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CNG NGH SINH HC TRONG HA HCBin son: Ts. ng Thu Thy Vng Tu 2015Trng i hc B Ra - Vng TuKhoa Ha hc v Cng ngh thc phmCHNG 3: CNG NGH SINH HC TRONG SN XUT SN PHM HA HC3.1.1. Acid lacticKhi nim chung: C3H6O5

3.1. Sn xut acid hu c

3.1.1. Acid lacticb) C s l thuyt ca qu trnh ln men lactic


3.1.1. Acid lacticb) C s l thuyt ca qu trnh ln men lactic


3.1.1. Acid lacticb) C s l thuyt ca qu trnh ln men lacticLn men ng hnh


3.1.1. Acid lacticb) C s l thuyt ca qu trnh ln men lacticLn men ng hnh


3.1.1. Acid lacticb) C s l thuyt ca qu trnh ln men lacticLn men d hnh


3.1.1. Acid lacticc) Quy trnh cng ngh sn xutCng ngh sn xut acid lactic truyn thng


3.1.1. Acid lacticc) Quy trnh cng ngh sn xutCng ngh sn xut acid lactic truyn thngVi sinh vt: Lactobacillus delbruckii


3.1.1. Acid lacticc) Quy trnh cng ngh sn xutCng ngh sn xut acid lactic truyn thngChun b mi trng ln men: mt rBng. Thnh phn ha hc ca mt r(xem li chng 2)


3.1.1. Acid lacticc) Quy trnh cng ngh sn xutCng ngh sn xut acid lactic truyn thngChun b mi trng ln men: x l mt rPhn loi mt r


3.1.1. Acid lacticc) Quy trnh cng ngh sn xutCng ngh sn xut acid lactic truyn thngChun b mi trng ln men: mt rX l mt r


3.1.1. Acid lacticc) Quy trnh cng ngh sn xutCng ngh sn xut acid lactic truyn thngiu khin qu trnh ln men


Thng s qu trnhGi trVi sinh vtChim 2,5-3 % Thnh phn mi trng nui cyR ngpH mi trng nui cy5,0...6,0Nhit nui cy50 CThi gian nui cy7...10 ngy mThm vi bt3-4 ln/ngyThng khKhuy trn hoc thi khLng acid trong canh trng18...20 %3.1.1. Acid lacticc) Quy trnh cng ngh sn xutCng ngh sn xut acid lactic truyn thngTo calci lactate v thu nhn acid lactic


3.1.1. Acid lacticc) Quy trnh cng ngh sn xutCng ngh sn xut acid lactic hin i(t nghin cu)


3.1.1. Acid lactice) ng dng: trong cng nghip thc phm


3.1.1. Acid citrica) Khi nim chung:



3.1.2. Acid citric 687

122211 + 32 2687 + 32

Sau khi ln men thu c dung dch 3 acid: acid citric, axit oxalic v gluconic.

2687 + 3()2 = 3(C6H5O7)2+ 6226127 + ()2 = (6117)2 + 22224 + ()2 = Ca2O4+ 22

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22Thng s qu trnhGi trVi sinh vtAspergillus niger, Varrowia lipolyticaThnh phn mi trng nui cyR ng, NH4Cl, MgSO4, K2HPO4pH mi trng nui cy7,0...7,2Nhit nui cy34...3632...34 CThi gian nui cy5...7 ngy mLng acid trong canh trng5...12 %


3.1.3. Acid propionic 32

23Thng s qu trnhGi trVi sinh vtPropionibacteriumThnh phn mi trng nui cyng (Lactose hoc glucose, maltose, sacharose) acid hu c (acid citric, acid lactic)pH mi trng nui cy6,8...7,2Nhit nui cy30 CCh thng khHiu khThi gian nui cy12 ngy mLng acid trong canh trng70 % ng chuyn thnh acid


3.1.3. Acid propionic 32

ng dng: trong ha dc, m phm, bo qun cc loi ht

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3.1.4. Acid itaconic 5HO4

25Thng s qu trnhGi trVi sinh vtAspergillus itaconicus, Asp. terreusThnh phn mi trng nui cyng (mt r), Mui Zn, Mg, CuPhng php ln menLn men b mtThi gian nui cy10-12 ngy mLng acid trong canh trng60 % ng chuyn thnh acid, 15-20 % acid itaconic


3.1.5. Acid itaconic 5HO4

ng dng: sn xut si tng hp, cht nha dnh, cht hot ng b mt, thuc nhum v hu c hp cht hu c phc tp khc.

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3.1.6. Acid gluconic

27Thng s qu trnhGi trVi sinh vtPenicillium, AspergillusThnh phn mi trng nui cy30-35 % glucose, MgSO4, K3PO4, CaCO3, ngun NPhng php ln menLn men b mt, ln men chmLng acid trong canh trngKt thc khi lng ng trong canh trng cn gn 1 %


3.1.6. Acid gluconic

ng dng: To phc vi cc kim loi - natri gluconate, c s dng trong sn xut cc cht ty ra; cc mui canxi, st v kali ca axit gluconic s dng rng ri trong y hc v cng nghip thc phm.

283.2.1. DextranKhi nim chungDextran l polymer sinh hc, c tnh nht ni ti, d tan trong nc, methylsulfide, l dung dch in ly bn, pH khng nh hng n tan ca dextran.Chui mch thng gm cc phn t glucose lin kt v tr -1,6 glucoside, mch nhnh v tr -1,3 glucoside.

3.2. Polysaccharides

3.2.1. Dextranb) C s l thuyt


3.2.1. Dextranc) Quy trnh cng ngh sn xutChun b ging v mi trng ln menVi sinh vt: Leuconostoc mensenteroids


3.2.1. Dextranc) Quy trnh cng ngh sn xutChun b ging v mi trng ln menMi trng ln men



3.2.1. Dextranc) Quy trnh cng ngh sn xutK thut ln men

33Thng s qu trnhGi trSn phmVi sinh vtLeuconostac mesenteroides-Thnh phn mi trng nui cySucrose (10-30%), dextran mi, chit xut nm men, mui khong2 loi dextran: 60-80.000 Da, 20-30.000 DanpH mi trng nui cy6,7-Nhit nui cy20-30 C-Ch thng kh0,5 l/pht khi np mi trng-Thi gian nui cy18-20 h-


3.2.1. Dextranc) Quy trnh cng ngh sn xutThu nhn sn phm

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3.2.1. Dextrane) ng dng

353.2.2. Xanthan GumKhi nim chung:L polysaccarides cao phn t M 933Bao gm 5 cm gc ng gp li, mi cm gm 2 gc D-glucose, 2 gc D-mannose, 1 gc D-glucoronate v cc gc acetate, piruvate thay i lm cho cu trc phn t bt i xng. Cc -D- glucose lin kt vi nhau bng lin kt 1,4-glucoside.


3.2.2. Xanthan Gumb) C s l thuyt ca cng ngh sn xut


3.2.2. Xanthan Gumc) Quy trnh sn xutChun b ging v mi trng Vi sinh vt: Xanthomonas campestris


3.2.2. Xanthan Gumc) Quy trnh sn xutChun b ging v mi trng Mi trng ln men


3.2.2. Xanthan Gumc) Quy trnh sn xutK thut ln men ln men


Thng s k thutGi trTc sc kh0,5-1vvmNhit 28-30 oCpH6,4-7,4O2 ha tan10-30 %Tc khuy o200-500 rpmThi gian 96 h3.2.2. Xanthan Gumc) Quy trnh sn xutThu nhn sn phm


3.2.2. Xanthan Gumd) ng dng


3.2.3. Alginatea) Khi nim chung:


3.3. Polyhydroxyalkanoates

3.3.1. Khi nim chung

Polyhydroxyalkanoates: l dn xut cha oxy ca acid bo, c tng hp bi vi sinh vt, trong iu kin sinh trng mt cn bng, d tha Carbon v nng lng nhng thiu khong cht (N, S, PO43-), v O2.Ph bin nht: Polyoxybutirate - polymer -hydroxybutyric acid.Ngoi ra: hydroxybutyrate, copolyme oxyvalerate, hydroxybutyrate v oxy-hexanoate, polyhydroxybutyrate v polioxyheptanoate

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Bng. So snh tnh chtPolyoxybutirate (POB) v Polypropylen (PP)

45Tnh chtPOBPPNhit nng chy (oC) trong (%)Khi lng phn t (D)Nhit thy tinh ha (oC)Khi lng ring (g/cm3)Modul un (gPa) dn khi ko t (%) bn vi tia cc tm bn vi dung mi175805x105151.12504.06TtKhng tt

176702x105- 100.9051.7400Khng ttTt


Tnh cht c o khc ca Polyhydroxyalkanoates:

+ kh nng tng thch vi cc m ng vt, + hot quang hc, + p in + cht chng oxy ha + quan trng nht l phn hy sinh hc.

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3.3. C ch tng hp

Phosphoenolpiruvate

Acetyl CoA

Acetacetyl CoA

Acetacetate

-hydroxybutyric acid Oxybutyryl CoA

Polymer -hydroxybutyric acid

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3.3.3. Ging v mi trng nui cy

Vi sinh vt: Alicagenes eutrophys

Ngun dinh dng tng hp PHAMethanol, ethanol, acetate, dextrose, mt r, hydro, CO2

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3.4. ng dng ca Polyhydroxyalkanoates:

+ Y hc v phu thut (phu thut mch mu, mng ph vt thng v bng, vt dng s dng mt ln), + Dc (ko di tc dng ca thuc), + Cng nghip thc phm (ngn chn oxy ha nc gii kht, vt liu ng gi), + Nng nghip (bao ph ht ging, v bc cc loi phn bn v thuc tr su), + in t + Dch v th (container v khc nhau v bao b) v.v

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3.4. Polylactic acid

3.4.1 Khi nim chung

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3.4.2 C s l thuyt

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3.4.2 Quy trnh sn xutChun b mi trng ln men

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3.4.2 Quy trnh sn xutGing vi sinh vt

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3.4.2 Quy trnh sn xutK thut ln men

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3.4.2 Quy trnh sn xutK thut thu nhn sn phm

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3.4.2 Quy trnh sn xutng dng

56CHNG 4: CNG NGH NNG LNG SINH HC4.1. Cng ngh sn xut nng lng sinh hc4.1.1. Nhin liu sinh hc l g?

NLSH l loi nhin liu c hnh thnh t cc hp cht c ngun gc ng thc vt (sinh hc).

584.1. Cng ngh sn xut nng lng sinh hc4.1.1. Nhin liu sinh hc l g?Ngun nguyn liu sn xut NLSH

594.1. Cng ngh sn xut nng lng sinh hc4.1.2. u nhc im ca nhin liu sinh hc

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4.1. Tng quan v nhin liu sinh hc

4.1.3. Phn loi nhin liu sinh hc

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4.1.3. Phn loi nhin liu sinh hca) Nhin liu lng

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4.1.3. Phn loi nhin liu sinh hcb) Nhin liu kh

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4.1.3. Phn loi nhin liu sinh hcc) Nhin liu rn

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4.1.4. Li ch ca s dng nhin liu sinh hc

a) NLSH c th gim thiu s ph thuc vo nhin liu ha thch t , ang cn kit:

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b) NLSH c th gii quyt cc vn bin i kh hu

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c) NLSH c th tng cng an ninh nng lng quc gia

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d) NLSH c th hnh thnh s tham gia ca cc x nghip nh v va

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f) NLSH c th ng gp vo pht trin kinh t- x hi ca cc cng ng a phng v cc ngnh kinh t ang pht trin

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4.1. Cng ngh sn xut nhin liu sinh hc

4.1.5. Cng ngh sn xut bio-butanolKhi nim chung: C4H10O

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4.1.5. Cng ngh sn xut bio-butanolb) C s l thuyt ca cng ngh sn xutLignocellulogic biomassCellulose Hemicellulose Glucose Xylose, arabinosePyruvate Acetyl-CoA Ethanol Acetoacetyl-CoA AcetoneButyrate Butyryl-CoA Butanol

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4.1.5. Cng ngh sn xut bio-butanolc) Quy trnh cng ngh sn xutGing VSV: Clostridium acetobutylicum

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4.1.5. Cng ngh sn xut bio-butanolc) Quy trnh cng ngh sn xutMi trng ln men

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4.1.5. Cng ngh sn xut bio-butanolc) Quy trnh cng ngh sn xutQuy trnh sn xut

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4.1.6. Cng ngh sn xut bio-butanolc) Quy trnh cng ngh sn xutK thut ln men

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4.1.6. Cng ngh sn xut biobutanolc) Quy trnh cng ngh sn xutK thut thu nhn sn phm

76CHNG 5: CNG NGH THY LUYN KIM SINH HC

5.1. Qu trnh ngm chit kim loi bng VSV

5.1.1. Ngm chit sinh hc l g?

Ngm chit sinh hc (Bioleaching): qu trnh chuyn ha cc kim loi t dng rn (dng qung) sang dng tan c trong nc nh vi sinh vt.

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5.1.1. Vi khun ngm chitThiobacillus ferrooxidans

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5.1.1. Vi khun ngm chitLeptospirillum ferrooxidans

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5.1.1. Vi khun ngm chitThiobacillus acidophilus

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5.1.1. Vi khun ngm chitSulfolobus acidocaldarius

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5.1.2. C ch bin i kim loi Sulfolobus acidocaldarius

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5.1.2. C ch bin i kim loi M hnh c ch ngm chit

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5.1.1. C ch bin i kim loi M hnh c ch ngm chitM hnh c ch trc tip: thu nhn in t trc tip t phn ng kh qung khong

VD: ngm chit qung pyrite2FeS2 + 7O2 + 2H2O + 2H2SO4 2FeSO4

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5.1.1. C ch bin i kim loi M hnh c ch ngm chitM hnh c ch gin tip: VK cung cp lin tc cht oxi ha l Fe3+ oxi ha cc sulfide kim loi v b kh thnh Fe2+

VD: ngm chit qung pyrite FeS2 + Fe2(SO4)3 + 2S 3FeSO44FeSO4 +O2+2H2SO4 2Fe2(SO4)3 + 2H2O2S + 3O2 + H2O 2H2SO4

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5.2. Qu trnh thy luyn kim sinh hc

Thy luyn kim sinh hc l g?

Thy luyn kim sinh hc: x l tch chit, thu hi kim loi t dng qung thng qua qu trnh trong cc dng dung dch ng vai tr ch yu vi s tham gia ca cc VSV.

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Thy luyn kim sinh hc vng (Au)Phng php thng dng: kh thu c vng phn tn nh t qung m

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Thy luyn kim sinh hc vng (Au)Phng php nh VSV: t gy nhim, hiu sut thu hi cao

89CHNG 6: K THUT X L NHIM DU BNG VI SINH VT6.1. C s khoa hc ca vic x l du trn bng VSV6.1.1. Thnh phn ha hc ca du m

Bng. Thnh phn ha hc ca du m

91Thnh phnHm lng (%)Hydratcacbon mch thng30-35Hydratcacbon mch vng25-75Hydratcacbon thm10-20Hp cht cha Nitrogen: furol, indol,carbazol1 Hp cht cha S: hc n, bitum16.1. C s khoa hc ca vic x l du trn bng VSV6.1.2. Vi sinh vt phn hy du m

926.1. C s khoa hc ca vic x l du trn bng VSV6.1.2. C ch phn hy du m ca VSVQu trnh phn hy alkan

936.1. C s khoa hc ca vic x l du trn bng VSV6.1.2. C ch phn hy du m ca VSVQu trnh phn hy alkan

946.1. C s khoa hc ca vic x l du trn bng VSV6.1.2. C ch phn hy du m ca VSVQu trnh phn hy hydratcacbon mch vng

956.1. C s khoa hc ca vic x l du trn bng VSV6.1.2. C ch phn hy du m ca VSVQu trnh phn hy hydratcacbon thm

966.1. C s khoa hc ca vic x l du trn bng VSV6.1.3. K thut x l nhim du bng vi sinh vt

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