This week’s task is to build a towerusing MDF blocks.The tower must have an openingwide enough for a dinousaur toyto goes in and tall enough for it toaccomodate. This tThis tower uses stretcher bond as foundation and throughout the structure. The use of stretcherbond is because it is stronger and more stable than stack bond. We’ve experimented a new bond inthis tower, which lessesn the strengthof the tof the tower considerably. ALso noticed that building stretcher bond takes a large amount of time..

This is a restructured version of stretcher bondto make the tower look taller and ventilated. This structure bond can be seen in the midsectionof the tower

Stretcher bond

acts like pillars

Tension Compression

- pulls, moves apart and undergo tension- stretches and elongatethe material- elongation depends on: 1) Stiffness 2) C 2) Cross sectional area 3) Magnitude

- pushes, moves closer (compact)

- shorten the material

Photo credits: Phoo Pwint Hlaing (2014)

This week’s studio session requires each group to cut out 40 strips of balsa and build a skeletal

structure out of the strips. We are allowed to use superglue and a small amount of masking tape on

our structures. The aim is to build a structure that could reach the ceiling, but nobody in my studio

built a structure that reaches the ceiling.

I learnt that using more glue than neccessary will result in the delay of building because the glue will

take a while to dry. It is very important for time limited tasks because we could not use all the balsa

strips due to the fact that strips due to the fact that we ran out of time.

Using masking tape on the balsa strip to keep them straight does not help because they became very

thick and bulky and the structure will start to deteriorate.

Using superglue to stick two balsa strips together

Bird’s eye view of the entirestructure.

Comparison of the structure with an average height human.

WEEK 2Studio Session

EnclosureSystems

Structural Systems

ServiceSystems

- roof- floor- shell

- doors & windows- special construction- interiors

- heating & ventilation- electrical- gas and waterpipes

*  Performance  requirements

*  Aesthetic  qualities

*  Economic  efficiencies

*  Environmental  impacts

Environmentally  Sustainable  Design

(ESD)  Considerations:

   -  LIFE  CYCLE  

   -  CARBON  FOOTPRINT

Common ESD Stretegies:- Local Materials

- Material Efficiency- Material Efficiency

- Thermal Mass

- Night Air Purging

- Solar Energy

- Wind Energy

- Cross Ventilation

- Smart Sun Design

- Insulation- Insulation

- Water Harvesting

Solid Membrane Skeletal SurfaceHybrid

mostly ancientstructures

covers largesurface areacheaply

frames,present in mostmodern structures

most commonin modernstructures

Structural Joints

Rigid Fixed Joint Pin Joint Roller Joint

*can rotate *can move sideways* cannot move,always perpendicular

FLOOR SYSTEMS* Floor system may consist of a series of linear beams and joists overlaid with a plane of sheathing or decking.or consist of a nearly homogeneous slab of reinforced concrete. * The depth of a floor system is directly related to the size and proportion of the structural bays it must span and the strength of the materials used.

SLABS:

used to span between structural supports

ONE-­WAY slabs or TWO-­WAYS slabs:

determined considering

1) Anticipated floor load

2) Cost & Efficiency

3) Purpose of usage

-­ A combination of types of members

and materials are used depending

on their structural functions.

-­ Spanning capability of the particular

materials help to determine the

spacing requirements of the supports.

supported on

Span determines the spacing ofthe piers or stamps and the spacing

of the bearers equals the span of the joists.

BEAM- A mostly horizontal structural element.- function is to carry loads along the length of the beam and transfer these loads to the vertical supports.- A beam can be: 1) Supported at both ends 2) Supported at numerous points along the length 3) Supported at points away from the ends (creating overhangs/ cantilevers beyound supports) 4) Supported at only one end (cantilevers)

CANTILEVERS- Created when a structural element is supported at only one end

(or the overhanging portions of a member are significant).- Function is to carry loads along the length of the member and

transfer loads to the support.- A cantilever can be:

1) horizontal1) horizontal2) vertical 3) angled

SPAN - Distance between two

structural supports.

- Measured between

vertical supports for

horizontal members,

vivice versa.

- Not necessarily

same as the length

of a member.

SPACING - Repeating distance between

a series of same or similar

elements.

- Often associated with

supporting elements and can

be mebe measured horizontally or

vertically.

- Generally measured centre-

line to centre-line.

SPACING of the supporting elements depends on the SPANNING capabilities of the supported elements

* External columns can be used to support a long-spanning beam or girder. Especially suitable for long, narrow buildings that desire column-free space.

* Lateral forces tend to be more critical in the short direction even though the mechanism is required in both directions of the span.

* Spacing of joist in a structural system is * Spacing of joist in a structural system is related to the magnitude of floor load, the spanning capiability of the decking material, the load-carrying capacity of the joists, and the floor construction depth desired.

* Joist span should not exceed 24 x joist depth.

* Joist span is related to the: 1) magnitude of applied loads 2) joist size and spacing 3) species and grade of lumber used 4) deflection allowable for the inteded use

NON-STRUCTURAL WALLS

Masonry Veneer Wall

This type of wall is brickwork on the outside

but the brick wall does not act as a structural

frame, It only acts as an evelope system to

improve the exterior design of the buiding as

well as to protect the building from the weather.

Most frequently the structural frame is timber.Most frequently the structural frame is timber.

Curtain Walls

Curtain wall system is an outer covering of a building

in which the outer walls are non-structural.

- Light weight material lowers the construction costs.

- Curtain wall facade does not carry any loads other than

its own dead load.

- Mostly seem as window systems as an exterior wall.- Mostly seem as window systems as an exterior wall.

- Example is Wilson Hall in the University of Melbourne.

The load of the building is supported by the columms

behind the glass wall.

OPENINGS: Doors and Windows

* Joints are doweled or dovetailed with mortises

and tenons.

* Typical door heights: 6’8”, 7’0”, 8’0”.

Widths: 1’0”, 1’4”, 1’6”, 2’0”, 2’6”, 2’8”, 3’0”

Thicknesses: 1-3/8”, 1-3/4”

* The stile from which the door is hung is called

the hinge stile; the other stile that receives the

lockset is called the lock stile.

* Feature panels can be of flat plywood, glass

lights or louvres.

* Lock rail meets the shutting stile at the level of

lockset.

Sash: the fixed or movable framework of a window

in which panes of glass are set.

Rails: Horiontal members framing a window sash.

Stiles: upright members framing a window sash.

Mullions: a vertical member seperating a series of

windows or doorways.

Pane: one of the divisions of a window consistingPane: one of the divisions of a window consisting

of a single unit of glass set in a frame.

Thermal insulation and weathertightness are

important therefore the joints between the widow

frame and the surrounding wall should be sealed

and have a windbreak built into the detail.

Week 5:

MODELLING

CASE STUDY

WEEK 5: Modelling case study structural details. For this modelling assessment, each group were assigned a particular part of the Oval Pavillion building. My group was

assigned the two storey northern part of the building, with shower stalls and kitchen.

In preparation for this week’s studio project, first we have to calculate the dimensions for the model. The details from the

Oval Pavillion construcion drawings handbook are given in 1 : 200 scale for the drawings underneath. We are supposed to

model the structural details of the part between 3-4 and A-B in 1 : 20 scale. After calculating and enlarging the drawing into

the scale of 1:20, the floor plan parts r being printed out and used as the base of the model for easier fixings.

Each of the groups is expected to decide the type of material they will use for the modelling and calculate the estimate

amount of materials needed for the model.

Because our structure is brick frame for the basement and stud frames for the ground floor, we decided to use cardboards,

sandwich boards and balsa woods, along with superglue and masking tape.

After calculating the plan view in a new scale, we calculates the cross sectional parts. The following picture illustrates the cross-sectional view from A to B, which is in 1:40 scale. So to get the right scale for the model, all the right scale for the model, all the measurements of the lengths must bedoubled.

Adapted from Oval Pavillion Construction Drawings.

This 3D sketch of the ground floor structure shows the unusual details of a beam hanging from the perpendicular beam. The sketch also includes the overlaps and details of the joists hangingfrom the beams. There is a beammid-­way across the span, whichcannot be seen from either thecannot be seen from either thefloor plan nor the cross-­sectionaldrawings from the book.

The structure model adapted from the 3D sketch. The model is inaccurate to the sketch because it lacks the detailsof the overhang. This was due to the sophisticated detail design with limited time frame and also unskilled modellingteam. team. Tried to get the closest model withthe resources available at hand.

Because there are two types of structural systems involved in this part of the building,we can see two different loadbearing profilesin one structure. The basement is mainly masonry load bearing system and on top of that, the ground floor is made of stud systems.ground floor is made of stud systems.

By building a smaller scale model of thestructural systems, we can see firsthandwhat the frame works look like.Modelling also aids in a clearerunderstanding of how structural frames works.

Making small scale modelshelp me understand moreabout constructing environment. Becausewhen we build, we have todecide where to start building from and whatbuilding from and whatthe most difficult taskduring the building were.

CONSTRUCTIONWORKSHOP

The purpose of the workshop is to develop basic workshop skills to create a structure using fullsize materials and construction tools. And to evaluate performance of different materials anddesigns.To analyse structural elements and failure mechanisms.mechanisms.

Construction  Workshop  (5th  May  2014) Groups of 3-4 are given a different selection of commonly used construction materials to make astructure that spans 1000mm with the maximum height of 450mm.

After the given time period, the structures gothrough destructive testing phase where each ofthe structures are placed in the testing cradle. the structures are placed in the testing cradle. Before the testing commence, the structures aremeasured to make sure they meet the span andheight requirements.

The load applied on the structure is increased until the structure fails. Progressive performance of the structureis recorded as the load increases. Determine the reasons for the failure. Determine maximum load and deflectionthe structure can withstand before itthe structure can withstand before itexperiences catastrophic failure. Determine how and why the structurefailed.

After briefings and safety instructions,we were divided into groups. My group receive 2 clear pines and twoplywood sheets.

CONSTRUCTION  PHASE:

The structure spans for 1 metres and the height is 435mm.Therefore, both requirements were met.

DESTRUCTIVE  TESTING  PHASE

For the destructive testing phase,

the structures are placed in the testing

cradle (see below). First before putting

the structure under the load, the span

and height of the structure is measured.

Even though our structure meet the

requirement height, it was still abit toorequirement height, it was still abit too

tall to fit with the top fitter. So the

instructure took off our two footings

before inserting the structure into the

testing cradle.

The structure is fitted into the testing cradle.

The top fitting is added to distribute load evenly

onto the structure. Because the cradle produce

force at one point only and the tip point of the

structure is not suitable for this kind of load

distribution, so the tip fitting is added.

The initial reading of the ruler at 0.00kg loadThe initial reading of the ruler at 0.00kg load

is 19cm.

First we will try to deflect the structure by

10mm (1cm). The load imposed on the

structure at that point is then recorded as 100kg.

At 20cm deflection, the load imposed on

the structure is 159kg. The structure is quite

flexible as the structure went through

compression and tension at different beams.

Take a look at how the bottom plate has a

slight curvature downwards due to tension.

The tension and compression of the

structure is illustrated with a diagram below.

TENSION

COMPRESSION COMPRESSION

LOAD

It was observed, from other groups’

structures too that, the fault happens where

the joints are. Most of the structure failures

start from where the nails are planted.

Which also indicates that nails causes

weakness in the structure too.

So inserting many nails trying to make

the structure sturdy can have a backfiring

effect.

Inserting the nail disturb the pattern

of the wood causing a fault in the beam.

As the load gets bigger, the stress on the

beam increases. Because there is a fault

in the beam the failure will start from in the beam the failure will start from

there. Meaning the beam will break

from where the nail has been inserted. Or

the failure will occur at the joints where

the material is not monolithic.

Original

structures of

the other

teams

WEEK 9:

OFF CAMPUS

SITE VISIT

OFF  CAMPUS  SITE  VISIT

I was assigned to Mark Irving’s studio class for the off campus site visit.

The sites that Mark took us were on Rathdowne Street and Faraday Street respectively.

The building on the Rathdowne Street is a medium-density housing by the Hacer company.

The second building is a victorian building under renovation to use as a primary school after it is finished.

It was interesting to see how differently the buildings were built. It is a nice contrast to think about.

Site 1 Site 2

Precast concretused at the site

Pipe lines running along the ceiling from the walls.Ventilation systems, water pipes, electrical wires,grey-‐‑water pipe, internet and phone line, etc.

Information board about the schedules and what is going on with the site.The site manager, Rod, is in charge forupdating the board.

WIRING SYSTEM is going to be covered with the ceiling board along with ventilation system. So, they will not be exposed.Because they will be hidden above the board, they have to be implanted before putting up the ceiling.

In this picture, there are 7 types of wirings and pipes connected into the apartment.

There is grey water pipe line, intercom, electrical wiring, phone line, internet , hot water, and gas lines shown in this photo.

More details from the SITE 1.

Ceiling Sprinkler

Drains in thebasements

Main Sewage pipeat the basement

Steel Frame Structure

Reinforced concrete

SITE 2: Renovation of Victorian BuildingFront facade

Extension to the building. Implantedbehind the building. Which is designedeconomically and more sustainablydesigned. The site have a geothermal heating for water. This building is renovated to be moreenergy efficient while maintaining the detail architecture of the Colonial Period. This building fascinates me because it is going to be sustainable while keepingthe cool of the history. A nice hybrid design.

Masonry brick detail

This detail shows how the newparts of the building is implantedwithout making major damageand changes to the original building. They make sure not to take outeven a single extra brick if theyeven a single extra brick if theycan help it.

New part of the building; steel beams implanted to keep the originality of the building asmuch as they can with minimumdamage.

The floor system of the newpart of the building.

The windows were found to be leaking, so they aregoing to fix it.

The unscathed ceilings of thefirst floor of the building.The woods are most likely tohave been imported from Britain.

There was no heating systeminitially and they tend to getreally cold in the building during winter because theventilation is good.It is cool in the summer butcannot retain heat during thecannot retain heat during thewinter. So they are implantingheating systems.

The building have this lightning rod implanted on the top of the building.This also serves as a decoration item. It is pretty big, which is not noticeable when it is up on the roof.It is very heavy too. There were one in the storage room for fixingso we were able to look at it and try to lift it.

MATERIALS

BRICK

1) Sheet Glass - sliced from blown glass.2) Float Glass (most common) - molten glass poured over a bath of molten tin.3) Tempered Glass (Toughened) - reheated and rapidly cool the anneal glass. 3 - 5x tougher4) Laminated Glass - tough plastic interlayer between two layers of glass. When broken, glass stick to plastic.

FERROUS: Iron relatedNON-‐‑FERROUS: Non IronALLOYS: Mixture of metals

DUCTILITY:very ductile

FERROUS METALS:-‐‑Magnetic-‐‑V. Reactive (corrodes)-‐‑Good Compressive strength-‐‑Strong-‐‑Tensile resistance

POROSITY/ PERMEABILITY:Impermeable

DENSITY:High

DURABILITY/ LIFE SPAN:Can be very durable,

depends on type, treatment,finishing and fixing

REUSABILITY/ RECYCLABILITY:

HighSUSTAINABILITY &

CARBON FOOTPRINT:Very high embodied energy,

recyclable and renewable

COST:Cost effective

CONDUCTIVITY:Very good conductors

WATER RELATED DAMAGE:Oxidation and

Corrosion

STONE

IGNEOUS:Molten Rock

(lava/magma)

SEDIMENTARY:Accumulated particlessubjected to moderate

pressure.

METAMORPHIC:Structure of igneous or

sedimentary stone changeswhen subject to pressure,heat or chemical process.

HARDNESS:Igneous > Metamorphic > Sedimentary

FRAGILITY:Geometry dependent(Thickness / S. Area)

DUCTILITY:Very Low

FLEXIBILITY/PLASTICITY:

Most are Rigid

POROSITY/PERMEABILITY:

Large RangeDENSITY:

Most stones usedin constructions are very

dense 3 x times water

CONDUCTIVITY:Poor Conductor

DURABILITY /LIFE SPAN:

Extremely Durable

REUSABILITY / RECYCLABILITY:

Very High

COST:Dependent on

labor andscarcety of

the rocks

SUSTAINABILITY &CARBON FOOTPRINT:

Transportation increasesthe carbon footprint,Stone sourcing has

a high environmentalcostcost.

HARDNESS: Medium to Low

FLEXIBILITY/ PLASTICITY:High Flexibility,Low Plasticity

DUCTILITY:low

FRAGILITY:Medium to Low

POROSITY:Highly Permeable

DENSITY:Varies, depending

on the type

CONDUCTIVITY:Poor

DURABILITY:Very Durable but

damage can occur:1) Water-related damages

2) Fungal Attack3) Swelling, shrinkage

(causes cracks)(causes cracks)

REUSABILITY/ RECYCLABILITY-Very high. Secondhandtimber is very desirable

SUSTAINABILITY& CARBON FOOTPRINTLow Embodied Energy

COST:Cost effective

ENGINEERED TIMBER:LVL: Laminated Veneer LumberGLUGAM: Glue Laminated TimberCLT: Cross Laminated TimberPLYWOODMDF: Medium Density FibreboardChipboard and Strand BoardChipboard and Strand Board

IN DETAIL1:1 DRAWING

WEEK 10: In Detail 1:1 Drawing

This section was given to me to draw in 1:1 scale.This dawing consist of detailed cross-‐‑sectional structure of the function room roof. The scale written on the book is 1:5 but the actual scale was 1:10 because our books were the halvedsize of the actual constructions drawings.

This is not the exact part of my drawing,but the roof tops are similar and the externalfinish are the same throughout.

GLOSSARY

Glossary

Alloy: A mixture containing two or more metallic elements or metallic and nonmetallic elements usually fused together or dissolving into each other when molten.

Axial Load: A structural frame system that is a combination of primarily vertical and horizontal members that are designed to transmit applied.

Beam: A structural element that is capable of withstanding load primarily by resisting bending. Spans horizontally and mainly support vertical loads.

Bending: Movement that causes the formation of a curve.

Braced Frame: A Braced Frame is a structural system which is designed primarily to resist wind and earthquake forces. Members in a braced frame are designed to work in tension and compression, similar to a truss. Braced frames are almost always composed of steel members.

Bracing: A structural member used to stiffen a framework.

Buckling: Fastener that fastens together two ends of a belt or strap; often has loose prong.

Cantilever: Construct with girders and beams such that only one end is fixed.

Column: A tall vertical cylindrical structure standing upright and used to support a structure.

Composite Beam: A steel beam, which has concrete decking above it, and which is connected to the concrete by shear connectors, which cause the steel and the concrete to act together.

Compression: The process or result of becoming smaller or pressed together.

Concrete Plank: A hollow-core or solid, flat beam used for floor or roof decking.

Cornice: A molding at the corner between the ceiling and the top of a wall.

Corrosion: A state of deterioration in metals caused by oxidation or chemical action.

Defect: An imperfection in an object or machine.

Deflection: The property of being bent or deflected.

Door Furniture: Refers to any of the items that are attached to a door or a drawer to enhance its functionality or appearance.

Down Pipe: A pipe to carry rainwater from a roof to a drain or to ground level.

Drip: A projection from a cornice or sill designed to protect the area below from rainwater (as over a window or doorway).

Eave: The part of a roof that meets or overhangs the walls of a building.

Fascia: Instrument panel on an automobile or airplane containing dials and controls.

Flashing: Sheet metal shaped and attached to a roof for strength and weatherproofing.

Frame: The internal supporting structure that gives an artifact its shape.

Girder: A beam made usually of steel; a main support in a structure.

Gutter: A channel along the eaves or on the roof; collects and carries away rainwater.

IEQ: Indoor environmental quality (IEQ) refers to the quality of a building’s environment in relation to the health and wellbeing of those who occupy space within it.

Insulation: The act of protecting something by surrounding it with material that reduces or prevents the transmission of sound or heat or electricity.

Joist: Beam used to support floors or roofs.

Life Cycle: The course of events that brings a new product into existence and follows its growth into a mature product and into eventual critical mass and decline.

Lintel: Horizontal beam used as a finishing piece over a door or window.

Load Path: The load path is simply the direction in which each consecutive load will pass through connected members.

Masonry: The building of structures from individual units laid in and bound together by mortar. (e.g bricks, stone, granite, concrete blocks and tile)

Moment of Inertia: Of an object about a given axis describes how difficult it is to change its angular motion about that axis. Therefore, it encompasses not just how much mass the object has overall, but how far each bit of mass is from the axis. The farther out the object's mass is, the more rotational inertia the object has, and the more force is required to change its rotation rate.

Moment: A turning force produced by object acting at a distance (or a measure of that force).

Nogging: Rough brick masonry used to fill in the gaps in a wooden frame.

Pad Foundation: A thick slab-type foundation used to support a structure or a piece of equipment.

Parapet: A low wall along the edge of a roof or balcony.

Point Load: Is a load which is localised to a specific location on a structure.

Portal Frame: A rigid structural frame consisting essentially of two uprights connected at the top by a third member.

Purlin: A horizontal beam along the length of a roof, resting on a main rafter and supporting the common rafters or boards.

Rafter: One of several parallel sloping beams that support a roof.

Reaction Force: A force that acts in the opposite direction to an action force.

Retaining Wall: Structures designed to restrain soil to unnatural slopes.

Sandwich Panel: Aluminium Composite Panel also Aluminium Composite Material, is a type of flat panel that consists of two thin aluminium sheets bonded to a non-aluminium core.

Sealant: A kind of sealing material that is used to form a hard coating on a porous surface (as a coat of paint or varnish used to size a surface).

Seasoned Timber: Timber dried to a moisture content that is stable.

Shear Force: Unaligned forces pushing one part of a body in one direction, and another part the body in the opposite direction.

Shear Wall: A wall made up of braced panes which are called shear panels to counter the effects of cross load.

Skirting: Being all around the edges; enclosing.

Slab on grade: A type of construction in which footings are needed but little or no foundation wall is poured.

Soffit: The underside of a part of a building (such as an arch or overhang or beam etc.).

Soft Storey: A multi-storey building in which one or more floors have windows, wide doors, large unobstructed commercial spaces, or other openings in places where a shear wall would normally be required for stability as a matter of earthquake engineering design.

Spacing: The repeating distance between a series of like or similar elements. Generally measured centre-line to centre-line.

Span: The distance measured between two structural supports. It is not necessarily the same as the length of a member.

Stability: The quality of being enduring and free from change or variation.

Steel Deck: A type of cold-formed corrugated metal most commonly used to support the insulating membrane of a roof

Stress: Force that produces strain on a physical body.

Strip Footing: A continuous strip of concrete that serves to spread the weight of a load-bearing wall across an area of soil.

Structural Joint: A point at which parts of an structure are joined.

Stud: An upright in house framing.

Substructure: Lowest support of a structure.

Tension: A stress that produces an elongation of an elastic physical body.

Top Chord: A structure comprising five or more triangular units constructed with straight members whose ends are connected at joints referred to as nodes.

Vapour Barrier: A thin layer of impermeable material, typically polyethylene sheeting, included in building construction to prevent moisture from damaging the fabric of the building.

Window Sash: Is the framed part of the window which holds the sheets of glass in place.