does kenya need gm maize to fight drought?
DESCRIPTION
Policy brief for legislators at Kenya’s State Law Office on alternatives to Genetically-Modified Maize in increasing Drought-ToleranceTRANSCRIPT
Slide 1
Does Kenya need Genetically-
Modified Maize to fight Drought?
Policy brief for legislators at Kenya’s State Law
Office on alternatives to Genetically-Modified Maize
in increasing Drought-Tolerance
By Jayanth Kannaiyan
http://knyn.reachby.com
Research Student at ICRISAT, Nairobi
& CeDEP, SOAS, University of London
August 27, 2011
The following is a policy brief intended for Kenyan lawmakers who are currently
debating how to regulate genetically modified organisms in the environment. This
presentation will debate the benefits and risks of two agricultural programs with
the same goal but using different biotechnologies to get there. The Water
Efficient Maize for Africa program intends to use genetic modification of corn to
increase yields in drought-prone areas, whereas the Drought-Tolerant Maize for
Africa program intends to use conventional breeding techniques to achieve the
same goal. It is my intention to show the benefits of the latter.
Slide 2
Presentation Outline
� Background Information
� Kenya Bio Safety Policy Status
� WEMA Project Overview
� Benefits/Risks of GM Crops
� Alternatives to GM Crops
� DTMA Project Overview
� Policy Recommendations
The presentation will first give some background information to the situation; the
current drought in East Africa and the need for developing drought-tolerant maize
breeds. Then, an overview of the Biosafety policy status in Kenya will be given
with the policy aim stated. An introduction to the two different approaches will
follow along with comparing the benefits and risks of GMO crops. A case will be
made for not using GMO crops by highlighting the other methods that currently
exist and finally the policy recommendations will be stated.
Slide 3
Drought in Kenya
� Kenya/East Africa experiencing worst drought in 60 years1
� Crop failures, food prices rising, starvation
� Temperatures expected to rise due to Climate Change, more frequent drought predicted2
� Maize staple food for population; susceptible to drought
� Currently drought reducing yields by 15% annually3
� Government looking to Biotechnology to improve
food security
The Horn of Africa is experiencing its worst drought in 60 years with people dying
of starvation from crop and livestock failure. This dent in the food supply is
contributing to the persistent rise in food prices, hurting the poor even more.
Climate Change models predict more frequent droughts in the coming years. It is
prudent to develop drought-tolerant varieties of maize to ensure food security, as
yields are dropping yearly due to drought conditions. The Kenyan government is
looking to biotechnology advances in its agriculture to combat this problem.
Slide 4
Bio Safety in Kenya
� Kenya party to Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
� Kenya’s Biosafety Policy approved in 2006, passed into
a Law in 2008 and signed into an Act in 20094
� Policy formulation taking place now, awaiting
implementation of regulations
� Aim of this policy brief: influence the agenda setting
regarding transgenic crops
� Two strategies to bring drought-tolerant maize to
farmers:
� Genetically-modified through WEMA project
� Conventional breeding through DTMA project
Kenya is party to the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (2000), which refers to the
movement and handling of living modified organisms across borders and
encourages governments to enact national biosafety laws. Accordingly, Kenya
has been steadily progressing since then and has passed its biosafety act in
2009, allowing for confined field trials of GMOs, so far. The regulations for
environmental release of GMOs hasn't been agreed on yet and I would like to
influence the policy agenda of transgenic crops before the policy is implemented
through this policy brief.
Slide 5
Water Efficient Maize for Africa (WEMA)
� Public-private partnership to bring drought-tolerant maize to Sub-Saharan Africa5
� Using conventional breeding to introduce genetically modified maize with drought tolerant traits
� Monsanto providing proprietary gene royalty-free to research institutes
� By 2016, expected to improve yields by 25% in moderate drought conditions compared to current varieties6
The Water Efficient Maize for Africa (WEMA) program is a public-private
partnership with the aim of bringing genetically-modified drought-tolerant maize
to the market by 2016. It is primarily funded by the Gates Foundation and is run
by CIMMYT and IITA. Monsanto is providing the transgene royalty-free, so that
the seeds can be priced similarly to conventional seeds to encourage farmer
uptake. The program states that they expect yields to increase by up to 25% in
moderate drought conditions. It is suspected that Monsanto is involved to
increase its market share in Africa.
Slide 6
Current Status of GM Crops: Global, Kenya
� Globally, GM crops acreage increasing yearly7
� Currently 10 countries with commercial
production of GM crops
� South Africa only country in Africa with GM crops
� Primarily soybean, corn, cotton and canola
� Bred for herbicide and insect resistance
� Kenya approved 5 Confined Field Trials8
� Environmental release of GMOs currently not
allowed in Kenya
Globally, genetically-modified crops are increasing in acreage year on year with
South Africa being the only African country to have commercial GM crops. The
main GM crops currently are soybean, maize, cotton and canola, which have
been bred for herbicide and insect resistance. Since development costs are high,
the focus has been on commodity crops to ensure large enough returns. Kenya
has just approved confined field trials of Bt corn (insect resistance) and
regulations are still pending on environmental release. However, the USA is
pressuring the local lawmakers to speed up the release.
Slide 7
Benefits/Risks of GM Crops
Crowding out biodiversity, increasing risk
to unseen future shocks10Monocultures easier to control when issues
arise
Loss of resilient traditional farming
knowledge and food sovereignty
Transfer of Technology from Western MNCs
Biology operates in complex interactionsUsing technological prowess to combat
biological issues
Increase of pesticide tolerance leading to
new kinds of pests/weeds11Decreased pesticide use (from Bt transgene)
Narrow strategy in a changing
environment
Targeting specific issues with genes
Dependency on high technology,
increased yields not proven to combat
hunger9
Increased yields to increase food supply and
combat hunger
RisksBenefits
The proponents of GM crops say that increased yields will help solve hunger
problems. However, South Africa and Uganda recently had a surplus of corn,
while people were still suffering from hunger in their countries. Hunger is a
question of distribution, not production. Relying on GM crops for food security
means giving up on local farmer knowledge and becoming dependent on western
technology and private seed companies, such as Monsanto. This company does
not have a clean record of environmental or social responsibility. Also, relying on
one particular transgene to work in all drought conditions is wishful thinking.
Slide 8
Risks of GM Crops
Above: US map of spread of herbicide
resistance weeds to Roundup-Ready crops12
Left: Explanation of how GMO crop
outcrosses into wild populations,
threatening biodiversity13
One of the main risks of releasing GM crops in the environment is outcrossing,
where the GM crop spreads it pollen to breed with local varieties and
contaminates the biodiversity. A GM crop is a monoculture, meaning if some new
threat affects this variety, then all the crop will be compromised. Biodiversity of
maize means that resistance to a variety of threats exists naturally that can be
used when needed. Another risk is the herbicide tolerance that is growing around
the world to Monsanto’s Roundup-Ready crops, requiring more toxic herbicides
to control the new weeds; a downward spiral.
Slide 9
Alternatives to GM Crops
� Conventional breeding for traits
� IAASTD Report encourages Sustainable Agriculture to safeguard
global food supply14
� Organic farming possible to feed the world if current agricultural
system changes15
� Integrated Pest
Management instead of
engineering pest control
into seed16
� Soft BioTech vs
Hard BioTech
There exist many different strategies to achieve the same goal instead of easily
turning to GM crops. Conventional breeding is just as effective in producing
desired traits, without having to cross species boundaries, that GM crops do.
Recent global agricultural surveys have shown that sustainable agriculture is the
way forward if we want to secure the global food supply in the coming decades.
Organic farming can indeed feed the world if major changes happened to the
agricultural system, such as incorporating Integrated Pest Management, instead
of using the hard technological approach of GM crops.
Slide 10
Drought-Tolerant Maize for Africa
� CIMMYT-IITA project to bring drought-tolerant maize
to Sub-saharan Africa17
� Have already developed 50 location-specific varieties
through conventional breeding
� Farmers currently implementing new varieties with
positive results
� 30% yield improvements over standard variety in drought
conditions expected by 2016
� Aim to continue developing drought-tolerance of
maize and releasing to farmers as climate conditions
change
The Drought-Tolerant Maize for Africa program is the second approach, using
the same public institutions and also being funded by the Gates Foundation to
produce drought-tolerant varieties of maize using conventional breeding
techniques. They have already released 50 different varieties intended to work in
specific locations, as the severity of drought varies across Sub-Saharan Africa.
Farmer trials have already produced increased yields and with continued work, a
30% increase is expected by 2016, which matches and even exceeds the goals
of WEMA through genetic modification.
Slide 11
DTMA (non-GMO) vs WEMA (GMO)
Betting on one transgene to
tackle drought across Eastern
and Southern Africa
Multiple varieties to tackle
location-specific condition
Monsanto may use hard IP
protection in future9
No proprietary technology, no
risk of patent litigation
GM crops must pass through
stringent, lengthy trials before
release
Non-GM crops can get from
lab to field much quicker
New technology, risks not
controlled yet
Conventional breeding safe
for environment
WEMADTMA
The main question to ask yourself is if DTMA can produce the same results using
conventional breeding techniques, why should the risk of WEMA and its
genetically-modified varieties be necessary? GMOs are still not fully understood
with several developed regions still banning their use, like Europe and Japan.
One major risk of using GMOs is patent litigation at a future date from Monsanto.
WEMA says the varieties will be royalty free, but with this company's track
record, it can be expected that they will use their patents to own more of the food
supply.
Slide 12
Success of non-GM Solutions
� Instead of insecticide-injected maize (Bt), ICIPE have developed
push-pull biocontrol of pests18
� Intercropping wild grasses between maize (desmodium) to naturally repel
stemborer pest and push it to a grass (napiergrass) that traps it
� Wild Grasses provide additional income to farmer
� Using natural enemy - a moth
to specifically target
stemborer pest instead of using toxins (Bt)
� Biofertilizers to fix nitrogen
depletion in soils instead of
engineering nitrogen fixation
into seeds19
GMOs are the silver bullet solution, where one high-tech solution is said to solve
the problem. In reality, it's usually a multitude of approaches that can sustainably
achieve the goal of food security. Instead of developing insecticide-injected
maize, what about using biocontrol methods like the push-pull technique
developed by ICIPE to combat pests? The intercrops of this technique also
provide additional income to the farmer, a more resilient approach than relying on
high technology. This approach uses natural enemies of pests, instead of using
insecticide. Sustainable agriculture can work if implemented effectively.
Slide 13
Is Precautionary Principle too cautious?
� UK Foresight report on Future of Food encourages
investment in modern agricultural technologies to
ensure future food security20
� Modern technology needed but not blank check to hand
over food sovereignty to private sector via patented
genes
� Decisions made today about GM crops affect the future
of the human population and the biota of this planet
� Great consideration should be given before crossing
biological boundaries to solve current issues
Proponents of GM crops say that their approach is the only way if we want to
feed the ever increasing global population. However, I would like to emphasize
the caution needed when taking an irreversible decision, such as releasing
GMOs in the environment, and the impact that it will have on future generations.
Our decisions today affect the future of the global food supply and we need not
be scared into accepting high risk technologies when more resilient alternatives
already exist. Investment in agriculture is needed, but there are other options in
biotechnology besides genetically-modifying organisms.
Slide 14
Policy Recommendation
� Issue moratorium on environmental release and
further field trials of GM crops from WEMA
� Let DTMA prove that it can tackle drought before
deciding to support WEMA
� Increase funding for sustainable agriculture if food
security is the ultimate goal
� Promote Agroecology
� Intercropping
� Integrated Pest Management
� Increase public awareness of sustainable solutions for
food security
My policy recommendation for Kenya is to issue a moratorium on the
environmental release of GMOs and further field trials of GM crops from WEMA
until the DTMA project can prove that it can achieve the same goals, which it is
already doing. Funding for sustainable agriculture should be increased along with
public awareness campaigns to educate consumers on their food security
choices. Agroecology should be promoted, which is a more resilient solution to
drought and other climate change impacts, instead of relying on one transgene to
solve the problem.
Slide 15
Final Words
� If real objective is adapting to climate change, reducing poverty and
hunger, then GM crops do not guarantee success for risk involved
� Resisting to introduce GM crops might be politically sensitive with some
donor countries (particularly USA, in protection of industry)
� Investing in agricultural technology is critical in ensuring adaptation to climate change through
conventionally-bred drought tolerant maize and practicing Agroecology
� In my opinion: modern technology is more appealing but not necessarily more effective than organic methods
Resisting GMO advances will provide for a more secure and sustainable future,
however, it might impact relations with certain countries who are pushing their
acceptance, such as the USA, to aid the growth of their GM seed companies.
Kenya needs to ask itself what its long-term goals are. If they are a sustainable
food supply with a resilient, healthy population, then agroecology and sustainable
agriculture can deliver. Maybe GMOs can also deliver, but the risk of unseen
future shocks and how they will handle that is a big gamble for future generations
to bare.
Slide 16
References
1 Mail & Guardian Online (2011), "UN: Horn of Africa hit by worst drought in 60 years", 28 Jun, 2011, Available from http://mg.co.za/article/2011-06-28-un-horn-of-africa-hit-by-worst-drought-in-60-years [Accessed on 15 Jul 2011]
2 Williams, A. & Funk, C. (2011), "A westward extension of the warm pool leads to a westward extension of the Walker circulation, drying eastern Africa", Climate Dynamics, 2011, p. 1-19, DOI: 10.1007/s00382-010-0984-y
3 CGIAR News (2009), "More from Maize", Available from http://www.cgiar.org/enews/april2009/story_05.html [Accessed on 18 Jul 2011]
4 National Biosafety Office, Kenya (2009), "Guide to Biosafety Act & The Proposed Regulations", Available from http://www.biosafetykenya.co.ke/bio-act.php [Accessed on 18 Jul 2011]
5 African Agricultural Technology Foundation (2011), "Water Efficient Maize for Africa (WEMA) Project Brief", Available from http://www.aatf-africa.org/wema/en/ [Accessed on 18 Jul 2011]
6 Paarlberg, R. (2011), "Drought Tolerant GMO Maize in Africa, Anticipating Regulatory Hurdles", Available from http://www.ilsi.org/Documents/2011%20AM%20Presentations/ CERAPaarlberg.pdf [Accessed on 28 Jul 2011]
7 The International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications (ISAAA) (2011) , "Crop Biotech Update Special Edition", Available from http://www.isaaa.org/kc/cropbiotechupdate/specialedition/2011/default.asp [Accessed on 20 Jul 2011]
8 African Biotechnology Stakeholders Forum (2011), "Status of Biotechnology in Kenya", Available from http://www.absfafrica.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=36&Itemid=11 [Accessed on 28 Jul 2011]
9 African Centre for Biosafety (2011), "Water Efficient Maize for Africa: Pushing GM Crops onto Africa" GMOs in African Agriculture Series, Available from http://www.biosafetyafrica.org.za/index.php/20110131342/Water-Efficient-Maize-for-Africa-Pushing-GM-Crops-onto-Africa/menu-id-100025.html [Accessed on 20 Jul 2011]
10 International Institute for Environment and Development (2008), "African farmers call for sovereignty over traditional seeds", Available from http://www.iied.org/natural-resources/media/african-farmers-call-for-sovereignty-over-traditional-seeds [Accessed on 21 Jul 2011]
11 Mwangi, P.N. & Ely, A. (2001), "Assessing risks and benefits: Bt maize in Kenya ." Biotechnology and Development Monitor, No. 48, p. 6-9.
12 Neuman, W. & Pollack, A. (2010), "Farmers Cope With Roundup-Resistant Weeds", New York Times, May 3, 2010, Availabe from http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/04/business/energy-environment/04weed.html [Accessed on 2 Aug 2011]
13 Hall, H. & Long, J. (2011), "Transgene Escape: Are Traditional Corn Varieties in Mexico Threathened by Transgenic Corn Crops?", The Science Creative Quarterly, Issue Six, 2011, Available from http://www.scq.ubc.ca/transgene-escape-are-traditional-corn-varieties-in-mexico-threatened-by-transgenic-corn-crops [Accessed on 10 Aug 2011]
14 International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology for Development (2008), "Agriculture at a Crossroads", Available from http://www.agassessment.org [Accessed on 2 Aug 2011]
15 Badgley, C. & Perfecto, I. (2007), "Can organic agriculture feed the world?", Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, No. 22, p. 80-85.
16 Dufour, R. (2001), "Biointensive Integrated Pest Management", National Center for Appropriate Technology, Sustainable Agriculture Project, Available from https://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/viewhtml.php?id=146 [Accessed on 2 Aug 2011]
17 Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (2010), "Profiles of Progress: Drought-Tolerant Maize for Africa", Global Development Program Newsletter, Available from http://www.gatesfoundation.org/agriculturaldevelopment/Pages/drought-tolerant-maize-for-africa-profile-of-progress.aspx [Accessed on 2 Aug 2011]
18 Push-Pull.net (2011), "A novel farming system for ending hunger and poverty in sub-Saharan Africa", International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Available from http://www.push-pull.net/works.shtml [Accessed on 2 Aug 2011]
19 Gangwar D&K, "Biofertilizers: An Ecofriendly way to replace chemical fertilizers", Punjab State Council for Science & Technology, Available from http://www.krishisewa.com/articles/2010/biofert.html [Accessed on 2 Aug 2011]
20 Foresight (2011), "The Future of Food and Farming", The Government Office for Science, London, Available from http://www.bis.gov.uk/assets/bispartners/foresight/docs/food-and-farming/11-546-future-of-food-and-farming-report.pdf [Accessed 15 Jul 2011]