logbook constructing environments

WEEK 3 E-‐learning

Structure elements: The design of a structural element is based on the leads to be carried, the material used and the form and shape chosen for the element. –”Tony Hunt’s structure notebook” page 40 (2003) •  Strut: A slender element design to carry load parallel to its long axis. The load produces compression. •  Tie: A slender element design to carry load parallel to its long axis. The load produces tension. •  Beam: Generally a horizontal element designed to carry verOcal load using its bending resistance. (Material chosen to be able to

ford both compression and tension such as Omber, steel reinforced concrete) •  Slab/Plate: Wide horizontal element designed to carry verOcal load in bending usually supported by beams. •  Panel (wall): A deep verOcal element designed to carry verOcal or horizontal load.

FooOng & FoundaOon: FoundaOons are the SUBSTRUCTURE of the building and their funcOon is to safely transfer all loads(Dead and live) acOng on the building structure to the ground. (to the fooOng system) -‐Dead loads: weight of structure, fixtures, equipment everything a\ached to the building -‐Live loads: wind, earthquake, people, moveable furniture Se\lement: over Ome buildings compress the earth beneath them and the buildings tend to sink a li\le into the earth. (FoundaOon and fooOng should be designed to ensure that this se\lement occurs evenly and that the bearing capacity of the soil is not exceeded. )

Deep foundaOon: All the way to the rock base under the soil because the soil would not carry the heavy building. Most of the building using shallow foundaOon.

We can classify foundaOon systems into two broad categories– Shallow foundaOons and deep foundaOons.


Retaining walls and foundaOon walls: sites are excavated to create basements or where changes in site levels need to be stabilized. The pressure load of the earth behind the wall needs to be considered to prevent the wall from overturning.


WEEK 3 E-‐learning MASS

Mass materials: Stone/ earth/ clay/ concrete (all strong in compression and weak in tension) can be: -‐Modular: clay brick/ Mud brick/ concrete block/ ashlar stone -‐Non-‐ modular: concrete/ Rammed earth/ monolithic stone CENTRE OF MASS: The centre of mass is the point about which an object is balanced.  It can also be thought of as the point where the enOre weight of the object is concentrated. The locaOon of the centre of mass depends on the object’s geometry. This concept is also someOmes referred to as Centre of Gravity. EQUILIBRIUM: a state of balance or rest resulOng from the equal acOon of opposing forces. In other words, as each structural element is loaded, its supporOng elements must react with equal but opposite forces.  For an object to be in equilibrium, any applied forces must be resisted by equal and opposite forces. These forces are called reacOon forces. In a building structure, the reacOon forces are developed in the supporOng elements. Moments also have magnitude and sense. Since moments are the product of force and distance, the units are expressed in Newton-‐meter (Nm) or Kilo newton-‐meter (kNm).  Mo = F x d (i.e. moment = force x distance) Masonry materials: -‐stone: slab/ ashlar block/ rubble stone -‐earth: mud brick -‐clay: bricks/ honeycomb blocks -‐concrete: block/commons Masonry: Building with units of various natural or manufactured products usually with the use of mortar s a bonding agent. Bond: the pa\ern or arrangement of the units Course: a horizontal row of masonry units Joint: the way units are connected to each other Mortar: Mixture of cement or lime sand and water used as bonding agent ProperOes: the unit are to the degree applicable to the unit element in other words the units together act as a monolithic whole VerOcal elements: walls/ column/Piers Horizontal and curved spanning elements: Beam/ lintel/ arches Spanning and enclosing elements: vaults/domes

WEEK 3 E-‐learning MASS Materials: Bricks

3 main types: extruded and wire-‐cut/machine moulded/handmade Main use: wall, arches, paving Mortar joint: usually 10 mm

ProperOes: •  hardness: medium to high. •  Fragility: medium •  DucOlity: very low •  Flexibility/plasOcity: very low •  Porosity/permeability: medium to low •  Density: medium •  ConducOvity: poor conductors to heat and electricity •  Durability: typically very durable •  Reusability/recyclability: high •  Sustainability: be locally produced •  Cost: generally cost effecOve

Bricks are not water proof Advantage: -‐ joint with water based mortar -‐ If adequately venOlated so that any wetness can escape. Disadvantage: -‐ absorb moisture and expand overOme -‐ salts and lime from the soil can be drawn up through the bricks when in contact with the ground

WEEK 3 E-‐learning MASS Materials: Concrete blocks

Face shell

web

width

Hollow cell

Can be hollowed and solid styles, can be classified as load bearing and non load bearing. Load bearing blocks are known as a concrete masonry unit (CMU) Uses: Mainly used in the construcOon of walls both load bearing (structural) and non load bearing (dividing and decoraOve walls) To provide greater structural resistance to lateral loads, concrete masonry units are ohen strengthened with steel reinforcing bars and then filled with grout

ProperOes: •  hardness: medium to high. •  Fragility: medium •  DucOlity: very low •  Flexibility/plasOcity: very low •  Porosity/permeability: medium to low •  Density: medium •  ConducOvity: poor conductors to heat and electricity •  Durability: typically very durable •  Reusability/recyclability: high •  Sustainability: inclusion of recycled and waste

product from other processes is allowing a posiOve reducOon in carbon footprint and increase sustainability

•  Cost: generally cost effecOve

Concrete block VS brick Concrete shrinks over Ome while clay brick will expand Concrete blocks shrink: because of the cement paste reduces in volume as it hydrates and drying shrinkage occurs as water is lost to the atmosphere Brick: absorb moisture from the atmosphere and gradually expand Movement joints are required for each material

WEEK 3 E-‐learning MASS Materials: Stone

Types of stone: 1. igneous: formed when molten rock (lava/ magma) cools. Eg. Granite/basalt/bluestone 2. sedimentary: formed when accumulated parOcles are subjected to moderate pressure. Eg. Limestone/sandstone 3. metamorphic: formed when structure of igneous or sedimentary stone changes when subjected to pressure. Eg. Marble/slate Uses: walls, paving, claddings, aggregates, feature design elements. Elements: Monolithic/ Ashlar/ Rubble/

ProperOes: •  hardness: large range (igneous is hardest, then metamorphic then sedimentary) •  Fragility: largely geometry dependant •  DucOlity: mostly low •  Flexibility/plasOcity: mostly rigid(very low) •  Porosity/permeability: large range •  Density: depends on stone type •  ConducOvity: generally poor conductors to heat and electricity •  Durability: typically extremely durable •  Reusability/recyclability: very high •  Sustainability: transport energy is the main factor •  Cost: depends on labour and type of the stone

WEEK 3 Studio

Site 1 Lot 6 Café •  Strut and slab and Panel •  expressed Reinforcing concrete base, column and wall. Glazing entries

Site 2 Underground car park •  Strut and panel •  concealed Hollowed concrete column arrange in grid. Drain system for trees on south lawn.

Site 2 south lawn •  Panel •  Expressed Material: Sandstone

Site 3 Arts west student centre •  Beam and strut and panel •  Timber beam steel frame steel joints •  expressed

Site 4 west end of union house •  Membran

e system •  Tension •  Strut and

Oe Hole as drain system

Site 5 Beaurepaire centre pool •  Steel frame

large glazing •  Beam and

strut

Site 6 oval pavilion •  Aluminium

roof •  Steel frame •  Panel and slab

and strut

WEEK 4 E-‐learning : SPACING of the supporOng elements depends on the SPANNING capabiliOes of the supported elements

SPAN is the distance measured between two structural supports. SPAN can be measured between verOcal supports (for a horizontal member) or between horizontal supports (for a verOcal member). SPAN is not necessarily the same as the length of a member.

SPACING is the repeaOng distance between a series of like or similar elements. SPACING is ohen associated with supporOng elements (such as beams, columns etc.) and can be measured horizontally or verOcally. SPACING is is generally measured center-‐line to center-‐line.


Floor system -‐Concrete systems: Slabs of various types are used to span between structural supports these can be one-‐way or two-‐ way spans. -‐Steel systems: •  Steel framing system take various forms, with some uOlising heavy gauge STRUCTURAL STEEL members and others using light gauge steel framing. In many instances a combinaOon of member types and materials are combined depending on their structural funcOon.

•  Steel framing system someOmes combined with concrete slabs. The spanning capabiliOes of the parOcular materials help to determine the spacing requirements of the system

-‐Timber System: use a combinaOon of bearers and joists. The span of the bearers determines the spacing of the piers or stumps and the spacing of the bearers equals the span of the joists.

steel Dmber

WEEK 4 E-‐learning Material: Concrete

A common concrete mix is 1 part cement(Portland/lime): 2 parts fine aggregates(sand): 4 parts coarse aggregates( crushed rock): 0.4-‐0.5 part water Concrete-‐ process: advantage of concrete is that it is fluid and shapeless before it hardens. It can be formed into any shape. Formwork: the term used for the temporary support or moulds used to hold the liquid concrete in place unOl it becomes hard. Formwork can be built at the building site or in a factory out of a range of different materials-‐ Omber, metal plasOc, form ply etc.

Reinforcing concrete Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension, steel reinforcement in the form of MESH or BARS is added ProperOes:

•  Hardness: high. •  Fragility: low •  DucOlity: very low •  Flexibility/plasOcity: low •  Porosity/permeability: medium to low •  Density: medium to high •  ConducOvity: poor conductors to heat and electricity •  Durability: typically very durable •  Reusability/recyclability: medium to low •  Sustainability: non renewable but long lasOng •  Cost: generally cost effecOve

Concrete is permeable (not completely waterproof). This is one of the main sources of problems in concrete. If the steel bars are too close to the surface they will not be protected from moisture and oxidaOon. This will cause both aestheOc and structural degradaOon of the concrete. Another common cause of problems is poor vibraOon of the concrete during the pouring process. Concrete is vibrated to get rid of the air bubbles that get caught during the pouring process. These bubbles can compromise the structural performance of the element and in a worst case scenario, result in the element failing.

WEEK 4 E-‐learning Concrete-‐ In Situ & Pre-‐cast

In situ concrete is any concrete element that has been poured into formwork and cured on the building site. This process includes the fabricaOon and assemble of the Formwork placing any required reinforcement. The pouring, vibraDon and the curing of the concrete. (limited Ome) Uses: In situ concrete in a great many applicaOons. It is generally used for structural purposes. Widely used in fooOngs, retaining walls, and all bespoke structural elements. (someOmes can be sprayed on using a pressure hose-‐shotcrete) Joints: 1.  ConstrucOon joints-‐Used to divide the construcOon into smaller and more manageable secOons of work. 2.  Control joins-‐ required to absorb the expansions and contracOons that thermal variaOons cause and the long term tendency of

concrete to shrink over Ome. The elongaOon/shrinkage is proporOonal to the temperature differenOal the material coefficient and the dimensions of the piece.

Both construcOon and control joints are potenOal weak points and must ensure that be detailed appropriately, especially in terms of water and moisture control. Pre-‐cast concrete is any concrete element that has been fabricated in a controlled environment and then transported to site for installaOon. This is much more standardised that avoids many of the quality control issues associated with in situ concrete. Pre-‐cast concrete elements also allow work on site to progress at a much faster rate. Uses: retaining walls, walls and columns Joints: 1.construcOon joints-‐ the panel/ elemental nature of pre-‐cast concrete mean that joints naturally occur when one precast element meets another 2. Structural joints-‐ the type and performance of the structural connecOons joining the precast elements to each other and to other parts of the structure are criOcal for the overall performance of the building. CONSIDERATION: limited size because of the transportaOon Hardly to change on site.

Week 4 studio

•  List the types of informaOon found in the Otle block on the floor plan page: scale/ consultants/ dates/descripOon/ document control status

•  Why might these informaOon important: scale gave us the idea the real size through the plan, other things are keep the informaOon structured and easy to follow, keep every documents organized.

•  What type of informaOon is shown in this floor plan?: scale, dimensions, consultants, legend •  Provide an example of the dimensions as hey appear on this floor plan? What units are used for the dimensions? Block 3 to 4 is 5235mm •  What is the purpose of the legend?: give the detail informaOon of the label on the plan •  Why are some parts of the drawing annotated? : annotated parts are referred to other pages for details •  How are windows and doors idenOfied? •  Floor levels are noted on the Otle •  The clouded areas are showing the Different materials using on the site •  ElevaOons showing the external secOon Of the building. It is different dimensions view Two levels shown on the elevaOons, •  New informaOon are label on the elevaOons. •  SecOons are the internal look of the building, more detailed than elevaOon, more realized than plan •  Joints, connecOons are most detailed

soil

Omber


COLUMNS are verOcal structural members designed to transfer axial compressive loads. ALL columns are considered SLENDER MEMBERS and for axial loads, they can be classified as either the SHORT or LONG. SHORT COLUMNS are shorter (length) and thicker (cross-‐secOon). LONG COLUMNS are taller (length) and slimmer (cross-‐secOon).

SHORT COLUMNS the raOo of effecOve column length to the smallest cross secOon dimension is less than 12:1. SHORT COLUMNS will be structurally adequate if the load applied to the column cross secOon does not exceed the compressive strength of the material. Compressive Strength (Pa) = Load (N) / area (mm2) SHORT COLUMNS become shorter when a compressive load is applied and then fail by CRUSHING (shear)when the compressive strength is exceeded (either by applying too great a load or if the cross-‐secOon is too small).

LONG COLUMNS the raOo of effecOve column length to the smallest cross secOon dimension is greater than 12:1. LONG COLUMNS become unstable and fail by BUCKLING. The shape of the column cross-‐secOon determines the direcOon of the buckling. The actual length of LONG COLUMNS and how they are fixed at the top and bo\om of the columns determines how they will buckle and how much load the column can carry. The EFFECTIVE length of the column is changed because of the different fixing methods. The effecOve length is measured between the points of CONTRAFLEXURE.

WEEK 5 E-‐learning Frame system

Fixed frame is a rigid frame connected to its supports with fixed joints. A fixed frame is more resistant to deflecOon than a hinged frame but also more sensiOve to support se\lements and thermal expansion and contracOon Hinged frame is a rigid frame connected to its supports with pin joins. The pin joints prevent high bending stresses from developing by allowing the frame to rotate as a unit when strained by support se\lements, and to flex slightly when stressed by changes in temperature Three hinged frame is a structural assembly of two rigid secOons connected to each other and to its supports with pin joints. While more sensiOve to deflecOon than either the fixed or hinged frame, the three-‐ hinged frame is least affected by support se\lements and thermal stresses. The three pin joints also permit the frame to be analysed as a staOcally determinate structure.

WEEK 5 E-‐learning Material Timber

Grain direcOon: Strong parallel to grain and sOff parallel to grain. Weak perpendicular to grain. How to remove moisture in wood. 1. Air seasoning-‐ cheap but slow-‐ 6 months to 2 years per 50 mm thickness 2. Kiln seasoning-‐ typically 20-‐40 hours to dry to 12% 3. Solar kiln seasoning-‐ less expensive to run Types of Dmber SoP wood: In Australia common sohwoods include all conifer species: Radiata pine/ cypress pine/ hoop pine/ Douglas fir Hard wood: naOve Australian hardwoods include all eucalyptus species: Victorian ash/ brown box/ spo\ed gum/ jarrah/ Tasmanian oak /balsa wood

Green sawing: quarter sawn-‐ Growth rings parallel to short edge Advantages: best grain shows on face Good wearing surface for floors, furniture Radial face preferred for coaOngs Lower width shrinkage on drying Less cupping and warp than other cuts Can be successfully recondiOoned Disadvantage: slower seasoning Nailing on face more prone to splirng

Back sawn-‐ Rings parallel to long edge of piece Advantages: season more rapidly Less prone to splirng when nailing Wide secOons possible Few knots on edge Disadvantage: shrink more across width when drying More likely to warp and cup collapsed Omber more difficult to recondiOon


Radial sawn-‐face is always a radial cut Advantages: dimensional stability Less prone to warping, cupping Less wastage in milling Disadvantages: wedge shaped cross secOon More difficult to detail More difficult to stack

Timber properOes Hardness-‐ medium to low Fragility-‐ medium to low DucOlity-‐ low Flexibility/plasOcity-‐ high flexibility and medium plasOcity Porosity/permeability-‐high Density-‐ extremely varied depending on Omber type ConducOvity-‐ poor conductor of heat and electricity Durability/life span-‐ can very durable varies depending on type, seasoning and finishing and fixing Reusability/recyclability-‐ very high Sustainability and carbon footprint-‐ very low embodied energy Cost-‐ generally cost effecOve

ConsideraOon: knots-‐ weak points and cause slope of grain

Durability-‐water related damage and could avoid exposure and seal against moisture movement to against water. Isolate Dmber from insect aQack chemical barriers/ physical barriers between ground and Omber Protect Dmber from sunlight and heat direct sunlight can cause excessive drying. Shrinkage direct sunlight breaks down wood/ cellulose light colour paints are best


Engineered Omber: -‐  LVL-‐ laminated veneer lumber: use for structural (beams, posts, portal frames) -‐  Glulam-‐ glue laminated Omber: use for structural (beams, posts, portal frames) -‐  CLT-‐ cross laminated Omber: use for structural panels (horizontal and verOcal) -‐  Plywood-‐ made by gluing and pressing thin laminated together to form a sheet: use for structural bracing/ structural flooring/

formworks/ joinery/ marine/ applicaOons -‐  MDF-‐ Medium density fibreboard: use for non structural applicaOons -‐  Chipboard& strandboard uses as part of structural systems/ cladding finish

-‐  Formed into I beams, box beams, Dmber flanged steel web joists


Wall system 3 basic form: Structural frames: •  concrete frames: typically use a grid of columns with concrete beams connecOng the columns together •  steel frames: typically use a grid of steel columns connected to steel girders and beams •  Omber frame: typically use a grid of Omber posts or poles connected to Omber beams Load bearing walls: concrete: can be in situ or precast / reinforced masonry: core filled hollow or grout filled cavity masonry Solid masonry: single or mulOple skins joined together using a brick or with metal wall Oles Cavity masonry: double skins, be\er thermal performance, be\er water proofing. A DAMP PROOF COURSE AND WEEP HOLE in the wall are indicators that the wall is a cavity wall. Stud wall: METAL AND TIMBER STUD FRAME wall use smaller secOon of framing Omber or light gauge framing steel to meet the structural demands of the construcOon. The smaller secOons mean that the structural members are repeated at smaller intervals and require restraining along their lengths with rows of NOGGINGS to prevent the long thin member from BUCKLING. BRICK VENEER CONSTRUCTION: CombinaOons of 1 skin of non-‐structural masonry and 1 skin of structural frame wall are widely used in the construcOon industry

Week 5 studio Using a variety of materials (cardboard, foam blocks, foam core, balsa, corrugated card, glue etc. which your group has sourced and brought to the studio session) construct a 1:20 scale model of the STRUCTURAL SYSTEM of your assigned part of the Oval Pavilion. The model should show only detail about the structural systems and should be built on a rigid base (foam core or similar). The detail we were making is the roof truss system.

base

Cover of the roof

Model truss 1

Joins with sOck tapes Three idenOcal truss and connected by a Omber frame. The thin column at the bo\om provides more people to go, and be\er sight view from inside and outside.

Materials: paper box, box board, balsa wood, Omber sOpe, knife, stapes.

A steel framing system located above the entry, to avoid sunlight.

Path load

secOon


Plate structures are rigid, planar, usually monolithic structures that disperse applied lads in a mulOdirecOonal pa\ern, with the loads generally following the shortest and sOffest routes to the supports. A common example of a plate structure is a reinforced concrete slab. A plate can be envisioned as a series of adjacent beam strips interconnected conOnuously along their lengths. As an applied load is transmi\ed to the supports through bending of one beam strip, the load is distributed over the enOre plate by verOcal shear transmi\ed from the deflected strip to adjacent strips. The bending of one beam strip also causes twisOng of transverse strips, whose torsional resistance increases the overall sOffness of the plate. Therefore while bending and shear transfer an applied load in the direcOon of the loaded beam strip, shear and twisOng transfer the load at right angles to the loaded strip. Folded plate structures are composed of thin, deep elements jointed rigidly along their boundaries and foming sharp angles to brace each other against lateral buckling


Roof system: flat roof: 1 degree to 3 degree Pitched and sloping roofs:>3 degree Concrete roof: generally flat plates of reinforced concrete. The top surface is sloped towards points and the enOre roof surface finished with applied waterproof membrane. Structural steel framed roofs: Flat structural steel roofs consist of a combinaOon of primary and secondary ROOF BEAMS for heavier roof finishes such as metal deck/ concrete, or roof beams and purlins for lighter sheet metal roofing. Sloping structural steel roofs consist of roof beams and purlins and lighter sheet metal roofing. Portal frames consist of a series of braced rigid frames with purlins for the roof and girts for the walls. The walls and roof are usually finished with sheet metal. Trussed roofs Truss roofs are framed roofs constructed from a series of open web type steel or Omber elements. Trusses are manufactured from steel or Omber components, fixed together to form efficient elements able to span long distances. The shape and material of the structural elements is ohen determined by the roofing material selected and the funcOonal requirements of the roof.


Light formed roof: Gable roof are characterised by a verOcal, triangular secOon of wall at one or both ends of the roof The roof consists of common rahers, ridge beams and ceiling joists. Where the roof overhangs the gable end wall outriggers are used. Materials: Omber, cold formed steel secOons

Hip roof are characterised by a verOcal, trangular secOon of wall at one or both ends of the roof. The roof consists of common rahers, hip rahers, valley rahers, jack rahers, ridge beams and ceiling joists. Materials: Omber, cold formed steel secOons

WEEK 6 E-‐learning Material Metal

Types •  Ferrous: iron •  Non ferrous: all other metals, generally more expensive and less likely to react with air •  Alloy: CombinaOon of two or metals

ProperOes: •  Hardness: varied. •  Fragility: low •  DucOlity: high •  Flexibility/plasOcity: medium to high •  Porosity/permeability: generally impermeable •  Density: high •  ConducOvity: very good conductor of heat and electricity •  Durability/life span: can very durable •  Reusability/recyclability: high •  Sustainability and carbon footprint: very high embodied energy •  Cost: generally cost effecOve

Metal will react with other metals by giving up or taking on another metal’s ions.

WEEK 6 E-‐learning Material Metal-‐Iron

Iron-‐ disOncOve properOes Significant and important magneOc properOes/ very reacOve chemically/ good compressive strength TYPES & USES Wrought iron: used from circa 1000bc. Wrought iron is formed when iron is heated and hammered into the desired shape In construcOon it was widely used in bars for windows and doors and for decoraOve elements. SOll used tody Cast iron: Cast iron is formed when iron is melted and the molten metal is poured into moulds to cool. As part of this process, cast iron acquires a very high compressive strength. very rarely used in contemporary construcOon due to its weight and bri\leness. Iron alloy-‐ steel: alloy of iron and carbon being the primary addiDonal alloy element. ProperDes: very strong and resistant to fracture. Transfers heat and electricity. Can be formed into many different shapes, and long lasOng and resistant to wear. Structural steel Framing-‐ columns, beams, purlins, stud frames. We will refer to different steel secOon or profiles depending on the shape of the structural element. There are two main types. Hot rolled steel-‐ generally used as primary structural elements-‐ ohen protected from rusOng and corroding by coaOngs Cold formed steel-‐ used as secondary structure-‐ protected by hot dip processes Reinforcing bars-‐ used in conjuncOon with concrete to produce reinforce concrete. Steel sheeDng Cladding and roofing-‐ must be protected from weather exposure (paint, enamelled finishes, galvanisaOon) Stainless steel alloys -‐chromium is the main alloying element, milled into different shapes, used harsh environments or where specific inert finishes are required -‐stainless steel is very rarely used as primary structure due to cost

WEEK 6 E-‐learning Material Metal-‐others

Aluminium-‐ very light compared to other metals, non-‐magneOc and non sparking, easily formed, machined and cast. Uses: extruded secOons are common for window frames and other glazed structures such as balustrades/ handrails Cast door handles and catches for window, rolled aluminium-‐ cladding panels, heaOng and air condiOoning systems. Copper-‐ very malleable and ducOle. Good conductor of heat and electricity. Uses: tradiOonally used as roofing material, natural weathering causes copper to develops a green coloured paOna over Ome. It is also widely used for hot and cold domesOc water and heaOng pipework and electrical cabling. Zinc-‐ uses in construcOon: plaOng thin layer of zinc on to iron or steel is known as galvanising and helps to protect the iron from corrosion. (roofing) Zinc is also used on its own as a cladding material for both roofs and walls Lead-‐ use in construcOon: roofs, cornices, tank linings and flashing strips for waterproofing. Soh and highly malleable, ducOle, and a relaOvely poor conductor of electricity. Tin-‐ use in construcOon: very rare, for lining lead pipes and occasionally as a protecOve covering for iron plates and for small gas pipes/ tubing. Tin resists disOlled, sea, and soh tap water, but is a\acked by strong acids, alkalis, and acid salts. Titanium-‐ use in construcOon: Used in strong light weight alloys, making an a\racOve and durable cladding material though it is ohen prohibiOvely expensive High strength to weight raOo, light strong easily fabricated metal with low density. Bronze (copper and On)-‐ use in construcOon: bearings, clips, electrical connector and springs. Brass(copper and zinc)-‐ use in construcOon: in elements where fricOon is required such locks, gears, screws, valves. Malleable and has a relaOvely low melOng point and is easy to cast

WEEK 6 STUDIO

Present and learning different system from each site.

Footscray site: current finished the Omber frame wall, and almost finished the roof trusses. Finished the ceilings. Plywood and Omber are well used in Kingston and Footscray sites which are residenOal buildings. The Camberwell site was a 3 floors apartment which using the concrete as the building frame.


Arches and vaults Arches are curved structures for spanning an opening, designed to support a verOcal load primarily by axial compression. They transform the verOcal forces of a supported load into inclined components and transmit them to abutments on either side of the archway. Vaults are arched structures of stone, brick, or reinforced concrete, forming a ceiling or roof over a hall, room, or other wholly or parOally enclosed space. Because a vault behaves as an arch extended in a third dimension, the longitudinal supporOng walls must be bu\ressed to counteract the out ward thrusts of the arching acOon.

WEEK 7 E-‐learning Heat and moisture

For water to penetrate into a building: 1.  An opening 2.  Water present at the opening 3.  A force to move water through

the opening

For prevent water penetraOng into a building: 1.  Remove openings or 2.  Keep water away from the

opening 3.  Neutralise the forces that move

water through openings.

WEEK 7 E-‐learning Heat and moisture Openings can be:

Planned elements such as windows, doors, skylights etc. Or Unplanned openings in the building fabric created by -‐poor construcOon workmanship -‐deterioraOon of materials (over a period of Ome or through incorrect applicaOon of material) Common techniques used to remove openings to prevent water penetraOon include seal the opening with sealants or gaskets Keep water from openings is a commonly used strategy construcOon detailing. This means that water is directed away from any potenOal openings in the building by: -‐  Grading roofs: the water is collected in gu\ers which then discharge the water to downpipes and

stormwater systems -‐  Overlapping cladding and roofing elements (weatherboard and roof Oles) -‐  Sloping window and door sills and roof/wall flashings -‐  Sloping the ground surface away from the walls at the base of buildings to allow any water to

run away from the building Neutralise the forces (gravity, surface tension and capillary acOon, momentum, and air pressure) Gravity:

Neutralise the forces (gravity, surface tension and capillary acOon, momentum, and air pressure) •  Gravity: typically use slopes and overlaps to carry water away •  Surface tension: use a drip or a break between surface to prevent water clinging to the underside of the surface.(window sill

or parapet capping) These gaps and breaks prevent water reaching and entering openings because the surface tension of the water is broken at the drip/ gap locaOon. Instead, the capillary acOon movement of the water stops and the water is released in drop form



Neutralising the forces-‐ momentum: windblown rain, moisture and snow can move through simple gaps, the complex shape slows the momentum of the moisture and helps to deflect the water away from the gap entry.

Neutralising the forces-‐ air pressure Water can moved through a complex labyrinth if there is a difference in aire pressure Water pumped from the HIGH pressure to the LOW pressure. Rain screen assemblies: if an air barrier is introduced on the internal side of the labyrinth, a venOlated and drained pressure equalisaOon chamber is created and the water is no longer pumped to the inside


Controlling heat-‐ conducOon: Thermal insulaDon to reduce heat conducOon Thermal breaks made from low conducOve materials like rubbers and plasOcs to reduce the heat transfer from outside to inside when using highly conducOve materials like metals Double glazing or triple glazing so that the air spaces between glass panes reduces the flow of heat through the glazed elements. Controlling heat-‐ radiaOon: ReflecDve surface: such as low-‐e glass, reflecOve materials to reduce building elements from becoming warm Shading system: verandas, eaves, solar shelves, blinds, screens and vegetaOon to prevent radiaOon striking the building envelope. Thermal mass materials: masonry, concrete, water bodies.

WEEK 7 E-‐learning Materials rubber

ProperOes: •  Hardness-‐ harder rubbers resist abrasion, soh rubbers provide be\er seals •  Fragility-‐ low •  DucOlity-‐high. Varied in cold state •  Flexibility/plasOcity-‐high flexibility, plasOcity and elasOcity •  Porosity/permeability-‐ all rubbers are considered waterproof •  Density-‐ approx. 1.5 x density of water •  ConducOvity-‐very poor conductors of heat and electricity •  Durability/life span-‐ can very durable •  Reusability/recyclability-‐ high •  Sustainability and carbon footprint-‐ embodied energy varies greatly between natural rubber and

syntheOc rubbers •  Cost generally cost effecOve

TYPES AND USES Natural: seals/ gaskets and control joints/ flooring/ insulaOon/ hosing and piping SyntheOc: epdm/neoprene/ silicone

ConsideraOon: weather related damage: rubber can lose their properOes when exposed to wather ProtecOon: avoid or minimise sun exposure

WEEK 7 E-‐learning Materials plasOcs

Type and uses 1.ThermoplasOc: polyethelyne/ polymethyl metharcylate/ polyvinyl chloride/ polycarbonate 2. Thermoserng plasOcs: only shaped once. Melamine formaldehyde widely used for finishing surface/ polystyrene mostly used in insulaOon panels 3. elastomers-‐ refer to separate e module: epdm/neoprene/silicone ProperOes •  Hardness-‐ medium to low •  Fragility-‐ low to medium •  DucOlity –high •  Flexibility/ plasOcity-‐ high flexibility and plasOcity •  Porosity/permeability-‐ many plasOcs are waterproof •  Density-‐ low •  ConducOvity-‐ very poor conductors of heat and electricity •  Durability/life span-‐ can very durable •  Reusability/recyclability-‐ high for thermoplasOc and elastomers •  Sustainability-‐ embodied energy varies greatly between. PlasOcs are petrochemical derives so not a renewable

resource •  Cost-‐ generally cost effecOve

•  ConsideraOon: weather related damage: plasOcs properOs degrade when exposed to weather and ned to be checked and maintained

•  ProtecOon and management Avoid or minimise sun exposure some plasOcs have very high expanision/contracOon coefficient.

WEEK 7 E-‐learning Materials paints

Paints-‐ main purpose is to protect a parOcular element, clear paints are called lacquers or varnishes Components: Binder-‐ the film-‐forming component of the paint (polyurethanes, polyesters, resins, epoxy, oils) Diluent-‐ dissolves the paint and adjusts its viscosity(alcohol, ketones, petroleum disOllate, esters) Pigment-‐ gives the paint its colour and opacity. Can be natural (clay, talcs, calcium carbonate, silicas) or syntheOc Types: 1.oil based -‐  used prior to plasOc paints(water based) -‐  Very good high gloss finishes can be achieved -‐  Not water soluble 2. Water based -‐  Most common today -‐  Durable and flexible -‐  Tools and brushes can be cleaned with water. ProperOes Colour consistency-‐ the colour of the paint should resist fading, especially when ouside in ultra violet light red dyes tend to be less stable in sunlight Durability-‐ paints need to resist chipping, cracking and peeling. Exterior painted surfaces have to resist the effect of rain, air polluOon and the ultra-‐violet light in sunlight. Newer paint technologies such as powder coaOng and PVF2are harder and more durable. Gloss-‐surface finishes can range from ma\ through to gloss Flexibility/ plasOcity-‐ water based latex paint is more flexible than oil based paint.


Timber/aluminium/ steel frames


Window system

WEEK 8 E-‐learning material glass

Formers are the basic ingredient used to produce glass. Any chemical compound that can be melted and cooled into a glass is a former Fluxes help formers to melt at lower and more pracOcal temperatures Stabilizers combine with formers and fluxes to keep the finished glass from dissolving or crumbling Former: silica fluxes: soda ash/potash/lithium/carbonate stabilizers: limestone/alumina/magnesia ProperOes: Porosity/permeability-‐non-‐porous/waterproof Density-‐medium to high ConducOvity-‐ transmits heat and light but not electricity Hardness-‐high Fragility-‐high DucOlity-‐ very low Flexibility/plasOcity-‐very high flexibility and plasOcity when molten/low to very low when cooled Durability/life span-‐ typically very durable Reusability/recyclability-‐very high Sustainability and carbon footprint-‐ typically high embodied energy and carbon footprint but ease of recycling Cost-‐ generally expensive to produce and transport Types and manufacture Flat glass: typically sheets of clear or Onted, float, laminated, tempered, wired etc. Shaped glass: curved, blocks, channels, tubes, fibres Clear float glass: simplest and cheapest glass product low risk low cost small size glazing scenarios Laminated glass: A tough plasOc interlayer improves the security and safety of the glass Tempered glass: produced by heaOng annealed glass to approximately 650 degree, at which point it begins to sofen. Using in highly exposed situaOons (balustrades, parOOons, facades) or when sizes required are parOcularly large

WEEK 8 studio

Roofing and ceiling and insulaOon detail on the funcOon room south Detail includes roof and water flushing system on top. Different insulaOons in wall and ceilings Glazing Shadow line bead and joint sealant


ConstrucOon detailing: movement joints Types: expansion joints: conOnuous, unobstructed slots constructed between two parts of a building or structure permirng thermal or moisture expansion to occur without damage to either part. Control joints are conOnuous grooves or separaOons formed in concrete ground slabs and concrete masonry walls to form a plane of weakness and thus regulate the locaOon and amount of cracking resulOng from drying shrinkage, thermal stresses or structural movement IsolaDon joints divide a large or geometrically complex structure into secOons so that differenOal movement or se\lement can occur between the parts.


Composite materials Monolithic materials are a single material or materials combined so that components are indisOnguishable Composite materials are combined in such a way that the individual materials remain easily disOnguishable A composite is formed from a 1.  CombinaOon of materials which differ in composiOon or form 2.  Remain bonded together 3.  Retain their idenOOes and properOes 4.  Act together to provide improved specific or synergisOc characterisOcs not obtainable by any of the original components acOng

alone

Types: fibrous: products contain disconOnuous or conOnuous fibres laminar: sandwich panels parOculate: gravel and resins hybrid: combinaOons of two or more composite types

FIBRE REINFORCED CEMENT (FRC) Made from cellulose fibers, portland cement sand and water Common forms-‐ sheet and board products and shaped products such as pipes, roof Oles Common use: cladding for exterior or interior walls floor panels Benefits: fiber cement building materials will not burn are resistant to permanent water and termite damage, and resistant to rorng and warping. It is a reasonably inexpensive material FIBREGLASS Made from-‐ flat and profiled sheet products and formed products Common forms-‐ flat and profiled sheet products and formed products Common uses-‐ transparent or translucent roof/wall cladding and for preformed shaped products such as water thank, baths, swimming pools Benefits-‐ fiberglass materials are fire resistant, weatherproof, relaOvely light weight and strong Aluminum sheet composites Made from aluminum and plasOc Common forms-‐plasOc core of phenolic resin lined with two external skins of thin aluminum sheet Common uses-‐ as a feature cladding materials Benefits-‐ reduced amounts of aluminum are required and lighter weight less expensive Timber composites

Week 9 studio site visit Probuild construcOons-‐ Swanstons project

This is a large mulO-‐storey apartment complex which has different phase of the work taking place at the same Ome. Ssquare po you will see structural framing (reinforced concrete), subsequent work on walls, services and so on, and finishing trades. locaOon: 551 Swanstons street Carlton. High rise building with 31 floors, 20 apartments per floor current 29 levels. Colourful façade with William Barak’s face on façade. On the site: pre-‐ cast columns, pour reinforced concrete for each level. Steel grid for pouring. Structural elements: concrete beams, concrete columns, concrete slabs. Steel frame Materials: concrete, Omber, steel,

Interior: central control air condiOoning system, grey water system InsulaOon for sound proof.

Week 9 studio site visit Probuild construcOons-‐ Swanstons project

bathroom VenOlaOon above the bathroom

Laundry room in apartment, giant transparent glazing room for natural light

WEEK 10 E LEARNING

SelecOng materials: Health(IEQ) chose to reduce VOCs (paints/sealers/adhesives/parOcleboard/carpets/ reduce parOcles/dust) Horizontal shelves/floor coverings/ loose fiber products Green cleaning pracOces vacuuming/chemicals Source & waste chose renewable/ abundant resources agricultural products/earth/Omber Timber: recycled/plantaOon/RFA Waste: reduce/reuse/recycle and minimize use of composites Eg. Bamboo, recycled Omber.. Energy chose minimize embodied energy: extracOon/manufacture/transport opOmise lighOng General/task/switching opOmize appliances Fridges/dishwashers/office equipment PolluOon chose minimized waste, choose materials that don’t contain toxins Choose natural materials choose organic products

WEEK 10 E LEARNING Dynamic loads: applied suddenly to a structure, ohen with rapid changes in magnitude and point of applicaOon.

Under a dynamic load, a structure develops inerOal forces in relaOon to its mass and its maximum deformaOon does not necessarily correspond to the maximum magnitude of the applied force. The two major types of dynamic loads are wind loads and earthquake loads. Wind loads are the forces exerted by the kineOc energy of a moving mass of air, assumed to come from any horizontal direcOon. The structure, components, and cladding of a building must be designed to resist wind induced sliding, uplih, or overturning.

Base shear is distributed to each horizontal diaphragm above the base of regular structure in proporOon to the floor weight at each level and its distance from the base Any lateral load applied at a distance above grade generates an overturning moment at the base of a structure, for equilibrium A restoring moment is provided by the dead load of a structures acOng about the same point of rotaOon as the overturning movement.

WEEK 10 STUDIO

IdenOfied the flushing system Some of the details are not well performed by us.

WORKSHOP 05/05/2014 14:45-‐16:15

TWO TIMBER BEAMS TWO SHEETS PLYWOOD SAW , HAMMER, NAILS, DRILL, PENCIL We cut two small block out of one beam, and place them between two beams, and nailed two square plywood on each side.

WORKSHOP 05/05/2014 14:45-‐16:15

tesOng

Group1 154 to 195 weight 370 kg Plywood branching at first, finally Timber crack at the nailed point. Placed plywood verOcally make it stronger

Group2 120 to 153 weight 180kg Bo\om beam start to branching all the loads run to two ends of the beam, finally the bo\om one could not force the tension and break at nailed point Same plywood trick as first one, however the to blocks could place further apart

WORKSHOP 05/05/2014 14:45-‐16:15

Group3 have six blocks in between, finally crack along nailed and block placed places. Using blocks doing load pathing 128 to 196 weight 340 kg

Group4 two beams are bonded and plywood doing tension at the bo\om 196 to 266 weight 480 kg

In limited Ome could not nailed too much nail on the beam. So that before doing any acOon, need to plan how to set the advantage feature of both elements could work together. Timber are strong but almost all of them are have joints which is a weak point on. And plywood is only very strong in one direcOon.

logbook constructing environments

Documents

verocal load

horizontal load

building structure

deep verocal element

structural element

load parallel

pressure load

fooong foundaoon