CommuniCation CommuniCation modelsmodels

listening & Comm.listening & Comm.

introduCtion

• Communication, like most anything else, can be studied in order to find out exactly how it works.

• This can be done in real life situations or it can be done on a more “academic” level.

• This presentation will show you the three most recognized and accepted models of communication and how they work.

model #1: Continuous looP model

• This is the EARLIEST model of communication that has been presented and accepted by others who study the field.

• It is also the SIMPLEST model (though it might not look like it at first).

• It includes all of the basic parts/players in the communication process.

• There are still a few problems, though!

Continuous Loop Model

Continuous Loop Model

CONTENT

Continuous Loop Model

MMESSAGE

CONTENT

Continuous Loop Model

M

Channels

MESSAGE

CONTENT

Continuous Loop Model

S

M

Channels

SENDER

MESSAGE

CONTENT

Continuous Loop Model

S

M

Info Source

Channels

SENDER

MESSAGE

CONTENT

Continuous Loop Model

S

M

R

Info Source

Channels

SENDER

MESSAGE

RECEIVERCONTENT

Continuous Loop Model

S

M

R

Info Source

ChannelsBreak = diff. Message received = confusion

SENDER

MESSAGE

RECEIVERCONTENT

Continuous Loop Model

S

M

R

F

Info Source

ChannelsBreak = diff. Message received = confusion

SENDER

MESSAGE

RECEIVER

FEEDBACK

CONTENT

Continuous Loop Model

S

M

R

F

Info Source

ChannelsBreak = diff. Message received = confusion

SENDER

MESSAGE

RECEIVER

FEEDBACK

Break = diff info sent to

Sender = improper reactions

CONTENT

CONTINUOUS LOOP

• This model is based upon the concept that language is a system or a machine.

• In this machine, communication acts as the “gears” for the machine to work properly.

• Any breakdowns hurt efficiency!

CONTINUOUS LOOP

• While this is the EARLIEST model of communication, it is not known who the developer or the creator of the model was.

• The only thing we know for sure is that it was most-likely developed in the 1920s or 1930s.

CONTINUOUS LOOP

• One of the flaws of the model is that it assumes “continuous” communication.

• There are times when we choose to stop communicating.

• In other words, this is good on paper, but it does not fit all situations.

MODEL #2: SHANNON & WEAVER

• This model was created in 1949.• It is not certain if this pair of

researchers had seen the “Continuous Loop” model, but they were probably at least familiar with it.

• This model was designed to be practical!

MODEL #2: SHANNON & WEAVER

• Just as the “Loop” model was more “academic,” the Shannon & Weaver Model is more “down-to-earth.”

• The basis for this model was a study of telephone conversations over a very lengthy 2-year time.

MODEL #2: SHANNON & WEAVER

• The team studied only what they deemed to be “important” or “significant” calls of some length.

• Quick calls to a neighbor or a store were not considered for the study.

• The focus was on the “mechanics” of the messages.

Shannon and Weaver Model

T

Transmitter = Phone

Shannon and Weaver Model

T R

Transmitter = Phone

Receiver = Phone

Shannon and Weaver Model

S T R

Transmitter = Phone

Receiver = Phone

Sender = Info Source

Shannon and Weaver Model

S T R R

Sender = Info Source

Transmitter = Phone

Receiver = Phone

Shannon and Weaver Model

S T R RNSender = Info

Source

Transmitter = Phone

Receiver = Phone

NOISE

Shannon and Weaver Model

S T R RNSender = Info

Source

Transmitter = Phone

Receiver = Phone

NOISEStatic or Connection

Shannon and Weaver Model

S T R RNSender = Info

Source

Transmitter = Phone

Receiver = Phone

NOISEStatic or ConnectionMental or Electronic

Shannon and Weaver Model

S T R RN

?Sender = Info

Source

Transmitter = Phone

Receiver = Phone

NOISEStatic or ConnectionMental or Electronic

Shannon and Weaver Model

S T R RN

?Sender = Info

Source

Transmitter = Phone

Receiver = Phone

Altered Message = Confusion

NOISEStatic or ConnectionMental or Electronic

MODEL #3: BERLO’S “MODEL”

• This is the MOST RECENT model of communication study.

• An exact date is not given for the study, but it is believed to have been completed in the late 1970s or the early 1980s.

• This one is not designed to be “academic” or “practical.” It is designed to be “ALL-INCLUSIVE”

MODEL #3: BERLO’S “MODEL”

•Even with all of the good things that this “model” illustrates and tries to describe, there is still one little issue to remember…

MODEL #3: BERLO’S “MODEL”

•IT’S NOT REALLY EVEN A TRUE MODEL IN THE FIRST PLACE!

MODEL #3: BERLO’S “MODEL”

• It is NOT a model because it was never actually tested.

• Berlo designed what he thought would be the ideal system to describe communication, but never had a chance to put it to the test in real life.

MODEL #3: BERLO’S “MODEL”

•Since it was never “field-tested,” the “model” that Berlo developed has to take on a new title…

MODEL #3: BERLO’S “MODEL”

•IT HAS TO BE CALLED A “THEORY”

BERLO’S LiStEning thEORy

BERLO’S LiStEning thEORy

CONTENT

BERLO’S LiStEning thEORy

CONTENT

CODE

BERLO’S LiStEning thEORy

CONTENT

CODE

Sender:

Emotions

Knowledge

Background

Biases

Ability

BERLO’S LiStEning thEORy

CONTENT

CODE

Sender:

Emotions

Knowledge

Background

Biases

Ability

Receiver:

Emotions

Knowledge

Background

Biases

Ability