community consultation eport unity state€¦ · ernment agency of south sudan mandated to address...

COMMUNITY CONSULTATION REPORT

Unity State SOUTH SUDAN

Bureau for Community Security and Small Arms Control

South Sudan Peace and Reconciliation Commission

United Nations Development Programme European Union

The Bureau for Community Security and Small Arms Control under the Ministry of Interior is the Gov-ernment agency of South Sudan mandated to address the threats posed by the proliferation of small arms and community insecurity to peace and development. The South Sudan Peace and Reconciliation Commission is mandated to promote peaceful co-existence amongst the people of South Sudan and advises the Government on matters related to peace. The United Nations Development Programme in South Sudan, through the Community Security and Arms Control Project, supports the CSSAC Bureau strengthen its capacity in the area of community secu-rity and arms control at the national, state and county levels. The consultation process was led by the Government of South Sudan, with support from the European Union. Cover photo: Community members in Abiemnhom sketch their county map on the ground using locally available materials. © CSAC/UNDP

COMMUNITY CONSULTATION REPORT

Unity State

South Sudan

Published by

South Sudan Bureau for Community Security and Small Arms Control

South Sudan Peace and Reconciliation Commission

United Nations Development Programme

MAY 2012 JUBA, SOUTH SUDAN

CONTENTS

Acronyms ........................................................................................................................... i

Foreword ........................................................................................................................... .ii

Executive Summary ......................................................................................................... iv

1. Introduction ................................................................................................. 1

2. Background of Unity State ......................................................................... 3

3. Methodology

3.1. Training of Trainers ......................................................................... 5

3.2. Community Consultations .............................................................. 5

3.3. Validation Meeting ........................................................................... 7

4. Summary of conflict and insecurity in Unity State

4.1. Cattle raiding .................................................................................... 8

4.2. Competition over water and grazing lands ................................. 8

4.3. Attacks by rebel militia groups ...................................................... 11

4.4. Border conflicts ................................................................................ 11

4.5. Attacks and abduction of children by Misseriya ........................ 12

4.6. Inter- and intra-clan fighting .......................................................... 12

4.7. Unemployment................................................................................. 12

4.8. Food insecurity ................................................................................. 13

5. Insecurity issues affecting women and girls .......................................... 13

6. Insecurity issues affecting the youth ........................................................ 15

7. County-specific findings

7.1. Rubkona County ................................................................................ 17

7.2. Guit County ........................................................................................ 20

7.3. Abiemhnom County ......................................................................... 23

7.4. Leer County ........................................................................................ 27

7.5. Koch County ...................................................................................... 32

7.6. Mayendit County .............................................................................. 37

7.7. Panyijar County ................................................................................. 41

7.8. Mayom County .................................................................................. 44

7.9. Pariang County .................................................................................. 49

8. Next Steps .................................................................................................... 53

Maps

Map of Unity State .............................................................................................................. 4

Incidence of cattle raids/theft ............................................................................................... 9

Conflict over land/water and tribal conflict ......................................................................... 10

ACRONYMS

AfDB African Development Bank

BCSSAC Bureau for Community Security and Small Arms Control

CAP Community Action Plan

CPA Comprehensive Peace Agreement

CRMA Crisis Risk Mapping and Analysis

CSAC Community Security and Arms Control

DDR Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration

FAO Food Agricultural Organization

GoSS Government of South Sudan

MOWRI Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation

NGO Non- Governmental Organization

PRA Participatory Rural Appraisal

RMGs Rebel Militia Groups

RRA Rapid Rural Appraisal

SAF Sudan Armed Forces

SPLA/M Sudan People’s Liberation Army/Movement

SSLA South Sudan Liberation Army

UN United Nations

UNDP United Nations Development Programme

UNMAO United Nations Mine Action Office

UNMISS United Nations Mission in South Sudan

i

FOREWORD

At the core of peacebuilding and development in South Sudan

is the achievement and sustainability of security among com-

munities who stand to benefit most from peace dividends.

However, small arms and light weapons (SALW) continue to

proliferate amongst civilians, posing a threat to community

safety and largely, to the political stability and economic devel-

opment of the country.

The Bureau for Community Security and Small Arms Control

(BCSSAC) is addressing this threat by mobilising and building

bridges between communities and the Government towards

peaceful disarmament. The Bureau also leads the process of

formulating small arms control policies and regulations as well

as develops rule of law and conflict-sensitive development

measures to address the root causes of community insecurity. The Bureau works in partnership with

the United Nations Development Programme’s (UNDP) Community Security and Arms Control

(CSAC) Project and other regional and international bodies to foster a collective action that will ad-

dress the larger issues around the illicit proliferation of small arms.

The Bureau has been leading the process towards conducting community consultations, with techni-

cal and financial assistance from UNDP. This approach is part of our long-term agenda of creating

an enabling environment within communities, by extending state authority to the grassroots. The

consultations allow the Bureau to effectively gather communities’ knowledge and opinions of com-

munity security in 55 counties thus far, thereby facilitating for an evidence-backed process for pro-

gramming and policy formulation. Going down to the county level provides communities most af-

fected by insecurity the opportunity to voice their concerns. In turn, it provides authorities inroads

to the perception and attitudes of their communities. County authorities and community members

are empowered to identify the root causes of conflict and create a county action plan that will ad-

dress these issues.

The Bureau subscribes to this dynamic, bottom-up approach which is a proven methodology that

brings the Government to the people and has the ability to triangulate the governance, security and

socio-economic aspects of conflict in South Sudan. We are therefore pleased to disseminate the out-

comes of community consultations to other stakeholders, decision-makers and policy-makers.

The Bureau recognizes the valuable partnership it has with UNDP through the CSAC Project, the

South Sudan Peace and Reconciliation Commission (SSPRC), other UN agencies and programmes,

non-governmental organizations (NGOs), state and county governments, and most of all the com-

munity members who were actively involved in the consultations.

Major General Daniel Deng Lual

Chairperson

Bureau for Community Security and Small Arms Control

Ministry of Internal Affairs

South Sudan

ii

FOREWORD

Following South Sudan’s independence in July 2011, commu-

nities most affected by conflict have made security their chief

priority. The Government and communities recognized that

security is a pre-requisite for service delivery, economic activ-

ity and growth. In the process of state-building, it is equally

important that the Government interface with communities to

understand their needs and concerns.

The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in

South Sudan supports the country’s state-building process by

focusing, among others, on peacebuilding and community

security efforts. We work with the Government and communi-

ties to ensure that conflict sensitivity and responsiveness are mainstreamed into state and county

planning.

The Community Security and Arms Control (CSAC) Project is the cornerstone of UNDP’s peace-

building efforts. Since 2009, CSAC has supported the Bureau for Community Security and Small

Arms Control (BCSSAC) and the South Sudan Peace and Reconciliation Commission (SSPRC) to ad-

dress the root causes of armed violence and implement conflict-sensitive development projects and

peacebuilding measures at the county level. CSAC supports the extension of state authority by sup-

porting county consultations to understand the needs of the community and give the local govern-

ment the opportunity to deliver services that meet these needs, thus undermining the demand or ci-

vilian use of small arms.

UNDP has supported the Government address the security priorities that communities identified

during the consultations, through conflict-sensitive projects being implemented in six states in South

Sudan. While current CSAC projects on the ground are limited to address the communities’ top-most

security needs, these projects complement other government initiatives whose programmes have

been supporting conflict prevention at the state and county levels.

UNDP fully supports the Government’s key priorities as it moves forward to establishing commu-

nity security and development. We value our partnerships with our national counterparts and will

continue to support their initiatives towards providing greater stability for communities most af-

fected by conflict.

George Conway

Country Director, a.i.

United Nations Development Programme

South Sudan

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Following the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) in January 2005, the Govern-

ment of South Sudan has focused on peacebuilding, conflict prevention and recovery. The United

Nations Development Programme (UNDP) supports the Government and national partners secure

peace and stability through targeted crisis prevention and recovery projects. UNDP’s Community

Security and Arms Control (CSAC) Project works with the state agencies, namely the Bureau for

Community Security and Small Arms Control (BCSSAC) and the South Sudan Peace and Reconcilia-

tion Commission (SSPRC) to conduct extensive consultations in counties across the states.

The consultations support conflict-sensitive initiatives identified at the county level designed to en-

hance the visibility and legitimacy of the Government. Through extensive dialogue between the

communities and the state government, both parties can find solutions to existing insecurity. Con-

sultations were conducted to identify key insecurity issues and priorities, as well as assess the chal-

lenges of county governments in addressing insecurity. Most importantly, the exercise aimed to

identify a wider peacebuilding and stabilization framework for Unity State.

Unity is the second largest state in the Upper Nile region and is one of the oil-producing states in

South Sudan. The Nuer are the predominant tribe. Agriculture, livestock, fishing, hunting and trad-

ing are the main sources of livelihoods. Rebel militia groups as well as the Misseriya (Arab nomads)

have reportedly displaced communities and have contributed to the insecurity in the state. Around

85,000 returnees from Sudan have settled in Unity State since 2010, the highest number of returnees

by far settling back in any state.

Community consultations in Unity were held in November-December 2011 and March 2012 in nine

counties. The process employed Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) methods to collect data i.e. key

informant interviews, community mapping, preference ranking and community action planning, in

each of the nine counties. The consultations also looked into how insecurity affects women and

youth, particularly through the use of the gender daily calendar. These aided in obtaining an in-

depth understanding of community members’ perceptions on the different security issues affecting

their respective counties. To facilitate a more open discussion, respondents were at times consulted

in separate groups, namely women, youth, traditional leaders/elders, security organs/law enforce-

ment team and county administrators.

In summary, participants identified the following key causes of conflict across Unity State:

Cattle raiding

Competition over water and grazing lands

Attacks by rebel militia groups (RMGs)

Border conflicts

Attacks and abduction of children by Misseriya

Inter- and intra-clan fighting

Unemployment

Food insecurity

In addition, insecurity issues affecting women surfaced, issues which can be attributed to the nature

of the labour culturally assigned to and expected from women. The presence of arms and the al-

leged attacks by rebel militia groups are also sources of conflict that affect women. These have

shown dire consequences in women participants’ domestic and social lives. For instance, women

and girls are traditionally tasked to collect water and find food; in the process they are prone to rebel

iv

militia attacks or abduction when travel-

ling to or from far-flung water points, or to

domestic violence if they did not provide

these household needs. Additionally,

young women are seen as either a cause of

conflict, such as in cattle raids where men

acquire more livestock to afford the steep

dowry, or as an indirect party to conflict

where young men compete for a woman to

be his bride.

Meanwhile, participants saw the youth as

the primary actors involved in conflict in-

cidences, such as young men directly en-

gaging in cattle raids or border disputes.

The lack of educational, livelihood and

leisure opportunities leave the youth with

idle time and no other options, which

could lead them to other activities that re-

sult in conflicts.

Detailed findings were documented per

county, including a conflict analysis ma-

trix, prioritisation of security issues and a

Community Action Plan. These are pre-

sented in detail in Section 7. Findings from

the consultations were used to develop

state government projects, with support

from CSAC, addressing the top-most inse-

curity priorities of communities. A map of

Unity State in Section 8 illustrates the vari-

ous locations of these projects.

Men from Guit County review their group output . © UNDP

1. INTRODUCTION

The Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) signed in January 2005 marked a critical juncture for

Sudan, and especially for South Sudan, the area most affected by Africa’s longest running civil war.

The prolonged conflict has left South Sudan with development conditions among the lowest to be

found anywhere in the world, as measured by almost any indicator. Some of the challenges include

enormous and urgent social and economic recovery as well as the need to mitigate the risks of both

man-made and natural crises further impacting the development prospects of the country.

UNDP, through its Crisis Prevention and Recovery Unit (CPRU), carries out programmes that sup-

port national partners to secure peace and stability. More specifically, UNDP implements targeted

crisis prevention and recovery projects. Localized conflicts, internally displaced people and the mass

return of refugees illustrate that continued efforts to promote peace and stability in South Sudan are

essential.

The Community Security and Arms Control (CSAC) Project supports the Government in strengthen-

ing its capacity in the area of community security and arms control at the national, state, and county

levels. Government leadership or engagement in all activities is essential in all CSAC projects.

CSAC works through the Government agencies, the CSSAC Bureau for and the South Sudan Peace

and Reconciliation Commission (SSPRC), formerly the Ministry of Peace and CPA Implementation.

Since 2009 CSAC has been providing capacity building support to both agencies, as well as to state

and county governments to conduct extensive consultations in counties across six states in South

Sudan, including Eastern Equatoria, Jonglei, Lakes, Unity, Upper Nile and Warrap. The consulta-

tions support conflict prevention initiatives identified at the county level. Through a developed

strategy of engagement between state-civil actors, a process is initiated where communities have an

opportunity to voice their concerns and set priorities that feed into decision-making and state plan-

ning. The ‘force multiplier’ are conflict sensitive projects which are implemented based on the Com-

munity Action Plans and priorities set by community members during the consultations.

Consultations done in Unity in 2011-2012 aimed to determine the causes of conflict and develop ac-

tion plans that would address these issues, as prioritised by members themselves. Specifically, the

consultations aimed to:

Identify key insecurity concerns affecting community members with a focus on key pri-

orities in addressing and mitigating insecurity;

Provide information on the trends and levels of community insecurity and conflict in a

regional state;

Identify components of a wider peacebuilding and stabilization framework for the re-

gional state;

Identify priority areas based on consultation with local communities, which can then

feed into the eventual state and county planning process; and

Form Local Steering Committees in each county and in each state to oversee the imple-

mentation of identified conflict-sensitive projects.

Information gathered from the consultations will not only help the Government develop and initiate

projects that will address conflict, but it will also support the Government’s (state and county level)

general planning of programmes and policies. Outcomes of these consultations will also be useful

for other UN agencies, international and national organizations, donors and other stakeholders

working towards community security, conflict prevention and development in South Sudan.

1

Women from Pariang County list their daily

domestic chores. © UNDP

1 Unity: South Sudan Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration Commission. Accessed March 2012. http://www.ssddrc.org/states/unity.html Unity State: Government of the Republic of South Sudan. Article last updated January 2010. http://www.goss-online.org/magnoliaPublic/en/states/unity.html

South Sudan: Compounding Instability in Unity State. Africa Report No. 179. International Crisis Group. October 17, 2011. http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/africa/horn-of-africa/south-sudan/179-south-sudan-compounding-instability-in-unity-state.aspx

Report of the Secretary-General on South Sudan. United Nations Security Council. November 2, 2011. http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/2011/678

5th Sudan Population and Housing Census 2008. In Statistical Yearbook for Southern Sudan 2010. Southern Sudan Centre for Census, Statistics and Evalua-tion, p. 8.

2 ”Warrap cattle raiders kill 28 people in Unity state.” Sudan Tribune. September 12, 2011. http://www.sudantribune.com/Warrap-cattle-raiders-kill-28,40125

2. BACKGROUND ON UNITY STATE1

Unity State is one of the 10 states in South Sudan located in the country’s north-central part. With a

total area of 35,956 sq km, Unity state is the second largest state in the Upper Nile region. It borders

Warrap, Lakes, Jonglei, and Upper Nile states, as well as Southern Kordofan and Abyei in the north.

Unity State is composed of nine counties: Leer, Mayendit, Guit, Panyijar, Koch, Mayom, Rubkona,

Pariang and Abiemnhom. The capital of Unity State is Bentiu. The estimated population of Unity

State is approximately 585,801.

Unity has a dry season and a wet season. The average wet season usually lasts from May to Novem-

ber. The White Nile River, the Bahr el Ghazal (Nam) river and other rivers that traverse the state,

generate significant seasonal flooding. Many of the agro-pastoralists in the state move with the sea-

sons, as the expansion of the waterways alters the landscape and creates considerable areas of

swampy terrain during the rainy season.

Unity state is a predominantly Nuer homeland. However, in Abiemnhom and Pariang counties, the

predominant group is the Dinka tribe. Both Dinka and Nuer communities are ruled by traditional

courts, a head chief and a sub-chief of a certain clan. The elders in the communities must endorse the

case among conflicting parties.

The most important socio-economic activities in Unity are agricultural production, cattle keeping,

fishing, hunting and local trading. Since independence, the areas of Unity State and other areas bor-

dering the north have been affected by commodity shortages, contributing to inflation. As North-

South tensions spiked ahead of independence in 2011, the Government of Sudan imposed a block-

ade on North-South supply routes.

Unity State is a part of the oil producing area of South Sudan and the oil resources have generated

additional income for the state. However, the oil production has also contributed to conflict and dis-

placement and led to substantial negative impact on the environment. Local populations have com-

plained over water contamination, which have resulted in the death of livestock and serious illness.

Several militia groups have been active in Unity State and rebel activity continues to be a source of

instability in northern Unity. Rebel activities affect the local populations as these led to displacement

and food shortages, as well as re-mining and counter-insurgency operations. Some of the militia

commanders that operate in Unity have participated in forming the South Sudan Liberation Army

(SSLA) – a loose constabulary that have operated more often as independent units than a unified

movement.

In September 2011, several incidents of cattle raids and violence erupted in Mayendit County where

28 people reportedly died and 18 were injured2. Witnesses reported that, unlike in traditional raids,

the attackers tried to maximize the number of casualties inflicted, including targeting women and

children.

3

http://www.ssddrc.org/states/unity.html

http://www.goss-online.org/magnoliaPublic/en/states/unity.html

http://www.goss-online.org/magnoliaPublic/en/states/unity.html

http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/africa/horn-of-africa/south-sudan/179-south-sudan-compounding-instability-in-unity-state.aspx

http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/africa/horn-of-africa/south-sudan/179-south-sudan-compounding-instability-in-unity-state.aspx

http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/2011/678

http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/2011/678

http://www.sudantribune.com/Warrap-cattle-raiders-kill-28,40125

Parts of the territory of Unity State are also used by the Misseriya or Arab nomads who, for genera-

tions, have migrated into South Sudan with their cattle during the dry season when water and fertile

grazing land recedes in the north. However, due to conflicts and increased violence, the Misseriya

has in recent years sometimes been blocked from entering into Unity State.

With South Sudan’s independence, the shared border remains in dispute. Also, internal border con-

flicts remain a persistent source of insecurity. Clashes between communities over tracts of land have

resulted in injuries and deaths, such as those between Mayom and Rubkona, Rubkona and Guit,

Leer and Mayendit, and Pariang and Guit.

South Sudan’s independence in 2011 prompted the return of huge numbers of South Sudanese who

were residing in Sudan. More than 340,000 have gone back to South Sudan since October 2010, some

85,000 of them to Unity, far more than any other state.

Conflict, erratic rainfall and the high food and fuel prices caused by North-South border closures

have led to a situation of food insecurity in several counties in Unity State. Projections for 2012 indi-

cate that the cereal deficit could reach the double of the estimated 2011 deficit.

3. METHODOLOGY

Consultations in Unity State were conducted on 23 November – 5 December 2011, in seven counties

including Leer, Mayendit, Guit, Panyijar, Koch, Mayom, Rubkona, Pariang and Abiemnhom. Due to

security considerations, consultations in Mayom and Pariang were conducted later on 3-9 March

2012. A total of 454 community members and leaders participated in the consultation meetings from

all nine counties. The outputs of the consultations included a conflict analysis in each county, rank-

ing of security needs and a community security action plan. These are presented in detail in Section

7 – County-Specific Findings.

The county consultations are the initial steps of a wider support process of building the capacity of

national partners and supporting the development and implementation of conflict-sensitive devel-

opment projects. The support also includes consultation teams undergoing training, engaging com-

munities in active participation and holding a validation meeting with authorities.

3.1. Training of Trainers

To prepare individuals designated to conduct the county consultations, a comprehensive five

-day Training of Trainers on Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) methodology was held for

community resource persons. Trainees were provided with a number of PRA tools to assist

them in working with communities to identify, map, and analyse the causes and effects of

conflict as well as prioritise community security issues. These tools included community

mapping, seasonal calendar, trend lines, gender daily calendar and semi-structured inter-

views.

3.2. County consultations

Consultations - overview

The consultation workshop lasted for three days in each of the counties consulted and in-

cluded key tools such as community mapping, conflict analysis matrix, seasonal calendars,

gender daily calendars and semi-structured interviews.

5

Participation

Men, women, youth and elders are often affected differently by conflict and have accord-

ingly different ideas about what make them safe. In order to obtain sustainable peace it is

therefore essential to build on a wide range of experiences and perspectives, and to ensure

that planning is based on the knowledge of all the members of a community. To ensure that

the participants represented all the members of the county, each county commissioner was

requested to mobilize 50 participants comprised of:

An equal number of women and men (25 women and 25 men);

Both youth and elders/traditional leaders (female youth and male youth, female

elders and male elders);

Participants from law enforcement agencies/security forces; and

Participants from all the different payams in the county.

However, out of a total number of 332 participants from Rubkona, Guit, Abiemnhom, Leer,

Koch and Mayendit counties, only 110 participants (33 percent) were women.

Mapping of Conflict Issues and Areas

This phase involved the sketching of a county map to identify conflict zones and critical is-

sues which affect the stability in the county. The mapping exercise was done on the ground

in an open space, using locally available materials, to give the entire community the oppor-

tunity to participate.

Seasonal Calendar

The seasonal calendar was used to map out the seasonality of insecurity and conflict issues,

enable discussions on the factors contributing to conflict patterns and the exploration of pos-

sible interventions to prevent or manage insecurity.

Trend Lines

Drawing trend lines from recent years made it possible to explore changes in security dy-

namics and the number of incidents for each of the conflict issues identified, and to discuss

the causes of any increase or decrease in conflict.

Gender Daily Calendar

The tool outlined the activities women, men and youth are engaged in during a typical day.

The calendar explored the different situations of men and women in the community and

encouraged discussions on gender roles and how men and women can be affected differ-

ently by conflict and insecurity.

Semi-Structured Interviews

Semi-structured interviews were conducted with county administrators, youth, men and

women. County administrators with particular knowledge about the security situation in

the counties were chosen as resource persons. Women and youth were chosen for group

interviews to make sure their views and concerns were captured.

Conflict Analysis Matrix

Findings from the consultations using the above tools unearthed the various issues causing

insecurity in the county. After organizing the data collected, the consultation team extracted

the focal problems identified by the community, including causes, effects, parties involved

in the conflict, parties supporting the conflict and possible opportunities to address the

problems. The product of this process was the conflict analysis matrix.

6

7

Preference Ranking

Participants were divided into groups of men, women and youth to discuss conflict issues

they previously identified, and prioritise which of these were the most important for their

security and safety situation. All the identified conflict issues were ranked, with one being

the highest priority and 10 as the lowest priority.

Community Action Plan (CAP)

The most tangible result of the community consultations is the CAP for each county, in-

tended to delineate the following:

Proposed projects as agreed collectively by the community;

Proposed actions and resources;

Duties and responsibilities of individuals and groups, work schedules; and

Identification of areas where the community requires external assistance.

Steering Committee

A County Steering Committee was created in each county with representatives from the

local youth, women, men/elders and government. The roles and responsibilities of the Com-

mittee are to:

be the bridge between the community, county administration, state authority,

the Bureau and UNDP;

participate in the project approval before implementation;

oversee the implementation of the projects;

ensure routine monitoring;

provide leadership;

ensure community mobilization; and

ensure quality control.

A State Steering Committee was also formed, chaired by the Director General for the Minis-

try of Local Government and Law Enforcement, and includes members from key state line

ministries and departments, along with United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS)

Civil Affairs.

3.3. The Validation Meeting

The validation meeting took place two days after the last county consultations. Present in

the validation meeting were the deputy governor, county commissioners, members of the

Bureau, SSPRC, community members, and staff from UNDP and UNMISS. The meeting in-

tended to share the outcomes of the county-level consultations on a wider scale with all rele-

vant authorities and stakeholders, and to validate the agreements made with the communi-

ties to ensure that their identified priorities during consultations were properly recorded

and would be addressed. The validation meeting also served to avoid any duplication of

efforts with other organizations in communities’ proposed projects. Due to travel obstacles,

several county commissioners were not able to attend the meeting.

4. SUMMARY OF CONFLICT AND INSECURITY ISSUES

Outcomes from these consultations are complemented by results from community consultations on

socio-economic threats and risks, through UNDP’s Crisis Risk and Mapping Analysis (CRMA) Pro-

ject. CSAC and CRMA collaborated in developing their methodologies and information to provide a

layered and in-depth community perception database. As such, some of the CRMA mapped data on

socio-economic risk and threat complement the issues discussed in this report, as a context for the

conflict drivers identified in the consultations supported by CSAC.

4.1. Cattle raiding

Cattle are the foundation of cattle keepers’ social, economic and cultural life. Owning a high number

of cattle is considered prestigious, a source of

pride and wealth. It is ascribed to culture and tra-

ditional practices such as providing dowry. Since

the amount of cattle required for dowry can be

enormous, young men who wish to marry resort

to cattle raiding to secure the necessary number.

Revenge attacks for stolen cows are common

where fights can easily escalate into full conflicts.

Furthermore, the abundance of small arms in the

hands of civilians aggravates these conflicts. As

one of the participants commented, “To procure

arms is as easy as buying food stuff.”

Cattle raiding is a widespread problem and consid-

ered a key insecurity issue in all of the nine counties

consulted in Unity State. It is particularly rampant

during the dry season when people and animals can move more easily and need to walk longer dis-

tances in search for water. Participants during the consultations indicated that unemployment, lack

of alternative livelihood options, food insecurity, competition over wealth, grazing land and water,

and the absence of security organs at the payam level are the key drivers for cattle raiding. This has

resulted in fights, deaths, loss of livestock, revenge attacks, food insecurity and even divorce when

the aggrieved party discovers and reclaims the stolen cattle that were paid for dowry.

Cattle raiding influences people’s way of life in Unity State, including their relations within counties

and with bordering states wherein water sources and grazing lands become points of contention.

4.2. Competition over water and grazing lands

Cattle herders compete over scarce water and grazing land for their livestock. Clashes occur more

frequently during the dry season and decline during the rainy season when movement of both hu-

mans and animals are restricted. When competition escalates into fights, human lives and cattle are

lost. The value of livestock and their survival amidst scarce water and pasture is very critical for cat-

tle keepers. “Before a cow dies because of inaccessibility to water and pasture, men should have

died first,” as one participant noted.

Pressure on available pastureland has increased with the influx of citizens returning to South Sudan.

Moreover, populations are pushed to look for other grazing land as they are forcefully evicted from

their traditional land when oil fields are discovered, as experienced by participants from Koch

County.

Community members in Mayom County illustrate the intensity

of conflicts over time. © UNDP

8

9

Incidence of cattle theft in Unity State

10

Conflict over land/water and tribal conflict—Unity State

Conflicts also arise from competing over water for human consumption due to the inadequate sup-

ply of boreholes and the shortage of harvested run-off water during the rainy season. Injuries, ethnic

fights and deaths have resulted from water-related conflicts. Competition over water resources can

also mean contention over fishing areas, as noted by participants from Guit County. This has led to

fights over the shortage of fish and the ensuing lack of income, and at times the destruction of boats

and fishing equipment.

Furthermore, participants, particularly those in Pariang County, claimed that oil companies operat-

ing here have polluted the environment through poor waste disposal, toxic gas emissions and oil

spillage due to bombings. This has rendered some land areas barren where they can no longer grow

crops or let cows graze. This has forced residents to move to neighbouring counties and thereby

compete for water and pasture land. Maps on the preceding pages show the location of cattle raids,

incidences of conflict over water/ boundaries as well as tribal conflict in Unity State.

Scarce water resources also impose an extra burden on women and girls who walk long distances in

search of water. They lose productive time doing so and the long distances between the water source

and their homes have exposed them to sexual violence. Carrying heavy water containers over vast

distances has also led to women’s poor health conditions. Women further revealed that husbands

subject their wives to violence if they could not find or collect water.

4.3. Attacks by rebel militia groups (RMGs)

Although seen as small in number, RMGs have been closely associated with a series of landmine

explosions and sporadic attacks resulting in deaths, rape, or injuries. Sporadic and indiscriminate

attacks by the RMGs have also disrupted and temporarily halted the education and learning calen-

dars of children. RMGs have also been reported to abduct or recruit child soldiers.

Their presence has further displaced and distorted the movement of communities, affecting their

socio-economic and livelihood activities. This has led to less commercial activities and posed a huge

challenge in delivering services, goods and commodities.

Participants believed that RMGs prevail in Unity State because they struggle for power and posi-

tions, and are discontented from elections and influences from the Sudan government. The presence

of RMGs was identified by participants in Rubkona, Abiemnhom, Koch, Mayom and Leer counties.

4.4. Border conflicts

Internal border conflicts are a problem between counties or between its neighbouring states such as

Warrap (Tonj East County), Lakes (Rumbek North County) and Jonglei. External border conflicts, on

the other hand occur between Unity and the

neighbouring Southern Kordofan in Sudan.

These conflicts are common during the dry sea-

son when communities from the conflicting

counties, states and regions are in need of wa-

ter for household use and livestock. Partici-

pants noted that although cross-border con-

flicts have been witnessed in the past, the crea-

tion of new states and counties have resulted in

an upward trend of these conflicts, pushing

populations outside original geographic loca-

tion.

Abiemnhom County residents identify locations where conflicts

occur. © UNDP

11

The root causes behind border conflicts, as perceived by participants, include the artificial colonial

border demarcation, disputes over land ownership, competition over land resources, e.g. oil fields,

grazing land and water sources, and migration of people. While elders and government officials are

responsible for deliberating and making decisions regarding border issues, the youth are directly

involved in fights over territories. Border conflicts in Unity State have resulted in loss of lives and

property, displacement of communities, injuries, and revenge attacks.

Participants claimed that external border conflicts that occur between Unity and its northern

neighbour Southern Kordofan have caused territorial disputes which typically occur during the dry

season when the Misseriya (Arab nomads) migrate to the south in search of water.

4.5. Attacks and abduction of children by Misseriya

Every year, the Misseriya are known to move southwards to Unity for water and grazing land. At

the end of the dry season as they head back north, they have been reported to steal cattle and kill

people who get in their way. Participants in Rubkona and Abiemnhom counties, who identified this

as one of the biggest threats to security, have stated that the Misseriya are supported by the Govern-

ment of Sudan. Participants noted though, that conflicts have declined in the last two years as the

South Sudan security forces can now halt the movement of Misseriya at the border.

Participants also reported that the Misseriya have abducted children for child labour and slave

trade. There were reports that boys were mutilated to prevent them from escaping, and that girls

were abducted to be the “wives” of these boys.

4.6. Inter- and intra-clan fighting

Inter- and intra-clan fighting is a common phenomenon in several counties in Unity state. Inter-clan

fighting takes place between different counties or tribes while intra-clan fighting occurs between sub

-clans within the same county.

Inter and intra-clan fighting is often a result of competition over grazing land and over border de-

marcations. The conflicts may lead to killings, inciting a spate of revenge attacks, thus furthering a

vicious cycle of community insecurity. In Panyijar County, complex inter-clan fights have occurred

out of inequitable distribution of stolen cattle between two clans which have jointly carried out a

raid. Should some of the clan’s youth be killed during the planned raids, the aggrieved payam/clan

would expect compensation from their partner clans. These situations have frequently resulted in

disagreements and fights.

Inter- and intra-clan clashes have also occurred as a result of competition over girls, adultery, elope-

ment3, pregnancies outside of marriage, failure to pay dowry and forced marriages. Fighting over

girls/women and the associated cattle raiding to secure dowry, was in some communities considered

the biggest cause of insecurity between clans and families. The actors involved in inter- and intra-

clan fighting are mainly young men; however young women, parents and elders might be indirect

actors. What may have started as a family conflict in many cases could spill over to the entire com-

munity, resulting in indiscriminate killing of women, men and children.

4.7. Unemployment

The lack of jobs and incomes, according to participants are caused by the low level of education, lack

of capital or skills, limited or no economic opportunities, lack of awareness of various opportunities

3 Elopement of girls, as defined by the community, either means a woman eloping with and living with a man before the dowry is paid, or relations without the father’s consent. This can become a source of insecurity for the woman because her parents often send her brother/s to demand for dowry from the man’s family. By eloping with a man, the value of the woman in terms of the number of cattle she would have acquired is reduced. In places like Pariang, women reported that when brothers are sent to avenge the sister, other women and men are killed or injured.

12

and hindrance of investment from the blockage of the north-south roads. Participants also men-

tioned that people have an attitude of expecting the Government to provide them with employment.

Unemployment particularly affects both the male and female youth. Low employment rate in a

county can lead to redundancy, low standards of living, increased numbers of street children, di-

vorce, dependency on other family members, cattle raiding as a means of affording dowry, in-

creased crisis in the areas, migration (rural and urban) and depopulation. When young men are idle

they also tend to get involved in conflicts such as cattle raiding, inter-clan fighting and skirmishes

over young women.

4.8. Food insecurity

Food insecurity can either be a cause or an effect of other underlying security issues, as indicated by

participants. Food shortage is usually caused by drought, floods or the limited access to other mar-

kets which has been particularly problematic during the rainy season when roads are impassable or

flooded. In some areas, food shortage has worsened when the roads connecting Bentiu to Adok and

to Khartoum in Sudan were closed. Insecurity and risk of attacks have further prevented communi-

ties from accessing these markets or other food sources.

Food shortages have led to increased food costs in the market, often beyond the purchasing power

of the majority of households. With the lack of food and proper diet, people have suffered from

anaemia or malnutrition. Women’s security has been compromised as well. Wives have claimed that

they suffer from increased domestic violence if there is no food in the house, and women looking for

food late at night are prone to attacks from militia groups or wild animals.

Additionally, the influx of returnees and reduced food distribution from relief agencies has put an

even greater pressure on the food supply in Unity.

5. INSECURITY ISSUES AFFECTING WOMEN AND GIRLS

5.1. Division of labour according to gender

Although men in some counties worked for hours each day fishing and cultivating, women’s work-

load in most counties is significantly higher than men’s. In rural areas, women do both the house-

hold work and most of the tasks in the farm. They perform an abundance of duties and travel long

distances on foot to fulfil the household’s needs. Several of their duties are physically demanding

and can take several hours each day to accom-

plish. Women have no breaks in their workday –

except when breastfeeding, which constitutes

one of the few times they sit down during the

day. Both younger and older married women

perform all the household duties including

washing, grinding maize and fetching water and

firewood in addition to a number of pastoralist

tasks.

Both men and women expressed that this divi-

sion of labour was in accordance with tradition

and that it was the woman’s role to do this type

of work. If women do not perform the work they Women’s group in Pariang County with the consultation team.

© UNDP

13

are expected to do, their husbands may beat them

up or divorce them. In one workshop, male partici-

pants said that women were born to do this kind of

work and mentioned the dowry as a justification.

When participants were asked if they see any prob-

lems with the division of work, some replied that

the workload could cause trauma and illness. One

female participant’s reply to the question of

whether this would be a problem was “You can

marry another wife.”

5.2. Insecurity risks faced by women and girls

Women suffer considerably in times of conflict, of-

ten left alone to look after the family when the hus-

band leaves to fight and herd cattle or when he dies

in conflict. As such, women are still expected to

provide the next meal for the family, as well as pro-

tect the children and help them escape when con-

flicts worsen. However, women are rarely consulted

on issues of security and conflict resolution.

Women and girls are often afraid to walk long dis-

tances to fetch water or go to the forest to collect firewood or material for building fences. They face

risks from landmines, wild animals and attacks from rebel militia groups (RMGs) which were re-

ported to have committed murder, rape and abduction, and have forcefully stolen water containers

from women. Women who work at night, e.g. to brew beer for sale or to harvest water lily for food,

are at a particular risk of attacks from wild animals and RMGs. In Abiemnhom County, women re-

ported fear of attacks from the Misseriya. To reduce the risk of these militia attacks, women ex-

pressed that a solution to the risk of attacks from militia groups was to have water sources be estab-

lished closer to their homes.

Deployed soldiers living within the villages are perceived as often causing problems and posing

threats to local women, who reported of harassment especially when soldiers are intoxicated.

Women expressed that the payams need police and SPLA presence, but women would rather have

the soldiers be accommodated outside the villages.

Domestic violence is still common and some women have claimed they are most insecure at home

with their husbands. If they do not fulfil the tasks they are expected to do, for instance providing

food or water, they can be severely beaten by their husbands. Participants said that the depreciation

of women stems from the fact that when having paid a high dowry, some men perceive of their

wives as a commodity.

5.3. Sociocultural practices

Some sociocultural practices do not recognize women’s rights, such as the right to inherit property.

Prevailing practices include wife and property inheritance by relatives after the husband’s death.

Early and forced marriages also occur wherein ex-combatants or undisciplined soldiers have report-

edly kidnapped girls to make as their wives. However, women interviewed in the consultations said

that forced marriages were not as common as before, as society changes and women are becoming

more educated.

A typical day for women in Pariang County. © UNDP

14

However, it is possible for women to go to traditional authorities to get a divorce or seek help for

battery or other forms of domestic violence. According to women participants, it is more common to

go to traditional leaders for help instead of availing of the formal judicial system where the process

is tedious. Meanwhile, the inflicted damage may have already worsened before the case is resolved.

5.4. Lack of health facilities

Without proper and accessible medical facilities, women are often at high risk during childbirth be-

cause they are unable to travel on roads believed to be laid with landmines. Neither is it safe for doc-

tors or midwives to take the same road to attend to the woman. Furthermore, the few medical facili-

ties lack trained doctors, medical personnel and medicines.

5.5. Women and food security

Widowed women are expected to provide food for their families but since they do not own any cat-

tle, they depend on costly meat sold in markets. Women are then left with limited food choices, com-

promising the quantity and quality of food provided to the family. Furthermore, women are dis-

couraged from raising crops either for subsistence or to raise their income, for fear of landmines and

of possible militia attacks. They were, however, willing to do so if security organs would provide

stability in rural areas.

6. INSECURITY ISSUES AFFECTING THE YOUTH

6.1. Definition of youth

Youth, in the context of these community consultations, are generally defined as young men and

women, married or unmarried, below the age of 35. As participants were divided into groups of

men, women and youth, they were allowed to

join the group they found appropriate. Thus,

married women who are in the early years of

marriage and those without children are also

referred to as youth.

6.2. Roles of youth

Consultations showed that there is no distinction

between young women and older women’s roles

and division of labour; they generally take care

of all household chores in addition to tending to

vegetable gardens and cattle. Young men’s roles,

on the other hand, revolve almost exclusively

around the cattle; their main responsibility is cat-

tle keeping including moving with the herd ac-

cording to the seasons. This role transitions

young men into potentially good providers par-

ticularly of dowry, and is considered as the rite

of passage to manhood. If unmarried, though,

young men felt marginalised in their households

especially if they have older, married brothers.

They are also frustrated with the steep dowry

requirements that come with increased social

pressure, discouraging them from marrying.

Youth group in Mayom County creates this seasonal calendar.

© UNDP

15

Young women, as other married women, have more responsibilities and have very little free time.

Young men, on the other hand, have a lot of leisure time outside of their cattle-keeping duties. The

large amount of idle time, however, frustrates young men since they claimed to have hardly any

opportunities for income-generating or recreational activities.

6.3. Young men and women in the midst of conflict

Youth are seen as the main actors during conflict wherein young men are direct participants to the

conflict, with young women getting embroiled as well. Fights erupt, for instance, when young men

compete for girls as they herd cattle during the dry season. Some participants also shared that it is

common for young unmarried men and women to have relations during the season’s cultural

dances, resulting in pregnancies and thereby feuds between clans.

As main custodians of cattle, young men are the most prominent parties in cattle raiding and clashes

over grazing land and water. Driven by a desire to get married to secure enough dowry or moti-

vated by a culture of revenge, young men are often caught in a vicious cycle of attacks and counter-

attacks.

Idleness can also be a trigger for conflict. Several male participants pointed out that without jobs or

leisure activities, they are vulnerable to being recruited by rebel militia groups to participate in cattle

raids. Young men, even those who have not been parties to previous incidences, are enticed as con-

flict issues turn into vicious cycles of attacks and retaliation. Young men from Guit County told how

they can be tracked down in Bentiu in case someone wants to avenge other members of their clan.

Meanwhile, young women indicated that they were more concerned with insecurity in their house-

holds and immediate communities; i.e. issues that affected their everyday life. Domestic violence

and disputes over lack of employment or livelihood are key insecurity issues, as well as being

treated as property based on the dowry paid to the woman’s family.

While communities generally perceive youth as the main driver of insecurity and conflict, the youth

also see themselves as agents of positive change. However, they lack opportunities and alternative

livelihoods.

6.4. The need for education and employment

During the consultations, youth participants repeatedly identified the lack of education, training and

employment opportunities as a main concern, especially among young men who said they had few

vocational opportunities. Elders and county authorities echoed this sentiment as well. Without a

proper education, the youth do not meet the skills requirement for employment. On the other hand,

very few vocational opportunities and alternative livelihoods, such as those in agriculture, are avail-

able, leaving the youth to fall back into cattle keeping as their main source of livelihood. Combined

with idleness and the potential enticement from militia groups, youth are easily drawn into conflict.

Young unmarried men face additional challenges, especially if they are the youngest of the sons in

the household. They want to get married but high dowry demands combined with a lack of cattle in

their households place them under strain. In addition, there is a lack of employment opportunities

and tools for taking up agriculture. Consequently, young men reported a particular predicament as

they face social pressures, including falling under the weight of their own expectations.

A general perception among participants in the county consultations, including elders and county

authorities, was that there is an overriding lack of educational and training facilities, which contrib-

ute to the lack of alternative livelihoods for youth. The establishment of vocational training centres

should preferably be demand-driven and optimise youth leadership, including establishing youth

associations.

16

7. COUNTY-SPECIFIC FINDINGS

This section provides detailed results of the consultations in each of the nine counties. The outputs

of these consultations include a conflict analysis matrix, prioritisation of security issues and a com-

munity action plan. It should be noted that all of these findings were a direct expression of thoughts

and opinions of community members, drawn out through group discussions. While editing on

grammar and syntax was done according to publication standards, the matrices in this section re-

tained participants’ own wordings to preserve the integrity of the results.

7.1. Rubkona County

Rubkona County is located in the centre north of Unity State and covers an area of 3,597 sq km with

a population estimated at 100,2364. It borders Guit County to the east, Southern Kordofan state to the

north, Abiemnhom County to the northwest, Mayom County to the west and Koch County to the

south. It has two key towns, Rubkona (formerly known as Yoahnyang) and Bentiu which hosts the

state government. Rubkona County consists of 10 payams, namely Bentiu, Rubkona, Nhialdhiu, Kal-

jak, Budaang, Panhiany, Dhorbor, Wathjak, Ngop and Norlamwuel. Most parts of Rubkona County

remain inaccessible. The Nuer is the predominant ethnic group in the county.

Agriculture, livestock and fishing are the traditional livelihood activities in Rubkona County. Devel-

opment of the petroleum sector provides important economic and employment opportunities. The

closure of the Khartoum-Bentiu road that links the north with Unity state after the 2011 referendum

resulted in a shortage of commodities in the county. About 90 percent of the business activities in

Rubkona are run by communities from Sudan and from Darfur as well as by Nubian merchants.

Participants in the Rubkona County Consultations

Rubkona County: Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions

Women Men Total

20 35 55

Conflict Causes Parties in the conflict Parties to the

conflict Effects Solutions

Cattle raid-

ing Competition over

wealth among clans Low levels of edu-

cation Presence of small

arms in the public Competition over

grazing land Undefined county

borders Shared land and

water resources

Male youth of Rubkona

vs Mayom Rubkona vs Misseriya

youth Rubkona Payam vs

Wathnyona Payam of

Guit, Budaang Payam vs Tor

Payam of Parieng, Panhiany Payam vs

Bou Payam of Koch Kerguin Payam of Guit,

Ngop Payam of

Rubkona vs Chatjak

Payam of Mayom

Communities Chiefs Government

of Sudan

Loss of lives Loss of properties Diseases Population decrease Hunger

Deployment of

police across coun-

ties Enforcement of law

on cattle raiders Construction of

police outposts at

the borders/

payams raiding

cattle Formation of com-

mittees from com-

munities leaders,

youth and women Provision of trans-

port and communi-

cation equipment

for police Compensation of

stolen cattle

Cont... 4 5th Sudan Population and Housing Census 2008. In Statistical Yearbook for Southern Sudan 2010. Southern Sudan Centre for Census, Statistics and Evaluation, p. 12.

17

Conflict Causes Parties in the conflict Parties to the


Competition

over water Shortage of water in

the local area in

South Kordofan

where the Misseriya

reside

Women internally Youth from Rubkona vs

Youth of Misseriya Rubkona youth vs Koch

Youth Rubkona youth vs Guit

youth

Youth and men

of Rubkona and

Government of

Sudan push

Misseriya youth

Loss of human lives,

cattle and productive

time in search of

other water sources Forced migration Loss of productive

time as women must

walk long distances

in search of water Deaths

Drilling of boreholes Construction of haffirs (large

water catchments)

Competition

over grazing

land

Undefined borders

between communi-

ties Lack of pasture

Youth from Rubkona vs

Misseriya youth Government of

Sudan Cattle raiding Loss of properties Displacement Loss of lives Abduction of chil-

dren

Establishment of border

committee Use of legal document for

movement Deployment of UN troops

Rebel

Militia

Groups

(RMGs)

Competition over

power and wealth Tribalism Discontentment

over election results

RMGs vs SPLA SSLA vs SPLA SSLA vs organised

forces

Government of

Sudan Loss of lives and

properties Population decrease Insecurity Displacement Distortion of move-

ment Presence of land-

mines Violent attacks Recruitment of child

soldiers

Peace negotiations between

the government and the

RMGs Deployment of SPLA Dialogue between Sudan

and South Sudan govern-

ment

Border

conflicts Artificial colonial

border demarcation Competition over

the ownership of

land Competition over

land resources, e.g.

oil and grazing land Migration of people

Male youth and the

communities of

Rubkona vs youth Men and the communi-

ties of Mayom, Koch,

Guit and Pariang coun-

ties, plus Misseriya of

South Kordofan

Youth and men

from both sides Elders Head of secu-

rity in the state Governor SPLA

Loss of lives and

cattle Migration Loss of properties Diseases

Demarcation of borders Deployment of police across

the border Construction of police posts Provision of transport and

communication equipment

to police Road connectivity

Abduction

of children

by Mis-

seriya

Child labour Slave trade

Rubkona community vs

Misseriya male youth Government of

Sudan Loss of children Trauma Loss of manpower

Dialogue with Misseriya Deployment of police forces Border demarcation

Inter/intra-

clan fighting Competition over

grazing land Competition over

girls Border conflicts Revenge Eloping of girls and

early pregnancy Adultery Critic songs

Rubkona youth in the

villages vs Guit/

Mayom youth Youth in the sub-clans

within the county

Elders Restriction of move-

ment Lack of trust and

suspicion Broken relationships Loss of lives and

properties Diseases Population decrease Displacement Limited manpower

Enforcement of law Jobs creation Construction of schools Laws on dowry reduction Vocational training centres

for youth Engagement of faith groups Establishment of joint courts

Cont… Rubkona County: Conflict Analysis

18

Rubkona County: Prioritisation of Conflict Issues

Issue Men Women Youth Total Rank

1—Highest

7– Lowest Cattle raiding 3 4 2 9 3

Competition over water 4 2 6 12 4

Competition over grazing land 6 7 5 18 6

Attack by RMGs 2 3 1 6 2

Border conflict 1 1 3 5 1

Abduction by Misseriya 7 6 7 20 7

Inter- and intra-clan conflict 5 5 4 14 5

Project Action/Resources Possible partners Start

date Who will follow up

Priority 1: Construct six police posts in: Ngob Payam (Wangkei) Tanjiang Payam (Kerthou) Budaang Payam (Reng) Norlam Payam (Jornjang) Panhiany Payam (Tuet) Bentiu Payam (Kei)

Provision of land by the

community, labour by the

community, provision of

building materials

County authority 1 Jan

2012 County authority,

community leaders,

UNDP

Priority 2: Establish irrigation projects for

youth and women in: Wathjar Ngob Kaljak Dhorbor

Meeting with chiefs,

youths and women,

discuss what is

needed for the project

to be implemented Land Labour

Water pumps(4)

Water pipe Tractor

Seeds

Irrigation tools; axes,

holes

County authority

and Community

leaders. State govt/ com-

munity/ county

authority UNDP, AECOM

UNDP, AfDB

UNDP, FAO,

Min. of Agric/

state UNDP, Bureau/

MOWRI

30 Nov

2011 Community com-

mittee

Priority 3: Drill boreholes

Community mobilization,

provision of land by the

community, provision of

local materials, provision

of building materials,

labour

County authority,

community leaders,

central and state gov-

ernment, UNDP

1 Jan

2012 County authority,

community leaders,

Local steering Com-

mittee, UNDP

19

Rubkona County: Community Action Plan

7.2. Guit County

Guit County was formerly part of Rubkona County but was accorded separate status as a result of

the devolution of power in the CPA agreement. Guit covers a surface area of 3,432sq km5 and bor-

ders the following counties: Pariang in the north, Rubkona in the northwest, Koch in the South and

Old Fangak in Jonglei State to the east. It is situated along the Nile River with three significant ports.

Guit County has vast resources such as oil, cattle, fish and grasslands. Guit County has eight

payams, 24 bomas and 208 villages. The payams are Niemni, Kuach, Nyathoar, Kedad, Kuerguini,

Wathnyona, Chotyiel and Bil. All payams are connected to the county headquarter by murrum

roads.

The population is estimated at 33,0046 of which the majority are youth. Guit is predominantly occu-

pied by the Jikany clan of the Great Nuer tribe with a small of number of Fallath Arab Nomads and

some Darfurians. The majority of the population is comprised of cattle keepers but the population

also engage in subsistence farming and modest commercial fishing. The majority of the population

lives in rural areas with only a few elites residing in the urban centres of Unity State. During the dry

season, water and pasture becomes a challenge which leads people to move over long distances to

other areas.

Participants in the Guit County Consultations

Guit County: Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions

Women Men Total

13 46 59

Conflict

Issues Causes Parties Effects Possible solution

Unclear

borders Control over taxation. People

taxed are from Guit but tax col-

lected by Pariang Competition over state capital

ownership Communities claim land of Ben-

tiu Political interest of having higher

population to increase political

weight and have more seats in the

State Parliament Higher population means more

access to developmental State

funds allocated Misunderstanding/mistrust be-

tween communities

Tax collectors Politicians Settlers in the contested

areas Communities in Payam

Occasional fighting Death Instability Tension

Border demarcation 3-party mediation: 2 communi-

ties and mediation by an exter-

nal party (not the government ) Referring to old (colonial) maps

to establish facts Engage elders knowledgeable of

local history of the exact borders Traditional conflict resolution

mechanism Engage communities in recon-

ciliation Establishment of border court

(formal judicial system) to solve

controversies

Unemploy-

ment Attitude of seeking Government

employment Lack of skills Unfair competition from skilled

traders Idleness/inertia as consequence of

war, people have no initiative Laziness: people look for clerical

jobs and do not consider farming

or labour intensive work

Women Men Population at large but

mainly youth Youth

Insecurity caused by

idleness People are unable to

support their families Business initiatives of

poor traders suffo-

cated by stronger trad-

ers

Formation of consortia or busi-

ness groups Family-based business project

based on resources owned Awareness/sensitisation on op-

portunities, business ideas, tech-

niques, skills Create own business opportuni-

ties without relying only on pub-

lic employment

5 5th Sudan Population and Housing Census 2008. In Statistical Yearbook for Southern Sudan 2010. Southern Sudan Cen-tre for Census, Statistics and Evaluation, p. 8.

6 Ibid, p.12.

Cont…

20

Conflict Issues Causes Parties Effects Possible solution

Women are not supported by

husbands/families in their en-

trepreneurship Lack of transparency and merit

in public post recruitment

Vocational training in brick

making, catering, hotel man-

agement, mechanics

Conflict over

marriage/

dowry

Elopement Failure to pay dowry Early pregnancy Dowry paid but pregnancy

with another man occurs before

marriage Arranged marriages

Families Girls Youth Community

Girls punished Inter-family fighting Reduced family

wealth Forced marriage Trauma in marriage

(unfaithfulness, adul-

tery, domestic vio-

lence) Death

Respect rights of others Respect women’s rights to

choose partner Awareness: girls are not just a

source of wealth Shift dowry from cows to

money (no need for raiding) Community consultation on

dowry

Competition

over grazing

land, fisheries

Rubkona men coming to Guit

for pasture during dry season Presence of only one fishing site

(Lel Ganyai)

Youth Men

Fighting Cattle raiding Lack of food Lack of income

Community leaders to facili-

tate youth movement Channel water from river Nile

to Guit Provision of tools for fishing Border demarcation Cleaning the river to expand

fishing ground

Presence of

rebel militia

groups

(RMGs)

Power struggle North Sudan trying to cause

insecurity in the State

RMGs SPLA, SAF

Presence of land-

mines Deaths Disabilities Road blockade

Peace talks à try to solve CPA

pending issues Peace dialogue in the commu-

nity Border demarcation Police posts and patrols

Inter-clan

fighting Competition over girls/

marriage Pregnancy before marriage

Youth Death Diseases Injuries/disabilities No opportunity for

movement

Alternative livelihood and

employment opportunity Youth engagement Traditional leaders to help

solve controversies Education and training

Cattle raiding Culture / Tradition Lack of education Lack of economic opportunities Lack of food

Young men Death Famine Diseases Disabilities Loss of life and prop-

erty

Cutting down trees and reset-

tle in Nyatuol, Chang Pageny,

Pam, Nyayouk Expanding agricultural and

other livelihood activities Provision of agricultural tools

including water tanks

Long distance

to water points Lack of water points Women responsibility to fetch

water

Men Women

Rape Overwork

Boreholes drilling for humans

and animals Grinding mills

Domestic

violence Dowry Women low status in the soci-

ety

Men Women

No appreciation of

women from men Women not involved

in decision making Cultural belief that

women have no

rights Clan fights

Solve inequality through access

to education Provision of reproductive

health services Support to orphans and wid-

ows Adult education

Cont… Guit County: Conflict Analysis

21

Guit County: Prioritisation of Insecurity Issues

Project Action/resources Possible partners Start date Who will follow up

Priority 1: Opening of existing wa-

ter canal to provide ac-

cess to water

Show the site Community 5 Jan 2012 Steering Committee

formed by the payams

Clear the site County government

Provide labour and inspect the

existing canal UNDP

Provide security Local administration

Provide construction company UNDP and Steering Committee

Community mobilization Community

1 Jan 2012 Community leaders,

Steering committee Priority 2: Mechanised agricultural

projects (all

payams) Identification of land County authorities Steering Committee

Formation of farming associa-

tions and membership County authorities and commu-

nity

Feb-Mar 2012 Payam authorities and

Steering Committee

Training of farmers through their

Associations County authorities, UNDP May 2012 Steering Committee

Purchase of a tractor UNDP Steering committee

Purchase of farm inputs (seeds,

tools, pesticide) UNDP Steering Committee and

county authorities

Priority 3: Construction and equip-

ping of two police

posts

Awareness, identifying actual

locations in Thow Managor and

Chang Payams

County and payam authorities Jan 2012 Steering committee and

payam authority

Land clearing Local Mar 2012 Payam authority

Tendering process Steering Committee, UNDP Steering Committee

Mobilisation of local materials Community and payam Community

Actual construction, provision of

equipment/furniture, communi-

cation equipment, vehicle

Contractors/UNDP Steering Committee/

UNDP

Hand over to government UNDP Steering Committee

22

Conflict issue Women Men Youth Total Rank

1—Highest

9– Lowest Unclear borders 3 1 1 5 1

Unemployment 2 3 7 12 4

Marriage/dowry 9 8 6 23 8

Competition over grazing land, water and fisheries 7 2 2 11 2

Cattle raiding 6 5 8 19 7

RMG presence 5 4 5 14 5

Inter-clan fighting 4 6 4 14 5

Domestic violence 8 9 9 26 9

Long distance to water points 1 7 3 11 3

Guit County: Community Action Plan

7.3. Abiemnhom County

Abiemnhom County is situated in the northeast of Unity state bordering South Kordofan and Abyei

in Sudan. Abiemnhom further shares borders with Mayom County to the southeast, Pariang County

to the north, Rubkona County to the east, and Twic County (Warrap State) to the south. Abiemnhom

has a surface area of 2,380 sq km and has an estimated population of 17,0127, most of whom are

Dinka Alor along with some Nuer. The main economic activity in Abiemnhom is agriculture.

Until 2005 Abiemnhom was part of Mayom County but became an independent county with the

signing of the CPA. Abiemnhom’s population was almost wiped out during the second civil war in

1983, which saw the majority of people fleeing to Sudan. Re-settlement only began in 2003. Parts of

Abiemnhom remain unsettled and especially along the borders this allows for easy movement of

RMGs who use Abiemnhom as a corridor for launching attacks in Mayom County.

Participants in the Abiemnhom County Consultations

Abiemnhom County: Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions

Women Men Total

24 36 60

Conflict issues Causes Parties involved Parties to the


Presence of

RMGs Abiemnhom is the

corridor to Mayom

– Bangbang payam No police presence/

security

RMGs and SPLA Government

of Sudan Government

of South Su-

dan

Presence of landmines Disabilities Loss of lives Restriction of move-

ment Food insecurity

Deployment of security forces

(SPLA and police) along the

border of Bangbang and

Awarpiny payams Construction of roads for eas-

ier deployment and delivery of

supplies Construction of boreholes

along the insecure borders for

easier access to water for secu-

rity forces Competition

over grazing

land

Lack of pasture

north of the border

of Sudan during

dry season Khartoum govern-

ment incites Mis-

seriya to capture

land Soft border since

independence

Male youth and

men from

Abiemnhom –

Misseriya youth

Government

of Sudan Displacement Burning of houses

and gardens Loss of property Loss of lives Abduction of children

Deployment of security forces

(SPLA and police) along the

border with Sudan Construction of police posts

and provide transport, com-

munication and provisions

Competition

over water Lack of clean water Lack of boreholes Competition over

fisheries Competition over

river Kiir

Youth (men and

women) from

Abiemnhom –

Misseriya youth

Communities

Abiemnhom -

Khartoum

Insecurity Loss of lives Long distances to

fetch water for

womenà miscarriages

and health problems

Connection of water pipes Construction of more bore-

holes Clear/demarcation of borders

Competition

over oil Presence of oil Ownership of oil

Government of

Sudan Government of

South Sudan

Government

of Sudan Government

of South Su-

dan

Inadequate oil Food insecurity Insecurity Fear Lack of development Displacement Loss of lives

International interventions –

demarcate borders Involvement of UN security

council Resolve outstanding CPA

issues

Cont... 7 Ibid, p. 12.

23



Presence of

landmines RMGs allegedly

sent by Khartoum

government to

plant landmines

Youth and men of

the militia group Government

of Sudan Restriction of move-

ment Food insecurity Inflation Loss of lives Limited access to

medical care for preg-

nant women and

farmers

UNMAO should carry out

demining in the affected areas The government of South Su-

dan should raise the issue in

the international community Deployment of troops to inse-

cure payams UNMISS should patrol the

areas affected

Attack by Mis-

seriya Control over re-

sources, e.g. gum

Arabic, fisheries Grazing land Water Khartoum govern-

ment instigation to

divide the Dinka

and Nuer tribe

Youth and men of

Misseriya Government

of Sudan (they

give arms to

the Misseriya)

Loss of cattle Loss of lives Rape Displacement Destruction of prop-

erties Abduction of children

Deployment of police and

military in the payams Border demarcation

Border conflict Struggle for re-

sources, e.g. grass,

sand, fish, etc. Quest to annex

some lands Grazing land

Youth and men

from Abiemnhom

vs. Misseriya

Government

of Sudan Assault/harassment of

women particularly Restriction of move-

ment Underdevelopment Lack of education

Deployment of police and

army to the payams at the

border Clear demarcation of Sudan

and South Sudan Mediation of this dispute over

border between north and

south done by the interna-

tional community

Cattle raiding Presence of arms in

hands of Misseriya Wealth and pres-

tige Ex-combatant

(need for survival) Lack of rule of law No police presence Dowry Water issues Community Incite-

ment

RMGs Misseriya Youth

Divorce (if cows sto-

len are discovered

and taken back) Fights Loss of lives Loss of livestock Revenge attacks Food insecurity Displacement Loss of livelihood Enmity/sour relation-

ship among the com-

munity

Increase the number of police

forces at the border Awareness and intercom-

munity dialogues Provision of water dams and

canals Roads network Establishment of Joint courts Disarmament (regional) Border protection and restric-

tions

Presence of

small arms Demobilised and

not disarmed SPLA

Ex-combatant

(disserted) Presence of RMGs Presence of Mis-

seriya (Arab no-

mads) Cattle Raiding Protection of

wealth

Misseriya Militia groups Youth from War-

rap state Ex-combatants

(SPLA)

Government

of Sudan Unknown

militia groups

Displacement Intercommunity fight-

ing Collapse business Lack of commodities Hunger and malnutri-

tion Diseases Loss of lives Close down of schools Fear/stress leading to

premature delivery/

miscarriages Disabilities Increased number of

orphans Bad effect on babies/

children

Police presence (well

equipped) Clear border demarcation Disarmament Increase dialogues between the

two countries Prison along the border

Cont...

Cont… Abiemnhom County: Conflict Analysis

24



Unemployment Insecurity Low level of educa-

tion Lack of capital Lack of entrepre-

neurial Skills Blockage of North-

South Roads thus

investment dis-

couraged

Youth (women

and men)

Low standard of liv-

ing Increase the number

of street children Divorce Dependency Increase crisis in the

areas Cattle raiding due to

redundancy and de-

sire for dowry Migration (rural and

urban) Depopulation Redundancy

Income generating activities Provision of loans for small

scale business Vocational training (carpentry,

African gum, fisheries, brick

laying) Agricultural farming projects Provision of sewing machines

for women’s groups Construct recreational centre

for youth activities

Cont… Abiemnhom County: Conflict Analysis

Abiemnhom County: Prioritisation of Insecurity Issues

Conflict issue Women Men Youth Total Rank 1—Highest

10– Lowest


Competition over water 3 3 2 8 2

Competition over grazing land 5 5 6 16 5

Unclear border 6 4 3 13 4

Presence of small arms 7 6 9 22 8

Misseriya attacks 1 1 1 3 1

Presence of RMGs 2 8 7 17 6


Competition over oil fields 8 10 10 28 10

Presence of landmines 10 9 8 27 9

25


Priority 1: Construction of police

posts in at least four,

preferable seven payams

Identify location and land Community, payam

authorities Jan 2012 Steering Committee,

Commissioner, com-

munity leaders Survey the location County surveyors Feb 2012

Identify building materials

(local) Community Mar 2012 Steering Committee

Tendering process UNDP, Government Apr 2012 Steering Committee, UNDP

Procurement of materials UNDP Government

Apr 2012 Steering Committee Commissioner Community leaders

Actual construction Apr 2012 Steering Committee Commissioner Community leaders

Purchase furniture and

equipment UNDP Jul 2012 UNDP

Steering Committee Hand over UNDP

Government Aug 2012

Provision of land Community Jan 2012 Steering Committee,

county authorities Priority 2: Construction of seven

boreholes in the

payams Provision of local materials

(with pay) Community

Provision of labour (with

pay) Community

Provision of security County authorities

Provision of accommodation

Provision of construction

company UNDP

Priority 3: Sorghum farming in the

seven

payams

Meet with communities and

authorities County commis-

sioner Jan. 2012 Steering Committee,

county authorities,

UNDP Search for fertile land Community

Machines for tree cutting UNDP State Government Community FAO WFP NGOs

Seeds

Labour

Thresher machine

Generator

Water

Pumping machine

Pesticides

Fertilizers

Storage facility

Abiemnhom County: Community Action Plan

26

7.4. Leer County

Leer County is situated in the southeast part of Unity State, approximately 135 km from the state

capital Bentiu. It consists of 16 payams and 48 bomas. It is the most densely populated county in

Unity State, with an estimated population of 53,022 and an area of 1,612 sq km.8 The county borders

Koch County to the North, Mayendit County to the East, Panyijar County to the southeast and Jon-

glei State to the East. The border between Leer and other counties is not yet demarcated.

The population in Leer relies on livestock, fishing and subsistence agriculture. The county receives

rains between June to October which often results in floods. The swampy terrain makes the county

endemic to diseases such as malaria and to parasitic infections like Kala Azar and bilharzias, among

others.

Participants in the Leer County Consultations

Leer County: Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions

Women Men Total

18 38 56

Conflict

Issues Causes Parties in the

conflict Parties to

the conflict Effects Solutions

Competi-

tion over

pasture

Less rainfall Drought Claim of ownership

of communal grazing

land Revenge Inadequate water

sources for pasture

growth Justice system still

slow, laws on raiders

not used Overstocking of ani-

mals Revenge to acquire

dowry for sisters who

have been eloped

Youth of

Leer, May-

endit and

Panyijar

Parents Elders Tradi-

tional

leaders

Loss of herds of cattle Loss of life Spread of livestock diseases Degradation of vegetation and

land Violent fights Mistrust between counties

Water sources construction Mobile animal health clinics Formation of youth organiza-

tions in cattle camps Youth training on peace build-

ing and unity Creation of income earning/job

opportunities Burning of bushes should be

stopped Creating ranches

Poor man-

agement of

returnees

Limited funds Unclear return polices Poor planning of

return process Concentration of

returnees in urban

areas High influx of return-

ees during the refer-

endum Inadequate humani-

tarian support Fear of statelessness

Sudan and

South Su-

dan Govern-

ments

Humani-

tarian

partners

Pressure on existing resources

and services Increase of crime Incompatible cultural practices

from different diasporas Over-population Competition over land, water,

education etc Increased unemployment Language barrier – medium of

instruction is English so children

from Sudan are unable to fit in Natural resources mismanage-

ment Mismanagement of return re-

sources

Allocation of adequate basic

services – water, education,

health etc Creation of job opportunities Vocational training and income

generating activities for the

youth Awareness raising on return

policies

Cont... 8 Ibid, p. 12

27

Conflict


conflict Parties to the


Competition

over water Drying up of rivers –

Gaar, Tiam and

Kuelnyang Long dry spell seasons –

which takes about 5

months Inadequate water sources

in all payams whereby

people have to share one

borehole – Pillieny and

Thornyang payams Five payams do not have

boreholes – Adok, Dhor-

gani, Gander, Gir, Juong High returnees influx Broken boreholes

Women, youth

and children Elders and

leaders Long waiting time at water

points Fights among youth in de-

fence of their sisters and

mothers; Women have less sleeping

time because many hours

are spent at water points Fights among women and

girls from various payams Miscarriage among expect-

ing women Less food in the house Poor personal hygiene at

household level Health conditions deterio-

rate leading to neck, head,

chest pain and miscarriage

by expectant mothers Women are beaten by hus-

bands if there is no water in

the house Girls drop out of school to

support with water fetching

for the family

Increase water sources/

points in all payams Surface water harvest-

ing

Borders

disputes Creation of new counties Discovery of oil fields in

Leer Displacement of people Unjust system of com-

pensation between Leer

and Mayendit Un-institutionalised con-

flict management mecha-

nisms ( when a good

officer who manages

conflicts well is trans-

ferred the new person

hired uses bad mecha-

nisms) Fear that the less popu-

lated areas would be

annexed Fear that counties would

not be allocated resources

or get services due to

less population Perception by some peo-

ple that traditional justice

applied favours some

people Confusion on voter regis-

tration Scramble to control coun-

ties between Mayendit

and Leer (main roads

taxes)

Youth in Leer

and Mayendit Elders,

women and

politicians

Fighting over resources

(water and schools) Restriction of movements Displacement of people Mistrust among communi-

ties Loss of life and property Out migration by men Rape of women and chil-

dren Inter-county disputes over

compensation paid by the

oil company to destructed

farms, houses and resources

Border demarcation Inter-county dialogue Adequate allocation of

funds and services by

government to all coun-

ties regardless of popu-

lation and size Empowerment of local

authorities to mobilize

communities on peace

matters and coexistence Provide more equip-

ment for security organs Proper management of

the return process Empower local authori-

ties in resource mobili-

zation Support the reintegra-

tion of returnees Adequate basic services

(Water, Health, Educa-

tion); Cultural awareness

Cont… Leer County: Conflict Analysis

Cont...

28

Conflict




Attacks by

Rebel Militia

Group

(RMG)

Failure to reintegrate militia

to national army Failure to succeed in captur-

ing political seats by certain

politicians Illegal possession of firearms

by citizens Motivation to accumulate

wealth Unconfirmed ranks Opposition of elections and

referendum

Youth organ-

ized by

Galuak

Political

leader that

failed to

capture his

seat

Fighting Killings Displacement of

people Rape of women and

children Restriction of move-

ment Forced recruitment

of children Low production of

food Rape of women Stealing of water

containers and

cooking pots

Deployment of forces along

the borders Comprehensive disarmament Reintegration of militia groups Dialogue between Govern-

ment and RMGs Border demarcation between

South Sudan and Sudan

Cattle

raiding Less job opportunities Inadequate food supply Absence of security forces High cost of dowry Revenge Presence of arms Lack of awareness on the

effects of cattle raiding and

other opportunities for gen-

erating wealth Less food importation from

the North due to the dys-

functional port Adok and

absence of roads Belief that possession of

many heads of cattle is pres-

tigious Bribing prison officers by

elders to have their con-

victed sons released from

prison Motivation to have money

and clothes for Christmas Release of cattle raiders by

prison authorities due to

poor capacity of prisons to

provide basic needs

Youth of Leer

and Mayendit,

Koch, Mayom,

Rubkona and

Panyijar

Parents

who push

their sons to

raid Militia who

supply

guns

Cross-border fight-

ing Displacement of

people Loss of property Restricted move-

ments Less production of

food Out-migration by

men and youth Women are left

behind to bear the

burden of family

care Loss of patriotism

Construction of police stations

and deployment of police Promote job creation for the

youth Construction of road to link

State Headquarters with coun-

ties Support foreign investors to

create job opportunities Improve communication sys-

tems to access security organs

in time of need Hold dialogue between the

youth in the payams /inter-

county dialogue Increase cross border dialogue Build mobile schools for the

youth in the cattle camps Provide the youth with techni-

cal skills including masonry,

carpentry, electronics and

metal work


29

Cont…

Conflict


conflict Parties to

the conflict Effects Solutions

Food

insecurity High influx of returnees Use of traditional farming

system Closure of borders be-

tween South Sudan and

Sudan Over reliance on rain-fed

farming Drought Floods Polygamy – overstretch

food resources Absence of food security

priority by Government Displacement Alcoholism by men Loss of livestock and agri-

cultural land due to open

disposal of waste products

by oil company Fights between Dier in

Leer and Mayendit Restricted movement Death of household heads Pest infestation Lack of diversification of

income sources Attacks by wild animals

Men, youth

and women Militant

Groups Sudan

Govern-

ment

Malnutrition among children

and women Out-migration of men Women left behind to care

for children Forced and early marriage of

girls Pregnant mothers become

anaemic Death of pregnant women Robbery with violence Loss of life Some children refuse to go to

school – high dropout Miscarriages by expecting

mothers/women School dropout; children join

cattle camps and get men-

tored to raiding practices High rate of divorce Women overwhelmed (Sleep

at 01:00 am and wake up at

04:00 am in the rainy season) Poor sexual relationship

between spouses Men beat wives and children

if there is no food Exposure habits of rape

Initiation of income generat-

ing activities for women Irrigation pumps to harvest

twice a year Modern farming methods

(Tractors, improved seeds,

extension of services) Creation of employment

opportunities for youth Dialogue among the youth

for peaceful coexistence Enact and enforce laws

against alcohol and beating

of women Awareness raising against

domestic violence Rotational system Engage South Sudan Wild

Life Services to control

wildlife Open East Africans routes

for food Construction of dikes to

control flooding Construction of inter-state

roads Attraction of foreign inves-

tors in food production


Leer County: Prioritisation of Insecurity Issues

9 Leer county commissioner, police commissioner, South Sudan Wildlife Service, South Sudan People’s Liberation Army, and South Sudan People’s Liberation Movement secretary.

Conflict / Insecurity Issues Youth Women Men / Elders County

authorities9

Total Rank 1—Highest

7– Lowest

Competition over pasture 5 7 5 6 23 6

Poor management of return process 6 3 4 5 18 4

Border disputes 4 6 6 4 20 5

Competition over water 3 2 3 2 10 2

Food insecurity 1 1 1 1 4 1

Cattle raiding 2 5 2 3 12 3

Attacks by Rebel Militia Groups

(RMGs) 7 4 7 7 25 7

30

Leer County: Community Action Plan

Proposed

projects Proposed components Activities Resources Possible partners

Priority 1: Food secu-

rity project

Provide one tractor, improved

seeds and extension services

for the county towards im-

proved farming Mobilize and train farmer

groups’ members (three mem-

bers in each payam) Provide the women’s union in

Leer county with support to

initiate one retail shop and a

restaurant at Leer county head-

quarter to improve income to

supplement food needs Provide women with one grind-

ing mill at Leer Payam centre Provide the youth in all the

payams with skills in masonry,

welding and carpentry includ-

ing adult education

Mobilize and form

farmer groups with

both men and

women Train farmers on

improved farming

systems Strengthen the

women ‘s union

with skills to enable

them run the retail

shop, restaurant

Tractors

Irrigation

pumps Seeds

Tools

Funds

Technical

experts Grinding

machine Funds

Local govern-

ment UNDP Other UN or-

ganizations

Priority 2: Water

project

Mobilise and build the capacity

of water user group to main-

tain the water sources Drill 64 hand pumps (3 in each

payam) Construct water reservoir for

livestock and kitchen garden-

ing in each payam Repair five boreholes in

Adok, Dhorgani, Gander, Gir,

and Juong Repair one water tank at Leer

headquarters near the market

Identifying payam

committees / leader-

ship that will work

with the steering

committee

Drilling ma-

chines Water pumps Engineer

Other related

equipment

and materials

Authorities in the

county Traditional lead-

ers Return and Rein-

tegration Com-

mission (RRC) Water Depart-

ment

31

7.5. Koch County

Koch is located in the south of Unity State and borders Guit County to the northeast, Mayom

County to the west, Rubkona County to the north, and Mayendit County to the south. It shares its

border with Tonj East and Tonj North County of Warrap state to the west. The county has seven

payams; Gany, Norbor, Pakur, Boaw, Ngony, Mirmir and Jaak. It is estimated that the total popula-

tion of Koch is 74,863.10

Koch County is predominantly inhabited by Nuer people, of which there are five distinct clans,

namely Rayien, Boor, Lang, Wuot and Jidiet. However, during the wars other ethnic groups came to

the area. Koch communities rely on livestock, agriculture, fishing and oil for their livelihoods. Koch

County has 11 murrum roads that connect it to various payams. None of these roads has tarmac and

are thus inaccessible during the rainy season.

Participants in the Koch County Consultations

Koch County: Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions

Women Men Total

21 29 50

Conflict

issues Causes Parties in the conflict Parties to the

conflict Effects

Cattle

raiding To get rich

High cost of dowry ( 60-100 cows) Revenge

Restock lost livestock

Myth that cattle belong to the Nuer people

Myth that cattle belong to Dinka in War-

rap Lack of alternative income for the youth

Lack of education by the youth to engage

in viable activities Lack of roads from payam to payam

hence raiders caught cannot be handed

over to law enforcers Absence of police station, radio communi-

cation and vehicles Presence of vegetation used has hideouts

by cattle raiders in the rainy season Punishment to those who have impreg-

nated their sisters

Youth in Warrap

raid Koch Youth in Koch raid

Warrap Youth in Mayom

raid Koch Youth in Koch raid

Mayom

Parents

Extended fam-

ily

Spread of firearms

Food insecurity in Koch Loss of property

Abduction of women and

children Rape of women

Limitation in movement Hunger

Loss of livelihoods sources

Loss of household assets

Inter clan fights Overcrowding of people and

livestock Environmental degradation

due to overstocking Children displaced from

school

Food

insecurity Destruction of crops by elephants

Rape of women when they are working in

the farm Abduction of boys when working in the

farms Killing of boys who provide manpower in

the farms for food production Concentration on traditional farming

methods that do not produce much yields Low yields due to reliance on rain-fed

farming High cost of farm inputs

Inaccessible roads hence other foods can-

not be purchased from Juba or the North

Youth who attack

from neighbouring

counties Koch youth who

revenge and also

attack the

neighbouring

counties Men who beat

wives whenever

there is no food

RMGs who

attack people

while working

in the farms

School dropout by children

due to hunger Women beaten by husbands

whenever there is no food in

the house Migration by men to other

regions leaving behind

women with the burden of

family care

10 5th Sudan Population and Housing Census 2008.” In Statistical Yearbook for Southern Sudan 2010. South-ern Sudan Centre for Census, Statistics and Evaluation, p. 12.

Cont...

32

Conflict


conflict Effects

Competition

over water Competition over ownership

of river Dol and Bilchang Inadequate water sources Discrimination of small clans

from water points High livestock population

Youth are not occupied/ are

idle

Warrap youth who

bring cattle to Dol

river Koch youth who

bring cattle to Dol

river Mayom youth who

bring cattle to Dol

river Women and girls

who fight at the

water points

Elders Fathers

Fighting between Warrap and Koch youth

Fighting between Koch and Mayom

youth Killings

Loss of life of youth

Loss of children by parents

Loss of sources of livelihood sources Outbreak of livestock diseases

Death of livestock

Women covering long distances ( 5hours)

to fetch water resulting to miscarriages,

rape, attacks by wild animals/ snakes,

roadside deliveries, injuries, attacks by

RMG who steal Jerri cans

Competition

over land

ownership

Displacement of populations

as a result of clashes in the

North Creation of the new counties

which push some clans out-

side their original geographi-

cal locations

Rubkona elders

community claim-

ing rights over

land Mayom elders

community claim-

ing rights over

land Koch elders claim-

ing ownership of

land

Government of

South Sudan Elders

Loss of human life

Loss of property Fighting between Koch and Mayom

youth Fighting between Koch and Rubkona

youth Killings

Loss of life of youth Loss of children by parents

Loss of sources of livelihood

Outbreak of livestock diseases

Death of livestock Displacement of people

Competition

over pasture Drought

Overstocking Pollution of vegetation by oil

company Discrimination of the smaller

clans Youth have no other activities

Warrap youth who

bring cattle to Dol

river Koch youth who

bring cattle to Dol

river Mayom youth who

bring cattle to Dol

river

Elders and

parents Fighting between Warrap and Koch youth

Fighting between Koch and Mayom

youth Killing of youth and people in general

Loss of life of youth

Loss of children by parents

Loss of sources of livelihood Outbreak of livestock diseases

Displacement of populations

Death of livestock

Forceful

eviction by

oil compa-

nies

Discovery of oil fields

Failure by the government to

provide strong policies on

compensation

Koch elders vs

Government of

Sudan Elders vs oil com-

pany management Youth vs oil com-

pany

Government of

Sudan Uncovered trenches

Open disposal of waste on land, rivers

and pasture Death of livestock in the open trenches

Injuries of people from the open trenches

Death of children in the open trenches

Displacement of people whose land have

oil fields Inadequate pasture

Children consuming chemicals disposed

in the open resulting to death

Cont… Koch County: Conflict Analysis

Cont...

33

Conflict


conflict Effects

Attacks by

rebel militia

group (RMG)

Rebellion against Govern-

ment of South Sudan Intentions to acquire political

power

Youth organized by

James Galwak Gai

Government of

Sudan Raping of women children

Killing of people Forceful recruitment of children

to the militia group Abduction of women and chil-

dren Burning of villages

Displacement of people Looting of property

Re-arming of militia

Forceful accusation of victims

and families Victimization of men who report

atrocities by RMG to their wives Food insecurity

Robbery with violence

Looting of household cooking

pans and water Jerri cans by the

militia Loss of dignity for women

Spread of Sexually Transmitted

Infections Rejection of girls who have been

raped Presence of land mines planted

by the militia

Cont… Koch County: Conflict Analysis

Koch County: Prioritisation of Insecurity Issues

Conflict / Insecurity Issues Youth Women Men / Elders County

authorities11

Total Rank 1—Highest

7 Lowest





Attacks by rebel militia groups 6 4 7 7 21 7

Competition over land owner-

ship 7 6 5 4 22 5

Forceful eviction by oil com-

pany 5 7 6 5 23 6

11Koch commissioner, Police commissioner, South Sudan Wildlife service, South Sudan People’s Liberation Army, and South Sudan People’s Liberation Movement secretary

34

Koch County: Community Action Plan

Project Proposed project com-

ponents Activities Resources Possible partners Start

Date Who will

follow up Priority 1: Water project

Construct 9 water pans

in Norbor, Pakur, Gany,

Nyang, Ngony, Koch,

Bouw, Jaak and Tharjath

payams for livestock

Organize community

meetings to identify

space / land for the

water pans Train community on

water pan construc-

tion and maintenance

Water pan

equipment Funds Land

Expert on water

pans

County Authority

UNDP Other humanitarian

agencies

10 Jan 2012

County

Authority Commu-

nity

Construct 9 bore holes

in Norbor, Pakur, Gany,

Nyang, Ngony, Koch,


payams for domestic use

Organize community

meetings to identify

space / land for the

boreholes Select a water use

committee and train

them on borehole

maintenance

Borehole equip-

ment Funds Land

Expert on bore-

hole construc-

tion

County Authority


agencies

10 Jan 2012

County

authorities

Construct a drainage

system along the river

bank to prevent and

control the floods

Mobilize community

to support the con-

struction work in

kind and cash where

possible

Materials and

equipment for

construction of

drainage system Funds Expert

County Authority


agencies

10 Jan 2012

County

authorities

Construct 4 bridges to

ease transportation in

Norbor, Pakur, Gany,

Nyang, Ngony, Koch,


payams

Mobilize the commu-

nity to support the

construction work in

cash and kind

Equipment and

materials Expert on

bridge construc-

tion Funds

County Authority


agencies

10 Feb 2012

County

authorities

Install water irrigation

generators in Norbor,

Pakur, Gany, Nyang,

Ngony, Koch, Bouw,

Jaak and Tharjath

payams

Mobilize the commu-

nity to support the

installation process Mobilize the commu-

nity to form user

groups in all the

payams where instal-

lation shall take place Train the user groups

on management of

the irrigation interven-

tion

Irrigation

equipment Funds Expert

County Authority


agencies

10 Feb 2012

County

authorities

Cont...

35

Priority 2: Food security

project

Proposed project com-

ponents Activities Resources Who will provide Start

Date Who will

follow up

Provide one tractor,

improved seeds, small

scale irrigation and

field extension ser-

vices in all the 7

payams Initiate and install

one grinding mill for

women for the grains

produced at Koch

headquarters Build capacity of the

youth in all the

payams in technical

skills specifically in

carpentry, mechanics,

tailoring and life

skills to enable them

earn income to meet

their food needs Establish one Primary

Healthcare facility

with a feeding pro-

gramme for children

aged 7 years and be-

low at Koch head-

quarters

Train farmers on im-

proved farming meth-

ods Provide materials ,

seeds and tools for

farming Train women on how

to manage a grinding

mill machine

Tractors

Irrigation

pumps Seeds

Tools

Funds

Technical ex-

perts Grinding ma-

chine Funds

County authority

Ministry of agricul-

ture UNDP

5 Jan

2012 County

Authority

Train youth in techni-

cal skills specifically

in carpentry, mechan-

ics, tailoring and life

skills

Identify training cen-

tres Identify youth to be

trained in technical

skills from all the

payams Train youth in techni-

cal skills (carpentry,

mechanics, tailoring ) Provide loans to the

youth for business

start-up

Technical Train-

ers venues Technical Materials and

equipments

County Authority

Concerned Ministry UNDP

20 Jul 2012

County

Authority

Establish a health facil-

ity and feeding centre

for children aged 7 years

and below

Mobilize community

to identify location of

facility and centre Trainer care takers for

the centre Recruit staff to work

at the facility and

centre

Medical staff

Care takers Community

mobilisers Funds

Food

County Authority

Ministry of Health UNDP

30 Jan 2012

County

authority

Cont… Koch County: Community Action Plan

36

7.6. Mayendit County

Mayendit borders Koch County to the north, Leer County to the east, and Panyijar to the south.

Mayendit also borders Warrap State (Tonj East County) to the northwest and Lakes State (Rumbek

North County) to the southwest. The headquarters is in Dhorgaapni at the central part of the county.

Koch County occupies an estimated area of 3,067 sq km with a demographic representation of 100

percent Nuer. Three major Nuer sub-clans are found here, namely Kuei, Jalok and Beek. Mayendit

has an estimated population of 53,78312.

Mayendit County is composed of 13 payams and 39 bomas. The payams include Rubkuay, Daplual,

Bor, Thaker, Leak, Tutnyang, Madol 1, Pabuong, Maalkuer, Tharjiath, Jaguar, Maal and Mirnyal.

Water-related and water-borne diseases are common due to the swamps, which are attributed to the

floods that occur during the rainy seasons. Movement of people tends to be limited during this pe-

riod including transportation of goods within the county. The county has extensive grazing lands

and its economy is mainly based on crop production and cattle keeping.

Participants in the Mayendit County Consultations

Mayendit County: Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions

Women Men Total

14 38 52

12 5th Sudan Population and Housing Census 2008.” In Statistical Yearbook for Southern Sudan 2010. Southern Sudan Centre for Census, Statistics and Evaluation, p. 12

Conflict

issues Causes Parties in in the


conflict Effects Suggested solutions

Cattle

raiding Revenge

Presence of small arms

among ordinary commu-

nity members, there was

no uniform disarmament Absence of law enforcers

Absence of compensation

between the Nuer and the

Dinkas No communication net-

works to call for reinforce-

ment Unemployment among

the youth Raiding done to accrue

wealth Poor deployment of police

officers High cost of dowry which

is 30-70 herds of cattle Lack of education among

the youth

Youth from

Warrap,

Lakes states

and Leer

County

Elders

Women Chiefs

Witch doc-

tors

Loss of life and

property Fear and Mistrust Food insecurity

Displacement of

families Restricted move-

ment

Erect a police post along the

border Hold peace dialogue among

Inter –States. Inter-states

should increase water

points Construct roads to connect

payam to payam Conduct uniform disarma-

ment to all 10 states Review deployment proce-

dures by avoiding deploy-

ment of officers in home

states Install agricultural and

vocational training centres Improve inter-county/state

communication

Cont...

37

Conflict




Competi-

tion over

water

Inadequate rainfall

Inadequate water points Over-population causing

displacement Lack of run-off harvesting

systems Competition for water

between animals and

humans Over-stocking of animals

Big numbers of returnees

and displaced people

struggling to access over-

stretched water sources Presence of firearms in

Warrap state

Youth of

Warrap, May-

endit, Leer

and Koch

who fight to

protect their

mothers and

sisters against

attacks at

water points Women and

girls who

fight at water

points Youth of

Warrap, Koch

and Leer who

fight over

water for

their animals

Politicians

who pro-

vide arms Poor devel-

opment

policies that

do not place

water as a

priority

Women cover long

hours to fetch water

thus 2 hrs to return Poor health of

women due to

heavy water con-

tainer they carry Poor personal hy-

giene Women are beaten

by their husbands

whenever there is

no water Trauma and stress

on women and chil-

dren due to violence

associated with

mothers’ beatings

Construct 13 hand pumps

and water yards in 13

payams Provide non –food items

like Jerri cans Sensitize men against vio-

lence on women Carry out surface/rain

water harvesting/catchment

facility – haffirs Disarm all states to im-

prove stability

Competi-

tion over

pasture

Inadequate pasture

Inadequate water sources

for pasture Outbreak of animal dis-

eases Overstocking of animals

Intertribal fights between

Dinka and Nuer tribes

Youth from

Warrap, and

Mayendit Youth from

Lake States,

Koch, Leer

and Mayendit

Elders

Chiefs

Fighting among the

Youth Loss of life Displacement of

families Migration to other

relatively peaceful

payams Children do not

attend schools Children drop out

Lack of access to

medical services Cattle are raided

Restricted move-

ment Food insecurity

Mistrust among

neighbouring com-

munities Food is not pro-

duced

Construction of political

outposts and deployment of

law enforcers Dialogue between Warrap,

Lakes and Unity Disarmament in all states

Construct road connection

from Remer to Madol to

Pabuong to Bhol and

Malkuer payams

Border

disputes Warrap claims ownership

of the stretch that covers 7

payams in Mayendit Mayendit claims owner-

ship of border stretch that

Warrap wants Warrap does not have

adequate pasture due to

dry climate Presence of firearms in

Warrap and lakes States Presence of gangs in

Lakes who attack Madol

and Bhor The border is not demar-

cated

Warrap youth

who attack 4

payams in

Mayendit Mayendit

youth who

defend their

county Youth and

women who

are killed in

Lakes State

Elders of

Warrap

elders of

Mayendit Politicians Women

who chal-

lenge men

to prove

their worth

if they are

not able to

defend the

borders of

the county

Loss of cattle

Burning of homes Displacement of

people Killing of youth

Loss of sources of

livelihood

Deploy police and SPLA

soldiers at the border Open roads and connect

road from headquarters to

payams for police move-

ment Establish border courts

Build prisons where crimi-

nals can be locked up as

they serve their jail term

Cont… Mayendit County: Conflict Analysis

Cont...

38

Conflict




Food

insecurity Floods

Droughts – less rains Traditional farming sys-

tem Displacement as a result

of inter-state youth fights Dependence on rain-fed

farming Blockage of Khartoum –

Bentiu road Polygamy with high num-

ber of children which

stress available food re-

sources Food production shoul-

dered mainly by women

only Alcoholisms by men

Non-functional port

(Paak) Overpopulation by dis-

placed people from 7

payams bordering War-

rap strained food re-

sources Population increase by

returnees Inadequate food for the

returnees

Men who

beat their

wives Men who are

involved in

alcoholism Women who

have no food

to feed their

families

Politicians

who fail to

put food

security as a

priority

Poor health of

women and children

– anaemia among

expectant women

and children,

(malaria, diarrhoea,

malnutrition) Reproductive sys-

tems of women

affected due to lack

of food Women are beaten

by husbands when

there is no food Women are predis-

posed to Urinary

Tract Infections

because they spend

over 4 hours collect-

ing water lily while

standing inside

water Women have no

time to rest, they

work long hours Less opportunities

for education for

girls and women High rate of school

drop out by girls

and children in

general whenever

there is no food

Introduce modern farming

system – improve seeds of

sorghum, g/nuts, sesame,

vegetables etc, tractor, ex-

tension services Install grinding mill Construct police posts con-

struction at the border areas

along Warrap/Unity bor-

ders for stability Open port Paak for accessi-

bility of food items and

trade along the River Nile Road construction to con-

nect payams to reach food

markets

Abuse of

power by

organized

forces

Deployment of organized

forces to their own home

states Partisan practices by de-

ployed forces during con-

flicts Provision of arms by or-

ganized forces to their

ethnic groups to revenge

Youth of

Warrap and

Mayendit

who receive

arms and

carry out the

actual attacks

Govern-

ment Organised

forces Elders

County

leaders

Increase of revenge

attacks Death of youth,

men , women and

children Loss of livestock

Burning of houses

Body injuries

Loss of livelihoods Displacement of

families Food insecurity in

homes

Wait for presidential decree

Cont… Mayendit County: Conflict Analysis

39

Mayendit County: Prioritisation of Insecurity Issues

Conflict issues Youth Women Men/elders County

authority Total Rank

1—Highest

6– Lowest





Abuse of power by organized

forces 4 5 6 6 21 6


Mayendit: Community Action Plan

Proposed

Project Activities Possible partners Start

Date Who will follow up

Priority 1: Food security

project

Community Mobilization for formation of farmer

groups Training farmers on how to use the tractor and seed

selection Train the already existing women group on manage-

ment of the grinding mill Mobilize communities through payam administra-

tors to support the road construction Mobilize community to support the rehabilitation of

Port Paak Mobilize the youth to form a group Register the youth in formal and non-formal centres

to learn skills in masonry, mechanics, metal works,

carpentry and electronics

County Au-

thority UNDP Other humani-

tarian agencies

10 Jan

2012 County Authority Steering Committee

Priority 2: Construct a

police outpost

Mobilise the community to support the construction

of the police outpost Purchase equipment for communication and vehi-

cles for transportation Organise state and interstate peace conference Talk to the government to carry out uniform disar-

mament

County Authority

10 Jan

2012 County Authority

40

7.7. Panyijar County

Panyijar County is situated in the south of Unity State. It shares borders with five counties in Lakes

state. It was promoted to the county in 2005 following the signing of the CPA. It has 15 payams and

the predominant clan in the county are the Nyuong. Panyijar stretches to 5,362 sq km and the popu-

lation is estimated at 50,723.13

The topography of the area is flat and experiences heavy equatorial rainfall leading to regular an-

nual floods. Some parts of the county experience water shortage which causes livestock owners to

move to cattle camps in search of pasture and water. A number of people practice agriculture; sor-

ghum and maize are the predominant crops.

The road connecting Panyijar headquarters to Ganyliel and Taiyar is incomplete as only seven kilo-

metres of the road have been constructed using mud instead of the ideal gravel called murrum. A

road connects the State with the county but only until Panyijar headquarters and is not operational

during the rainy season.

Panyijar County: Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions

Conflict

Issue Causes Effects Possible Solutions

Cattle

raiding Ambitious /prestige in the number

of cows owned Revenge in return to previous

cattle raids To acquire cattle for dowry in

marriage / repay debts Traditional values and mindset

about conflicts between the Dinka

– Nuer Tribal tendencies between Nuer

and Dinka Differences on historical and dis-

agreement issues (split within the

SPLM) Shared facilities without order

and law particularly in the ab-

sence of government

Loss of human life / livestock losses Displacement of people (further

migration) Animal diseases transfer (foot and

mouth disease) Loss of property Kidnapping of women during raids Forced marriages Abduction of young girls/abduction

and killing of boys Increased illiteracy (boys never go to

school)

Mobilize youths to join schools while

encouraging middle-aged men to un-

dertake economic activities such as

agriculture project – sorghum produc-

tion with or without external support Enhance awareness among elders,

women, youth and leadership on the

harmfulness of cattle raiding Engage key stakeholders (chiefs, elders

across the counties/lakes state) on dia-

logue The ongoing disarming to continue Construction of 4 police stations

(Pachar, Wunpab (Mayon payam,

Marial payam, Pakom, Chuk, Panchin-

jok) Lobby for establishment of the mobile

network extension Establish border market between Dinka

and Nuer to promote positive interac-

tion among the 2 communities Competition

over pasture

and water

Rush to access grass near water

points in dry seasons before other

clans and communities Swampy areas with grass are near

boundaries

Losses of lives Displacement of people (further

migration) Instability among affected people Revenge in the previous losses/raids Loss of animals to hyenas Moving far areas to take animals

encounter combative communities,

wildlife, difficult situations

Reconciliation among communities

involving local leaders, chiefs (payams

and Lakes state) Construction of a police station on the

grazing zone Enhance communication between Nuer

and Dinkas Reconstruction of the prison at the

county headquarters

Small arms Militia sold guns to the people Those departing or resigning from

the military come home with guns Arabs/South Sudan fight allowed

communities to be equipped with

guns

Killing self, family and community

members when there is disagreement Used during cattle raiding Loss of lives

Disarmament continues

13 Ibid, p. 12.

Cont...

41

Conflict

Issue Causes Effects Possible Solutions

Presence of

criminals Food insecure Disarmament process on going Presence of arms in the hands of

a few Weak justice system Lack of prisons

Death/ambush on people Stealing and destroying

property Instability / insecurity

Construction of prison in the county head-

quarters Strengthening justice system in the county Construction of police stations identified

Border

conflicts Unclear boundaries / demarca-

tion violated Disproportionate distribution

after cattle raids When some of their own are

killed in the raids During marriage ceremonies

Loss of lives/properties Animosity among the com-

munities Displacement of people

Enforcement of the police in the existing and

new police stations Telecommunication / mobile communications Engage the youth in businesses / agriculture

projects (sorghum and other food crops) Maintenance of roads Formation of local construction companies to

engage the youth

Food

insecurity Poor road network In access to tools and farm

equipment Floods Inadequate knowledge in agri-

culture Over-reliance and dependency

on livestock Insecure forests/limited or no

collection of wild fruits

Hunger Cattle raiding Fighting Stealing Creation of criminal gangs Rape Sometimes killings

Improve road network (Panyijar to Rumbek/

Juba to Panyijar) Establish mechanized farming Promote fishing activities Promote irrigation along the river Educate farmers on improved farming

Long

distance to

water points

Drought / dry periods Long distance to water points Grinding floor for the house-

holds (long hours)

Women walk long distance

to fetch water Work overload affecting the

health of women Insecurity

Construct boreholes (Machora, Theanweng) Grinding meal for women

Domestic

violence Payment of dowry Cultural practices – beating Early and forced marriage Requests for money depend-

ency on women for daily subsis-

tence Drunkenness among men

Divorce sometimes Death /poor health of

women

Community education on the rights of

women Promote income-generating activities for

women

Cont… Panyijar County: Conflict Analysis

42

Panyijar County: Prioritisation of Insecurity Issues

Conflict issue Men Women Youth Total Rank 1—Highest

8– Lowest


Competition over grazing lands and pasture) 7 8 7 22 8

Presence of small Arms 4 3 6 13 4

Presence of criminal gangs 8 7 3 18 6

Border conflicts 6 6 8 20 7

Food insecurity 1 1 1 3 1

Long distance to water point 3 4 5 12 3

Domestic violence 5 5 4 14 5

Panyijar County: Community Action Plan


Priority 1:

Agri-business

project

Strengthen existing youth and

women groups (may form new

ones)

Youth and Women Leader

(Elizabeth Nyapada and

Mading Pouch), elders

chiefs

Elizabeth Nyapada and

Mading Pouch

Identify the actual land for the

project:

Binjak (River Yangar)

Chuck HQ near river Pal-

dengei

Bangkal- pachal, near river

mock

Community / chiefs/ ad-

ministrators

Elizabeth Nyapada and

Mading Pouch

Identify and train bulls for train-

ing at household level

Households ( men)

Identification of sites Community and chiefs,

county commissioner

Dec 2011 Head chief/ county

commissioner

Priority 2:

Construction of 4

police stations

Clearing land for constructions

Community / chiefs,

county commissioner

Jan 2012

Building Materials

Cement

Iron sheets

Iron Bars

Timber

Sand

Labour

Community/ GOSS/ UNDP

and others

Jan- Mar

2012

Local Steering Com-

mittee/county commis-

sioner

Priority 3:

Construction of

boreholes

Geological survey/ selection of

sites

Community/chiefs/ UNDP Jan 2012 County commissioner

and Steering Commit-

tee

Clearing the land Community / chiefs/ ad-

ministrators

Jan 2012 Chief in the respective

payam

Drilling of boreholes Community, GOSS/

UNDP/ Chiefs

Jan- Mar

2012

Steering Committee /

county commissioner /

UNDP

Formation of borehole manage-

ment committees

Community/chiefs Apr 2012 Steering committee /

UNDP

Training pump mechanics Community/ chiefs May 2012 Steering Committee /

UNDP

43

7.8. Mayom County

Mayom County is one of the nine counties of Unity State, located to the northwest of the State. Its

county headquarters is also called Mayom. It borders Abiemhnom County to the northwest, South

Kordofan in the north, Rubkona County to the northeast, Mayom County to the east, Tonj East

County to the southeast, Tonj North County to the south, Gogrial East County to the South West and

Twic County of Warrap state to the West14. Mayom has an estimated population of 120,715 and an

area of 4,970 sq km.15

Mayom County is home to the Bul – Nuer population who are agro-pastoralists, living on subsis-

tence farming, livestock keeping and fishing from River Chuolpi. Over time, merchants from Bentiu,

Sudan and neighbouring states Darfur and Warrap migrated to Mayom to establish a market econ-

omy.

Mayom County: Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions

14 Mayom County Planning Unit (2011) County Strategic Plan and Budget 2012 to 2015 (unpublished). 15 5th Sudan Population and Housing Census 2008. In Statistical Yearbook for Southern Sudan 2010. Southern Sudan Cen-

tre for Census, Statistics and Evaluation, p. 12.

Conflict

issue (s) Causes Who is involved

openly and the role

they play

Who is involved

secretly and the

role they play

Effects Solutions

Presence of

RMGs Impacts of elec-

tions held in 2010

especially the los-

ers Forced armed re-

cruitment in Khar-

toum

Dinka, Nuer and

Misseriya spon-

sored by Govern-

ment of Sudan .

They fight to rebel

against the Govern-

ment of South Su-

dan.

Government of

Sudan so that

they can destabi-

lize South Sudan

Attacks by lions Looting of property Killing people Displacement of

families Grabbing of proper-

ties Planting of land

mines

There should be peace talks

b/w the govt. and the Arabs The government should

promote peace and stability

in the country Government should estab-

lish training centres, voca-

tional schools, Government should con-

struct police posts and

maintain peace and security

in the region

Cattle

raiding Presence of small

arms Lack of education Revenge as impact

of previous raiding Unemployment Lack of infrastruc-

ture , police, roads

and health centres

Dinka ( youth from

Warrap and Lakes)

are involved , they

do the actual fight-

ing; and Youth

from Mayom who

also go and re-

venge previous

attacks Misseriya who wait

and raid cattle at

the onset of the

rains when they

are returning to

South Kordofan RMG who raid and

take away cattle by

force

Dinka elders are

involved indi-

rectly because

they even use

‘Kujur’ to use

supernatural

powers to pro-

tect the youth

who go for cattle

raiding Government of

Sudan who sup-

port the RMG

Death Displacement of

families Rape of women Abduction of

women and children Houses are burnt Youth and men are

killed

Patrolling police should be

deployed Disarmament of small arms Establishment of schools,

roads and health centres Government should set up

police posts

Cont...

44

45

Conflict


openly and the role

they play

Who is involved

secretly and the

role they play

Effects Solutions

Unemploy-

ment Lack of education

and vocational

skills Lack of capital to

start a business Lack of companies Insecurity Lack of opportuni-

ties from the gov-

ernment Lack of skills re-

quired in the job

market

Youth are directly

involved because

they do not have

employment and

the all the cattle

belong to their

fathers

Children, wives,

parents and

relatives are

involved be-

cause they de-

mand for sup-

port even if one

has no income

Cattle raiding Inter-clan fights Death Injury and disability Youth joining militia

groups

Open vocational training

centres for the youth to

learn skills such as mechan-

ics, computer, welding,

masonry etc.

Competi-

tion over

water for

livestock

Not enough water

for livestock Movement of live-

stock to another

county Keeping many

cattle in one family Overcrowding of

cows at water

points

RMGs Youth

Elders Politicians

RMGs stealing cows Death of cows RMGs beating youth

in cattle camps Abduction of chil-

dren, women and

youth

Disarmament of civilians Deployment of police in

border areas

Inter-clan

fighting Traditional dance

with spear and kill Revenge Competition over

farmland Revenge of previ-

ous attacks Killing of a man

who impregnates a

girl then family

later comes to re-

venge Elopement of girls

Youth who fight to

protect their fami-

lies and communi-

ties

Elders who pro-

vide advise Death Injuries

Education for youth Creation of awareness to

women and elders Developing Laws on girls

child education by the gov-

ernment Police patrols in all ten

payams

Long dis-

tance to

fetch water

Not enough water

points Water tank that

was installed is not

functional Attack from RMGs Not enough rain Some boreholes are

broken Not enough water

storage containers

Women from

Mayom, and other

neighbouring

payams and coun-

ties who fight at

the water points Misseriya who

prevent women

from fetching wa-

ter

Government of

Sudan who use

Misseriya to

attack Mayom

Loss of life Fight among

women at water

points Rape women Pregnant women

loss their babies

Construction of 11 bores

holes in the ten payams Repairing some boreholes

which are broken Installing of water tank for

animals and livestock in

Mankien payams Installation of hand pump

in all 10 payams

Competi-

tion over

girls /

women

Taking girls by

force Forced marriage

(old men on young

girls) Marriage that fol-

lows traditional

laws Boys and girls are

not in school

Brothers of girls

who attack men

who have force-

fully married or

eloped their sisters Sometimes parent

members

Parents and

elders who au-

thorize their

sons to launch

attacks as re-

quired tradition-

ally

Fighting with boy’s

family Beating young girls Death (including

boys and girls) Disability Wounds Clan fighting

Sending boys and girls to

school

Cont… Mayom County: Conflict Analysis

Cont...

46

Conflict


openly and the role

they play

Who is involved

secretly and the

role they play

Effects Solutions

Attacks

from Mis-

seriya

Competition over

pasture Misseriya want to

take control of terri-

tory Misseriya are

armed Cattle raiding

Men and youth of

Mayom who do the

attacks Misseriya

Government of

Sudan who sup-

plies arms; insti-

gates and creates

divisions Elders who are

the link between

the community

and the govern-

ment: link b/w

Govt.

House burning Child abduction Loss of livestock People dying Starvation

Border demarcation Disarming of Misseriya Peace negotiations and

agreement on terms for mi-

gration Identification documents Mediation committee to

solve controversies Police patrols Infrastructure development:

roads, clinic, school, market Construct water points

Presence of

landmines Conflict between

RMGs & Govern-

ment Destabilization of

area

RMGs who plant

landmines to pre-

vent the organized

forces from reach-

ing them

Government of

Sudan who pro-

vide support to

RMGs to destabi-

lize South Sudan

Death (relating to all

groups) Disability (all) Orphans (children) Widows (men and

women) No movements of

people and goods Starvation / lack of

goods High commodity

prices

Demining of Mayom area Repair of roads Peace negotiations with

RMGs Uniting the community

(through community leaders

and authorities) Patrols by security forces

Presence of

Arms Presence of RMG:

they supply weap-

ons Cattle raiding (to

protect own cattle

and to raid) Conflict between

youth (internal and

external)

RMGs who are

supplying arms to

the local commu-

nity Youth who are

carrying and using

the arms

Government of

Sudan primary

source of weap-

ons

Death Criminality Disability Cattle raiding Cattle theft Breaking relations

within community

and with neighbour-

ing community Resistance to tradi-

tional leaders author-

ity (chiefs authority

not respected) Raping of young

girls by gangs)

Disarmament Involvement of cattle camps

heads in meetings with local

govt. and chiefs Educating youth on peaceful

coexistence (peace educa-

tion) Creation of job opportuni-

ties / employment such as

agricultural schemes, fishing

boats, nets, hooks; access to

credit

Cattle steal-

ing Poverty (stealing

for feeding or sell-

ing) Dowry greediness Displacement due

to conflict (lack of

everything) Climatic conditions

(drought leads to

lack of food)

Any community

member They steal cat-

tle, sometimes

one or two

Death Loss of live stock Arrest / detention Conflict b/w commu-

nities or within com-

munity

Creation of job opportuni-

ties Farming projects Education of youth and chil-

dren (all) Free health services (cattle

are stolen to pay health fees)

Border dis-

putes Competition over

pasture, water and

fishing grounds Cattle theft Diseases and epi-

demics of cattle

The youth from

outside Mayom

who cross over with

cattle, and men who

come to fish in

Mayom water

points

Elders who allow

such movements

and also support

attacks

Cattle raids Death Loss of property /

starvation Conflict between

communities Diseases spreading

(humans and ani-

mals)

Construction of roads link-

ing bordering town for faster

monitoring and follow up Police patrols and posts b/w

Mayom and Warrap state

(Majok, Malou, Dol, Kueng-

did, Manyang Ayuk, Titil,

Koch) and Rubkona (Wak)

and Mayom(Turkey) Peaceful negotiation between

neighbouring villages

Cont… Mayom County: Conflict Analysis

Mayom County: Prioritisation of Insecurity Issues

Conflict / Insecurity Issues Women Youth 1 Youth 2 Elders/Men Total Rank 1—Highest

13 Lowest


Presence of arms 6 5 3 2 16 3

Unemployment 13 7 5 6 31 9

Inter-clan fighting 1 9 10 9 29 7

Long distance to fetch water 2 1 1 10 14 1

Competition over women

and girls 11 13 13 13 50 13

Attacks from Misseriya 5 12 6 11 34 10

Presence of landmines 9 6 2 7 24 5

Presence of RMGs 3 2 8 1 14 2

Cattle stealing 7 10 11 12 40 12


Competition over land 10 - 7 8 25 6

Competition over water for

livestock 8 11 12 3 34 10

47

Mayom County: Community Action Plan


Priority 1: Construction of 11

boreholes: Wangbur at Pibor

boma; Kuarbinaa at

Joknyang boma;

Mankien at Deng-

bong boma; Riak at

Thorboth; Biech at

Tongtul; Ngop at

Rupguey; Wangkey

at Loathjuat; Pub at

Nurjuoy; Ruathayi-

bol: Kuer yiek; and

Bul 2.

Show the site Community March 2012 Local Steering Committee

Clear the sites Community Members and

County Authorities March 2012 Local Steering Committee

Inspection of Sites UNDP March Local Steering Committee Provide security Local Administration Local Steering Committee Biding and Selection of the Com-

pany to construct boreholes UDP and Steering Committee April 2012 Local Steering Committee

Actual Constructions UNDP, Selected Company May 2012 Steering Committee,

UNDP Hand over the project to Com-

munity thru the County Author-

ity

UNDP, County Community August 2012 Steering Committee

Monitoring and Maintenance of

the Boreholes Community, Steering Com-

mittee and payam Admini-

stration

After comple-

tion starting

August

Priority 2: Introduce mecha-

nized cash crop farm-

ing in all payams

and provide tractors,

seeds and agricul-

tural tools; as well as

training of youth and

women in agricul-

tural skills

Community mobilization Community March 2012 Community leaders

Identification of land and alloca-

tion County Authorities Steering Committee

Formation of farming associa-

tions and Membership and Man-

agement Committee

County authorities and Com-

munity April 2012 Payam Authority and

Steering Committee

Selection of beneficiaries through

the formed Association Payam Administration

Management Committee

April- May Steering Committee and

Association Management

Committee

Training of farmers through their

Associations County Authority /UNDP May 2012 Steering committee/

Purchase of a tractor and its ac-

cessories UNDP May 2012 UNDP and Local Steering

Committee Purchase of farm inputs (seeds,

tools, pesticide) UNDP May 2012 Local Steering committee

Hand over the project to Com-

munity thru the County Author-

ity

June 2012 County

Monitoring the Project Local Community through

the Management Committee Steering Committee and

County Authorities Priority 3: Construction and

equipping of 3 Police

Posts (Mankien, Riak

and Wangkic

payams)

Awareness and Identifying ac-

tual locations in Mankien, Riak

and Wangkic Payams

County and payam Authori-

ties March 2012 Steering committee and

payam Authority

Land clearing Community March 2012 Payam Authority

Tendering Process Steering Committee and

UNDP April 2012 Steering Committee

Mobilisation of local materials Community and Payam

Leadership April 2012 Community

Actual Construction Contractors/ UNDP May 2012 Steering Committee/

UNDP Purchase of office furniture, com-

munication equipment UNDP August 2012 Steering Committee

Hand over to Government UNDP Steering Committee

48

7.9. Pariang County

Pariang County borders three states including South Kordofan in Sudan in the north, Upper Nile in

the northeast, Jonglei in the east; it borders Guit County in the south, Rubkona County in the south-

west and Abiemhnom in the west. The county has nine payams and 60 bomas, while its headquar-

ters is located in Rianghnom town. Pariang is one of the least densely populated counties in Unity,

with an estimated population of 82,443 and an area of 9,016 sq km16.

The people of Pariang County depend on agriculture (maize and sorghum), fishing and largely, live-

stock rearing including cattle, goat and sheep. Local authorities estimate that around 99,000 cattle,

and over 200,000 goats and sheep are being raised in the county.

Pariang County: Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions

16 5th Sudan Population and Housing Census 2008.” In Statistical Yearbook for Southern Sudan 2010. Southern Sudan Centre for Census, Statistics and Evaluation, p. 8.

.

Conflict

issue Cause Parties in Parties to Roles Effects Solutions

Attacks by

Misseriya Political settlement Interest in oil Lack of water and

pasture To get cattle and

hunt wild animals To get gums and

honey To cut cash trees

Youth of

Pariang, Misseriya

Govern-

ment of

Sudan who

use the

Misseriya

to fight

Pariang

Dinka youth in

Pariang who

fight to defend

the Pariang Misseriya who

come and at-

tack Pariang

Loss of lives Loss of proper-

ties Abduction of

children Burning of

houses and dura

and shogun Displacement Insecurity

Border demarcation International commit-

ment and mediation of

border dialogue Construction of police

post Deployment of SPLA

and police

Cattle raid-

ing To acquire wealth For marriage Involvement of

Khartoum govern-

ment Competition over

grazing land and

water

Misseriya Guit Pariang

Youth

Govern-

ment of

Sudan

Guit peo-

ple

Government of

Sudan that use

Misseriya to

attack Pariang The leadership

of Guit who

have come and

established

farms on land

belonging to

Paring

Loss of lives Loss of proper-

ties Displacement Insecurity Food insecurity Unemployment Lack of health

facilities Lack of educa-

tion

Deployment of SPLA

to the borders of

Kolek, Paknem, Aliry

and Palob International interven-

tion Unity State govern-

ment to stop Nuer

tribe from occupying

the areas of Parieng

e.g. Nyeel payam Unity State and GoSS

to organize peace

dialogue between

Neur of Guit and

Dinka of Parieng External

border dis-

pute

Oil field Political resettlement Extension of North-

ern Sudan territory

Government

of Sudan

Government

of South Su-

dan

Arab

world, e.g.

Iran

The Arab

world that

backs the oil

companies and

the SAF

Loss of lives Displacement Loss of proper-

ties Food insecurity

Demarcation of inter-

national border be-

tween Sudan and

South Sudan by UN

and international com-

munities

Cont...

49

Conflict


Lack of

education Civil war Lack of teachers (are

employed otherwise) Culture promotes

cattle herding but

not access to educa-

tion Lack of money to

pay teachers’ salary Lack of English-

speaking teachers

Parents Former Gov-

ernment of

National

Unity

Former

Govern-

ment of

National

Unity who

did not

make ef-

forts to

establish

good

schools

Parents pre-

venting girls to

go to school State govern-

ment does not

pay sufficient

salaries to

teachers

Unemployment Lack of oppor-

tunities Cattle raids

Building more schools

in all bomas Employ English-

speaking teachers Train teachers Adult education Government has to

supply school supplies

Pollution of

the environ-

ment

Poor waste disposal

by oil companies Toxic gases pollute

the air Oil exploitation Bombing of oil wells

Oil compa-

nies and

Pariang peo-

ple

Govern-

ment of

Sudan who

support the

oil compa-

nies

Oil companies

who pollute

the environ-

ment Pariang people

who suffer

from pollution

Water polluted Displacement of

residents with-

out compensa-

tion Diseases (skin,

infertility of

women, miscar-

riage)

Relocation of residents

away from oil explora-

tion area Provide health facili-

ties Have strict environ-

mental laws and its

enforcement Construction of safe

boreholes Compensate people

for displaced

Unemploy-

ment Lack of education /

skills Discrimination/ tri-

balism Cultural attachment

to the high value of

cattle Lack of employment

opportunities

Oil compa-

nies who do

not recruit

Pariang youth Parents of the

unemployed

youth The youth of

Pariang Female youth

who are not

allowed to

work

The State

govern-

ment that

has not

created

opportuni-

ties for the

youth

State govern-

ment does not

provide oppor-

tunities Nuer majority

discriminate

against Pari-

ang youth Parents pre-

vent their girls

from learning

and working

Lack of food

medication,

money Involvement in

raids to revenge

attacks on Pari-

ang

Collect firewood and

sell at the market (for

ladies) Government has to

force all boys and girls

to go to school (force

parents) Policies to encourage

school attendance Vocational training

(e.g. tailoring mechan-

ics, carpentry, driving,

electronic) Adult education

Food

insecurity Displacement Loosing tools and

fertile land Lack of water Overcrowding dur-

ing displacement Birds eating crops Crops affected by oil

fields waste Aerial bombardment

cause poor land

productivity Frequent/regular

attacks by SAF and

Misseriya Fear of leaving kids

unattended while

farming

Unity State

Government Misseriya families

Misseriya

who raid

cattle be-

longing to

Pariang

people

The previous

government of

National Unity

that focused on

oil and not on

people’s need

for farming Misseriya com-

peting for

cattle, water,

pasture Birds destroy-

ing crops

Weakness of

body and mal-

nutrition Anaemia Starvation Street children Vulnerability to

diseases Theft, dishonor

of family Quarrels within

the family Women/men

not able to pro-

duce children Death Injuries

Peace negotiations

with Misseriya Introduction of mecha-

nized farming for

increased production

(tractors etc.) Irrigation schemes Insecticides and pest

control

Cont… Pariang County: Conflict Analysis

Cont...

50

Conflict


Competi-

tion over

water

Distance from main

sources of water

(Nile) Old haffirs silted Haffirs contaminated

by remnants of war

or by proximity to oil

fields Displacement from

water sources Lack of boreholes

Oil companies Attacks by

SAF The previous

Government

of National

Unity Youth, chil-

dren and

women of

Pariang

Women and

children of

Pariang who

are attacked

by Misseriya

when going

to fetch wa-

ter

Oil companies:

Contamination

from oil fields SAF: Bombing,

abandoning

ammunitions Unity State

Gov.: No plan-

ning/ provision

of water points

(Government

too young to

blame)

Attacks by ani-

mals (hyena,

snakes) Rape of women

and girls Abduction of

children and

women Unexpected

delivery Miscarriage Injury – death /

during travel

Provision of water

points (water yards,

hand pumps) in pe-

ripheral payams (8)

HQs Solar pump plant at

payams HQ HP at bomas Haffir dug for domes-

tic use and animal use Rehabilitation of exist-

ing haffirs (within

fencing or safe for

children)

Youth, chil-

dren and

women of

Pariang

Poor hygiene –

infections No settlement

of returnees Fights at water

points Marriage failure

(groom is asked

to provide

water in small

tanks to bride’s

family; failure

to which the

two are not

allowed to get

married)

Repair of broken bore-

holes

Lack of

health fa-

cilities

Reluctance of previ-

ous government to

invest in health in

the area Lack of doctors

(medical qualified

personnel) in the

existing health cen-

tres

Previous

Government

of National

Unity NGOs People of

Pariang

People of

Pariang who

have no hos-

pital

Previous Gov-

ernment of

Unity that did

not establish

health facilities

in Pariang NGOs who are

not supporting

to have a hos-

pital in Pariang

Death Complications

during delivery Children health

(lack of post-

natal care) Long distance to

other health

centres

Employ qualified

medical personnel Construction of health

facility Drug supplies Health promotion/

awareness

Cont… Pariang County: Conflict Analysis

Pariang County: Prioritisation of Insecurity Issues

Conflict / Insecurity Issues Women Elders/Men Youth Total Rank 1—Highest

9– Lowest

Attacks by Misseriya 4 8 6 18 6


Food insecurity 5 2 3 10 3

External border disputes 1 1 9 11 4

Environmental pollution 9 9 5 23 9

Lack of education 7 3 4 14 5 Competition over water 2 4 1 7 1

Lack of health facilities 3 5 2 10 2


51

Pariang County: Community Action Plan


Priority 1: Construction of 27

boreholes, three (3) in

each payam

Identification of site Community March 2012 Local Steering Committee

Clear the sites Community Members and

county authorities

March 2012

Inspection of sites UNDP March 12

Provide security Local Administration Bidding and selection of the

company to construct bore-

holes

UNDP and Steering Commit-

tee April 2012 Local Steering Committee

Actual Construction UNDP, Selected Company May 2012 Steering Committee, UNDP Hand over the project to

community thru the County

Authority

UNDP, County Community August 2012 Steering Committee

Monitoring and mainte-

nance of the boreholes Community, Steering Com-

mittee and Payam Admini-

stration

After comple-

tion starting

August

Priority 2: Provision of Medical

Personnel and medical

drugs (Aliiny, Nyiel,

Biu, Panyang, Wankur,

Jamjang, Panrieng)

Recruitment of more doc-

tors State Ministry of Health 2012 Community leaders

Training of Health Cadres UNDP and NGOs April 2012 Local Steering Committee

Provision of drugs to health

centre UNDP April 2012 Payam Authority and Steering

Committee

Hand over the project to

Community thru the

County Authority

UNDP June 2012 County Authority

Monitoring the Project Ministry of Health Steering Committee and

County Authorities Priority 3: Provision of tractors (2

tractors per payam)

Community mobilization Community March 2012 Community leaders

Identification of land and

allocation County Authorities (steering

Formation of farming asso-

ciations and Membership

and Management Commit-

tee

County authorities and Com-

munity Apr 2012 Payam Authority and Steering

Committee

Selection of beneficiaries

through the formed Asso-

ciation

Payam Administration

Management Committee

Apr—May

2012 Steering Committee and Asso-

ciation Management Committee

Training of farmers through

their Associations County Authority /UNDP May 2012 Steering committee

Purchase of a tractor and its

accessories UNDP May 2012 UNDP and Local Steering Com-

mittee

Purchase of farm inputs

(seeds, tools, pesticide) UNDP May 2012 Local Steering committee

Hand over the project to

Community thru the

County Authority

June 2012 County

Monitoring the Project Local Community through

the Management Committee Steering Committee and

County Authorities

52

Warrap

Lakes

Jonglei

Upper Nile

Abiemnhom

Southern Kordofan Southern Kordofan Abyei

Abiemhnom

Mayom

Pariang

Rubkona Guit

Koch

Mayendit

Leer

Panyijar

Ngop

Budaang

Bang-Bang

Nyeel, Wunkur, Jamjang, Gumrak, Panyang, Yida, Aliny, Biu, Panrieng

Exact locations to be determined pending site assessments

Bentiu

8. NEXT STEPS

In Unity State, CSAC is supporting the Government’s conflict-sensitive projects to address the top-

most priorities identified during the consultations.

Police posts Boreholes Agriculture project (provision of tractors) State capital

53

South Sudan Bureau for Community Security and Small Arms Control Hai Kuwai, Bilpam, Juba, South Sudan

http://www.goss-online.org

South Sudan Peace and Reconciliation Commission http://www.goss-online.org

United Nations Development Programme UNDP Compound, Ministries Road, PO Box 410, Juba, South Sudan

Phone/+211 811 820 146 E-mail: [email protected] http://ss.undp.org

European Union European Union Compound

Juba, South Sudan

mailto:[email protected]

community consultation eport unity state€¦ · ernment agency of south sudan mandated to address...

Documents