constructing env : final logbook
DESCRIPTION
Constructing Environments at The University of MelbourneSemester 1 2014TRANSCRIPT
C O N S T R U C T I N G E N V I R O N M E N T S L O G B O O K F I N A L S U B M I S S I O N
Y U L I A N A K U S U M A W I D J A J A
6 5 7 7 1 1
T a b l e o f C o n t e n t
WEEK Topic Structural Concepts
Construction Systems
Materials Theatre Studio
01 Introduction to Construction
Loads & Forces
Construction Overview
Introduction to Materials
Theatre 01 Mass
02 Structural loads and Forces
Structural Systems &Connections
Construction Processes & Systems
ESD & Materials
Theatre 02 Frame
03 Footings & Foundations
-Structural Elements -Geometry & Equilibrium
Footings & Foundations
Mass & Masonry Materials
Theatre 03 Case Study #1
Out & About (Part 1)
04 Floor Systems & Horizontal Elements
-Beams & Cantilevers -Span & Spacing
Floor & framing system
Concrete Theatre 04 Case Study #2
Working Drawing Introduction
05 Columns, Grids, Wall Systems
Columns, Frames, Grids
Walls, Grids, & Columns
Timber Theatre 05 Case Study #3
Structural Conepts
06 Spanning & Enclosing Space
Trusses, Plates, & Grids
Roofing Strategies and Systems
Metals Theatre 06 Case Study #4
Full Size
07 Detailing Strategies 1
Arches, Domes, & Shells
Detailing for heat & Moisture
-Rubber -Plastic -Paints
08 Openings Deformation & Geometry
Strategies for Openings
Glass In Detail
09 Detailing Strategies 2
Stress & Structural members
Construction Detailing
Composite Materials
Off Campus
10 When Things Go Wrong
Lateral Forces Collapses & Failures
Heroes & Culprits
Out & About (Part 2)
!
WEEK 1 Introduction to Construction
E-LEARNING& READINGS STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS:
Loads & Forces
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS Construction Overview
MATERIALS
Introduction to material
THEATRE Theatre 01
STUDIO
Mass
GLOSSARY Load path
Masonry Compression
Reaction Force Point Load
Beam
WEEK 1
KNOWLEDGE MAP
Introduction to Construction
Structural Concept
Loads
Static
Dynamic
Load Path Diagram Forces
Tension
Compression
Construction Systems
Construction Overview
Materials
Introduction to materials
E-LEARNING
STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS LOADS (2.08-2.11)
Loads on Bulding
Static
Live Loads
Dead Loads
Dynamic
Wind Loads
Earthquake Loads
Any moving or movable loads on a structure
Static loads acting vertically downward on a structure
Horizontal movement
3 Dimensional vibrations
The load is not being transferred here because it takes the most direct routes down to the ground.
Reaction!!
Action = - Reaction
LOAD PATH DIAGRAM
Force
any influence that produces a change in the shape or movement of a body
Tension
- happens when being pulled - stretch and elongate the material
Compression
- happens when being pushed
- shorten the material
Vector LENGTH + DIRECTION
* The magnitude of tension or compression depends on: stiffness of the material, cross
sectional area, magnitude of the load
FORCES
THEATRE
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS Construction Overview
At the start of this theatre session, students were asked to build a structure out of paper that can hold a brick.
I tried putting IPad on top of my structure, and it worked. In conclusion, folding makes the structure stronger because it is
more rigid.
E-LEARNING
MATERIALS Introduction to Material
Wh
at
to c
on
side
r
Strength
Stiffness
stiff
flexible
stretch
sloppy
Shape
monodimensional (linear)
bidimensional (planar) e.g. sheet metal
tridimensional(volumetric) e.g. concrete
Material Behaviours Isotropic equally strong in both compression and
tension (e.g. steel)
Anisotropic behave differently depending on the forces applied
Economy How efficiently does the
material get used with the construction system?
e.g. stud frame system is very efficient in Melbourne as
timber is abundant
Sustainabilty
Triangular base
Prism
1 2
3 !
4! 5!
MATERIAL: MDF (MEDIUM DENSITY FIBREBOARD) The aim of this activity is to understand the load path during different stages of construction and deconstruction
Our group decided to use prism with triangle shape as the base since we found out that triangular prism require less material cylinder
Construction concepts and block laying techniques
As the tower gets higher, the block laying technique changes in order to keep the tower balance.
BASE We need a strong base hence the blocks are closer together but still leaving a gap for material efficiency
TRANSITION When the base is high enough, , we started to lay the blocks inward forming pyramid. This reduces the amount of blocks needed.
TOP As the material is limited, we laid the block vertically so that the tower will get higher. We only focus on one side due to limited amount of material
Create hole to let the object in
Loads Load Path Reaction
Load Path Diagram Legend
STUDIO
Compression
DECONSTRUCTION PROCESS
We started to deconstruct on the 2 sides, which are shorter than the other one, by creating holes in the middle, producing column.
column!
SIDE VIEW The collapse critical point is when the middle part has gone. This is because the triangle shape is no longer connected hence nothing holds the top part of the tower.
TOP VIEW Here it can be clearly seen that the tower is no longer connected
COMPARISON WITH OTHER GROUPS’ TOWERS
Gap! No!Gap! Gap!
EFFICIENCY OF MATERIAL Group A and C leave gap between blocks, while group B does not leave gap at all. Leaving gap is more efficient since it reduces the amount of blocks needed to build the same area.
BLOCK-LAYING TECHNIQUES & VARIANCE IN CONCEPTS Group B &C changes their techniques in laying the blocks, while Group A did not.
A B C
BASIC SHAPE The three other towers use cylinder shape. A t first we planned to use cylinder, but in the end we decided to use prism as we concluded that prism would use less material.
Achieve greater heights but become less stable
since the base has smaller surface area
Group A Group B Group C
1. LOAD PATH The path of the load down to the ground
2. MASONRY Stucture consisting of modular units (stone, claybrick, concrete blocks)
3. COMPRESSION The action of pushing / pressing which cause a shortening of the material
4. REACTION FORCE A force with the same value as action but in the opposite direction
5. POINT LOAD A term used in structural analysis to define a concentrated load on a structural member (Dictionaries of Construction, 2014)
6. BEAM a long piece of heavy often squared timber suitable for use in construction (Merriam-Webster, 2014)
Ching, F.D.K. (2008). Building construction illustrated (4th ed.).Hoboken,New Jersey: John Wiley& Sons , Inc.
GLOSSARY
REFERENCES
WEEK 2 Structural loads & Forces
E-LEARNING& READINGS STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS:
Structural Systems & Connections
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS Construction Processes &Systems
MATERIALS
ESD &Materials
THEATRE Theatre 02
STUDIO Frame
GLOSSARY
Structural Joint Stability Tension Frame
Bracing Column
WEEK 2
KNOWLEDGE MAP
Structural Loads & Forces
Structural Concept
Structural Systems
Solid
Surface
Skeletal
Membrane
Hybrid
Stuctural Connections
Fiix joint
Pin Joint
Roller Joint
Construction Systems
Construction processes& Systems
Enclosure / Envelope System
Structural System
Sercvice System
Materials
ESD & Materials
Structural Systems
Solid
Bricks, Mud
Works best under compression
Surface
Shell/ Planar
Skeletal
Frame
Very efficient in transferring loads down through to
the ground
Membrane
Cover very large area very
efficiently and cheaply
Hybrid
Combination of structural systems
ETFE
Strategies for 'water tank' : - stronger joint connections using 2 pins per
column rather than 1 - triangulation of posts - bracing between posts - spreading the load onto a larger footing - shortening the post length
(Newton 2014)
THEATRE
WATER TANK SYSTEM
E LEARNING
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS & FORMS (Newton, 2014)
Construction system
Enclosure/ Envelope
system
Structural System
Service System
• Comfort • Protection • Easily Maintained • Easily Replaced
1. Performance requirements
• Proportion • Colour • Surfaces
2. Aesthetic qualities
• Affordability: initial cost and longevity cost
3. Economic Efficiencies
• Embodied energy • Energy efficiency • Materials used
4. Environmental impacts
• Safety • Local Council Regulation
5. Regulatory Constraints
• Fit Budget • What materials available • Construction Labour
6. Construction Practice
CRITERIA:
1. Site condition 2. The urgency / need for facility 3. Consideration of function 4. Rituals, budget, available techniques and materials
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM (Ching, 2008)
STRUCTURAL JOINTS (Newton, 2014)
A FRAMEWORK FOR ANALYSING FORM (Selenitch, 2014)
Basic structural joints
Roller Joints Pin Joints Fixed Joints
ESD & SELECTING MATERIALS (Newton, 2014)
Sourcing
Manufacture
Distribution Use
Recovery DESIGN
LIFE CYCLE
SUSTAINABLE BUILDING PRECEDENT: COUNCIL HOUSE 2(CH2) 240 Lt. Collins St Observation Date: 18 March 2014 12.30 pm
CH2 building is Melbourne’s six star green building completed in 2006. The building is adaptable to day and night, as well as to winter and summer. There are several ESD strategies applied:
Wind Turbines
Vertical plant
Exhaust High level ceilings
Chilled ceilings
Roof Top Energy
Healthy Air
Thermal mass
Shower Tower
The facade facing west is made of operable vertical timber shutter, which is adaptable to winter and summer. As my observation was during summer, it was closed hence providing full summer shading while still allowing filtered daylight and views.
(City of Melbourne, 2014)
STUDIO ACTIVITY: ‘FRAME’ MATERIAL: BALSA WOOD This week's activity is to understand the importance of structural joints: pin joint, roller joint, and static joint, in frame structure
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
We decided to build a frame with triangular prism shape. We applied bracing on the 3 sides in order to prevent deflection / torsion (twisting). Moreover, we make large surface area to minimize pressure, since P=F/A, so the grater the surface area, the lower the pressure.
COLUMN The 3 columns have to be the strongest part of the structure; hence, we stick two balsa wood together perpendicularly, which strengthen the balsa wood.
BRACING We applied cross bracing on the 3 sides in order to minimize horizontal movement (shear).
LOAD PATH DIAGRAM
Load!
Load!Path!Diagram!
Reaction!
HOWEVER, our frame structured failed to withhold loads. Things to learn: : As the balsa wood is long and thin, we need more cross bracing to
stabilize it.
COMPARISON WITH OTHER FRAME STRUCTURES’ GROUP
Group A
Large Surface Area
No Bracing
It has a large surface area which causes causes less pressure to the ground. However, it does not have bracing on the sides hence the structure is weak.
Small surface area
Truss system
In contrast to group A, group B’s structure has a strong structural system as they applied truss system. However, only small area attached to the ground hence it has large pressure.
This is a very good structure as it can withhold quite large loads. It has a very large surface area and many cross bracing.
The edge structure is very strong as even though the above part has bent, the edges keep straight
The doubled the balsa in the middle part, which makes the structure strong
Group B
Group C
STRUCTURAL JOINT ‘the junction of two or more members of a framed structure’ (Merriam-Webster, 2014) STABILITY Equal Forces / Balanced TENSION the stress resulting from the elongation of an elastic body (Merriam-Webster, 2014) FRAME to construct by fitting and uniting the parts of the skeleton of (a structure) (Merriam-Webster, 2014) BRACING A structure that hold parts together & resist shear forces COLUMN Vertical supports
City of Melbourne. (2014). Council House 2 – Our green building. Retrieved from http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/Sustainability/CH2/Pages/CH2Ourgreenbuilding.aspx.
GLOSSARY
REFERENCES
WEEK 3 FOOTINGS & FOUNDATION
E-LEARNING& READINGS STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS:
Structural Elements Geometry& Equilibrium
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS
Footings & Foundations
MATERIALS Mass& Masonry Materials
THEATRE
Case Study #1
STUDIO Out and About (Part 1)
GLOSSARY
Moment Retaining Wall
Pad Footing Strip footing
Slab on ground Substructure
WEEK 3
KNOWLEDGE MAP
Footings & Foundations
Structural Concepts
Structural Elements
Strut
Tie
Panel
Beam
Slab
Geometry & Equilibrium
Construction Systems
Footings
Pad
Strip
Raft
Foundations
Shallow
Deep
Materials
Monolithic Materials
Bricks
Concrete Blocks
Stone
E-LEARNING
STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS Structural Elements Geometry& Equilibrium
Structural Elements
Strut
Vertical elements designed to carry
The load produces compression
Tie
The load produces tension.
Panel
VERTICAL ELEMENTS designed to carry horizontal
loads
Beam
HORIZONTAL ELEMENTS designed to carry vertical
loads
Tend to curved (compression at the top,
tension at the bottom
Use materials that can support both
compression and tension, such as timber, steel, reinforced concrete.
Slab/ Plate
usually supported by beams
The load is spread evenly throughout the slab
Tie
Strut
Panel
Beam
Slab disperse the load to the whole slab
F action
F reaction
CENTRE OF MASS / GRAVITY The centre of mass is the point about which an object is balanced.
EQUILIBRIUM Equilibrium is a state of balance or rest resulting from the equal action of opposing forces. In other words, as each structural element is loaded, its supporting elements
F ACTION = - F REACTION
Footings & Foundations
FOOTINGS PART of foundation
FOUNDATIONS: the WHOLE substructure
Shallow
Condition: -Soil condition is stable
-Soil bearing capacity is adequate
Footing Type (3.09)
Pad/Isolated
Spread a point over a wider area of ground
Strip
Spread in a linear manner
Raft
Joining strips together (Most stable)
Deep
Condition: -Soil condition is unstable
-Soil bearing capacity is inadequate
Use END BEARING PILE(3.10)
Extend the foundation downto rock/soil that will provide support for the building
loads
Definition: a substructure constructed below the ground
Function: to support the superstructure and transfer all loads acting on the
building structure to the ground
DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENT (failing to
support the loads evenly): cause
cracking
(Own Image taken during site visit week 9)
RETAINING & FOUNDATION WALLS (3.10) Basement or where there is a change in site levels needs to be stabilized
Piles & bored piers can support the loads of adjacent soil.
E-LEARNING
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS Footings & Foundations
E-LEARNING
MATERIALS Monolithic Materials: MASONRY
MASONRY Particular subset of mass construction made from similar units
Materials!
Stone!
Slabs!
Ashlar!blocks/dressed!stone!
Rubblestone!
Earth! mud!bricks! labor!intensive!
Clay!
bricks!
honeycomb!blocks!
Concrete!
Blocks!
Commons!
Masonry!
Construction!
Vertical!
Walls!
Columns!/!piers!
Horizontal!&!curved!spanning!
Beams/!lintels!
Arches!
Spanning!/!enclosing!elements!
Vaults!
Domes!
Modularity!
Modular!
Clay!Brick!
Mud!Brick!
Concrete!Block!
Ashlar!Stone!
Nonmodular!
Concrete!
Rammed!Earth!
Monolithic!stones!(columns!
&!beams)!
:!Strong!in!compression,!weak!in!tension!
:!Hard:!resist!abrasion!(scratching!&!blasting)!
:!Compressive!strength!
:!Good!thermal!mass!
:!Durable!
Main!properties:!
E-LEARNING MASONRY:
Clay Bricks
CONSIDERATIONS: Permeable/ non waterproof Advantages: + can be joined with water-based mortar +will not deteriorate if adequately ventilated so that any wetness can escape Disadvantages: - absorb moisture and expand over time -> expansion joints required
PROPERTIES Hardness Medium – high, can be scratched with a metallic object Fragility Medium, can be broken with trowel Ductility Very low Flexibility Very low flexibility & plasticity Porosity/permeability Medium-low, becomes soaked only if placed in prolonged contact with
water Density Medium, +-2-2.5 more dense than water Conductivity Poor Durability/ life span Typically very durable Reusability/ Recyclability High Sustainability/ Carbon Footprint Tends to be locally produced, the firing process adds to its carbon
footprint Cost Generally cost effective but labor intensive
Clay!Bricks!
Uses!
walls!
arches!
paving!
Making!process!
Hand!made!(convict!made)!
Machine!molded!(pressed)!
Extruded!/!wire!cut!
Arrangement:!
Sretcher!course!
Header!course!
Brick!on:edge!course!
Soldier!course!
Joint!Finishing!
Raked!
Ironed!
Weather!Struck!
Flush!
(Brick Tiles, 2014)
(Boral, 2014)
(Ebay, 2014)
1!!!2!!!3!!!4!
1!!2!!3!!4!
BED
HEADER STRETCHER
Holes:
- reduces waste - increase stability - allow reinforcement placed
in holes
PROPERTIES Hardness Medium – high, can be scratched with a metallic object Fragility Medium, can be broken with trowel Ductility Very low Flexibility Very low Porosity/permeability Medium, some concrete blocks are sealed to reduce the opportunity
for water absorption Density Medium, +-2-2.5more dense than water Conductivity Poor Durability/ life span Typically very durable Reusability/ Recyclability Medium Sustainability/ Carbon Footprint Inclusion of recycled and waste produces from other processes is
allowing a positive reduction in carbon footprint and increase in sustainability for many concrete products
Cost Generally cost effective but labor penalties are often applied as the larger format units mean construction usually progresses at a faster rate.
(Aquarius Aquarium, 2014)
390 90
190 Concrete blocks
Components
Cement
Sand
Gravel
Water
Process
Mxiing
Molding
Curing (hydration of chemical process)
Use
Load Bearing (Structural Walls)
Nonbearing Load (dividing
&decoorative walls)
COMPARISON
In order to provide structural resistance to lateral loads, CMU are
often strengthened with steel reinforcing bars filled with grout.!
E-LEARNING MASONRY:
Concrete Blocks
Concrete Clay bricks Shrink Expand The cement paste reduces in volume as it hydrates and drying shrinkage occurs as water is lost to the atmosphere.
Absorb moisture from the atmosphere
!
1. Igneous a. granite, basalt,
bluestone b. formed when molten
rock (lava/magma) cools
c. very dense, hard, dark in colour
d. used in footings which require high compressive strength & impervious
e. Finishes: hount, erasticated, block
2. Sedimentary a. e.g. limestone,
sandstone b. Formed when
accumulated particles are subjected to moderate pressure
c. Soft, less dense – prone to wind, + easy to be carved & shaped
d. Light in colour 3. Metamorphic
a. Eg. Marble, slate b. Formed when igneous/
sedimentary stone subjected to pressure, high pressure or chemical process.
E-LEARNING MASONRY:
Stone
Stone
Type Use
walls (structural& nonstructural)
paving
cladding
aggregates
feature design elements
Screening walls
Retaining walls
Elements & Units
Ashlar
Stones are carved into
smaller modular elements
Rubble
not evenly smooth
Require skilled labour
PROPERTIES
Granite (Wikipedia, 2014)
Sandstone (Geology, 2014)
White Marble (Essential, 2014)
Hardness (Hardest) Igneous -> metamorphic -> sedimentary Fragility Largely geometry dependent ( thickness to surface area ratio) Ductility Most have very low ductility Flexibility Mostly very low (rigid) Porosity/permeability Large range (pumice is very porous, granite is not) Density Largely depending on stone type, stones most often used in construction (e.g.
granite, marble, sandstone, slate) are 2.5-3 times more dense than water Conductivity Poor conductors of heat and electricity Durability/ life span Typically extremely durable Reusability/ Recyclability Very high Sustainability/ Carbon Footprint
Transport energy is the main factor (local stones have low carbon footprints), stone sourcing has a high environmental cost
Cost Largely dependent on labor and scarcity
!
Reclaiming land The 2012 Olympic park was developed in brownfield (area that has been neglected/ unused)
- MATERIAL Clever use of material; It uses 18% less carbon than Beijing Building material: Recycled Steel Advantages: minimize costs & environmental impacts Roof: flexible PVC Advantages: dynamic, easier construction & demolition Disadvantages: PVC is a villain material as it is a plastic-based material hence hard to be recycled and lifetime pollution (CHAPTER 10)
- CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM The structure is transformable. The stadium has the capacity of 80000 seats during the Games, yet it will be reduced to 250000 post events.
- STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS
o Truss System
THEATRE CASE STUDY #1 LONDON OLYMPIC PARK Alan Pert 19 – 03 - 2014
Dig underground
Truss
Transformable Roof
National Geography Channel (2014)
Truss system
STUDIO OUT & ABOUT (Part 1)
1. Lot 6 Café Structural & construction system:
Mass structure Solid Structure Foundation: Concrete Strip footing Structural elements: Beam Slab Panels Materials: Beam: steel Slab & Panels : Reinforced Concrete Window Frame: aluminum Masonry brick Expressed/ concealed Concealed: reinforced concrete
Structural & construction system: Surface Foundation: Concrete Strip Footing Structural elements: Panels Beam Strut Cantilever Materials: Timber framed floor Walls: timber lining as the finishing material (roof sheathing) Steel framed beam Concrete footings Masonry: basalt Expressed/ concealed? Expressed Structural joints: pin joint &fixed joint
The!loads!of!the!ceiling!are!mostly!transported!to!the!column!on!sides!
rather!than!to!the!beam!
Cantilever
2. Frank Tate Pavilion
Structural joint: steel plates welded to steel beam, then bolted to timber Strip footing
Floor system: lightweight Realisation of Timber- floor system As the pavilion uses timber floor system, it requires a gap underneath for ventilation to avoid timber from rotting Advantages: cheaper and faster
Structural & construction system: Solid Combination of mass construction outside and lightweight inside Use brick to integrate with the surrounding buildings Structural elements: Slab: roof steel Panel : Brick veneer (brick – insulation – plasterboard) Floor: concrete slab and built on the ground (no insulation) Materials: This construction wastes material as the brick wall is unnecessary Expressed/ concealed? expressed Structural joints: pin joint
3. Old Geology South Lecture Theatre Entry Structure
Cantilever
Brick walls (Non-load bearing wall)
Plasterboard (load bearing wall)
LOAD
4. New Melbourne School of Design under construction
Structural system: Solid, surface, skeletal Foundation: insitu concrete Structural elements: Panels: Concrete panels to form façade Cantilever Slab Filled glazing Loads transferred through the internal concrete beam Steelwork at the bottom: framework for glazing Materials: Reinforced concrete Steel Expressed/ concealed? Concealed Structural joints: Fixed joint & pin joint Feature Screening: protection from direct sunlight Horizontal: for north-sun Vertical: east west
Steel reinforcement
Concrete
Design feature Horizontal screening on east side of the building
Filled glazing. The windows are secondary structure, hence they don’t carry the load of the building
Cantilever the underneath can be used as an open space area
5. Beaurepaire Centre Pool
Structural system: Solid Footing: Pad Structural elements: Strut Panel Slab Materials: Clay bricks Steel Concrete Expressed/ concealed? Expressed Structural joints: Pin joint & Fixed Joint
Portal Frame Sketch (Ching, Building construction illustrated. p6.07)
!!!!
6. Oval Pavilion (North Side of Oval)
Structural system: Solid Planar Strip Foundation: Concrete Structural elements & Material: Beam Cantilever Strut Wall: aluminum frame Steel frame Materials: Timber Timber cladding: external waterproof Timber lining: internal waterproof Concrete Expressed/ concealed? Expressed Structural joints: Pin joint Feature Deck Skylight: giving light to basement
Skylight
Cantilever
Timber Deck The paintings fade away due to rain
Fascia
Internal timber lining
Aluminium frame
Purlins with lateral bracing
Structural system: Membrane: able to cover large area Structural elements: Tie Strut Cable tension supporting the steel beam Lightweight steel frame Compression Materials: fabric with plastic sheathing Expressed/ concealed? Expressed Structural joints: Pin joint Feature Membrane system
7. North Court Union House
Cable tie works on tension
Pin joint
8. Stairs on west end of Union House
Structural system: Skeletal Lighweight construction Structural elements: Tie Beam Materials: Steel Expressed/ concealed? Expressed Structural joints: Pin Joint Fixed Joint Feature The tie is not the only structural elements that hold the loads of the stairs. There are steel beams and columns underneath the stairs which bring the force down to the ground.
The cable tie works under tension
The steel plates are welded and bolted together directly without using
plate connector.!!
W Shape Steel Beam (Ching, 2008 p. 4.16)
Ching (2008), p. 4.17 Steel Beam Connections
Steel column and beams transfer the loads of the structure down to ground
(Merriam Webster, 2014)
9. Arts West Student Centre
Structural system: Skeletal Structural elements Truss Strut Material: Stone Steel Expressed/concealed Expressed Structural joints Pin Joint Feature The truss is just a design feature; It does not hold any applied force
Warren truss: forming equilateral triangles (Ching, 2008 P. 6.09)
There is steel beam transferring the load of the truss down to the ground
Structural system: Solid Structural elements: Strut Pad Footing Materials: Concrete Expressed/ concealed? Concealed Structural joints: Fixed Feature Vault
10. Underground car park & South Lawn
!!!!!
2 direction
Fixed Joint
Pad Footing
FROM ELEARNING WEEK 7
!
1. Moment The moment of a force is the tendency to make an object or a point rotate. It has direction, magnitude, sense. Moment = F.d
2. Retaining Wall A structure used to sustain the pressure of the earth behind it. (Dictionary of Construction, 2014)
3. Pad Footing A thick slab-type foundation used to support a structure or a piece of equipment ((Dictionary of Construction, 2014).
4. Strip footing A continuous foundation of which the length considerably exceeds the breadth. (Dictionary of Construction, 2014)
5. Slab on ground A flat plane with large surface area.
6. Substructure The foundation of a building that supports the superstructure. (Dictionary of Construction, 2014)
7. Modular construction Construction in which similar units or subcomponents are combined repeatedly to create a total system.
8. Masonry Terms: Bond: the pattern/ arrangement of the units Course: a horizontal row of masonry units Joint: the way units are connected to each other Mortar: mixture of cement of lime, sand & water used as a bonding agent
Ching, D.K. (2008). Building Construction Illustrated (4th ed.). New Jersey, U.SA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Dictionary of Construction. (2014). Definition. Retrieved from http://www.dictionaryofconstruction.com/definition. Merriam Webster. (2014). Vault (Image). Retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/concise/vault. National Geographic Channel. (2014). BEHIND THE SCENES AT LONDON’S OLYMPIC STADIUM. Retrieved from http://natgeotv.com.au/tv/london-olympic-
stadium/behind-the-scenes-at-londons-olympic-stadium.aspx. Newton, C. (2014, March 17). W03_s1 STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS (Video File).. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wQIa1O6fp98&feature=youtu.be. Newton, C. (2014, March 17). W03_c1 FOOTINGS & FOUNDATIONS (Video File). Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wQIa1O6fp98&feature=youtu.be. Newton, C. (2014, March 17). W03_m2 INTRODUCTION TO MASONRY (Video File). Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DC8Hv8AKQ8A&feature=youtu.be. Newton, C. (2014, March 16). W03_m3 BRICKS (Video File). Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4lYlQhkMYmE&feature=youtu.be. Newton, C. (2014, March 16). W03_m5 CONCRETE BLOCKS (Video File). Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=geJv5wZQtRQ&feature=youtu.be. Newton, C. (2014, March 16). W03_m4 STONE (Video File). Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Vn5_dk4RtQ&feature=youtu.be. Newton, C. (2014). STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS geometry & equilibrium. Retrieved from
https://app.lms.unimelb.edu.au/bbcswebdav/courses/ENVS10003_2014_SM1/WEEK%2003/GEOMETRY%20AND%20EQUILIBRIUM.pdf. Pert, A. (19-03- 2014). London Olympic Park (Lecture). Image Reference Dictionary of Construction. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.dictionaryofconstruction.com/definition/. Heath, M. D. 2010. Rammed earth Home Construction in Chad. Retrieved from http://rammedearth.blogspot.com.au/2010/09/rammed-earth-home-construction-
in-chad.html. Bricktiles. (2014). Wire Cut Brick (Image). Retrieved from http://www.bricks-tiles.co.uk/products/bricks/wire-cut_bricks.html. Boral. (2014). Pressed Brick (Image). Retrieved from http://www.boral.com.au/bricks/brickInsights/brick_terms.asp. Ebay. (2014). Handmade bricks(Image). Retrieved from http://www.ebay.co.uk/itm/Reclaimed-2-3-8-Cheshire-Red-Handmade-Clay-Bricks-Ideal-For-Fireplaces-
/170732376715. Aquarius Aquarium. (2014). Concrete Block (Image). Retrieved from http://fresnoaquarium.org/capital-campaign-contributors/. Wikipedia. (2014). Granite (Image). Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granite. Essential Ingredient. (2014). Marble(Image). Retrieved from http://www.essentialingredient.com.au/featured/marble-boards/.
GLOSSARY
REFERENCES
WEEK 4 FLOOR SYSTEMS & HORIZONTAL
ELEMENTS
E-LEARNING& READINGS STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS:
Beams & Cantilevers Span & Spacing
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS Floor & Framing Systems
MATERIALS Concrete
THEATRE
Case Study #2
STUDIO Working Drawing Introduction
GLOSSARY
Joist Steel decking
Span Girder
Concrete Plank Spacing
WEEK 4
KNOWLEDGE MAP
Floor%Systems%&Horizontal%Elements%
Structural%Concepts%
Beams&Cantilever%
Span%&Spacing%
Construction%Systems%
Floor%&%Framing%Systems% Material%
Concrete%
Wood%
Steel%
Materials% Concrete%
Components%
Provenacnce%
Finishes%
Reinforcement%
Properties%
Considerations%
Process%
InSitu%
Precast%
SPAN & SPACING (4.05) SPAN
• the distance measured between two structural supports.
• not necessarily the same as the length of a member
SPACING
• the repeating distance between a series of like or similar elements.
• measured centre-line to centre-line.
* SPACING of the supporting elements depends on the SPANNING capabilities of the supported elements
E-LEARNING
STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS Beams & Cantilevers Span & Spacing
BEAMS & CANTILEVER BEAM
• is a (mostly) horizontal structural element.
• Function: to carry loads along the length of the beam and transfer these loads to the vertical supports.
CANTILEVER
• is created when a structural element is supported at only one end.
• Function: to carry loads along the
length of the member and transfer them to the support.
BEAM
Overhang/ cantilever
Load Path Diagram Force
Load Path Diagram Force
E-LEARNING
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS Floor & Framing Systems
Material
Concrete Wood Steel
TIMBER FLOOR FRAMING - Components: o Bearer: primary beam o Joist: secondary beam
- Timber joists are more
material efficient compare to slab
- If there is a bearer in the
middle, the span of the joist would be reduced by 50%
% OPEN WEB (4.20)
ADVANTAGES: ! Material efficient ! Mechanical service
(e.g. Water pipe) can be carried through the pipe
! Truss system ! Lightweight
CONCRETE SLAB: a. 2 Way Span
b. 1 Way Span Depth of slab = distance of span 30 E.g. Considerations - Anticipate floor loads - Cost & efficiency - Function. Eg. Car park
6000 mm
200 mm
Rim joist / header
Joist
Bearer
Girders (main beam)
Joist
A%
B%
STEEL FRAMING Method A Framing beams into girders minimizes floor depth, but mechanical services can hardly pass through. Method B Two-layer system increases floor depth considerably but provides more space for mechanical services
1%part%cement%
2%parts%Eine%
aggregates%(sand)%
4%parts%coarse%
aggregates%(crushed%rock)%
0.1L0.5%part%water% CONCRETE%
E-LEARNING
MATERIALS Concrete
COMPONENTS
PROVENANCE Cement +water --(binds)---> sand+ gravel aggregates ----> concrete (hard, solid)
HYDRATION Exothermic (heat released) Crystals are formed that interlock and bind the sand, crushed rock and cement/water paste together
Too much water: weak Too little: unworkable (too stiff)
FINISHES L Sand Blasted
Culwell Abrassive and Sandblasting (2014)
Gully Garden & Building Supplies (2012)
Dayton Superior Corporation (2014)
Designboom (2014)
L Exposed Aggregate
L Raked Finish
L Bush Hammered
Wordpress.com (2008)
L Board Marked
L Board & Batten
Houzz Inc. (2014)
REINFORCEMENT Reinforcement quantity increases towards the base of building.
Concrete%(strong%in%
compression)%
Steel%mesh/bars%(strong%in%tension)%
Reinforced%Concrete%
Hardness High – can be scratched with a metallic object
Fragility Low – can be chipped with a hammer
Ductility Very Low
Flexibility/Plasticity Low
Porosity / Permeability Medium-low, depend on proportions and components
Density Medium-high. 2.5 more dense than water
Conductivity Poor conductor of heat & electricity
Durability / Life span Very durable
Reusability / Recyclability Medium – low. Can be partially re-used when crushed to be used as aggregate for new concrete elements
Sustainability & Carbon footprint High embodied energy, Non-renewable, long-lasting
Cost Generally cost effectiv, labour dependant for formwork & pouring
%
PROPERTIES
CONSIDERATIONS - Permeable
Problem: moisture & oxidation, rusting & degradation - Pouring: vibration process to avoid bubbles
SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATION OF MATERIALS - Lightweight Concrete -Lightweight Concrete - Structural Concrete
PROCESS - Fluid/ shapeless before it hardens - PROCESS:
During curing process the formwork is supported by props and bracing as the weight of the wet concrete is very heavy.
2. IN SITU CONCRETE Process happening on site - Uses:
o Structural purposes (widely used in footings, retaining walls)
o Sprayed using a pressure hose (SHOTCRETE), (useful for swimming pool)
- Joints (potential weak point) o Construction Joints
Divide the construction into smaller and more manageable sections of work
o Control Joints Absorb the expansion and contractions
ADVANTAGES (+): More varied shape must be insitu DISADVANTAGES (-): more labor required
1. PRE-CAST CONCRETE Fabricated in a controlled environment and transported to site for installation - Uses:
Retaining walls, walls, columns (RARELY in footings)
- Joints (potential weak point) o Construction joint o Structural Joints
Structural connections joining the precast elements
ADVANTAGES (+): ! More standardized outcome ! Much faster rate to construct ! More economical for standard shape ! Time effective ! Not depend on weather
DISADVANTAGES (-):
L May damage during transport L Limited in size due to transport L On site changes are difficult to
incorporate
Fabrication%and%assembly%of%the%formwork%%
Reinforcement% Pouring% Vibration% Curing%of%the%concrete%
• Once it has been poured, it has to be quickly finished before it hardens, hence more labors needed (labor intensive).
• temporary support or molds used to hold the liquid concrete in place until it becomes hard).
• Formwork can be either reused or sacrificed.
Ching (2008, p.5.13)
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM: Hybrid (timber and brick)
STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS Canopy Design: 9 m cantilever made out of timber, which is a lightweight structure. MATERIAL Xypex Admix: is blended into the concrete mix at the time of batching to waterproof and protect concrete from the start (Xypex, 2014)
THEATRE CASE STUDY #2 OVAL PAVILION Ash Wiillish: Structural Engineer Dickson Andy: Project Architect Emily Dickson : Property Manager
Different%Disciplines%Collaborating%Process%
Architect%
Developing%ideas%
Respond%to%client's%brief%
Structural%Engineering%
Mathematical%
Project%Manager%
Make%sure%the%client%is%happy%
Make%sure%the%project%Einishes%on%time%within%
budget %%
Consider%delay%cost%for%builder%
Make%sure%all%client’s%requests%are%fulEilled%
STUDIO WORKING DRAWING INTRODUCTION
%%
GLOSSARY
1. Joist
“Parallel beams of lumber, concrete, or steel used to support floor and ceiling systems” (Dictionary of construction, 2014)
2. Girder A large principal beam used to support other structural members along its length (Dictionary of construction, 2014)
3. Span “The horizontal distance between supports” (Dictionary of construction, 2014)
4. Spacing The distance between parallel bars, measured from centre line of one beam to the corresponding centre line of the other beam (Dictionary of construction, 2014)
5. Steel decking “Light-gauge, corrugated metal sheets used in constructing roofs or floors” (Dictionary of construction, 2014)
6. Concrete Plank A piece of concrete laid flat as part of a load-bearing surface (Dictionary of construction, 2014)
REFERENCES
Ching, D.K. (2008). Building Construction Illustrated (4th ed.). New Jersey, U.SA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Dictionary of Construction. (2014). Definition. Retrieved from http://www.dictionaryofconstruction.com/definition. Newton, C. (2014, March 25). Span & Spacing. Retrieved from
https://app.lms.unimelb.edu.au/bbcswebdav/courses/ENVS10003_2014_SM1/WEEK%2004/SPAN%20AND%20SPACING.pdf. Newton, C. (2014, March 25). W04_c1 FLOOR SYSTEMS (Video File). Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=otKffehOWaw&feature=youtu.be. Newton, C. (2014, March 25). W04_m1 CONCRETE (Video File). Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c1M19C25MLU&feature=youtu.be. Newton, C. (2014, March 25). W04_m2 IN SITU CONCRETE (Video File). Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c3zW_TBGjfE&feature=youtu.be. Newton, C. (2014). Beams & Cantilevers. Retrieved from
https://app.lms.unimelb.edu.au/bbcswebdav/courses/ENVS10003_2014_SM1/WEEK%2004/BEAMS%20AND%20CANTILEVERS.pdf. Newton, C. (2014, March 25). W04_m3 PRE CAST CONCRETE. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=scYY-MMezI0&feature=youtu.be. Image Reference Dayton Superior Corporation. (2014). Bush hammered (Image). Retrieved from
http://www.daytonsuperior.com/Lists/Product%20Catalog1/product.aspx?List=3c62f7a2-1783-4ee6-a0c4-2642507b1472&ID=173. Designboom. (2014). Boardmarked (Image). Retrieved from http://www.designboom.com/architecture/architecture-republic-formwork/. Culwell Abrassive and Sandblasting. (2014). Sandblasted (Image). Retrived from http://sandblastingca.com/sandblasting-services/concrete-tilt-up/. Gully Garden & Building Supplies. (2012). Exposed Aggregate (Image). Retrieved from http://gullygarden.com.au/info/exposed-aggregate. Houzz Inc. (2014). Boar &Batten (Image). Retrieved from http://www.houzz.com/ideabooks/1619389/list/Fiber-Cement-Siding-Takes-a-Front-Seat. Wordpress.com. (2008). Raked Finish (Image). Retrieved from http://ephlib.wordpress.com/2008/06/10/off-site-shelving-facility-to-open/
Joist
Girder
Span
Spacing
WEEK 5
E-LEARNING& READINGS STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS: Columns, Frames & Grid
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS
Walls, Grids, & Columns
MATERIALS Timber
THEATRE
Case Study #3
STUDIO Structural Concepts
GLOSSARY
Stud Nogging
Lintel Axial Load
Buckling Seasoned Timber
WEEK 5
KNOWLEDGE MAP
Columns,)Grids)&)Wall)Systems)
Structural)Concepts)
Columns)Short)
Long)
Frames)
Fixed)
Hinged)
Three>Hinged)Frame)Grids)
Construction)Systems) Walls)
Structural)Frame)
Load)bearing)wall)
Stud)Wall)
Materials) Timber)
Natural)products)
Engineered)Timber)products)
COLUMN: Vertical structural members designed to transfer axial compressive loads.
E-LEARNING
STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS Columns, Frame
SHORT COLUMNS LONG COLUMNS Description Large cross section area
Shorter length Small cross section area Taller length
Ratio height : width < 12: 1 > 12 : 1 Sketch
How does each type of column fail? Crushing Buckling SHORT COLUMNS will be structurally adequate
if the load applied to the column cross section does not exceed the compressive strength of the material.
The EFFECTIVE length of the column is changed because of the different fixing methods. The effective length is measured between the points of CONTRAFLEXURE.
What materials would be used for each column type?
Concrete Steel
FRAME (2.17)
Frame
Fixed Frame
Rigid frame connected to its supports with fixed joints
Advantages: More Resistant to
deflection
Disadvantages: more sensitice to
support settlements and thermal expansion & contraction
Hinged Frame
Rigid frame connected to its supports with pin joints
Advantages: Pin joints prevent
high bending stresses.
It allows frames to rotate when loads applied
It alloes frame to flex slightly when stressed by changes in
temperature
Three- hinged frame
Assembly of two rigid sections connected to each other and to its
supports with pin joints
Advantages: least affected by support
settlements & thermal stresses
Disadvantages: most sensitive to
deflection
Wall Systems
Structural Frames
Concrete Frames( 5.04)
use grid columns connected with concrete beams
Interconnected into fixed joint
Steel Frames (5.35)
use grid of steel columns
connected to steel girders and beams
stabilised by either rigid joint or bracing
shear walls
UC: Universal Column (I)
CHS: Circular
RHS(Rectangular)
Timber Frames(Post and Beam) (5.48)
use grid of timber posts or poles connected to timber beams
corner bracing
Load Bearing Walls
Concrete
In situ
Precast
Masonry
Reinforced
core filled holow concrete blocks
Grout Filled cavity masonry(5.21)
Solid
Cavity Advantages
insulation layer in between
better thermal performances
better waterproofing
opportunity to run services within the
wall cavity
Stud Walls
Metal &Timber Studs (5.42)
Advantages: efficient use of materials
Material Light Gauge Steel Framing
Timber framing
Brick veneer
outside layer: brick
inside layer: timber framing
E-LEARNING
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS Walls, Grids, & Columns
Ching ‘Building Construction illustrated’ p. 5.48
(Builderbill, 2014)
(AirCell, 2014)
A wall specifically designed and built to support an imposed load in addition to its own weight. (Dictionary of Construction, 2014)
Cross Bracing
Damp proof course
Weep holes
Top Plate
Cross Bracing
Noggings
Bottom Plate
Fixed Joint
Consideration
Size: depth & breadth Moisture content
seasoned)<15%,)
Strength grade Knots: weak points/cause slope of grain
Species of wood Treatment Availability Durability - good practice
water-related damage
fungal attack swelling/
shrinkage can cause cracks
protection
avoid exposure
seal: paint
insect
chemical barriers/physical barriers between ground&timber
Sunlight & heat
cause excessive drying, shrinkage
breaks down wood/ cellulose
Hardness Medium-low Fragility Medium-low depend on shape Ductility Low Flexibility/Plasticity High flexibility & medium Plasticity Porosity / Permeability High Density Varies on type Conductivity Poor conductor of heat & electricity Durability / Life span Can very durable, depend on seasoning Reusability / Recyclability Very high Sustainability & Carbon footprint Very low embodied energy Cost Generally cost effective (lexcept for on site work)
E-LEARNING
MATERIAL: Timber Provenance, Properties & Considerations
• PROPERTIES
Own image taken during construction workshop
• Provenance
• Process • Seasoning (Drying): removing water from the cells
• Why • to adjust the moisture content so the timber is appropriate for the intended use • provide incresed dimensional stability
• What • free moisture (voids in cells) • bound moisture (cell walls)
• How? • Air seasoning (cheap but slow) • Kiln • Solar kiln
• Types (based on biological provenance) • Softwood
• conifer • Hardwood
• eucalypts • balsa
• Green sawing • Quarter sawn - growth rings parallel to short edge • Back Sawn - rings parallel to long edge
• Radial Sawn - face is always a radial cut
(Selecthardwoodfloors, 2014)
ENGINEERED Timber
Solid products
LVL (Laminated Veneer Lumber)
made from laminating thin sheets of timber
high strength
uses: mainly structural (beams, posts, portal
frames)
Glulam (Glue Laminated Timber)
made from gluing pieces of dressed
sawn timber together to form a deep
members
uses: beams, posts, portal frames
CLT - Cross Laminated Timber
made by gluing and pressing thin laminates
together to form a sheet
Use: panels
Sheet products
Plywood
made by gluing and pressing thin laminates
together to form a sheet
used for bracing, flooring, formworks,
joinery, marine applications
MDF - Medium Density Fiberboard
made by breaking down hardwood /
softwood waste into wood fibres,
combining it with wax and resin
used for joinery
Chipboard & Strandboard
made by layering hardwood / sofwood residuals in specific
orientations with wax and a resin binder
used for flooring/cladding finish
Others
I Beam
suitable for medium spans
use: floor joists
Box Beams
Suitable for larger spans
torsionally stiff
can use decorative plywood
Timber Flanged Steel Web Joists
E-LEARNING
MATERIALS: Timber Engineered Timber Products
(Autodesk, 2014)
(Calco Trusses & Timber , 2009)
(Wood Solutions, 2013)
(Wikipedia, 2014)
(Fordaq, 2014)
(Lencoheaven, 2014)
(Woodlandbeam, 2014)
(Oakworth, 2014)
(Strongtie, 2014)
Basement Construction - Steel Reinforcement - Bored Pier - Shotcrete: sprayed concrete - Footing: Pad
Precast structure:
- Slab - All the internal column - Stairway
Considerations: - Height Restriction (3 m height) - Structural connection - Special lifting arrangement to stack the column together
Y stairs & Walkways Cantilever Hanging studio (hung on LVL Roof beam) Wishbone library beams and coffers
THEATRE
CASE STUDY #3 Peter Ashford The New Architecture Building
Curve Shape Double glazed glasswork allows light coming through the library
2 2
1
People can choose to go down to first floor or go back up to second floor.
Cross bracing
all the weight of the cantilever (150 tonnes )are brought to this point, then transferred down to the primary structure
LVL: Lamination - All grain runs SAME direction
Plywood: Lamination - grains runs ALTERNATE direction
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LVL & PLYWOOD
In truss system, the webs are bolted to the gusset plate Floor: Steel base angle fixed to concrete slab (Canopy Details. COX Architecture. A 62-03)
STUDIO STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS A 1: 20 scale model of the structural system of your assigned part of the Oval pavilion
Sequence of progress 1 2 3
Comparison with other student models doing the other half of the canopy structure. The structural elements, joints, and fixing are similar.
Fixed joint for floor system
Pin joint for the soffit structure
Truss system
Welded Bolted
Material: timber Lightweight construction, this allows cantilever to hang 9 meter.
1. Stud A vertical member to support sheathing or concrete forms, may be of wood, steel, or composite material. (Dictionary of Construction, 2014)
2. Nogging A block placed in between stud walls to avoid lateral forces.
3. Lintel A horizontal supporting member, installed above an opening such as a window or a door, that serves to carry the weight of the wall above it. (Dictionary of Construction, 2014)
4. Axial Load The longitudinal force acting on a structural member. (Dictionary of Construction, 2014)
5. Buckling The distortion of a structural member such as a beam or girder under load due to lack of uniform texture or by irregular distribution of weight, moisture, or temperature (Dictionary of Construction, 2014).
6. Seasoned Timber controlled process of reducing the moisture content of timber
7. Spandrel part of a wall between the head of a window and the sill of the window above it (Dictionary of
Ching, D.K. (2008). Building Construction Illustrated (4th ed.). New Jersey, U.SA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Dictionary of Construction. (2014). Definition. Retrieved from http://www.dictionaryofconstruction.com/definition. Newton, C. (2014). Short & Long Column. Retrieved from
https://app.lms.unimelb.edu.au/bbcswebdav/courses/ENVS10003_2014_SM1/WEEK%2005/SHORT%20AND%20LONG%20COLUMNS.pdf.
Newton, C. (2014, April 1). W05_c1 WALLS, GRIDS AND COLUMNS (Video File). Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vq41q6gUIjI&feature=youtu.be. Newton, C. (2014, April 1). W05_m1 From Wood to Timber (Video File). Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YJL0vCwM0zg&feature=youtu.be. Newton, C. (2014, April 1). W05_m2 Timber Properties and Considerations (Video File). Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ul0r9OGkA9c&feature=youtu.be. Newton, C. (2014, April 1). W05_m3 Engineered Timber Products (Video File). Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0YrYOGSwtVc&feature=youtu.be. Image References Calco Trusses & Timber. (2009). E-beam (Image). Retrieved from http://www.calco.com.au/LVL.htm. Select hardword floors. (2014). Hardwood Specs (Image). Retrieved from http://www.selecthardwoodfloors.com/?page_id=34. Autodesk. (2014). Glulam (Image). Retrieved from http://seek.autodesk.com/product/latest/agg/boisecascadellc/Boise-
Cascade-LLC/Boise08, Wood Solutions. (2013). CLT( Image). Retrieved from http://www.woodsolutions.com.au/Wood-Product-Categories/Cross-
Laminated-Timber-CLT. Wikipedia. (2014). Plywood (Image). Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plywood. Fordaq. (2014). MDF(Image). Retrieved from http://www.fordaq.com/fordaq/srvAuctionView.html?AucTIid=418710. Lencoheaven. (2014). Chipboard (Image). Retrieved from http://www.lencoheaven.net/forum/index.php?topic=14789.15. Oakworth. (2014).I joist (Image). Retrieved from http://www.oakworthtimberengineering.co.uk/I-joist-I-beam.html. Woodland. (2014). Box beam (Image). Retrieved from http://woodlandbeam.com/beams/alder-beams/alder-beams-alder-box-
beams-hewn-1/. Simpson. (2014). MJC (Multiple joist Connector) (Image). Retrieved from
http://www.strongtie.co.uk/productInfo.php?productID=27. Builder Bill. (2014). Brick Cavity Wall (Image). Retrieved from http://www.builderbill-diy-help.com/cavity-wall.html. AirCell/ (2014). Brick Veneer (Image). Retrieved from http://demo.autospec.com.au/productmedia/air-
cell/datasheets/installation/brick-veneer-walls.htm.
GLOSSARY
REFERENCES
WEEK 6 SPANNING & ENCLOSING
SPACE
E-LEARNING& READINGS STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS:
Trusses, Plates & Grids
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS Roofing Strategies & Systems
MATERIALS
Metals
THEATRE Case Study #4
STUDIO
Full Size Interim
GLOSSARY Rafter Purlin
Cantilever Portal frame
Eave Alloy Soffit
Top Chord
WEEK 6
KNOWLEDGE MAP
Spanning'&'Enclosing'Space'
Structural'Concepts'
Truss'
Plate'
Grids'
Construction'Systems'
Roo:ing'Strategies'&'Systems'
Classi:ication'
Flat'
Pitch'
Type'
Concrete'
Structural'Steel'Framed'
Space'Frame'
Hip'Roof'
Light'Frame'Roof'
Trussed'
Materials' Metals'
Ferrous'
NonFerrous'
Alloy'
SPANNING SPACES “Architecture is mainly about enclosing space
The main problem in building is spanning space” How do you span a space in stone construction? - The stone beam/slab : small span - The stone corbel: overlap stone brick: the arch require timber framing (centering) to support it while you build it when and where was the major interior space invented?
Spanning geographical space Monolithic Arch from Syria
E-LEARNING
SPANNING SPACES
TRUSSES (6.08)
Truss is bolting / welding structural angle tees together to form the triangulated framework, which is a stable structure. It is normally used in roof structure.
PLATES & GRIDS (2.18)
Plate: rigid, planar, disperse applied loads in multiple directions
Grid: A system of crossed reinforcing bars used in concrete footings (Dictionary of Construction, 2014)
Relationship between grids and plate in reinforced concrete slab Grid: steel reinforcement Plate: concrete slab
STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS
TRUSSES, PLATES & GRIDS
Columnar'halls' Building'D'Hattusas,'C'13th'(Hittite)'
Temple'Altintepe,'C6th'(Urartu)'
Hall'of'the'hundred'Columns,'Persepolis,'
c,'518N460'(Achaemenid)'
The'Telesterion,'C6thN5th'BC'(Eleuthis)'
Stoa'C6th'BC'(Samos)'
Rafter
Members are bolted or welded with gusset plate connectors.
Structural steel or reinforced concrete column support
Plate
Grid
Plate
Bottom Chord Web
E-LEARNING
CONSTRUCTING SYSTEMS Roofing Strategies & Systems
(DPM, 2014)
Concrete slabs Flat trusses / Space frame Beams & Decking Joist & Decking
High Slope: 30o-45o Medium slope: 15o-30o Low slope: <15o
(Ching. Building Construction Illustrated. p. 6.17)
(Ching. Building Construction Illustrated. p. 6.19)
Ridge Beam
Rafter
Top Plate
Hip Jacks
Hip Rafter
Rafter
Valley Rafter
Valley Jacks
Ridge
o Provenance • Commonly found as part of minerals rather than pure metals • Malleable and ductile and not brittle because when subject to any stress the metal
atoms layers slide past each other and the mobile electrons rearrange (distortion). o Type:
• Ferrous: Iron (common hence cheap) • Non Ferrous
- More expensive - Less likely to react with oxygen - Superior working qualities
• Alloys: mixture of two or more metals - Ferrous alloy: contains iron - Non-ferrous alloy: brass (copper+zinc)
o Consideration:
• The further apart in galvanized series, the more likely to corrode • Ion transfer happens when the metals are directly in contact with
each other or they are In an environment that facilitates the transmission of the ions (electrolysis)
• To reduce the risk of corrosion, separate the metals by insulator such as rubber gasket or kept away from sitting in moisture
• Galvanised steel: steel coated by a thin layer of zinc to protect the steel from rusting. (zinc corrode deferentially themselves thereby protecting the steel). Cheap
WATER RELATED DAMAGE Oxidation & Corrosion Protect against water to reduce corrosion:
o Avoid prolonged exposure to moisture (eg crevices(narrow opening)) o Seal against moisture (eg. Enamel or paint metal surface)
PROPERTIES Hardness Varied (lead is very easy to scratch, gold is not) Fragility Low (generally will not shatter or break) Ductility High (due to atomic composition) Flexibility/Plasticity Medium (high while heated) Porosity / Permeability Generally impermeable – used for guttering, flashing, etc Density High (aluminum: 3x density of water, gold: 19x) Conductivity Very good conductor of heat & electricity Durability / Life span Can very durable, depend on type, treatment, finishing,
(protection) andd fixing Reusability / Recyclability high Sustainability & Carbon footprint Very high embodied energy, recyclable and renewable if
correctly managed Cost Generally cost effective (can be very material-efficient and
an economic option)
E-LEARNING
MATERIALS: Metal
Distinctive Properties: - Significant &Important magnetic properties - Very reactive chemically (easily corrode) - Good compressive strength
Types & Uses
1. Structural steel a. Framing – columns, beams, purlins, stud frames. Types:
i. Hot rolled steel – Elements are shaped while metal is hot Generally used as primary structural elements Protected by coatings (paint or hot dipped galvanizing) Joints: welded or bolted
ii. Cold formed steel Elements are folded from sheets that have been previously produced and cooled down. Secondary structure Protected by hot dip process (galvanization) Joints: bolted or screwed
iii. Reinforcing bars. Steel has good tensile strength b. Steel sheeting
Cladding and roofing (corrugated iron or other sheet profiles) Protected from weather exposure (paint, enameled finishes, galvanization)
c. Stainless Steel alloys Chromium is the main alloying element (min 12%) Resistant to corrosion Commonly used in harsh environment (polluted, kitchen)
E-LEARNING
MATERIALS: Ferrous Metal
(Precision metals, 2014)
Wrought'Iron'(circa'1000BC)'
• Iron'is'heated'and'hammered'into'the'desired'shape'• Used'in'bars'for'windows'and'doors'and'for'decorative'elements.'
• Labor'intensive'
Cast'Iron'(19thCenturyN'beginning'of'20th'Century)'
• Iron'is'melted'and'the'molten'(liquid)'metal'is'poured'into'moulds'to'cool.'
• As'part'of'this'process,'cast'iron'acquires'a'very'high'compressive'strength.'• Rarely'used'in'contemporary'construction'due'to'weight'and'brittleness.'Generally'used'for'compression'elements'(eg'columns)'
STEEL'
• Alloy'of'Iron'+'Carbon'• Very'strong'and'resistant'to'fracture'• Transfer'heat'and'electricity'• Can'be'formed'into'many'different'shapes'
• Long'lasting'
1. ALUMINIUM o Properties:
• Light • Non-magnetic and non-sparkling • Easily formed, machined, and cast • Expensive and high embodied energy • UNIQUENESS: reacts with air creating a very fine layer of oxide that
keeps it from further oxidation giving it that matte natural finish • Finish treatments: powder coating, anodisation
o Uses: • Window frames, balustrades / handrails • Cast: door handles, catches for windows • Rolled: cladiing panels, heating and air conditioning systems
2. COPPER o Good conductor of heat and electricity (used in wire) o Very malleable and ductile o Uses:
• Roofing material. Natural weathering causes copper to develop a green coloured patina over time
• Hot and cold domestic water and heating pipework • Electrical cabling
3. ZINC o Properties
• Bluish white • Brittle at ambient temperatures • Malleable at 100 to150 oC • Reasonably conductor of electricity.
o Uses • Galvanising to help protect iron fro corrosion. • Cladding materials
4. LEAD o Properties:
• Very soft • Highly malleable • Ductile • Relatively poor conductor of electricity • Very resistant to corrosion bu tarnishes upon exposure to air
o Not commonly used anymore because it is toxic to humans. It used to frequently used for roofs,tank linings, flashing strips for water proofing
5. TIN o Rarely used (only for decoration)
6. Titanium o Very expensive material o Excellent corrosion resistance o High strength-to-weight ratio o Light, strong, easily fabricated, low density o Uses: Cladding (eventhough it is often prohibitively expensive)
7. Bronze (copper +tin) o Corrosion resistant o Harder o Uses: bearings, clips, electrical connectors, springs
8. Brass (copper + zinc) o Properties: malleable, low melting point, easy to cast, not
ferromagnetic o Uses: elements where friction is required (locks, gear) or fittings
(knobs, taps)
E-LEARNING
MATERIALS: Non-Ferrous Metal
(Wikipedia, 2014)
(Tradekorea, 2014)
(APAC Rubber, 2014)
(Wikipedia, 2014)
Feasibility : Tax Risk involvement: What if Questions Case Study 1: BATESSMART PROJECT 171 Collins Street
o Located in historic area (opposite old town square). Therefore, developer has to persuade people that it brings contextual response to historical buildings surround.
o Relaxing Relationship (getting people feel comfortable) o Encourage people to use stairs instead of lifts o The building achieves a 6 star Green Star and 5 star NABERS energy
rating The use of an under-floor air distribution system provides superior indoor air quality, occupant, comfort, and flexibility (Batessmart, 2014)
Case Study 2: 35 Spring Street
o What sort of utilization this building has for 5 basements up to 43 storeys. o Design Response: sense of rhythm & similarity to flinders lane & masonry buildings o Understand that clients want efficiency and the use of space.
Case Study 3: The New Royal Chidren Hospital
o There are 4000 rooms. Need to Analyse what the risks are.
THEATRE
CASE STUDY #4 Property Development
(Filcon Air, 2013)
(Batessmart, 2014)
(35 Spring Street, 2014)
(Royal Children Hospital, 2014)
STUDIO
FULL SIZE Full Size interim submission
A. KENSINGTON
NEW TERMINOLOGY: 2. Post tensioning
‘a method of reinforcing (strengthening) concrete or other materials with high-strength steel strands’ (Structural Systems, 2014). Once the concrete has hardened and set, the cable tendons are tensioned by hydraulic jack to strengthen against tension (Chang, 2014). Advantages: • Reduced structure depth • Greater clear spans • Design flexibility • Formwork versatility • Reduced construction costs • Enhanced construction speed • Improved durability
KENSINGTON
Construction Systems
CURRENT PROGRESS
• Substructure completed
• Ground floor and first floor under construction
HYBRID of a lightweight system and mass system with the
combination of steel framing and concrete paneling
POST-TENSIONING
Structural Concepts
Foundation walls were
precast concrete slab
The loads in the basement was supported by both precast and in situ
columns
Beams & Cantilevers for
the facade
Materials
Concrete Slab
Steel Reinforcement
Timber props
PRECAST Hook present to lift the concrete slab
IN SITU Holes present caused by air bubbles during hardening process
LOAD PATH DIAGRAM
PROPS
1. Metal scaffolding An adjustable temporary structure to support the concrete work (Dictionary of Construction, 2014)
(Ching. Building Construction Illustrated. p. 4.09)
STUDIO
FULL SIZE Full Size interim submission
B. BRUNSWICK EAST
BRUNSWICK EAST
Construction Systems
CURRENT PROGRESS
• The back part of the original building is demolished and replaced with a new structure which connects to the existing front structure
NEW FOUNDATION: SYSTEM
Shallow footing with 12 isolated concrete footings supporting the slabs above
PREVIOUS FOUNDATION STUCTURE: TIMBER
Wall system: brick veneer
Interior layer: timber stud framing with batts
Exterior: brickworks
Steel framing for walls were temporarily supported by props
Structural Concepts
Foundation walls were
insitu concrete slab
The timber stud walls are the primary structure, while brickworks are
secondary structure.
Materials
iN SITU Concrete Slab
Steel Reinforcement
Timber props to support steel frame
NEW TERMINOLOGY ‘ ‘breathable type reflective foil sarking’ (Stewart, 2014)
1. Sarking A thin board employed in sheathing applications, as under the tiles or slates of a roof (Dictionary of Construction, 2014)
1. Rafter One of a series of sloping parallel beams used to support a roof covering. (Dictionary of Construction, 2014)
2. Purlin One of several horizontal structural members that support roof loads and transfer them to roof beams. (Dictionary of Construction, 2014)
3. Cantilever A structural member supported at one end only. (Dictionary of Construction, 2014)
4. Portal frame a frame, usually of steel, consisting of two uprights and a cross beam at the top (Dictionary of Construction, 2014).
5. Eave Those portions of a roof that project beyond the outside walls of a building (Dictionary of Construction, 2014).
6. Soffit The underside of a part or member of a structure, such as a beam, stairway, or arch (Dictionary of Construction, 2014).
7. Alloy a mixture of two or more metals or of metallic elements with nonmetallic elements
8. Top Chord The top member of a truss (typically horizontal), as distinguished from the web members. (Dictionary
of Construction, 2014)
Soffit Eaves
Batessmart. (2014). Projects. Retrieved from http://www.batessmart.com.au//#/projects/office-buildings/171-collins-street-
melbourne/proj/description0. Ching, D.K. (2008). Building Construction Illustrated (4th ed.). New Jersey, U.SA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Dictionary of Construction. (2014). Definition. Retrieved from http://www.dictionaryofconstruction.com/definition. http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/portal-frame) Newton, C. (2014, April 9). W06_c1 Roof Systems (Video File). Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q5ms8vmhs50&feature=youtu.be. Newton, C. (2014, April 9). W06_m1 Introduction to Metals (Video File). Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RttS_wgXGbI&feature=youtu.be. Newton, C. (2014, April 9). W06_m2 Ferrous Metals (Video File). Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SQy3IyJy-
is&feature=youtu.be. Lewis, M. (2014, April 9). Spanning Spaces (Video File). Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zx4tM-uSaO8&feature=youtu.be. Newton, C. (2014, April 9). W06_m3 Non Ferrous Metals(Video File). Rerieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EDtxb7Pgcrw&feature=youtu.be. Image Reference 35Springst. (2014). 35 Spring Street (Image). Retrieved from www.35springst.com. APAC Rubber. (2014). Brass (Image). Retrieved from http://www.apacrubber.com/brass-metal-products/. Filcon Air. (2013). Under-floor air distribution system (Image). Retrieved from http://www.filconair.se/introduction/hvac-systems/. Precisionmetals.. (2014). Stainless Steel (Image). Retrieved from http://precisionmetals.in/stainless_steel_bars.html. Royal Children Hospital. (2014). Royal Children Hospital (Image). Retrieved from http://www.rch.org.au/home/. Tradekorea. (2014). Bronze (Image). Retrieved from http://www.tradekorea.com/sell-leads-
detail/S00014859/Bronze_Scrap.html#.U3hpmPSSxy8. Wikipedia. (2014). Titanium (Image). Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium. Wikipedia. (2014). Zinc (Image). Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc.
REFERENCES
GLOSSARY
WEEK 7 DETAILING STRATEGIES 1
E-LEARNING& READINGS STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS:
Arches, Domes & Shells
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS Detailing for Heat & Moisture
MATERIALS
Rubber Plastics
Paint
GLOSSARY Drip
Vapour barrier Gutter
Parapet Down pipe
Flashing Insulation
Sealant
WEEK 7
KNOWLEDGE MAP
Detailing)strategies)
Structural)Concepts)
Arches)
Domes)
Shell)
Construction)Systems)
Detailing)for)heat)
Thermal)mass)
Radiation)
Re:lective)surface)
Shading)system)
Conduction)
Thermal)Breaks)
Thermal)insulation)
Double)glazing)Air)leakage)
Detailing)for)moisture)
Keeping)water)away)from)openings)
Overlapping)cladding)and)
roo:ing)elements)
Grading)(Sloping))
Remove)Openings) Seal)the)openings)
Neutralise)the)force)
Gravity)
Surface)tension)&)capillarty)action)
Air)pressure)differential)
Momentum)
Materials)
Rubber)
Plastic)
Paint)
))
STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS
SHELL
DOME ARCHES
VAULTS
Thin, curved plate structures typically constructed of reinforced concrete.
Compressive, tensile, and shear stresses acting in the plane of their surfaces. Has little bending resistance due to its thinness.
E-LEARNING
STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS Arches, Domes, and Shells (2.25) LOAD PATH DIAGRAM!
Curved structure for spanning an opening, designed to support a vertical load primarily by axial compression.
They transform the vertical forces of a supported load into inclined components and transmit them to abutments on
either side of the archway
Arched structures of stone, brick, or reinforced concrete, forming a ceiling or roof over a hall, room, or other wholly or
partially enclosed space.)
Barrel Vaults)The Old Quadrangle (Own image))
Groins / Cross Vaults)
(Merriam Webster, 2014)
Compressive near the crown and tensile in the lower portion)
Compression!Tension!
Barrel Shell (Ketchum, 2014)
1. WATER & MOISTURE
E-LEARNING
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS Detailing for Moisture & Heat
3 CONDITIONS FOR WATER TO PENETRATE INTO A BUILDING: 1. An Opening 2. Water present at the opening 3. A force to move water through the opening
Remove any one of the conditions and water will not enter. BUT 2 or more are pursued in case 1 fails
Pre
ven
t w
ate
r go
ing
in
side
Slo
pe
ca
pp
ing
P
ara
pe
t fla
shin
g
Slo
pe
ca
pp
ing
Spa
nd
rel
flash
ing
He
ad
fla
shin
g
Sill
flash
ing
Base
co
urs
e
flash
ing
E-LEARNING
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS Detailing for Moisture & Heat
3 CONDITIONS FOR HEAT GAIN & HEAT LOSS: 1. Heat is conducted through the building envelope 2. The building envelope and building elements are
subjected to radian heat sources 3. Thermal mass is used to regulate the flow of heat through
the building envelope
(Nuc
lea
d, 2
014)
Ow
n Im
ag
e t
ake
n
on
site
visi
t w
ee
k 9
(Arb
orc
rest
, 201
4)
PROPERTIES Hardness Harder rubbers resist abrassion, softer rubbers provide better seals Fragility Low, generally will not shatter or break Ductility High (in heated state), varied (in cold state) Flexibility/Plasticity High flexibility, plasticity, and elasticity Porosity / Permeability Waterproof Density Approx 1.5x density of water Conductivity Very poor conductor of heat & electricity (useful insulators) Durability / Life span Can very durable Reusability / Recyclability High Sustainability & Carbon footprint Natural: Very low embodied energy, Synthetic: medium Cost Generally cost effective
)
E-LEARNING
Materials Rubber
Rubber)
Provenance)
Natural)Rubber)
sourced)from)the)Rubber)Tree)(the)
tree’s)sap))
Synthetic)Rubber:)
petrochemical)origin)(technically)a)plastic)but)has)similar)properties)to)
natural)rubber))
Types)&)Uses)
Natural)
Seals)
Gaskets)&)control)joints)
Flooring)(used)in)adverse)condition)such)as)laboratory))
Insulation)(around)electrical)wiring))
Hosing)&)piping)
Synthetic)
EPDM)–)mainly)used)in)gaskets)&)control)
joints)
NEOPRENE)–)mainly)used)in)control)joints)
SILICONE)–)seals)
Consideration)
Weather)related)damaged)(when)exposed)to)sunlight))
Protection)(avoid)or)minimize)sun)exposure)when)possible))
PROPERTIES Hardness Medium-low depending on type Fragility Low-medium (unlessin degraded state) Ductility High (in heated state), varied (in cold state) Flexibility/Plasticity High flexibility & plasticity Porosity / Permeability Waterproof Density Low (0.65x density of water for polypropylene, 1.5x for PVC) Conductivity Very poor conductor of heat & electricity Durability / Life span Can very durable, depend on type, finishing, and fixing Reusability / Recyclability High for thermoplastics and elastomers / very limited for
thermosetting plastics Sustainability & Carbon footprint Varies, but plastics are petrochemical derives so not a renewable
resource Cost Generally cost effective
)
Provenance Greek ‘plastikos’, means ‘able to be moulded into different shapes) Sourcing Elements: carbon, silicon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, chloride combined by chemical reactions into monomers. The monomers combined together forming polymers Types & Uses
1. Thermoplastics – mouldable when heated and became solid again when cooled. Can be recycled a. Polyethelyne b. Perspex, acrylic c. PVC, vinyl: pipes d. Polycarbonate: roofing
2. Thermosetting plastics – can only be moulded once a. Laminex – widely used for finishing surfaces b. Polystyrene – mostly used in insulation panels
3. Elastomers (synthetic rubbers) a. EPDM: waterproofing roof b. Neoprene c. Silicone
CONSIDERATION
o Weather related damage Plastics properties DEGRADE when exposed to weather, esp sunlight
o Protection & management o Avoid sun exposure when possible o Some plastics have very high expansion/contraction coefficient
E-LEARNING
MATERIALS: Plastics
Provenance & Composition Purpose: to protect (and colour) a particular element Clear paints are called lacquers or varnishes Components: BINDER – the film-forming component of the paint (polyurethanes, polyesters, resins, epoxy, oils) DILUENT – dissolves the paint and adjusts its viscosity (alcohol, ketones, petroleum distillate, esters) PIGMENT – gives the paint its colour and opacity. Can be natural (clays, talcs, calcium carbonate, silicas) or synthetic Types & Uses
1. Oil based a. Used prior to water based b. Very good high Gloss finishes can be achieved c. Not water soluble (brushes to be cleaned with TURPENTINE)
2. Water Based a. Most common today b. Durable & Flexible c. Tools and brushes to be cleaned with water
PROPERTIES
• COLOUR CONSTANCY – the colour of the paint should resist fading, especially when outside in sunlight, red dyes tend to be less stable
• DURABILITY – paints need to resist chipping, cracking, and peeling, exterior painted surfaces have to resist the effect of rain, air pollution and the UV light. Newer paint technologies such as powder coating and PVF2 are harder and more durable
• GLOSS – surface finishes can range from matt through to gloss • FLEXIBILITY / PLASTICITY – water based latex paint is more flexible than oil based paint.
E-LEARNING
MATERIALS: Paints
))
1. Drip A groove in the underside of a projection, such as a windowsill, that prevents water from running back into the building wall.(Dictionary of Construction, 2014)
2. Vapour barrier
Material used to prevent the passage of vapor or moisture into a structure or another material, thus preventing condensation within them .(Dictionary of Construction, 2014)
3. Gutter
A shallow channel of wood, metal, or PVC positioned just below and following along the eaves of a building for the purpose of collecting and diverting water from a roof (Dictionary of Construction, 2014)
4. Parapet
part of a wall that extends above the roof level.
5. Down pipe
Pipe that leads water from the gutter down to the ground.
6. Flashing A thin, impervious sheet of material placed in construction to prevent water penetration or direct the flow of water. .(Dictionary of Construction, 2014)
7. Insulation Material used to reduce the effects of heat, cold, or sound.
8. Sealant An impervious substance used to fill joints (Dictionary of Construction, 2014).
9. Gasket Ring rubber sealant
10. Sarking A thin board employed in sheathing applications, as under the tiles or slates of a roof. (Dictionary of Construction, 2014).
Ching, D.K. (2008). Building Construction Illustrated (4th ed.). New Jersey, U.SA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Dictionary of Construction. (2014). Definition. Retrieved from http://www.dictionaryofconstruction.com/definition. Newton, C.(2014, April 16). W07_c1 Detailing for Heat and Moisture (Video File). Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lhwm8m5R_Co&feature=youtu.be. Newton, C. (2014, April 15). W07_m1 Rubber (Video File). Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OPhjDijdf6I&feature=youtu.be. Newton, C. (2014, April 15). W07_m2 Plastics (Video File). Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5pfnCtUOfy4&feature=youtu.be. Newton, C. (2014, April 15).)W07_m3 Paints (Video File). Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WrydR4LA5e0&feature=youtu.be. Image Reference Ketchum, M. (2014). Barrel shell for small office (Image). Retrieved from http://www.ketchum.org/shellpix.html. Merriam Webster. (2014). Vault (Image). Retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/concise/vault. Nuclead. (2014). Weather Stripping (Image). Retrieved from http://www.nuclead.com/leadtcaps.html. Arborcrest. (2014). Thermal break (Image). Retrieved from http://www.arborcrest.com.au/category/commercial/thermal-break/.
GLOSSARY
REFERENCES
WEEK 8 OPENINGS
E-LEARNING& READINGS STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS:
Deformation & Geometry
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS Strategies for Openings
MATERIALS
Glass
STUDIO In Detail
GLOSSARY
Window Sash Deflection
Moment of Inertia Door Furniture
Stress Shear Forces
WEEK 8
KNOWLEDGE MAP
O
PEN
ING
S
Structural Concept
Deformation Deflection
Geometry &Moment of
inertia
Construction Systems
Strategies for openings
Doors
Terminology
Operation
Swinging
Bypass sliding
Surface Sliding
Pocket Sliding
Folding
Type
Hollow metal Door
Wood
Windows
Terminology
Operation
Fixed
Sliding
Jalousise
Awning & Hopper
Casement
Double Hung
Pivoting
Type
Aliuminum
Steel
Curtain Walls Materials Glass
Components
History
Properties
Types Flat
Shaped
Manufacture Floating Glass
Strategies: Double glazing
GEOMETRY & MOMENT OF INERTIA Flexure Formula (define the relationship between bending moment, bending stress, and the cross-sectional properties of a beam.
!" = !"!
where fb = extreme fiber stress in bending M = bending moment c = distance from neutral axis to the outermost surface in bending
!! = !!, !ℎ!"!!" = !
!
E-LEARNING
STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS Deformation & Geometry (2.14)
I = moment of inertia Indicates how the cross-sectional area of a structural member is distributed and does not reflect the intrinsic physical properties of a material
S = Section modulus
The efficiency of a beam is increased by configuring the cross section to provide the required moment of inertia or section
modulus with the smallest possible area.
Example Halving a beam span
Reduces the bending stress by a factor 2 Doubling its width
Doubling the depth Reduces the bending stresses by a factor 4
DEFORMATION
DEFLECTION The perpendicular distance a spanning member deviates from a true course under transverse loading,
CAMBER A slight convex curvature intentionally built to
compensate for an anticipated deflection
DEFLECTION
F Action
F Reaction
Own Image taken during construction workshop
F Reaction
STRATEGY:
N.B. : THEORY USED IN THE CONSTRUCTING WORKSHOP
LOAD PATH DIAGRAM
DEFLECTION
(Ching, 1995)
E-LEARNING
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS Strategies for Openings
1. DOOR a. TERMINOLOGY (8.02)
b. DOOR OPERATION (8.04)
Rough opening
Head
Jamb
Stop
Architrave
Sill / threshold
Door Leaf
Handle, hatch &
lock
Door Swing
Top Rail
Feature Panel
Mid Rail
Stile
Bottom Rail
C. DOOR TYPES (8.05-8.10)!
Swinging Bypass Sliding Surface Sliding Pocket Sliding Folding
Own image of the main door of my apartment
Wn image of my wardrobe door
Own image of the bedoroom door of my house
Klsecurity (2014) Blue Sky Window (2012)
i. Hollow Metal Door & Frame! ii. Wood Doorframes!
Wood Stud Walls ! Steel Stud Walls !
Flush condition (Having a surface or face even with the adjacent
surface (Dictionary of Construction, 2014)
Anchor!Ching. ‘Building Construction Illustrated’. p.807 ! Ching. ‘Building Construction Illustrated’. p.8.10 !
Exterior Door – Masonry Veneer Door Head Jamb Sill !
Sealant! Sealant! Flashing!
!!!!!!!!
!!!
!!
!!!!
!!
! !!!!
!!!!!
E-LEARNING
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS Strategies for Openings
2. WINDOWS a. TERMINOLOGY (8.02)
b. WINDOW OPERATION (8.23)
Top Rail!
Sash!
Muntins!
Stile!
Mullion!Bottom Rail!
Rough opening
Head
Jamb
Sill
Sub Sill FOR
Fixed
Sliding
Jalousise
Awning &Hopper
Casement
Double Hung
Pivoting
Ching. ‘Building Construction Illustrated’. p.8.23!
!
Ching. ‘Building Construction Illustrated’. p.8.22!
c. WINDOW TYPES (8.24-8.25)!I. Aluminum Windows Advantages: - Low in cost - Lightweight - Corrosion resistant Disadvantages: - Good conductor of heat
hence thermal breaks are required.
2. Steel Windows Advantages: - Stronger - Lower coefficient of heat
transfer hence thermal break is not necessary required.
Thermal break reduces heat loss because
steel is so rarely transmit heat.
Drips
Snap-in glazing bed
Flashing
Weatherstripping
Drips
Glazing
3.. Curtain Walls: hybrid system (windows as well as walls) - Window system is hung off the
concrete structure of the building, carrying its own load, transferring back into the concrete structure.
- Loads are carried around the window opening rather than through the windows. WILSON HALL (Own image)
Ching, ‘Building Construction Illustrated’, p. 8.24 Ching, ‘Building Construction Illustrated’, p. 8.25
NON LOAD BEARING
LOAD PATH DIAGRAM The roof loads are carried through the columns behind the curtain wall, not through the window.
Curtain wall windows
Column
Roof
!!!!!!!!!
!
!!
!!
Hardness High. Can be scratched with a metallica object Fragility High. Differs depending on the type of glass (tempered glass is not as brittle as float
glass) Ductility Very low Flexibility/Plasticity VERY HIGH flexibility and plasticity when molten / LOW-VERY LOW when cooled Porosity / Permeability Non-porous /waterproof Density Medium-high. Approximately 2.7x more dense than water (more dense than
concrete) Conductivity Transmit heat and light but not electricity Durability / Life span Typically very durable(chemical, rust,and rot resistant) Reusability / Recyclability Very High Sustainability & Carbon footprint Typically high embodied energyand carbon footprint but ease of recycling / reuse
makes it a popular sustainable product Cost Generally expensive to produce and transport
!!
FORMERS!Silica!
FLUXES!lower!the!melting!
point!(Ash,!Potash,!Lithium!
Carbonate)!
STABILIZERS!Make!the!glass!more!stable!and!have!a!longer!life!(Limestone,!Alumina,!Magnesia)!
GLASS!
IC!BC!Blown!Glass!
XI!–!XIII!C!Sheet!glass!(sliced!from!blown!glass)!
XVII!C!Lead!Crystal!(lead!oxide!added!to!make!glass!easier!to!cut)!
XVII!C!Plate!Glass!
(improved!optical!qualities)!
1910!Lamination!
(celluloid!layer!inserted!between!2!sheets!of!glass)!
1959!Float!Glass!(molten!glass!is!poured!over!a!bath!of!molten!tin)!
E-LEARNING
MATERIAL: Glass Components, History, Properties, Strategies
HISTORY
COMPONENTS.
PROPERTIES
TYPES & MANUFACTURE
• FLAT(sheets of clear or tinted float, laminated, tempered, wired, etc.) Float glass/ annealed glass is the most common glass production process for flat glass. Tangram Technology Ltd. (2010)
• SHAPED (curved, blocks, channels, tubes, fibres)
!!!
FLOAT GLASS – TYPE • Clear Float Glass (annealed glass)
o The simplest and cheapest glass product available in the market o Ideal in low risk / low cost / small size glazing scenarios. o Breaks in to very sharp and dangerous shards!
• Laminated glass o 2 layers of glass held in a sandwich format with a tough plastic interlayers. o When the glass is broken, the plastic interlayer holds the 2 panes In place so it is quite safe o Can be made out of clear float glass or tempered glass!
• Tempered glass (toughened glass) : strong o By heating ordinary glass up to a high temperature (650o) where it starts to soften. Then
they cooling (quenching) it really quickly which puts the surfaces in compression so when a load is applied and effectively the glass is put into tension by bending, the compression takes up some of the tension load which can increase the strength of the glass by 4-5x.
o Ideally used in high exposed situations (balustrades*, partitions, facades) or when the sizes required are particularly large.
GLASS – OTHER TYPES & PRODUCTS ! !Tinted glass useful in sun-exposed situations to reduce visible light transfer
(Jagdamba Glass & Aluminium, 2014)
Photovoltaic glass with integrated solar cells to manufacture electricity from the sun
(Dupont, 2013)
Wired glass similar concept to laminated glass – a steel wire mesh is used instead of a plastic film – traditionally accepted as a low-cost fire glass
(Bear Glass NJ, 2014)
Glass Channels used in façade systems
(Contemporist, 2008)
Patterned glass made with a rolled glass process – typically used when privacy and light are required
(Berman, 2010)
Slumped and Formed Glass used as design features
(Toucan Forged, 2014)
Curved glass produced in moulds that are created to meet the specific desigh requirements – expensive
(Clear Glass Solution, 2014)
Glass Fibres hairlike strands used in telecommunications
(Textile Learner, 2011)
!
!
E-LEARNING
MATERIAL Glass
(Lisburnglass, 2014)
(Gapex, 2014)
(Securadoor, 2014)
Strategies to reduce the amount of heat loss and heat transmission • Double glazing
o Keep the room warmer in winter by preventing heat loss, by having a relatively still layer between 2 panes of glass, which helps with insulating and retaining heat.
o In summer, a building needs to be shaded effectively because the double glazing is not so useful In terms of preventing radiant heat transmission. It is better at reducing ambient* heat loss
o Reduce the amount of Radiated heat into a building in summer : use low-e glazing (low emisity) absorb radiant energy. It does not absorb radiated infrared energy as much as normal floated glass
(Mjhe, 2014) (Grady Joinery, 2014)
!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
E-LEARNING
MATERIAL Glass John Sadar
Wanwright Building, St. Louis (1891) RWE Tower Essen (1996) Punched window Windows disappeared, replaced by the glazed surface Architecture glass was handblown by artisan, varied in:
• Thickness • Size • Productions methods
(limited size, poor optical quality, high wastage)
Mass produced in a computer controlled factories by machines running 24 hour a day with less quantity of material Float glass: continuous ribbon of glass is floated over a bed of molten tin, carefully cooled and cut, resulting in superior optical quality
The glass was held in place by window frame (frame was the dominant feature of the window) Function of frame: hold the glass, secure it to the building, enabling it to be opened
Sadar (2014)
• The frame has been reduced. • The window has become the glazing system. • Fastening glass to the building • Accomodates the movement of parts to thermal
expansion and contraction • Weather seals and adequate drainage of water • Stands wind and gravity forces • Opens and closes to ensure optimal energy efficiency.
GLASS IS GETTING BIGGER, BETTER, AND CHEAPER.
Glass is cultural artefact Why is the need for the increase functionality of glazing systems? Glass is the modulator between the building and sunlight Relationship to the sun. In 1890s, glass is something to be avoided
The relationship becomes more complex. • Health: sun was seen as teraputhic than harmful • Body Culture: Sun tan becomes a symbol of modern health
Sunscreen not only beneficial but also detrimental • Energy issue: glass capacity to transmit heat, glass buildings
require huge amount of heating and cooling to offset this effect. But also give potential to combine the abundant energy of the sun (balance with natural world) Managing this effect have driven the development of glass technology.
In RWE, the ideal relationship between the sun and the building: The building could harness, filter, and manage the effect of the sun to its glazing system
CONCLUSION: Besides technical material, material properties themselves are subject to cultural processes, whether related to health, environmental impact, or energy concerns.
WHAT ENABLE THE CHANGES? - GLASS TECHNOLOGY - CULTURAL
!!!!! !
Studio
IN DETAIL
!
Sketches and photos of the actual building to illustrate relevant points
Front view of the canopy. My detail is at the sloping canopy, hence the detailing strategy is mainly about sloping. I can’t see my detail since gutter is a feature that is trying to be hidden, as it is not a nice view.
View from the east. View from inside. My detail is right above this point.
Vapor barrier
Air cavity
Batten
Steel beam
External Timber lining
Aluminium capping
Drip
Purlin
Doubled plasterboard for fire resistant
Thermal Insulation
Thermal Insulation Thicker at the roof due to higher temperature difference
Acoustic Insulation
Metal Deck Klip Lok
Flashing
!!!!!!!!
!!!!!
Ching, D.K. (2008). Building Construction Illlustrated (4th ed.). New Jersey, USA: John Wiley & Sons inc. Ching, F. (1995). A visual dictionary of architecture. 1st ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. Dictionary of Construction. (2014). Definition. Retrieved from http://www.dictionaryofconstruction.com/definition/. Newton, C. (2014, April 30). W08_c1 OPENINGS: DOORS & WINDOWS (Video File). Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g7QQIue58xY&feature=youtu.be. Newton, C. (2014, April 30). W08_m1 GLASS (Video File). Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_I0Jqcrfcyk&feature=youtu.be. Sadar, J. (2014, April 30). GLASS SKINS (Video File). Reterieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NW_GibnyBZc&feature=youtu.be. Image References Blue Sky Windows. (2012). Bi-Fold Windows and Doors (Image). Retrieved from http://www.blueskywindows.com.au/?p=33. Clear Glass Solution. (2014). Curved & Bent Glass (Image). Retrieved from http://www.clearglass.com.au/glass-types/curved-glass. Dupont. (2013). Photovoltaic Solutions (Image). Retrieved from
http://www2.dupont.com/Photovoltaics/en_US/news_events/article20091027.html. Gapex.(2014). Clear Float Glass (Image). Retrieved from http://www.gapex.am/en/products/glass-eng/float-glass-eng/clear-float-glass-
eng. Gradyjoinery. (2014). Glazing options (Image). Retrieved from http://www.gradyjoinery.com/windows/glazing-options/. Jagdamba Glass & Aluminium, 2014). Tinted Glass (Image). Retrieved from http://jagdambaglassandaluminium.com/tinted-glass.html. Bear Glass N. ( 2014). Wired Glass (Image). Retrieved from http://www.bearglassnj.com/wired-glass.html. Berman, E. (2010). Homeowners Rediscover Patterned Glass (Image). 2010. Retrieved from
http://www.thisoldhouse.com/toh/article/0,,213914,00.html. Klsecurity. (2014). Pocket Door Track (Image). Retrieved from http://www.klsecurity.com/sliding-pocket-door.htm. Lisburnglass. (2014). Product laminated (Image).Retrieved from http://www.lisburnglass.co.uk/pr_laminated.html. Mjhe. (2014). Double Glazed Window (Image). Retrieved from http://www.mjhe.co.uk/double-glazed-windows.html. Securadoor. (2014).Tempered glass(Image). Retrieved from http://www.securadoor.com/show_article/14. Tangram Technology Ltd. (2010). The basic float glass process (Image). Retrieved from http://www.tangram.co.uk/TI-Glazing-
Float%20Glass.html.
GLOSSARY
REFERENCES
1. Window Sash ‘The framework of a window that holds the glass’ (Dictionary of Construction, 2014)
2. Deflection The bending of a structural member caused by the load above.
3. Moment of Inertia The limit to which an object resist to rotational acceleration.
4. Door Furniture Features such as Locks, handles, etc that are used on door.
5. Stress Intensity of internal force exerted by 2 structural components.
6. Shear Forces Forces parallel to the plane
!
K 9 DETAILING STRATEGIES 2
E-LEARNING& READINGS STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS:
Stress & Structural members
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS Construction Detailing
MATERIALS
Composite Materials
STUDIO Off Campus
GLOSSARY
Sandwich Panel Bending
Skirting Composite Beam Shadow line joint
Cornice
WEEK 9
KNOWLEDGE MAP
Detailing!Strategies!2!
Structural!Concepts!
Stress!&!Structural!members!
Joints!&!Connec7ons!
Movement!Joints!
Construc7on!Systems!
Construc7on!Detailing!
Movement!Joints!
health!&!safety!
Ageing!Gracefully!
Repairable!surface!&!Resistance!to!
damage!
Cleanable!surfaces!
Maintenance!access!
Constructability!
Materials! Composite!Materials!
Fibrous!
Laminar!
Par7culate!
Hybrid!
!
E-LEARNING
STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS Stress & Structural members (2.13) Joints & Connections (2.30) Movement Joints (7.48-7.50)
Kern area is the central are of any horizontal section of a column or wall within which the resultant of all compressive loads must be present in the section.
External forces create internal stresses within structural elements
a. Stress & Structural members (2.13)!
b. Joints & Connections!
Pinned joints allow rotation but resist translation in any direction Rigid or fixed joints restrain rotation and translation in any direction, and provide both force and moment resistance Roller Joints allow rotation but resist translation in a direction perpendicular in or away from their faces.
c. Movement Joints (7.48-7.50) !
Expansion Joint Joint sealer must be durable, resilient, and have both cohesive and adhesive strength.
Compressed As installed Elongated
!
E-LEARNING
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS Construction Detailing
Construc7on!Detailing!
Movement!Joints!(7.50!!The!use!of!expansion!
joints!
Health!&Safety!
Fire!
Stair!(9.10)! Use!handrail!
Ageing!Gracefully!
more!easility!to!deterioate!under!harsh!
environments!
MaQ!surfaces!aged!more!gracefully!than!
glossy,!except!for!glazed!7les!&enamel!surfaces.!
Some!materials!have!beQer!appearance!aTer!ageing,!eg!coper,!7mber!!
Repairable!Surface!&!Reistance!to!damage!
Material:!plasterboard!
Considera7on:!
Skir7ng:!prevent!damage!from!foot!/!vacuum!cleaner!
Toe!Recess!(7.50)!hides!footmark!
Cornice!to!protect!corners!(10.26)!Cleanable!surfaces! Cove:!avoiding!corners!
(10.19)!
Maintenance!Access!(10.23)! Suspended!ceiling!
Constructability!
Details!should!be!easy!to!assemble!
Size!
minimise!the!number!of!paths!
handling:!use!of!Connec7ons!
based!on!efficient!use!of!construc7on!principle!
Avoild!construc7on!from!scratch!
!
Adams,!C.!(2008)!
(Wikipedia,!2014)!
(Own!Image)!
E-LEARNING
MATERIALS Composite Materials
A composite is formed from a:
1. Combination of materials which differ in composition or form 2. Remain bonded together 3. Retain their identities and properties 4. Act together to provide improved specific or synergistic characteristics not obtainable by any of the original
components acting alone.
! Fibre!Reinforced!Cement!(FRC)!
Fibreglass! Aluminium!Sheet!Composites!
Timber!Composites!! Fibre!Reinforced!Polymers!
Made!from!
Cellulose!(or!glass)!fibres,!
Portland!cement,!sand,!
water!
A!mixture!of!glass!fibres!
and!epoxy!resins!!
Aluminium!&!plastics! Combinations!of!solid!
timber,!engineered!
timber,!galvanised!
pressed!steel!
Polymers!(plastics)!with!
timber,!glass,!or!carbon!
fibres!
Common!forms!
Sheet!&!board!products!
(commonly!called!FC!
sheet)!&!shaped!products!
(roof!tiles,!pipes!
Flat!and!profiled!sheet!
products!and!formed!/!
shaped!products!
Plastic!core!of!phenolic!
resin!lined!with!2!external!
skins!of!thin!aluminum!
sheet!
Timber!top!and!bottom!
cohords!with!gal,!steel!or!
engineered!board/!
plywood!webs!
Often!associated!with!
moulded!or!pultrusion!
processed!products!
Common!Use!
Cladding!for!exterior!or!
interior!(wet!area)!walls,!
floor!panesl!(under!tiles!
Transparent!/transluscent!
roof/!wall!cladding!and!
for!performed!shaped!
products!such!as!water!
tanks,!baths,!swimming!
pools!
As!a!feature!cladding!
material!in!interior!&!
exterior!applications!
Beams!(Floor!joists!&!Roof!
Rafters)!and!trusses!
Decking!(external!cladding)!
structural!elements!such!as!
beams!and!columns!for!
public!pedestrian!bridges!!
using!glass!or!carbon!fibres,!
carbon!fibre!reinforced!
polymer!bar!
Benefits! - Resistant!to!fire,!
permanent!water!
and!termite!
damage,!roting!
and!warping.!
- inexpensive!
Fire!resistant,!
weatherproof,!light!and!
strong!
Reduce!the!amount!of!
aluminum,Less!expensive,!
Weather!resistant,!
unbreakable!and!shock!
resistant.!
Minimum!amount!of!
material!is!used!for!
maximum!efficiency,!cost!
effective,!easy!to!install,!
easy!to!accommodate!
services!
High!strength!FRP!materials!
with!gass!or!carbon!fibre!
reinforcements!provide!a!
strengthbtobweight!ratio!
greater!than!steel.!FRP!
composite!materials!are!
corrosionbresistant.!
!
! ! !
!
!
! (Beijing City nine German Building Materials, 2014) !
(Bedford!Glass!Fibre,!
2014)!
(China!Manufacturer,!
2008)!
(Capit,!2014)! (Mechanical!Engineering,!
2014)!
!
Materials!
Monolithic!
Single!material!
Materials!combined!so!
that!the!components!are!
indis7nguishable!(alloy)!
Composite!
2!or!more!materials!are!
combined!in!such!a!way!that!
the!individual!materials!
remain!easily!dis7nguishable!
Types!
Fibrous!
Products!containing!
discon7nuous!or!
con7nuous!fibres!
Laminar!
Sandwich!panels!
Par7culate!
Gravel!&!resins!
Hybrid!
Combina7on!of!2!or!
more!composite!types!
Coatech!(2014)!Panels!&!Profiles!(2012)!
STUDIO Off Campus The Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre BASEMENT 1 &2
Parking lot STRUCTURAL & CONSTRUCTION
• Primary structure: o Floor: COMPOSITE BEAM CONSTRUCTION
(Reinforced concrete slab with steel decking and girders)
o Wall: • Basement 1 is the densest structure to
assist radiation treatment, as it is located right under the main road. Hence, the Concrete wall is 800-1200 mm thick
• The other basements are also dense since they will hold massive loads (the building itself, as well as cars, trucks, etc).
o Bored piers and retaining walls are applied on the basement walls to restrain the soil
MATERIALS Concrete slab with reinforcement Finishing: metal plating and plasterboard
Reinforced!concrete!slab!
Steel!girders!
Finishing:!Plasterboard:!provides!fire!protection!!Metal!Plating!
Presence!of!air!bubbles!as!a!proof!of!in!situ!concrete! Bored!pier!
Retaining!wall!
Insulation!batts!!Steel!Frame!!
Wall!Partition!detail!(secondary!structure)!
Steel!Girders!!Joint!type:!Fixed!joint!
Concrete!
Reinforcing!bar!
Metal!decking!
Form!Decking!Form!decking!serves!as!a!permanent!formwork!for!a!reinforced!concrete!slab!until!the!slab!can!support!itself!and!its!live!load!(Ching,!Building!Constructions!Illustrated,!p.!4.22)!
Steel!Joist/beam!
Level 4 STRUCTURAL, CONSTRUCTION, MATERIAL Slab: Reinforced concrete slab with steel decking and girders (Composite Construction). Window: Double-glazed window system
Steel!decking!Use!composite!slab!construction!(same!method!as!for!the!basements!
Concrete!beam!
Steel!angle!welded!to!steel!plates!cast!into!beam!and!column!to!hold!shear!loads!(Ching,!Building!construction!illustrated!p.!4.13)!
DETAILING!This!hole!will!later!be!filled!up!with!concrete!to!the!same!level!as!the!concrete!slab!so!that!the!joints!will!be!hidden!
The!window!is!not!the!primary!structure,!hence!it!does!not!carry!the!main!load!of!the!building!
Heavy!materials!are!brought!up!using!hydraulic!jacks.!!
Double!Glazing!window!system!!(Ching,!Building!Constructions!Illustrated,!p.!8.30)!
!!
Desiccant!in!the!spacer!absorb!anys!any!residual!moisture!in!the!air!space!
Gap!filed!with!argon!
Spacer!
Glass!
!
1. Sandwich Panel A panel that is a layered composite formed by attaching two thin facings to a thicker core, such as reinforced concrete panels (Dictionary of Construction, 2014)
2. Bending Deflects
3. Skirting A corner block where a base and vertical framing meet. (Dictionary of Construction, 2014)
4. Composite Beam A beam combining different materials to work as a single unit, such as structural steel and concrete (Dictionary of Construction, 2014)
5. Shadow line joint A small gap in between door and the wall for aesthetic reason.
6. Cornice The corner meeting of the roof and wall.
Ching, D.K. (2008). Building Construction Illustrated (4th ed.). New Jersey, U.SA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Dictionary of Construction. (2014). Definition. Retrieved from
http://www.dictionaryofconstruction.com/definition. Newton, C. (2014, May 8). W09_c1 Construction Detailing (Video File). Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yqVwAV7yJCI&feature=youtu.be. Newton, C. (2014, May 8). W09_m1 Composite Materials (Video File). Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uem1_fBpjVQ&feature=youtu.be. Image References Bedford glass fibre. (2014).Fibreglass (Image). Retrieved from
http://www.bedfordglassfibre.com/. Beijing City nine German Building Materials. (2014). Fiber reinforced cement pressure plate
(Image).Retrieved from http://www.jiudebuilding.com.cn/a/Product_Center/ngs/fcb/57.html.
Capit. (2014). Composite Timber (Image0. Retrieved from http://www.capit-building-
products.co.uk/range/engineered_joists.htm. China Manufacturer. (2008). Fireproof aluminum plastic composite panel (Image). Retrieved
from http://www.china-manufacturer-directory.com/category-120/construction-decoration.html.
Coatech. (2014). Resin bound gravel (Image). Retrieved from http://coatech.co.uk/resin-
bound-gravel/. Panels & profiles. (2014). Sandwich Panel (Image). Retrieved from
GLOSSARY
REFERENCES
WEEK 10 WHEN THINGS GO WRONG
E-LEARNING& READINGS STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS:
Lateral Forces
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS Collapses & Failures
MATERIALS
Heroes & Culprits
STUDIO Out & About (Part 2))
GLOSSARY Shear wall Soft Storey
Braced Frame Lifecycle
Defect Fascia
Corrosion IEQ
WEEK 10
KNOWLEDGE MAP
When%Things%Go%Wrong%
Structural%Concepts%
Lateral%Forces%
Wind%
Earthquake%
Construction%Systems%
Collapses%and%Failures%%
Material%Selection%
Construction%&%Detailing%%
Suitability%%material%for%the%application%
Exposure%
Compatibility%
Strength%&%DeClection%
Long%term%performance%
Maintenance%
Materials%
Heroes%
Water%based%paints%
Bamboo%
Termimesh%
Recycled%products%
Timber%
Diode%
Linolium%Clooring%
Natural%products,%such%
as%wool%
Culprits%
OilKbased%paints%
Carpets%
Chemicals%for%cleaning%
Rainforest%timber%
Aluminum%
PVC%
Diaphragm
Lateral bracing
Ten
sion
Co
mp
ress
ion
Lateral%Forces%
Wind%
A%function%of%the%exposed%%surface%area%to%wind%
Act%on%the%surface%of%a%structure%and%have%a%minimum%value%at%the%base%and%maximum%
value%at%the%highest%elevation%
Earthquake%
A%function%of%the%amount%of%building%mass%above%the%foundation%
Acts%at%the%base%of%the%building%and%can%abruptly%reverse%direction%
E-LEARNING
STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS Lateral Forces
Dynamic Loads (Ching. ‘Building Construction illustrated’. p 2.09)
- Wind: o Force: Come from any horizontal direction. o Consideration: the structure, components, and cladding
of a building must be designed to resist wind-induced sliding, uplift, or overturning
- Earthquake o Force: 3D ground motion o Consideration: the horizontal components are
considered to be the more critical in structural design.
Lateral%Load%Resisting%System%
Lateral%Bracing%&%Diaphragms% Shear%Wall% Moment%Resisting%
Force%
rigidly%connected%joints%between%
horizontal%and%vertical%elements%
Shear Wall
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR SEISMIC LOADS: Seismic Base Isolator: connections between the foundation & substructure that allow the substructure and superstructure to move independently during earthquakes Irregular geometry:
- Building on a hill - Irregular stiffness - Split height - U Building - Soft Story - Reentrant Corners
E-LEARNING
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS Collapses & Failures
Material%Selection%Critical%Issues%
Construction%&%Detailing%%
Suitability%%material%for%the%application%
Exposure%
Compatibility%
Strength%&%DeClection%
Long%term%performance% Maintenance%
Case Study: Holiday Beach House Failures: Timber Fascia
- Material Selection, too wide - It is facing north hence
exposed to hot north sun - Painted black on outside
only - Fasteners
History designed by :Auguste Bartholdi The copper skin is supported on an iron skeleton and ribs designed by Gustave Eiffel. COPPER OXIDATION When copper is exposed to the atmosphere, it reacts with oxygen. The copper starts to dull, first becoming a darker brown colour and then forming a green copper oxide patina. Armature: IRON Skin: COPPER INITIAL CONNECTION DETAIL CONSIDERATION The galvanic corrosion between the copper skin and iron frame (dissimilar metals) was considered. INITIAL SOLUTION: Separation of the materials by a layer of shellac impregnated cloth Failure: Shellac turns brittle and porous and holds moisture at the joint between the 2 different metals. The connection system started to fail as the build up of corrosion products (rust) expanded & pilled the rivets away from the copper skin SECOND SOLUTION: Instead of iron, change to stainless steel ribs, Teflon coating. Possible failure: The 2 different metals make it possible to cause another galvanic reaction
MATERIALS Galvanic Corrosion The Statue of Liberty
Flat Steel sheeting on plywood - Blistering & peeling sheets due to exposure to sun - Thermal differences
The steel sheet is a conductor hence the walls turn extremely hot
- The glue used to stick Timber plywood to timber studs is not strong enough
E-LEARNING
MATERIALS Heroes & Culprits Dr. Dominique Hes
Problems /Considerations
How do you choose Villains Heroes
Health (IEQ) - Reduced Life span
- Ashma / bronchitis
- Nausea - Headaches - Sick Days - Comfort
- Reduce VOC (Volatile Organic Components) in Paints/ Sealers/ Adhesives/ Particleboard/ Carpets
- Reduce particles/ dust by minimising horizontal shelves, floor coverings , loose fibre products
- Green cleaning practices (use cloth instead of chemicals)
- Paints - Glues - Finishes on timber
floor - Chemicals used
for cleaning - Carpets (retain
dust)
- Bamboo (doesn’t require finish)
- Termimesh (termite protection instead of cheimicals)
- Old fibre cloth for cleaning
Source & Waste - Waste of money - Limited Resources - Takes up space - Places that can
breed disease
-Renewable/ Abundant Source - Recycled Plantation - Reduce, Reuse, Recycle wastes
Rainforest Timber Recycled products.
Energy - Climate change, greenhouse effect, global warming
- Wasteful - Polluton from
energy production
High Star Energy Rating products
Aluminium (high embodied energy) Light bulbs (5% goes to lighting, 95% goes to heat)
Timber (low embodied energy) Local made products Diode (99%goes to light, 1% to heat
Pollution Smog Ozone later depletion Acid Rain Toxicity Radio activity Eutrofication & nutrification Dioxins
Minimise waste Choose materials that don’t contain toxins Choose natural materials Choose organic
PVC (Hard to recycle, cause pollution) Cigarette, smokes
Linolium flooring (made out of cork and linseed) Use non-PVC cables Natural products e.g, wool (can regulate moisture)
Life Cycle Longevity of materials not just embodied energy Timelessness of the materials Design for reuse, recyclability, maintenance Design for purpose Design for durability Be careful for green wash
%
STUDIO Out and about (Part 2)
Interrogation of the detailing decisions and purpose
-Sloping capping and flashing to lead water to go down to the metal deck roof and to the gutter.
- Thermal insulation is more dense at the roof since the temperature difference at the roof Is higher than wall 9Ching, 2008).
-Double layer plasterboard for fire resistant as well as acoustic insulation
-Use aluminium capping and timber lining wall for lightweight construction
+ Identification of waterproofing elements
• Drip • Flashing • Metal Roof Decking
+Where and why things go wrong ? The gap in flasing might be vulnerable for leaking Where and why things go wrong (e.g. cracks, leaks, gaps).
+ Economic implications of decisions. The materials are relatively cheap (moatly timber)
Metal Deck Roof
Klip Lok
Purlin
Acoustic Insulation
Thermal Insulatio
Doubled plasterboard for fire resistant
Thermal Insulation
Vapor barrier
Batten
Steel beam
Air cavity
External Timber lining
Drip
Aluminium capping
Flashing
%
%1. Shear wall
A wall portion of a structural frame intended to resist lateral forces (Dictionary of Construction, 2014). %
2. Soft Story A%building%with%one%or%more%floors%are%significantly%weaker%or%more%flexible%than%those%above%and/%or%below,%for%example,%due%to%large%windows.%%
3. Braced Frame A wooden structural framing system in which all vertical members, except for corner posts, extend for one floor%only. The corner posts are braced to the sill and plates. (Dictionary of Construction, 2014). %
4. Lifecycle the period of time that a building can be expected to actively and adequately serve its intended function (Dictionary of Construction, 2014).
5. Defect characteristic that detracts from the appearance, strength, or durability of an object function (Dictionary of Construction, 2014). %
6. Fascia A board nailed across the ends of the rafters at the eaves (Dictionary of Construction, 2014).%%
7. Corrosion The oxidation or eating away of a metal or other material by exposure to chemical or electrochemical action such as rust (Dictionary of Construction, 2014).%%
8. IEQ (Indoor Environmental Quality)%An important criterion for green, or sustainable, building design, this refers to general overall building occupant comfort. Includes humidity, ventilation and aircirculation, acoustics, and lighting (Dictionary of Construction, 2014).%
Ching, D.K. (2008). Building Construction Illustrated (4th ed.). New Jersey, U.SA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Dictionary of Construction. (2014). Definition. Retrieved from
http://www.dictionaryofconstruction.com/definition. Newton, C. (2014). W10 s1 Lateral Supports (Video File). Retrieved from
https://app.lms.unimelb.edu.au/webapps/portal/frameset.jsp?tab_tab_group_id=_5_1&url=%2Fwebapps%2Fblackboard%2Fexecute%2Flauncher%3Ftype%3DCourse%26id%3D_271852_1%26url%3D.
Ashford, P. (2014, May 13). W10_c1 Collapses and Failures (Video File). Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yNEl-fYRi_I&feature=youtu.be. Hes, D. (2014, May 13). W10_m1 Heroes and culprits (Video File). Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FhdfwGNp_6g&feature=youtu.be. Cameron, R. (2014, May 13). W10_m2 A Tale of Corrosion (Video File). Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2IqhvAeDjlg&feature=youtu.be
GLOSSARY
REFERENCES
A P P E N D I X CONSTRUCTING WORKSHOP
WORKSHOP 12 4 April 2014 (Week 5)
CONSTRUCTION PHASE
MATERIALS & TOOLS USED Joining: PINNED JOINTS
- Sundry nails - Screws
Tools: - Hammer - Saws - Screwdrivers - Marking Tools
Materials Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Material Amount Material Amount Material Amount Material Amount 1200 x 3.2 x 90mm Ply
2 1200 x 3.2 x 90mm Ply
2 1200 x 3.2 x 90mm Ply
1 1200 x 3.2 x 90mm Ply
1
1200 x 35 x 35 mm Pine
2 1200 x 42 x 18 mm Pine
2 1200 x 35 x 35 mm Pine
3 1200 x 42 x 18 mm Pine
3
!Group 1 cuts the plywood into small pieces and nailed them on sides of the two pinewoods. This causes many nails, applied to the structure, which is a weakness
According to flexure formula, double its width reduces the bending stress by a factor of 2, while doubling the depth reduces the bending stress by a factor of 4
(Ching, 1995)
Group 3 put the plywood horizontally at the bottom at the bottom of the structure, which means it will experience tension force.
Group 4 put the plywood vertically in between 2 pinewoods.
Doubling width 1.5x depth Doubling width and depth
Span
My group is the only group that puts one of the plywood horizontally. My group ‘s structure is a layer of plywood, pinewood, then plywood, after than pinewood.
!
DESTRUCTIVE TESTING PHASE ! Group!1! Group!2! Group!3! Group!4! Conclusion!Applied!Failure!load!
500!kg! 275!kg! 390!kg! 600!kg! Group!4!has!the!largest!applied!failure!load,!while!Group!2!is!the!least!
Maximum!Deflection!
65!mm! 95!mm! 37!mm! 53!mm! Group!2!has!the!highest!deflection!rate!while!Group!3!!deflects!the!least!
!Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4
The structure breaks at the nailing points since there is a connection joint at the center load.
My group structure is the worst amongst all since it has the highest bending stress yet the minimum applied failure load. The structure broke at the vertical pine due to the presence of knot. In fact, the plywood and horizontal pine wood do not break at all.
Group 3 has the least bending rate. However, the structure was completely broken at the nailed point.
Group 4 structure is the strongest as it can hold up to 600 kg before it breaks. The pinewood have 2 large knots which is a disadvantage, it breaks at the knots.
Comparison between working with actual construction materials as opposed to working with scale model making In actual construction materials, we have to consider the natural properties of the material, such as knots in timber, which may be a weakness.