Breeding for Drought

and Acid Soil Tolerant

Maize in Indonesia

M. Azrai, Roy Effendi and M. Yasin

Indonesian Cereals Research Institute

Importance and Problems of Maize

• The second food and as the main feed ingredient

• Domestic production is lower, demand on maize

incresing necessary imports

• Farmer eager to plant of maize, but 75% is

cultivated in dry land and acid soil Farmers

need DT and AcT Maize

• Increasing pest and disease DM

• Climate change Difficult prediction of the

seasons Need variety tolerant to drought and

water lodging

• Mize Public Issue: Food, Feed, Energy

Inflation Poor.

What the important of DT and AcT Maize in

Indonesia? • Maize is planted in

Indonesia in ±4.2 million

ha

• 79% of the whole area is

dry land

• Most of the land area

(59%) is low-productive

due to drought and acid

soil Plant RS >< Yield

defisit

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Year

Qu

an

tity

Harvested Area (million ha)Productivity (t/ha)Production (million ton)

Progress: Production, harvested area

and yield of Maize in Indonesia

2001-2010

Production increasing by

yield

Technology

Variety

5

Export Inport

1 2006 11.609.463 28.674 1.775.321

2 2007 13.287.527 101.739 476.162

3 2008 16.317.252 108.170 169.359

4 2009 17.629.758 59.957 293.280

5 2010 17.844.676 32.187 1.552.508

6 2011* 17.392.246 - 2.585.981

No Year PrpduktionVolum (Ton)

Progress of export & Inport of Maize

Indonesia: 2006 - 2011

Sumber: BPS dan Ditjen Nak (diolah)

* angka sampai Sept 2011

Target of production, area harvested

and productivity of maize (2010-2014)

Year

Production

(million

ton)

Area

harvested

(million ha)

Productivit

y

(t/ha)

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

19.80

22.0

24.0

26.0

29.0

4.2

4.4

4.6

4.8

5.3

4.72

5.0

5.22

5.42

5.80

Breeding Methode

• Screening in the green

house and laboratory and

field

• Crossing and evaluation in

the fiield

• Recurrent selection

• Develpt of new high

yielding inbred lines.

• Iintroduces the inbred lines,

populations and hybrids

from CIMMYT

Breeding For DT

1. Determaining of Selection

pharameter by the Role of

Root to Drought Stress,

using 15 genotypes.

• The laboratory

experiment , we use

polyethylene glycol

(PEG) 6000 at

concentration of 15% as

stress agent. The seeds

were germinated using

roll paper upright

saturated with PEG

solution.

Breeding Methode

• At the green house we apply of polyethylene glycol

(PEG) 6000 at concentration of 10%, 10 days after

planting

• The field, we planting in the well water and drought

conditions. The drought stress was applied by stopping

irrigation at 35 days after planting (dap) until harvest

time

• The results showed that drought stress condition

decreased plant growth 31.7%, leaf width 29.9%, fertile

plant 84.2% and leaf chlorophyll 44.6%. While

increased leaf rolling, anthesis silking interval (ASI) 9.8

days, and proline accumulation in primary root

increased as 862,4%. The yield of susceptible

genotypes decreased about 68.0 – 88.9% and the

moderately tolerant genotypes decreased about 54.1 -

60.3%. The main direct effect of drought stress to

maize yield was dry root weight

2. Development of new populaton with reciprocal recurrent

selection methode:

• Sesion 1. Selfing MSJ1 popuation (MK 9, Kalingga,

Wiyasa, Harapan, Rama, MS 3, Pop. 27, and Pop.

28) and MSJ2 Population (Genteng Kuning, Pop. 24,

Suwan 3 and Pop 28).

• Sesion 2. Development of top-crosses: crossing S1

lines with the opposite population as a tester (J1 vs.

J2)

• Sesion 3. Evaluation of top-crosses in replicated

trials

• Sesion 4. Recombination of the selected lines: to

produce a new cycle (ni + 1) populations

• Repead sesion 1-4 to developt C2, C3 .....C7.

• MSJ2(RRS)C1 Var Palakka DT

• MSJ2(RRS)C2 Var Lamuru DT

3. Development of new DT

inbred lines:

• Selected 7 inbreed lines:

S5 from MSJ1(RRS)C7

good SCA with Mr14 and

MAL03.

• Selected 19 inbred lines:

S5 generation from

MSJ2(RSS)C7 good SCA

with Mr14 and MAL03.

• Selected 5 inbred lines

generation S7 from Arjuna

Pop are good SCA with

Ki3 Developt for Early

Maturity Hybrid and DT.

AMROUT-GCP-NARS (ICERI) BREEDING ACTIVITIES

Goals: DT and Early Maturity

Sea-

son

ActivitIes

1 Make F1 pedigree crosses: Mr14 x CML444, Mr14 x

VL062701, G180 x CML505, Mr14 x CML505, G180 x

VL062718, G180 x VL062701 and CZL085

2 Ev F1, 2 loc, 3 rep, RS and DS Mr14 x CML444

and G180 x VL062701

3 Make S1 lines: Mr14 x CML444 and G180 x

VL062701

4 Top Cross S1 (M) x P21 (F) & Developt S2 Lines

5 Ev S2 Top Crosses: WW and DS

6 Developrt S3 lines (Selected) In the progrees

AMROUT-GCP-NARS (ICERI) BREEDING ACTIVITIES

Sea-

son

ActivitIes

7 Make TC1 and S4 lines RS

2012

8 Evaluate TC1 (WW and DS)

and make S5 lines DS

2012

9 MakeTC2 and S6 lines RS

2013

10 Evaluate TC2 (WW and DS)

and make S7 lines DS

2012

11 Make new pedigree crosses

BIMA 7

BIMA 2

Joint Research Project: GCP-

AMROUD-AAA & NARS in Indonesia

Goal: Developt of DT and DMR Inbreed lines and

hybrids

Progress:

• Crosses 11 CIMMYT IL

(White color and ICERI

IL (Yellow Color)

• Starting DM Evaluation

than will be continue to

selfing S 1 Follow

AAA Methode/Schedule

• Starting SCA Evaluation

Selected S1 SCA and

DMR

No Fem Male

Name (WC) ICERI (YC) 1 CML 488 MR 4 2 CZL O4OO6 MR 11 3 CML 442 MR 12 4 CML 440 MR 13 5 CML 444 MR 14 6 CZL 00003 B11-209 7 CZL 052 Mal o1 8 CZL 00009 Mal 02 9 CZL 0723 Mal 03

10 CZL 0719 Mal 04 11 CZL 0721 12 CZL 0717 13 CML 505

Breeding For AcT

• ICERI have 2 OPV good tolerance for Ac:

• Antasena Introduced from CIMMYT

(Susceptible DM)

• Sukmaraga AMATL (HS) C2

Improvment population AMATL introduced

from CIMMYT (Moderat Resistance to DM)

SUKMARAGA

• In 2011, ICeRI Introduced 17 hybrids and

some lines AcT from CIMMYT Colombia

(Many tahanks Dr. Luis Narro).

• Result of Evalution at Normar Condition in

Maros showed 3 hybris very good

performance, i.e. No 9, 15, and 17.

• In the Acid Soils Env., we can’t harvest

because infected of DM > 85%.

No 9

No 17 No 17 No 15

Our Breeding Prongram: Developt New

Population and Hybrid Tolerant to

Ac.S and DMR

• screen maize genotypes under Al stress in

culture solution..

• The main plots were Al concentration (0, 2.5, 5

10, 20, and 40 ppm Al), and the sub plots were

22 maize genotypes.

• The results indicated that the genotype AMATL-

(HS).C2, SATP-(S2)-C6S0, MRSS-1(S1).C1-

29-1, and MRSS-1(S1).C1-57-1 were more

tolerant to Al-toxicity than the other genotypes

including Antasena.

• The Concentration of 5 - 10 ppm Al in

nutrient solution was adequate to separate

genotypes between tolerant and sensitive

genotypes in screening of maize genotype

under Al stress.

• Relative net root length and relative root

length were the best variable to be used as

Al-tolerance indicators.

• Continue developt inbred lines and

improving of pop toleran to Ac Soil and

DMR

THANK YOU