da(D

eich

man

n,19

30)

1.5–

183

rb,s

bx

x

Hem

ioed

ema

spec

tabi

lis

(Lud

wig

,18

82)

2–16

0m

b,sb

x

Het

eroc

ucum

isgo

deffr

oyi

(Sem

per,

1868

)0–

379

sb,r

ubx

Het

eroc

ucum

isst

eine

ni(L

udw

ig,

1898

)0–

400

rbx

x

Lep

tope

ntac

tade

ichm

anna

eD

oman

tay,

1958

17–3

7m

b,sb

,rub

xx

Neo

cnus

incu

bans

Che

rbon

nier

,19

720–

5rb

x

Ocn

usbr

azil

iens

is(V

erri

ll,

1868

)0–

2x

Ocn

uspy

gmae

us(T

héel

,18

86)

0–72

cr,r

b,sb

,rub

xx

xx

Ocn

ussu

spec

tus

(Lud

wig

,18

74)

0–18

74rb

,sg

xx

xx

xx

x

Par

acol

ochi

rus

mys

ticu

s(D

eich

man

n,19

30)

69–1

55x

Paw

soni

asa

xico

la(B

rady

&R

ober

tson

,18

71)

4–13

0rb

x

Pen

tact

apy

gmae

a(T

héel

,18

86)

0.6–

1.7

xx

Pse

udoc

nus

dubi

osus

leon

inus

(Sem

per,

1868

)0–

340

mb,

rb,s

bx

x

Pse

udoc

nus

corn

utus

(Che

rbon

nier

,19

41)

135–

189

xx

Pse

udoc

nus

perr

ieri

(Ekm

an,

1927

)0–

197

mb,

rb,s

bx

xx

Pse

udro

tasf

erm

icro

incu

bato

rB

ohn,

2007

271–

290

x

Ster

eode

rma

unis

emit

a(S

tim

pson

,18

51)

31.1

–40

.2x

Thy

onel

lage

mm

ata

(Pou

rtal

ès,

1851

)0–

64cr

,rb,

sb,m

b,sg

xx

x

(con

tinu

ed)

646 Appendix

Tab

leA

.2(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XB

EL

GU

AH

ON

NIC

CR

CP

AN

CO

LV

EN

cV

EN

aB

RA

UR

GA

RG

MA

VC

UB

HA

IR

DO

PR

IC

AN

Thy

onel

lape

rvic

ax(T

héel

,18

86)

9–67

rb,s

bx

xx

Thy

onel

lasa

bani

llae

nsis

(Dei

chm

ann,

1930

)2–

30sb

xx

x

Tra

chyt

hyon

ecr

assi

peda

Che

rbon

nier

,19

61x

Tra

chyt

hyon

ele

chle

ri(L

ampe

rt,

1885

)0–

30x

Tra

chyt

hyon

epa

rva

(Lud

wig

,18

74)

0–18

0m

b,rb

,sb

xx

Tra

chyt

hyon

epe

ruan

a(S

empe

r,18

68)

90–1

59x

x

Fam

ilyP

hyllo

phor

idae

Hav

eloc

kia

iner

mis

(Hel

ler,

1868

)0.

5–60

xx

Neo

thyo

nidi

umpa

rvum

(Lud

wig

,18

81)

0–3

sgx

xx

x

Pen

tam

era

chil

oens

is(L

udw

ig,

1887

)0–

111

sb,r

ubx

Pen

tam

era

pulc

herr

ima

Ayr

es,

1854

0–60

mb

xx

x

Phy

llop

horu

s(U

rode

mel

la)

occi

dent

alis

(Lud

wig

,18

75)

0–99

cr,r

b,sg

xx

xx

xx

Stol

usco

gnat

us(L

ampe

rt,

1885

)0–

38m

b,rb

,sb,

sgx

xx

xx

x

Thy

one

cogn

ata

(Lam

pert

,18

85)

xx

Thy

one

deic

hman

nae

Mad

sen,

1941

6–36

6sg

x

Thy

one

fusu

s(M

ülle

r,17

76)

5–61

5m

b,sb

,rub

xT

hyon

em

onto

uche

tiT

omm

asi,

1971

x

Thy

one

paw

soni

Tom

mas

i,19

726–

51sb

xx

x

Thy

one

pseu

dofu

sus

Dei

chm

ann,

1930

0.5–

46rb

,sb,

sg,r

ubx

xx

xx

x

Thy

one

tany

spei

raP

awso

n&

Mil

ler,

1988

51–1

70m

bx

x

Fam

ilyP

solid

ae

(con

tinu

ed)

Appendix 647

Tab

leA

.2(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XB

EL

GU

AH

ON

NIC

CR

CP

AN

CO

LV

EN

cV

EN

aB

RA

UR

GA

RG

MA

VC

UB

HA

IR

DO

PR

IC

AN

Lis

soth

uria

anti

llen

sis

Paw

son,

1967

1–17

cr,r

bx

xx

Lis

soth

uria

braz

ilie

nsis

(Thé

el,

1886

)0–

2x

x

Neo

psol

idiu

mco

nver

gens

(Her

ouar

d,19

01)

0–20

rbx

x

Pso

lidi

umdo

rsip

esL

udw

ig,

1886

0–48

3rb

xx

Pso

lus

anta

rcti

cus

Phi

lipp

i,18

5735

–108

0rb

x

Pso

lus

mar

cusi

Tom

mas

i,19

7195

rbx

Pso

lus

pata

goni

cus

Ekm

an,

1925

0–43

0rb

xx

x

Pso

lus

squa

mat

us(K

oren

,18

44)

7–20

7rb

,rub

xx

Pso

lus

tube

rcul

osus

Thé

el,

1886

73–2

43x

x

Pso

lus

vict

oria

eT

omm

asi,

1971

x

Fam

ilySc

lero

dact

ylid

aeE

uthy

onid

iell

ade

ntat

aC

herb

onni

er,

1961

xx

Eut

hyon

idie

lla

dest

icha

da(D

eich

man

n,19

30)

0–7

mb,

rb,s

b,sg

xx

xx

x

Eut

hyon

idie

lla

trit

a(S

luit

er,

1910

)0–

100

rbx

xx

Pse

udot

hyon

ebe

lli

(Lud

wig

,18

86)

0–37

mb,

rb,s

b,sg

xx

xx

xx

Scle

roda

ctyl

abr

iare

us(L

esue

ur,

1824

)15

x

Ord

erD

acty

loch

irot

ida

Fam

ilyY

psilo

thur

iidae

Ech

inoc

ucum

isas

perr

ima

(Thé

el,

1886

)43

–723

x

Ech

inoc

ucum

ishi

spid

a(B

arre

t,18

56)

50–1

000

x

(con

tinu

ed)

648 Appendix

Tab

leA

.2(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XB

EL

GU

AH

ON

NIC

CR

CP

AN

CO

LV

EN

cV

EN

aB

RA

UR

GA

RG

MA

VC

UB

HA

IR

DO

PR

IC

AN

Yps

ilot

huri

ata

lism

ani

tali

sman

iP

erri

er,

1886

270–

2684

mb

xx

Ord

erA

spid

ochi

roti

daF

amily

Hol

othu

riid

aeA

ctin

opyg

aag

assi

zii

(Sel

enka

,18

67)

0–54

cr,r

b,sg

,rub

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

x

Hol

othu

ria

(Cys

tipu

s)cu

bana

Lud

wig

,18

750–

8cr

,mb,

rb,s

bx

xx

xx

xx

x

Hol

othu

ria

(Cys

tipu

s)oc

cide

ntal

isL

udw

ig,

1875

0–45

7m

b,sb

xx

xx

xx

x

Hol

othu

ria

(Cys

tipu

s)ps

eudo

foss

orD

eich

man

n,19

303–

370

cr,m

b,sb

,rub

xx

xx

xx

x

Hol

othu

ria

(Hal

odei

ma)

flori

dana

Pour

talè

s,18

510–

10cr

,m,r

b,sb

,sg,

rub

xx

xx

xx

xx

x

Hol

othu

ria

(Hal

odei

ma)

gris

eaSe

lenk

a,18

670–

30cr

,mb,

rb,s

b,sg

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

Hol

othu

ria

(Hal

odei

ma)

mex

ican

aL

udw

ig,

1875

0–18

3cr

,m,m

b,rb

,sb,

sgx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

Hol

othu

ria

(Hol

othu

ria)

daka

rens

isPa

nnin

g,19

390–

15m

b,sb

x

Hol

othu

ria

(Hol

othu

ria)

hell

eri

Mar

enze

ller

,18

7815

sb,r

ubx

Hol

othu

ria

(Hol

othu

ria)

mam

mat

aG

rube

,18

401–

77rb

x

Hol

othu

ria

(Hol

othu

ria)

tubu

losa

Gm

elin

,17

880–

30m

b,sb

,sg

x

Hol

othu

ria

(Pla

type

rona

)pa

rvul

a(S

elen

ka,

1867

)0–

8cr

,m,m

b,rb

,sb,

rub

xx

xx

xx

Hol

othu

ria

(Pla

type

rona

)ro

wei

Paw

son

&G

ust,

1981

x

Hol

othu

ria

(Pla

type

rona

)sa

ncto

riD

elle

Chi

aje,

1823

0–30

rbx

Hol

othu

ria

(Pan

ning

othu

ria)

fors

kali

Del

leC

hiaj

e,18

233–

193

rbx

Hol

othu

ria

(Row

eoth

uria

)ar

guin

ensi

sK

oehl

er&

Van

ey,

1906

0–30

rbx

Hol

othu

ria

(Row

eoth

uria

)po

lii

Del

leC

hiaj

e,18

230–

250

mb,

sb,s

gx

(con

tinu

ed)

Appendix 649

Tab

leA

.2(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XB

EL

GU

AH

ON

NIC

CR

CP

AN

CO

LV

EN

cV

EN

aB

RA

UR

GA

RG

MA

VC

UB

HA

IR

DO

PR

IC

AN

Hol

othu

ria

(Sem

pero

thur

ia)

suri

nam

ensi

sL

udw

ig,

1875

0–42

cr,m

,mb,

rb,s

b,sg

,rub

xx

xx

xx

xx

Hol

othu

ria

(Sel

enko

thur

ia)

glab

erri

ma

Sele

nka,

1867

0–42

mb,

rb,s

bx

xx

xx

xx

xx

Hol

othu

ria

(The

elot

huri

a)pr

ince

psS

elen

ka,

1867

0–40

2cr

,mb,

rb,s

b,sg

xx

xx

xx

Hol

othu

ria

(Thy

mio

syci

a)ar

enic

ola

Sem

per,

1868

0–12

1cr

,m,m

b,sb

,sg

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

x

Hol

othu

ria

(Thy

mio

syci

a)im

pati

ens

(For

skaa

l,17

75)

0–27

.4cr

,mb,

rb,s

b,sg

xx

xx

xx

x

Hol

othu

ria

(Thy

mio

syci

a)ra

thbu

nii

Lam

pert

,18

85x

Hol

othu

ria

(Thy

mio

syci

a)th

omas

iPa

wso

n&

Cay

cedo

,19

80

0–30

crx

xx

xx

xx

xx

Hol

othu

ria

(Van

eyot

huri

a)le

ntig

inos

avo

nM

aren

zell

er,

1892

20–4

66m

b,rb

,sb

xx

xx

Hol

othu

ria

(Van

eyot

huri

a)le

ntig

inos

aen

odis

Mil

ler

&Pa

wso

n,19

79

69–4

66cr

,mb

x

Fam

ilySt

icho

podi

dae

Ast

icho

pus

mul

tifid

us(S

luit

er,

1910

)1–

162

cr,r

b,sb

,sg

xx

xx

xx

Eos

tich

opus

arne

soni

Cut

ress

&M

ille

r,19

8236

sbx

x

Eos

tich

opus

rega

lis

(Cuv

ier,

1817

)5–

800

mb,

sb,s

g,ru

bx

x

Isos

tich

opus

badi

onot

us(S

elen

ka,

1867

)0–

274

cr,m

b,rb

,sb,

sgx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

Isos

tich

opus

mac

ropa

rent

hese

s(H

.L

.C

lark

,19

22)

0–18

rbx

x

Par

asti

chop

ustr

emul

us(G

unne

rus,

1767

)20

–196

0m

b,sb

x

Fam

ilySy

nalla

ctid

aeA

mph

igym

nas

baha

men

sis

Dei

chm

an,

1930

439–

900

mb

xx

x

(con

tinu

ed)

650 Appendix

Tab

leA

.2(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XB

EL

GU

AH

ON

NIC

CR

CP

AN

CO

LV

EN

cV

EN

aB

RA

UR

GA

RG

MA

VC

UB

HA

IR

DO

PR

IC

AN

Bat

hypl

otes

bige

low

iD

eich

man

n,19

4040

2–58

5m

bx

Bat

hypl

otes

nata

ns(M

.S

ars,

1868

)Ö

ster

gren

,18

9621

0–16

00cr

,mb

xx

Bat

hypl

otes

pour

tale

si(T

héel

,18

86)

134–

2919

mb

xx

x

Han

seno

thur

iabe

nti

Mil

ler

&Pa

wso

n,19

8954

8–90

3cr

,sb

x

Mes

eres

atla

ntic

us(R

.P

erri

er,

1902

)x

Mes

eres

occu

ltat

us(v

onM

aren

zell

er,

1893

)23

2–21

80m

bx

Mes

othu

ria

conn

ecte

ns(P

erri

er,

1898

)19

75–

2515

x

Mes

othu

ria

garg

antu

aD

eich

man

n,19

3018

0–72

0m

bx

Mes

othu

ria

inte

stin

alis

(Asc

aniu

s,18

05)

18–1

445

mb

xx

Mes

othu

ria

(Zyg

othu

ria)

lact

ea(T

héel

,18

86)

484–

5100

mb

xx

xx

Mes

othu

ria

mar

occa

naP

erri

er,

1902

914–

5062

mb

xx

Mes

othu

ria

(Mes

othu

ria)

rugo

saH

erou

ard,

1912

151–

3890

mb

x

Mes

othu

ria

(Pen

ichr

othu

ria)

verr

illi

(Thé

el,

1886

)69

9–40

60m

bx

xx

x

Mol

padi

odem

asde

pres

sus

(Her

ouar

d,19

02)

1353

–56

90x

Pae

lopa

tide

sgi

gant

ea(V

erri

ll,

1884

)11

00–

4060

x

Pse

udos

tich

opus

occu

ltat

usM

eren

zell

er,

1893

232

mb,

sbx

Pse

udos

tich

opus

peri

patu

s(S

luit

er,

1901

)34

11–

3459

x

Scot

othu

ria

herr

ingi

Han

sen,

1978

x

Syna

llac

tes

cruc

ifer

aP

erri

er,

1898

1000

–34

76m

bx

x

(con

tinu

ed)

Appendix 651

Tab

leA

.2(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XB

EL

GU

AH

ON

NIC

CR

CP

AN

CO

LV

EN

cV

EN

aB

RA

UR

GA

RG

MA

VC

UB

HA

IR

DO

PR

IC

AN

Ord

erE

lasi

podi

daF

amily

Dei

mat

idae

Dei

ma

vali

dum

vali

dum

Thé

el,

1879

914–

2780

mb

xx

x

Orp

hnur

gus

aspe

rT

héel

,18

8260

0–10

49m

bx

Fam

ilyE

lpid

iidae

Pen

iago

nepu

rpur

ea(T

héel

,18

82)

2800

–30

00x

Fam

ilyP

elag

othu

rida

eE

nypn

iast

esex

imia

Thé

el,1

882

461–

689

xF

amily

Psy

chro

poti

dae

Ben

thod

ytes

ling

uaP

erri

er,

1896

540–

2200

mb

xx

Ben

thod

ytes

sang

uino

lent

aT

héel

,18

8291

4–31

00m

bx

xx

Ben

thod

ytes

typi

caT

héel

,18

8231

5–50

46m

bx

xx

x

Ben

thod

ytes

vald

ivia

eH

anse

n,19

75x

Psy

chro

pote

sde

pres

sa(T

héel

,18

82)

955–

4060

mb

xx

Psy

chro

pote

slo

ngic

auda

Thé

el,

1882

2210

–50

00x

Psy

chro

pote

ssc

otia

e(V

aney

,19

08)

x

Psy

chro

pote

sse

mpe

rian

aT

héel

,18

8211

43–

5600

xx

Ord

erM

olpa

diid

aF

amily

Cau

dini

dae

Aca

udin

am

olpa

dioi

des

(Sem

per,

1867

)35

45–

3635

mb

x

Par

acau

dina

chil

ensi

sch

ilen

sis

(Mül

ler,

1850

)0–

990

mb,

sb,r

ubx

xx

Fam

ilyM

olpa

diid

ae

(con

tinu

ed)

652 Appendix

Tab

leA

.2(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XB

EL

GU

AH

ON

NIC

CR

CP

AN

CO

LV

EN

cV

EN

aB

RA

UR

GA

RG

MA

VC

UB

HA

IR

DO

PR

IC

AN

Mol

padi

aba

rbou

riD

eich

man

,19

4044

0–15

29m

bx

x

Mol

padi

abl

akei

(Thé

el,

1886

)34

82–

3518

mb

xx

Mol

padi

acu

bana

Dei

chm

ann,

1940

24–1

464

mb

xx

x

Mol

padi

ael

tani

nae

Paw

son,

1977

20–8

55x

x

Mol

padi

am

uscu

lus

Ris

so,1

826

35–5

205

mb

xx

xx

xx

xM

olpa

dia

ooli

tica

(Pou

rtal

ès,

1851

)42

–144

0m

bx

Mol

padi

apa

rva

(Thé

el,

1886

)12

5–28

44m

bx

xx

x

Ord

erA

podi

daF

amily

Chi

rido

tida

eC

hiri

dota

mar

enze

ller

iR

.Pe

rrie

r,19

0440

–159

mb,

rub

xx

Chi

rido

taro

tife

ra(P

ourt

alès

,18

51)

0–36

0cr

,rb,

sb,s

gx

xx

xx

xx

Tae

niog

yrus

cont

ortu

s(L

udw

ig,

1875

)82

–200

mb,

sbx

x

Tro

chod

ota

purp

urea

(Les

son,

1830

)0–

100

sb,r

ubx

x

Fam

ilySy

napt

idae

Ana

pta

fall

axL

ampe

rt,

1889

0–35

0sb

,rub

xx

Epi

tom

apta

rose

ola

(Ver

rill

,18

74)

1.5–

40rb

,sb

xx

x

Eup

atin

apta

acan

thia

(A.

H.

Cla

rk,

1899

)10

.7x

Eua

pta

lapp

a(M

ülle

r,18

50)

0–25

6cr

,rb,

sb,s

gx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

Lep

tosy

napt

abr

asil

iens

isFr

eire

&G

rohm

ann,

1989

1–4

x

Lep

tosy

napt

aim

swe

Paw

son,

1976

0–2

x

Lep

tosy

napt

ain

haer

ens

(Mül

ler,

1776

)0–

173

mb

x

(con

tinu

ed)

Appendix 653

Tab

leA

.2(c

onti

nued

)D

epth

(m)

Hab

itat

ME

XB

EL

GU

AH

ON

NIC

CR

CP

AN

CO

LV

EN

cV

EN

aB

RA

UR

GA

RG

MA

VC

UB

HA

IR

DO

PR

IC

AN

Lep

tosy

napt

am

ulti

gran

ula

H.

L.

Cla

rk,

1924

0.5–

2.9

sbx

x

Lep

tosy

napt

ana

nnop

lax

Paw

son,

1976

x

Lep

tosy

napt

apa

rvip

atin

aH

.L

.C

lark

,19

249–

12x

Lep

tosy

napt

aro

seog

radi

aPa

wso

n,19

760.

5x

Lep

tosy

napt

ate

nuis

(Ayr

es,

1851

)0.

5–16

7x

x

Pro

tank

yra

bene

deni

(Lud

wig

,18

81)

5–10

0x

x

Pro

tank

yra

bryc

hia

(Ver

rill

,18

85)

x

Pro

tank

yra

ram

iurn

aH

edin

g,19

280–

18m

b,rb

,sb,

sgx

x

Syna

ptul

ahy

drif

orm

is(L

esue

ur,

1824

)0–

10cr

,m,s

b,sg

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

x

Syna

ptul

ase

cret

aA

ncon

a-L

opez

,19

571–

10x

Hab

itat

clas

sifi

cati

on:

crC

oral

Ree

fs,

mm

angr

oves

,m

bm

uddy

bott

om,

rbro

cky

bott

om,

sbsa

ndy

bott

om,

sgse

agra

ss,

rub

rubb

lebo

ttom

.C

ount

ries

abbr

evia

tion

:M

EX

Mex

ico,

BE

LB

eliz

e,G

UA

Gua

tem

ala,

HO

NH

ondu

ras,

NIC

Nic

arag

ua,

CR

CC

osta

Ric

a,P

AN

Pan

ama,

CO

LC

olom

bia,

VE

Nc

Ven

ezue

laC

arib

bean

,V

EN

aV

enez

uela

Atl

anti

c,B

RA

Bra

zil,

UR

GU

rugu

ay,

AR

GA

rgen

tina

,M

AV

Mal

vina

sIs

land

s,C

UB

Cub

a,H

AI

Hai

ti,

RD

OD

omin

ican

Rep

ubli

c,P

RI

Pue

rto

Ric

o,C

AN

Can

ary

Isla

nds

654 Appendix

Index

AAbatus, 375, 379Abundance, 6, 18, 28, 30, 372Acanthasther planci, 28Albatross, 15, 70, 110, 132, 136, 157, 189,

365, 406, 442Allan Hancock, 15, 71, 111, 190Allometric scaling, 202, 205Allostichaster, 367, 369, 382Amphiura, 26, 28, 167, 235, 247, 319–321,

368, 374Amplaster, 353Anasterias, 367, 369, 371, 382, 384, 385Anchialine, 27Ancon, 278Aquaculture, 3, 6, 48, 99, 132, 173Arbacia, 19, 25, 71, 82, 131, 240, 243, 256,

288, 289, 309, 326, 368, 375, 388, 451,494, 497, 501Astropecten articulatus

Archipelago, 92, 108, 149Argentina, 2, 4, 346, 365Argentine Continental Shelf, 360Argentine Province, 367Argentine Sea, 360, 364, 366Astropecten, 18, 23, 25, 26, 36, 39, 71, 93, 98,

167, 172, 173, 192, 241, 242, 263, 265,291, 315–317, 324, 369, 373, 381, 458,492, 495

Astropecten articulatus, 93, 265, 413, 458Astropecten duplicates, 265, 413, 458Athyonidium chilensis, 285, 294, 297Atlantis, 408, 414Azores, 479, 481Aztecs, 4, 39, 40

BBarren, 483–485, 504Belize, 87, 88Bernasconi, Irene, 5, 360Biodiversity, 12, 24, 45, 145, 191Bioerosion, 30, 88Biomass, 33, 43, 172, 208Bocas del Toro, 18, 70, 73, 108Boulder, 84, 169, 199Brazil, 2, 6, 126, 305Brazilian Province, 351, 496Brazilian Current, 345, 351

CCabo Verde, 481, 482, 495Caenocentrotus gibbosus, 195, 206, 289Cahuita, 81Canary Islands, 6Caño Island, 88CARICOMP, 81, 82Caso, Ma. Elena, 5, 6, 16Central America, 80Centrostephanus coronatus, 19, 29, 170, 195,

206, 259, 285Cherbonier, 4, 5, 442Chile, 4, 187, 281, 387Clypeaster rosaceus, 82, 122, 255, 256,

413, 416Cóbanos, Los, 84Cocos Island, 88Coelomocyte types, 208Colombian Museum of Marine Natural History

(MHNMC), 156

J. J. Alvarado and F. A. Solís-Marín (eds.), Echinoderm Research and Diversityin Latin America, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-20051-9,� Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013

655

Cosmasterias, 369, 373, 381, 382, 388Conservation, 45, 46, 75, 221Coral Reefs, 6, 25, 77, 110Costa Rica, 68, 71, 79, 93, 515Culebra Island, 120, 439, 458Ctenantedon kinziei, 75, 154, 161

DDeep azooxanthellate coral

communities, 164, 167Diadema antillarum, 26, 32, 80, 93, 113, 126,

136, 145, 154, 162, 173, 240, 262, 409,413, 414, 442, 446, 448, 460, 464,483, 530

Diadema aff. antillarum, 82Diadema mexicanum, 29, 31, 33, 83, 159, 192,

195, 215, 528Disease, 34, 134, 210, 262Distribution, 6, 18, 32Diversity, 18Dominican Republic, 6

EEarthquake, 262Echinometra lucunter, 26, 32, 79, 83, 90, 93,

113, 122, 162, 240, 256, 308, 413, 444,459, 464, 465

Echinometra vanbrunti, 19, 24, 29, 31, 36, 39,83, 84, 93, 159, 170, 172, 183, 191,195, 206, 208, 223, 289, 528

Echinometra viridis, 80, 87, 88, 113, 154, 240,444, 528

Ecoregion, 37, 38Eco-regionalization, 416Ecozone, 13, 416–418, 421Ecuador, 132, 184, 186, 203El Hierro, 474, 475, 501El Niño, 88El Salvador, 2, 67, 71, 84, 93Encope grandis, 26, 128Encope micropora, 24, 183, 205, 206, 212, 291Endemism, 26, 38, 92, 284, 515Equatorial front, 185Eucidaris thouarsii, 29, 31, 84, 170, 191,

289, 528Eucidaris galapagensis, 183, 192, 195, 200,

201, 213–215, 221, 223Eucidaris tribuloides, 25, 26, 80, 93, 154, 254,

324, 411, 461, 465Eulimids, 214Euapta lappa, 26, 413, 416, 462, 530Extinction, 44, 125, 221

FFerrol, 278Fisheries, 6Fission, 197–199, 369, 371Florida Museum of Natural

History (FLMNH)Fossil, 80French Guiana, 4, 156, 516

GGalapagos, 18Glycosides, 382Gorgona, 131, 49, 153, 157Gran Canaria, 475, 482Gulf of California, 13, 15, 18Gulf of Chiriqui, 109, 110, 117, 130Gulf of Fonseca, 68, 71, 84Gulf of Mexico, 32Gulf of Nicoya, 68, 71, 80Gulf of Panama, 69, 109, 112, 120, 131Guyana, 4, 156, 442

HHaiti, 6, 87Heavy metals, 96, 263, 413Heliaster helianthus, 285, 288, 384Hispabiota Marina Project, 431Hispaniola, 2, 427, 440Holothuria, 15, 19, 24–26, 31, 35, 36, 44, 82,

84, 86, 90, 93, 97, 119, 131, 132, 154,155, 168, 170–172, 175, 191, 192, 198,199, 210, 217, 218, 242, 289, 291, 294,309, 322, 323

Holothuria atra, 154, 195, 199Holothuria glaberrima, 173, 245, 450, 451Holothuria theeli, 86, 191, 198, 199,

217, 294Holothuria (Thymiosycia) thomasiHonduras, 80, 82, 87Huatulco, 154, 462Hydro-physical stress, 413

IImmune response, 208, 223, 310, 455INVEMAR, 148, 153, 164Isostichopus badionotus, 44, 86, 119, 132, 172,

242–246, 324Isostichopus fuscus, 19, 24, 31, 33, 35, 36, 42,

93, 97, 172, 192, 196–199, 210, 217,219, 223, 292, 297

Isthmus, 68, 123, 129, 533

656 Index

JJohnson-Smithsonian Deep-Sea

Expedition, 435

LLa Gomera, 474, 475La Niña, 208La Parguera, 440, 447, 449Larval abundance, 444, 447, 463Larval biology, 198Leptopentacta deichmannae, 235, 247Loxechinus albus, 288, 294, 296, 2978, 375,

377, 378Lytechinus variegatus, 25, 32, 80, 86, 113,

154, 164, 234, 235, 240, 244, 258, 309,411, 414, 444, 445, 461, 464

Lytechinus semituberculatus, 192, 195, 201,202, 216, 288

Luidia, 18, 23, 25, 26, 32, 71, 98, 172, 173,194, 207, 243, 263, 288, 291, 305, 316,324, 360, 369, 373, 382, 384, 492,493, 528

Luidia senegalensis, 413, 415, 305

MMacaronesian, 481, 483Madeira, 125, 481, 483Magellanic Province, 364Magueyes, 443, 448Malpelo, 149, 153, 157, 160Malvinas (Falkland) Current, 303Mangrove, 12, 77, 119Marine Biodiversity Information System

(SIBM), 147, 156Marine Science Collection of Department of

Marine Sciences (MSC), 443Mexico, 6, 8Molecular evolution, 455Monophoraster, 352, 353Mortality, 87Museum of Comparative Zoology (MCZ), 430Museum of Natural Sciences

of Berlin (ZMB), 430

NNational Museum of Natural History of Santo

Domingo (MNHNSD), 430Nicaragua, 2, 67, 68, 70, 71, 73, 81–83, 86, 93,

97, 98Nidorellia armata, 172, 192, 291Norcross-Bartlett, 429

OOphiocoma, 24, 26, 79, 90Ophioplocus, 320, 374Ophiothrix, 348, 492, 494Oreaster reticulatus, 4, 433, 434, 494

PPaita, 278, 281, 284, 288Paleontology, 252, 95Panama, 2, 5, 6, 38, 67, 68, 70, 73, 79, 81, 82,

87, 92, 93, 98, 107–110, 112–114,117–120, 122–133, 135–137, 147, 149,156, 157, 257, 465, 515, 516, 533, 536

Paracas, 278, 280, 288, 289, 294Parasitism, 210, 214Paraster doederleini, 82Parastichopus parvimensis, 33, 35, 46Parish-Smithsonian, 429Patagonian, 351, 364, 371, 374, 380–382, 387,

388, 516Pattalus mollis, 285, 297Pearl Islands, 109, 112, 128Peru, 2, 4, 6, 92, 132, 157, 277, 278, 280-284,

288, 289, 291, 292, 294, 296–298,515–517, 524, 92

Pharia pyramidata, 170, 191Phataria unifascialis, 28, 29Phylogenetic, 89, 120, 202Phylogeography, 126Physiology, 90, 120, 244, 450Phytoplankton, 16, 406Platasterias, 26, 207, 544Predation, 183, 210, 213Programa EcoMar, 431Pseudechinus, 308, 375, 381Pseudocnus, 288Psolidium, 292Puerto Rico, 2, 6, 427, 431, 439, 441–444,

447, 449, 450, 456–462, 464–466

RRecruitment, 115, 444Regeneration, 452, 453Reproduction, 35, 89, 120, 243, 373, 375,

443, 446Reproductive cycles, 120Río de la Plata, 345, 346, 350, 351, 360, 362,

364, 515Rosario Corals, and San Bernardo Islands

National Natural Park (PNNCRSB),154, 161, 167

RVBlake, 442

Index 657

RV John Elliot Pillsbury, 429, 430RV Oregon, 73, 112RV Stranger, 429

SSalvajes, 481Samanco, 278, 288San Andrés and Providencia, 147–149, 164San Blas, 70, 108, 113, 114, 119, 133, 134, 202Seagrass, 163Sechura, 278, 288Settlement, 444, 446, 448Speciation, 127Spawning, 41, 369, 372, 378, 379, 444Spicule, 86, 219Stichaster striatus, 297Stichopus horrens, 198Surinam, 4Sustainable production, 4, 156

TTayrona National Natural Park, 154, 161Tenerife, 474, 475, 481, 483, 492, 501, 502Te Vega, 72

Tethyaster vestitus vestitus, 32, 80, 82Tetrapygus niger, 4Thalassia testudinum, 433Toxopneustes roseus, 114, 129Trench, 68, 238, 248, 251, 441Tripneustes depressus, 130, 414, 433Tripneustes ventricosus, 26, 82, 240, 444Trophic cascade, 213, 500

UUNAM, 15, 16, 47, 48, 410Upwelling, 148, 187, 189, 235, 236, 238, 248,

251, 281, 304Uruguay, 2, 6, 317, 345–351, 353, 354, 362,

365, 516Urracá, 71, 112

VVieques island, 439, 458

ZZaca, 111

658 Index