Precision phenotyping for improving drought stress tolerant maize in Thailand

Sutatsane Vongsupathai Suriphat Thaitad Tatsanee Budthong Pichet Grudloyma

Nakhon Sawan Field Crops Research Center (NSFCRC) Tak Fa, Nakhon Sawan, THAILAND 1

Problem • In Thailand, drought was reported as a

priority constrain for maize production in many agro-ecological zones and it is observed almost every year.

• Maize is usually affected to drought stress at difference stage.

2

Objectives

• To compare the performance of hybrids maize and to understand the association of yield with morphological and physiological traits under water stress condition 3

Materials : • The set of hybrids maize from CIMMYT 148 + 2 local check hybrids Local checks :NS2 and NS3

• 10x15 Alpha lattice design with 2 replications • 2 rows/ plot of 5.0 m. long • 66,000 plants ha-1

Planting period :

Materials and methods

Design :

• during dry season in 2009, NSFCRC.

4

Temperature (oC) rain fall (mm.) and RH distribution at NSFCRC,

from Dec 2009 to Feb 2010

RH%(max)

Max.temp (oC)

Min.temp (oC)

Stop irrigated

Planting date 3 Dec 2009

Rain(mm.)

Flowering

5

WS WW Well watered Flowering drought

: The irrigation was stopped from 9th leaf stage to

two weeks after mid flowering (15 Jan-15 Feb. 2010)

: weekly irrigation about 30 mm./time

Water stress (Flowering stage drought) (WS)

Well watered (ww)

Water management:

6

Data Collections

Agronomic traits Secondary traits

7

Agronomic traits

Field weight

Root and stalk lodging

Moisture content

Plant and ear height Silking date

Anthesis date

Hundred kernel weight

8

Secondary traits

1) anthesis-silking interval (days)

2) leaf rolling : - 2,3 weeks after stop irrigation

(Score 1-5) - before re-irrigation

3) Senescence: - 3 weeks after stop irrigation

(Score 1-10) - before re-irrigation

- 30 days after silking

9

Green Seeker: NDVI values can be used to predict green biomass

Vegetative stage : Weekly measurements from 3 leaves until 8 leaves stage.

Grain filling stage : weekly from two weeks after male flowering till one week prior maturity

4) Normalized Difference Vegetative Index (NDVI)

10

5) Stomata conductance and Leaf temperature 5) Stomata conductance (mmol/H2O m-2s-1)

Leaf porometer :

Vegetative stage : 4-5 weeks after planting and again in 2 weeks later.

Reproductive stage : 2 day after stopped irrigation and then every weekly until re-irrigation.

Measurements : - 3 plants/ plot. - one leaf per plant - at the 4th leaf below flag leaf. -10-15 h. sunydays

11

Infrared thermometer:

Vegetative stage : 4-5 weeks after planting and again 2 weeks later.

Reproductive stage : 2 day after stopped irrigation and then every weekly until re-irrigation.

6) Leaf temperature (Co)

Measurements : - 3 plants/ plot. - one leaf per plant - at the 4th leaf below flag leaf. -10-15 h. sunny days

12

7) Chlorophyll content

SPAD meter :

Flowering stage : 1 time.

Grain filling : every week during grain filling for 5 weeks.

Measurements : - 6 plants/ plot. - one leaf per plant. - at the 4th leaf below flag leaf.

13

14

No. Pedigree WS WW ASI (days)

1 NS 3 (Local check 2) 5.09 8.26 2

2 CLQ-RCYQ54=(CML176 x CL-G2501)-B-3-1-B-B-B-B-B / CML-312 SR 5.00 6.79 2

3 DTPWC9-F67-2-2-1-B-B-B-B-B / CML-312 SR 4.84 7.59 3

4 [P591c4 1y2 GEN F23-1-1-1-B-B-B x CML486]-1-1-B-B / CML-312 SR 4.77 6.62 3

5 CML-332-B-B / CML-312 SR 4.73 7.54 4

6 CL-04935=(PR8549xP23C2)-5-1-3-B*14-B-B-B-B-B-B / CML-312 SR 4.41 5.68 4

7 DTPWC9-F24-4-3-1-B-B-B-B-B / CML-312 SR 4.32 7.00 1

8 La Posta Seq C7-F78-2-1-1-1-B-B-B-B / CML-312 SR 4.30 8.27 5

9 S87P69Q(SIYF) 109-1-1-4-B / CML-312 SR 4.21 6.33 2

10 XZY 460-1 / CML-312 SR 4.21 7.63 3

11 CML-442/CML-444 (Check 3 late maturity) 2.49 8.89 10

Mean 2.59 6.48 5

LSD(0.05) 1.55 1.14 2

Table 1 Mean grain yield (ton/ha) of top ten hybrids maize under water stress condition at NSFCRC in 2010D.

Table 2 Phenotypic correlation coefficient (r) between grain yield and importance agronomic traits, 2010D.

Traits Grain Yield (t/ha)

WS

Anthesis silking interval (ASI) -0.2745*

Leaf senescence -0.4158*

Leaf rolling -0.5199*

Ear per plant 0.2317*

Hundred kernel weight

Moisture content

0.2729*

0.3746*

16

Table 3 Phenotypic correlation coefficient (r) between grain yield and NDVI, 2010D.

Green Seeker

(Day after anthesis)

Grain Yield (t/ha)

WS

-41 0.0687ns

-34 0.1291ns

-25 0.2098*

-18 0.1444ns

15 0.3785*

21 0.2398*

28 0.2800*

35 0.2302*

Flowering drought period 17

Table 4 Phenotypic correlation coefficient (r) between grain yield and stomata conductance, 2010D.

Leaf porometer

(Day after anthesis)

Grain Yield (t/ha)

WS

-23 0.1676*

-9 0.1172ns

7 0.3572*

15 0.2087*

21 0.0805ns

35 0.0578ns

Flowering drought period 18

Table 5 Phenotypic correlation coefficient (r) between grain yield and leaf temperature (oC), 2010D.

Infrared thermometer

(Day after anthesis)

Grain Yield (t/ha)

T1S2 (WS)

-23 -0.1127ns

-9 -0.1245ns

7 -0.3635*

15 -0.1435ns

21 -0.0393ns

35 -0.0637ns

Flowering drought period 19

Table 6 Phenotypic correlation coefficient (r) between grain yield and chlorophyll content, 2010D.

SPAD meter

(Day after anthesis)

Grain Yield (t/ha)

WS

4 0.3628*

11 0.4911*

19 0.5531*

26 0.4468*

35 0.2170*

42 0.1739*

Flowering drought period 20

1 weeks after stop irrigation

21

2 weeks after stop irrigation

(A.T.Z.T.R.L.BA90 5-3-3P-1P-4P-2P-1-1-1-B x G9B C0 R.L.23-1P-2P-3-2P-3-2P-1P-B-B-B)-B-16TL-3-1-4-B-B-B / CML-312 SR

La Posta Seq C7-F18-3-2-1-1-B-B-B-B-B / CML-312 SR

22

3 weeks after stop irrigation 4 weeks after stop irrigation

23

WATER STRESS

CML-442/CML-444 (Check 3 late maturity)

WELL WATERED

NS 3 (Local check 2) 24

WATER STRESS WELL WATERED

La Posta Seq C7-F78-2-1-1-1-B-B-B-B / CML-312 SR

XZY 460-1 / CML-312 SR 25

• Selection for drought tolerance by increase EPP, HKW, CHE, NDVI and stomata conductance were linked to higher yield drought stress.

• Reduction ASI, LRO, Senescence and leaf temperature suggesting that were increasing higher yield

Conclusions

26

Thank you