discontent to outrage 1901-19

8/3/2019 Discontent to Outrage 1901-19

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Discontent to Outrage 1901-19


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Curzon

Tarnished the image of Britain when he

ordered an expedition into Tibet as he feared

Russian expansion as images of blood soaked

monks defending their territory spread across

the globe.


3/25

Curzons positives

He increased railway network by 10,000km

Established the Indian archaeological survey

Doubled the size of Kashmir Resigned after row with kitchener.


4/25

Partition of Bengal 1905

Western Bengal had a total population of 54

million

Eastern Bengal had a total population of 31

million, including 12 million hindus and 18

million muslims


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Reaction to partition

Bengali hindus were outraged by what they

saw as an attempt to divide and rule.

Muslims were delighted with the majority in

the new eastern province as it provided them

with a power base if Indians were able to elect

provincial governments.


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Reaction to partition continued

A popular campaign of swadesh developed. This

was a boycott of british goods, Lancashire cotton

in particular which was publically burned.

Increase in terrorist activity in Bengal. In 1908 2

European women were killed when a bomb

intended for a local judge was thrown into the

wrong carriage. 1909 terrorism came to Londonwhen an official at the india office was shot in the

street by a punjabi seeking political martyrdom.


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Simla delegation

70 Muslim leaders travelled to the british

capital of simla in october 1906 to present a

plan for seperate electorates for Muslims in

any future political reforms.


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Motives for the morley-minto

reforms

The widespread agitation over the partition of

Bengal and support for swadesh.

Fear of a mutiny from Punjab army

Increasingly active congress.


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1909 Indian Councils Act

60 Indian representatives were elected to

serve on the viceroys council; Officials

remained in the majority.

Provincial councils enlarged to create non

official majorities.

Separate electorates were provided for

Muslims and Hindus to allow Muslims to have

a voice in the various councils.


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Effects of the reforms

Muslims were satisfied with the separateelectorates.

Congress welcomed reforms but disliked separateelectorates.

Extremists-wanted further change. Voting wasrestricted to the rich and privileged Rajsupporters.

British administrators were disappointed with thechanges as it diluted their power.

Bengal reunited in1911


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WW1 1914-18

Thousands of individuals volunteered for militaryservice and pledged their loyalty.(congress,Muslim league, princes)

27 of the largest princely states immediately puttheir imperial troops at the viceroys disposal.

A hospital ship, the loyalty, was commissioned,fully fitted and provisioned by the princes.

By November 1918, 827,000 Indians enlisted.

Boosted nationalism as well as increase supportfor raj.


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Effects of WW1

Shortages of fuel and high rising prices.

During the war, food grain prices rose by 93%

Indian manufacturers benefited. Share holderssaw their dividends rocket. In Bombay

dividends for cloth mills jumped from 6% in

1914 to 30% in 1917


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Problem of religion

When Turkey entered the war, there were 3

mutinies. This occurred where they thought

they were going to be sent to fight against

turks.


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Home Rule leagues

Established 1916

2 political organisations set up, one by tilak

and one by Annie besant.

It involved only management of internal

Indian affairs. Defence and foreign policy

remained with the British.

After 1 year, 60,000 Indians joined home rule

leagues.


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Response to Home Rule leagues

Congress at first were reluctant to join.

However when Tilak and Annie Besant were

arrested they swung their support over to the

home rule league campaigns.


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Lucknow Pact 1916

An agreement between congress and the

Muslim league whereby it was agreed that the

Muslims would have a fixed proportion on

seats.


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Montague Declaration 1919

Viceroy was to be advised by 6 civilians, 3 ofwhom had to be Indian.

The viceroy could enforce laws even if thelegislative council rejected them.

Provincial and legislative councils enlarged.

Provincial councils given control over Indianeducation, agriculture, health, local selfgovernment and public works.

Britain retained control over foreign and militaryaffairs.


18/25

Effects of Government of India act

1919

Home rule leagues disappointed

As details of the reforms become known,

unrest and violence increased.

INC (Indian national congress) rejected the act

and boycotted first elections.


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Other factors that put strain on indian

Spanish flew pandemic across Europe. In India

13 million died as a result.

Unemployment due to the collapse of the

demand of war materials.

Failure of a monsoon. There was a regional

famine.


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Response from British to Indian

councils act 1919

Rowlatt acts

Unlimited detention without trial, trial

without jury, censorship and house arrest.

All 22 Indian members of the imperial

legislative council opposed the bill.

Gandhi declared a hartal on April 6th 1919

Hartals turned into widespread violence.


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Amritsar Massacre

2 doctors organised a series of hartals as aprotest against the rowlatt acts.

The British authorities decided to arrest the 2men and trouble broke out and rioting began atfirst as support for the 2 men.

However it quickly turned into an anti-europeanattack.

3 Europeans were killed

Marcia Sherwood was brutally beaten by Hindusbut also found and treated by Hindus.


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Amritsar continued

Dyer arrived at amritsar with about 1000 troops

equipped with machine guns.

12th April Dyer led 400 troops through the streets

of amritsar.

13th April was a religious festival and many

flocked to work at the golden temple.

Dyers men fired 1620 rounds of ammunitionkilling 379 people and a further 1200 wounded

who were left to fend for themselves


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Martial Law

Indians prevented from travelling

No more than 2 Indians were allowed to walk

abreast

The cities water and electricity was cut off

causing great hardship on many Indians.

Crawling order

All Indian lawyers forced to work as

constables.


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Reactions

Hunter committee 11th nov 1919 hunter and hiscolleagues arrived in Lahore

Punjab sub committee

Morning post raise 26,000 for Dyer andpresented him with a sword of honour.

So some Dyer was a hero and to others, hadruined the British.

Lords and commons disagreed on amritsar.

Millions of loyal indians turned against the raj.


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Divided congress

Tilak wanted to use force for self government

Motilal Gokhale-non violence-wanted

dominion status.

discontent to outrage 1901-19

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