Week 1 knowledge map for e-learning and Readings

Week 1 knowledge map for Theatre session

Week1Studiosessionactivityreport

Theme: compression

Load path diagram

#Principle: the applied load at the top gives a compression to the loads under it. This strength is delivered continuously to each where the structure

is formed and supported. Forces are formed by factors of direction and scale, and each force have an opposite force to keep stability. As shown on

the diagram, the force of compression is delivered to the ground which the feet of this structure are. While the ground has also generated a force

back on feet to keep it stable.

#Reference link https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y__V15j3IX4&feature=youtu.be

https://app.lms.unimelb.edu.au/bbcswebdav/courses/ENVS10003_2014 _SM1/WEEK%2001/Basic%20Structural%20Forces%201.pdf

Studio Activities Material: a kind of Timber wood which is a composite material, seemingly baned in some countries.

Activity requirement #to build a tower as tall as possible, and with possible few material.

#the tower should be able to accommodate an object, (say, it is a little toy elephant in this case, which is supposed to be able to move in and out.)

Key points, aim #to get information of construction concept,

#block laying techniques

Initial plan #initially, we planned to build a tower with concrete basis of a round shape, subsequently with blocks placing on. We assumed the diameter of

the round become diminishing as the tower goes higher.

Barrier/ Conflict #as the “construction” going in process, at the rather beginning we changed our idea to make the basis a square. Followed by a rather

rectangular structure

#another rather frightening part of this construction is to leave an

entrance for the elephant to be accommodated. By referencing other

group ’ s example, we learned the layer at where the entrance is

Much more diverse than other side

# In case of

preventing the

higher layer of the

tower is leaning to

fall, we fixed with

other several blocks

to support. While,

later on we find it is

unnecessary for the

concrete load path.

As the diagram shows,

the side by side blocks, as

a system of load path

have hold on the weight,

the number of the blocks

is more than other layer.

Thus every individual

block has load on smaller

force.

Final outcome

Finally, we managed to take away blocks from the model, amazingly we find the model still stable after taking away a lot of them. The load path

has shown its strength.

Other group

Glossary #Masonry, is bricks or pieces of stone which have been stuck together with cement as part of a wall or building. Like a pyramid.

#Reaction force, when one object apply a strength on another object and keep stable, the other object must be having apply a strength back on

it.

Week2knowledgemap

Week2Studiosessionactivityreport

Theme: Frame Material: Balsa Wood stick

Structural

System

Solid

structure e.g.

Great Wall

Frame

System:

Eiffel Tower

Sheel system:

Sydney Opera

House

Hybrid system:

Beijing

Olympic Park:

Bird Nest

Building system

Structure system

Enclosure System

Mechanical /service System

#Superstructur e #Columns, Beams, Loadbearing

#door, windows, roof, facade, exterior walls

#water supply system, #sewage disposal #Heating, ventilating #electricity

Task To build a frame structural tower with balsa wood stick and glue. # pay attention to the joint.

Plan and in practice # a concrete basis to support the tower where the podia is tightly fixed.

*difficulty__ glue stick does not work well on the slippy surface of the balsa wood stick.

# a back bone should be going through the whole structure as a support, attached with other several sticks to be supporting the construction.

* problem: still the glue, we substituted with tape, while the take will cover the surface of the stick, thus it shall be very hard to bound many stick

at the same level of a stick.

Frame Analysis

Problems

# although we took the height of the tower into consideration, the podia we made, which was later on found still not sufficiently long enough to

have a stable structure

#lack of preparation of material. Thus we could not efficiently connect the sticks

#long podia, stretch out to spread the weight

#connection from the pedia to the main trunk, in order to make more stable structure

Comparison with others’ idea #typical stable and material-saving structure, with stable triangular cross section and neat structure.

Glossary #structural joint

1*Pinned joints theoretically allow rotation but resist translation in any direction.

2*Fixed joints maintain the angular relationship between the jointed elements, restrain rotation

and translation in any direction, and provide both force and moment resistance.

3* Roller joints allow rotation but resist translation in a direction perpendicular into or away

from their faces.

Week 3 Footings and foundations

Knowledge Map--- Structural Concepts & Construction System

Knowledge Map--- Materials

Glossary

1. Moment: the moment of a force is the tendency to make an object or a point rotate. A force will only produce a moment about a point if it is

applied at a distance from that point along a line of action that does not pass through the point. ( Ching, 2011 )

2. Slab/ plate: a wide horizontal element designed to carry vertical bend in bending usually supported by beams. ( Hunt, 2003 )

3. Panel: a deep vertical element designed to carry vertical or horizontal load. ( Hunt, 2003 )

4. Pad footings: also called isolated footings, these type of footings help to spread a point load over a wider area of ground. ( Ching, 2011 )

5. Strip footings: used when loads from a wall or a series of column is spread in a linear manner. ( Ching, 2011 )

6. Raft foundation: sometimes also called a raft slab, this type of foundation provides increased stability by joining the individual strips together

as a single mat. ( Ching, 2011 )

7. Substructure: a base or structure that is below another structure and that supports it. ( Ching, 2011 )

Old Arts Building

Solid structure

Material: Granite

Lot 6 cafe

Frame structure

Material: limestone

North Count Union

House

Hybrid Structure

Hybrid Material

Group Activities

Underground Car Park

Shell structure

Material: concrete

Referencing list

1. Ching, Francis D.K., Building ConstrucGon Illustrated. Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011 e-‐BookVassigh, Shahin, InteracGve Structures Version 2.0, Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008 DVD-‐ROM Hunt, T., Tony Hunt’s Structures Notebook, Architectural Press, 2003)

2. “Tony Hunt’s Structures notework” page. 41 (2003)

3. Ching, F. (2011). Building construction illustrated (4th ed., pp. 3.08). New York: Wiley.

4. Ching, F. (2011). Building construction illustrated (4th ed., pp. 3.02). New York: Wiley.

Week 4

Knowledge Map

Glossary

1. Span: is the distance measured between two structural supports, can be measured between

vertical supports (for a horizontal member) or between horizontal supports (for a vertical member).

(2011,Ching)

2. SPACING: the repeating distance between a series of like or similar elements. often associated with

supporting elements (such as beams, columns etc.) and can be measured horizontally or vertically. (2011,

Ching)

3. Joist: it is one of the horizontal members that run between foundations, walls, or beams to support a ceiling or floor. (2011, Ching)

4. In situ concrete: an concrete element has been poured into framework, placing any required reinforcement, the pouring, vibration and the pouring

of the concrete. (Youtube, 2014)

5. Precast concrete is any concrete element that has been fabricated in a controlled environment and the transported to site for installation. (Youtube,

2014)

Bibliography

1. Ching, F. (2011). Building construction illustrated (4th ed., pp. 4.05). New York: Wiley.

2. Ching, F. (2011). Building construction illustrated (4th ed., pp. 3.08). New York: Wiley.

3. YouTube,. (2014). W04_m2 IN SITU CONCRETE. Retrieved 18 May 2014, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c3zW_TBGjfE&feature=youtu.be

4. YouTube,. (2014). W04_m3 PRE CAST CONCRETE. Retrieved 18 May 2014, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=scYY-MMezI0&feature=youtu.be

Week 5

Knowledge Map

Glossary

1. Buckling: to become crushed or bent under a weight or force. Causes the damage of long columns.

2. Metal and timber stud framed walls use smaller sections of framing timber or light gauge framing steel to meet

the structural demands of the constructing.(2014， Ching)

3. Growth: generally one ring per year/ some climates may have more than one growth season per year/ fires or

disease may produce an extra ring (2014, YouTube)

4. Seasoned timber, moisture in wood cells only count for 15%, remove bound water.

5. Plywood: made by gluing and pressing thin laminated together to form a sheet, grain in laminates in alternate

directions strength in two directions. (YouTube, 2014)

Activities

Long beams

easily

buckling by the

force of

compression,

as shown it

could easily

collapse.

With fixed

end and

installing a

stud in the

middle to

buffer the

buckling.

Different

performance

of the long

beam with

different

pinned ends

Model making for the

Oval Pavilion Model

Section of the

basement

Basement level

Bibliography

1. Ching, F. (2011). Building construction illustrated (4th ed., pp. 5.42). New York: Wiley. 2. Ching, F. (2011). Building construction illustrated (4th ed., pp. 2.13). New York: Wiley. 3. YouTube,. (2014). W05_m1 From Wood to Timber. Retrieved 18 May 2014, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YJL0vCwM0zg&feature=youtu.be 4. YouTube,. (2014). W05_m3 Engineered Timber Products. Retrieved 18 May 2014, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0YrYOGSwtVc&feature=youtu.be

Week 6

Knowledge Map

Activity

Clay tiles that

used to cover

the roof

Traditional

Chinese clay

tiles, the curved

shape has

helped the rain

to drop off the

roof

Old bricks

made of clay

Glossary

1. Concrete roofs are generally flat plates of reinforced concrete, the top surface is sloped towards

drainage points and the entire roof surface finished with applied waterproof membrane. (YouTube,

2014)

2. Flat structural steel roofs consist of a combination of primary and

secondary roof beams for heavier roof finishes such as metal deck/

concrete; or roof beams and purlins for lighter sheet metal roofing.

3. Sloping structural steel roofs consist of roof beams and purlins and lighter

sheet metal roofing.

4. Portal frames consist of a series of braced rigid frames (two columns and beam) with purlins for the roof and

girts for the walls, the walls and roof are usually finished with sheet metal).

5. Truss roofs are framed roofs constructed from a series of open web type steel or timber elements.

Bibliography

1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q5ms8vmhs50&feature=youtu.be

2. Ching, Building constructing illustrated, 6.04

3. Ching, Building constructing illustrated ,6.06-6.07

4. Ching, Building constructing illustrated ,6.09

Week 7

Week 8

Knowledge Map

Activity: in detail

Section: Function room roof and ceiling A60-01

Scale: 1:5 at A1

ii

Glossary

1. A window sash is the framed part of the window which holds the sheets of glass in place. Most commonly,

though, window sash refers to that part of the window which moves.

2. Door furniture (British and Australian English) or door hardware (North American English) refers to any of the

items that are attached to a door or a drawer to enhance its functionality or appearance.

3. Shearing forces are unaligned forces pushing one part of a body in one direction, and another part of the body

in the opposite direction.

4. Moment of inertia is the mass property of a rigid body that defines the torque needed for a desired angular

acceleration about an axis of rotation. Moment of inertia depends on the shape of the body and may be

different around different axes of rotation. A larger moment of inertia around a given axis requires more torque

to increase the rotation, or to stop the rotation, of a body about that axis.

Bibliography

1. Window sash: http://homerenovations.about.com/od/glossary/g/gloswindowsash.htm

2. Door furniture: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Door_furniture

3. Shear force: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shear_force

4. Moment of inertia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moment_of_inertia

Week 9

Knowledge map

Glossary

1. Monolithic materials are: single material or materials combined so that components are in distinguishable.

2. Composite materials are: two or more materials are combined in such a way that the individual materials remain

easily distinguishable

3. Aluminium composite panel (ACP) also aluminium composite material, (ACM) is a type of flat panel that consists

of two thin aluminium sheets bonded to a non-aluminium core. ACPs are frequently used for

external cladding or facades of buildings, insulation, and signage.

Bibliography

1. Sandwich panel: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandwich_panel

On a higher level of this

construction, we can see the

building of flooring system

working here, steel decking which

awaits for being poured with

concrete stand on the one-way

joist slab, after the concrete

hardens, the underneath part

would be carefully removed.

Workers on the top terrace

were collecting distracting

iron wires, in preparation for

a static structure of the

concrete floor system.

Activity: off campus: Swanston Square

On the top of the building, we found the

concrete hadn’t been poured yet, while,

the reinforcement had already been

paced to be bound with concrete.

An undone bathroom of the

construction, exhaust duct is

shown outside to us, it would

be “sucking” the air of the

bath room.

Reinforcement settled for

future concrete, this would

be a good composite

material having a static

structure Central air

conditioner

tubes are

exposing.

Week 10

Knowledge Map

Galvanic corrosion

When copper is exposed to the atmosphere, it reacts with oxygen, the copper starts to dull, first becoming a darker

brown colour and then forming a green copper oxide patina.

Initial connection detail consideration: galvanic corrosion between the copper skin and iron

frame was considered at the time of construction and a solution that allowed for the separation

of the two metals was devised.

1st solution: the two materials were separated at their junctions by a layer of shellac-

impregnated cloth.

2nd solution: to overcome this problem, the original iron armature frame was replaced with a

Teflon-coated stainless steel structure. The selection of stainless steel was made after

extensive corrosion resistance testing and consideration of the physical properties of the

stainless steel and how well it would work.

Future: the new system still includes two different metals and so will require ongoing

inspections and maintenance.

Appendix: Workshop Time: 28 March Material:

1. 3 pine wood bars 2. 1 pine wood sheet 3. Hammer 4. Blade 5. Cutting pad 6. Stationary

Requirement: to utilise the

Material efficiently to mend

The maxim of loading weight

Design outcome:

we took the

shape to engage

static triangles

as supporting to

the structure

Structurally formed of two beams supported by

triangular shorts beams

Consideration: 1. Knots are the weak points of the

structure

2. although triangular design is rather static, the

making process contains much errors on paying

attention to make loads carried balanced.

Testing part

Strategy:

1. 1-73kg: well performance, no evident cracks detected;

2. 73-85: can hear the sound of wood crack, small crack perceived,

3. 85-103: crack became drastic, finally broke.

Due to limited time, the back supporting of sheet

pine wood was not well matained

Other groups’ work

Final outcome: 178 kg

Final outcome: 232kg