drops an eu-funded project to improve drought tolerance in maize and wheat
DESCRIPTION
DROPS PhenoDays 2011 EU funded project (2010-2015) Coordinated by François Tardieu (INRA) 12-14 September 2011, Wageningen - 15 partners - 5 companies - 4 continents DROPS WP6 Leader: Olga Mackre Project management WP1 Leader: Xavier Draye From phenotyping platforms to dry fields: development of new methods WP5 Leader: Roberto Tuberosa Dissemination and technology transfer Coordinator: Francois Tardieu, INRA, FranceTRANSCRIPT
DROPS
DROught-tolerant yielding PlantS
DROPS
EU funded project (2010-2015)
Coordinated by François Tardieu (INRA)
PhenoDays2011 12-14 September 2011, Wageningen
DROPS
- 8.7 million euros
- 10 public organisations
- 11 countries
- 15 partners
- 5 companies
- 4 continents
DROPS
WP2 Leader: Alain Charcosset Identification of genes and QTLs for drought tolerance
WP3 Leader: Graeme Hammer
Comparative advantages of alleles and traits on crop performance
WP4 Leader: Bjorn Usadel
Data collection, database, statistic and bioinformatic tool
WP5 Leader: Roberto Tuberosa
Dissemination and technology transfer
WP6 Leader: Olga Mackre
Project management
WP1 Leader: Xavier Draye From phenotyping platforms to dry fields: development of new methods
Coordinator: Francois Tardieu, INRA, France
DROPS
CO2 H2O H2O
CO2
Water for CO2
Water flux through plants
A common ground from the very beginning
1. Drought tolerance is driven and limited by physics
Le
af
tem
pe
ratu
re (°
C)
time of day
low
35
25
15
0 0 12
high transpiration
Le
af
tem
pe
ratu
re (°
C)
time of day
high transpiration
35
25
15
0 0 12
low transpiration
Water
for heat
Courtesy of F. Tardieu
DROPS
A common ground from the very beginning
2. Any trait or QTL can have positive, negative or no consequence
on yield (Collins et al., 2008, Plant Phys 147: 469-486).
"IT DEPENDS" on the drought scenario (G x E x M)
Consequence for the project:
we want to explore a large number of scenarios
- Network of experiments (field + platforms)
- Modelling (simulation in 100s scenarios)
Courtesy of F. Tardieu
DROPS
A common ground from the very beginning
3. It is worth exploring the natural genetic variability?
Evolution/natural selection vs. modern agriculture
Consequence for the project:
exploring allelic effects
• panels for association mapping
• biparental crosses
• introgression lines
Courtesy of F. Tardieu
DROPS
Plant Accelerator
ACPFG
Adelaide
DROPS A common ground from the very beginning
4. Dissection + modelling, a key method
Yield is too complex – particularly under different drought scenarios – for
a direct association mapping study approach
Need for targeting under controlled conditions less complex processes
and traits genetically related to yield
Consequence for the project:
Genetic variability of
- Processes: hydraulics, metabolism, transpiration, growth
- Traits: leaf growth/architecture, root architecture,
seed abortion, water use efficiency
- Yield, components
Processes assembled via models (statistical + functional)
Courtesy of F. Tardieu
DROPS
Objectives Develop methods that increase the efficiency of breeding under water deficit -Novel indicators: “Identity cards” of genotypes: heritable traits genetically related to yield -Explore the natural variation: identify genomic regions that control key traits; assess the effects of a large allelic diversity under a wide range of scenarios -Develop models for estimating the comparative advantages of alleles and traits in fields with contrasting drought scenarios Courtesy of F. Tardieu
DROPS
Three crops
• Maize
• Durum wheat
• Bread wheat
Comparative approaches:
- common mechanisms?
- common models?
- common causal polymorphisms / QTLs?
Courtesy of F. Tardieu
DROPS
CO2 H2O
Four traits
1. Leaf growth / architecture
- Genetic variability of growth response
to water deficit?
- Genetic variability of plant architecture
and its change with water deficit?
- Consequence of allelic diversity on
yield depending on drought scenarios
- METHODS Courtesy of F. Tardieu
DROPS Four traits
2. Root architecture
• Genetic variability of architectural traits
(not biomass)
• Consequence of allelic diversity on
water uptake and yield depending on
drought scenarios
• METHODS
Courtesy of F. Tardieu
DROPS
Horizontal root spread (cm)
120 90 60 30 0 30 60 90 120
Ro
oti
ng
dep
th (
cm
)
0.0
22.5
45.0
67.5
90.0
112.5
Hartog
SeriM82
Mackay
Varieties differ in RSA – Seri root system more compact
Wheat Root System Architecture
Courtesy of G. Hammer
DROPS
Horizontal root spread (cm)
120 90 60 30 0 30 60 90 120
Ro
oti
ng
dep
th (
cm
)
0.0
22.5
45.0
67.5
90.0
112.5
Hartog
SeriM82
Mackay
17 22
18 23
19 24
20 25
Consequences of RSA differences on water extraction at depth
G-to-P Modelling as the missing link
Courtesy of G. Hammer
DROPS
Kofa Lloyd 1 cm
Sanguineti et al. (2007). Ann Appl Biol 151, 291–305
DROPS
Sanguineti et al. (2007). Ann Appl Biol 151, 291–305
NILs for Root-yield-1.06 (Landi et al., 2010, J. Exp. Bot. 61: 3553-62)
Lower yield Higher yield
+ / +
ABA - / -
ABA
Lower yield Higher yield
NILs for Root-ABA1 Landi et al., 2007, J. Exp. Bot. 58: 319
DROPS
Four traits
3. Seed abortion
Main source of progress in recurrent
selection for yield in maize at CIMMYT
(Tuxpeno Sequia)
A main cause of yield loss in wheat
METHODS
Courtesy of F. Tardieu
DROPS
Four traits
4. Water use efficiency
A success story in wheat
H2O
CO2
Rainfall (mm)
Wheat genotypes with high WUE.
Positive effect in very dry environments
only (avoidance)
Rebetzke et al. 2002
Yie
ld g
ain
(%
)
Courtesy of F. Tardieu
DROPS Approach for phenotyping D
issection :
genetic v
ariabili
ty?
Field
Phenotyping platform
+ modelling: target
more heritable traits
Genetic analysis
of heritable traits
Experim
ents + sim
ulation
agronomic value of alleles in clim
atic scenarios?
Tardieu & Tuberosa 2010, Current Opinion in Plant Biology
DROPS Dissection
Phenotyping platform: identify heritable traits of genotypes
- amenable to genetic analysis
- usable in modelling for predicting genotype performance
in diverse climatic scenarios
(NOT a means to measure yield and yield component,
not reliable in pot experiments)
Courtesy of F. Tardieu
DROPS Dissection: genetic variability of plant architecture
Architecture: which variables for a genetic and G x E analysis? Digitizing
Biomass = Incident light * % intercepted * Radiation Use Efficiency (RUE) Biomass = Incident light * % intercepted * Radiation Use Efficiency (RUE) t
0 0
Genetic / environmental
analyses of parameters I II III IV V
QTL analysis
DROPS
- Daily increase in leaf area at plant level
- (tentative) daily increase in leaf length, response to water deficit
and evaporative demand
Dissection: genetic variability of leaf area/growth
Biomass = Incident light * % Intercepted *
*
Radiation Use Efficiency (RUE) t
0 t
0
Courtesy of F. Tardieu
DROPS
Imaging hidden organs?
Dissection: genetic variability of seed abortion
Incident light * % intercepted * Radiation Use Efficiency (RUE) Yield = Incident light * % intercepted * Radiation Use Efficiency (RUE) * Harvest index t
0 t
0
DROPS
CO2 H2O
Heritable traits collected in
phenotyping platform (max growth,
architecture with responses to water deficit...)
Allow calculation of biomass accumulation
in field situations with diverse scenarios:
EFFECT OF ALLELIC DIVERSITY
From phenotyping platforms to the field: modelling
*
Yield = Incident light * % intercepted
*
Radiation Use Efficiency (RUE) * Harvest index t
0 t
0
DROPS
virtual plant / genotype
(with effect of QTLs)
effect of allelic
composition on
plant performance
Climatic data
calculated feedbacks of plants on
environment (e.g. soil depletion)
From phenotyping platforms to the field: modelling
*
Yield = Incident light * % intercepted
*
Radiation Use Efficiency (RUE) * Harvest index t
0 t
0
Courtesy of F. Tardieu
DROPS
Input Output
(100 years x management)
Model
Environment
Gene - to - phenotype
model
Yield (median)Genetic information
-
QTL1 QTL 2
-100
0
+100
QTL 1 QTL 2
QTL1 QTL2
0.0
0.1
0.2
Terminal mild
water deficit
Water deficit at
seed set + seed filling
Effect
(Kg)
QTL effects on leaf growth
0.0
0.1
0.2
QT
L e
ffect
on m
ax.
elo
ngation
rate
or
sensitiv
ity
mm
°C
d-1
or
mm
°C
d-1
MP
a-1
Environment
Gene - to - phenotype
model
Yield (median)Genetic information
-
QTL1 QTL 2
-100
0
+100
QTL 1 QTL 2
QTL1 QTL2
0.0
0.1
0.2
Terminal mild
water deficit
Water deficit at
seed set + seed filling
Effect
(Kg)
QTL effects on leaf growth
0.0
0.1
0.2
QT
L e
ffect
on m
ax.
elo
ngation
rate
or
sensitiv
ity
mm
°C
d-1
or
mm
°C
d-1
MP
a-1
Chenu et al. 2009, Genetics; Tardieu and Tuberosa, 2010, Current Opinion Plant Biol
Virtual genotypes tested in 100s of situation
From phenotyping platforms to the field: modelling
DROPS Phenotyping is king…
…and heritability is queen!
N28E N28
N28E N28
Vegetative to generative transition 1 (Vgt1)
Salvi et al., 2007. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 104: 11376
Gaspé Flint
www.generationcp.org/drought_phenotyping
INTERDROUGHT-IV 5-9 September 2013
Burswood Entertainment Complex
Perth, Western Australia
Congress Chair: Roberto Tuberosa, Italy Program Committee Chair: Graeme Hammer, Australia Local Organizing Committee Chair: Mehmet Cakir, Australia
www.interdrought4.com